It-..TRODUCTION

Southeast Alaska is illlique for the amateur ornitholo­gist. One can travel, within a short distance, from the saltwater's edge, through the dense rain forest dotted with open muskegs, and onto the alpine slopes. This rapid tran­sition affords a variety of habitats to explore and a vari­ety of birds to identify.

''What birds might we expect to find here?" is a ques­tion often asked by both residents and visitors. This checklist is designed as an aid to help narrow the identi­fication possibilities in a specific habitat. This list can be supplemented with any of the well-illustrated field guides available in local book stores.

This phamphlet is a cooperative effort between the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, the U. S. Forest Service and many other interested residents. It is our sincere wish that our efforts will add to your understanding and enjoy­ment of Southeast Alaska.

BIRDS OF SOl.JI'HEAST ALASKA

The following list of birds is based primarily on the records and notes of Dr. Ralph B. Williams of Juneau. In­cluded are all known or published records. Recent obser­vations by Mrs. Caroline Burg, John Cooper, Richard Gordon, Ray Hadley, Richard Hurd, James and Mary Lou King, Sig Olson, Greg Streveler, Bjarne Wallen, Richard Wallen, and others are included.

The total of 227 birds includes two possible species, Cackling Goose and Thayer's Gull. All birds that can rea­sonably be expected in the Juneau area are included. The list is b~ed on birds known to occur in Southeast Alaska between (roughly) the southern part of Glacier Bay on the northwest, Skagway on the northeast, and the Wrangell area on the south. Except for southern strays, this list ap­plies to the Inside Passage south to Prince Rupert. Birds unique to Glacier Bay or the open sea, as well as marine mammals, are discussed separately.

Included is a separate list of birds which occur on the drier eastern (Canadian) slopes of the coast range. Both habitat and species overlap a few miles into Alaska through passes and river valleys. Here are listed 22 spe­cies not included on the Southeast Alaska list. Informa­tion is very incomplete, and comes primarily from three areas, which are (from north to south):

Chilkat Pass Ch - subalpine zone along the Haines Highway.

Stikine River St - Stikine Valley roughly from the Chutine River, B. C., to just over the Alaska line.

Skeena River Sk - Bulkley-Skeena Valley followed by B. C. Highway 16, roughly from Smithers to Terrace.

Bird distribution and abundance is not nearly as well known in the area as this list indicates. We are eager to hear of any observations or comments, however casual. Please send notes to the following address:

Library - Bird Records Alaska Department of Fish and Game Subport Building Juneau, Alaska 99801

The checklist which follows uses symbols. While these may at first seem confusing, they allow much information in little space; and they allow fast easy comparisons between seasons, and between species. The seasonal abundance breaks down this way:

Spring migration - the period of migration, not necessarily the same as calendar season.

Sumner occurrence of any sort. Primarily June and very early July.

Breeding the known or suspected occurrence of a bird as a nester.

Fall migration as with spring, the period of migration. Begins for some birds in early July.

Winter - occurrence of any sort.

The following symbols are used: @ - No records for Juneau area itself. * - Actual nesting not certain. A Abundant. C - Common. F Fairly common. U Uncommon. R - Rare. V - Very rare.

Despite this detail, many status symbols are arbitrary. Although this list suggests a general abundance of birds, one frequently has the impression, at all seasons, that birds are few and far between. Birds seem to be more lo­cal here, and more irregular in occurrence than in many other areas. A bird listed here as fairly common, e.g., may occur in numbers in one cove, and be found nowhere else for many miles. It may be everywhere one spring, and rarely seen the next.

Abundance is stated with respect to the size of a bird, its usual territory size, and the extent of its preferred habitat. The Bald Eagle and the Bam Swallow, e.g., are both listed as common, even though the latter occurs in much greater numbers.

The habitat section of the chart suggests where birds may be found, but as with catching fish, it takes a cer­tain knack to sniff out the haunts of your most desired birds. Capital letters are used for upland habitats, small letters for wet areas. The columns are arranged as follows:

Saltwater: x - Indicates occurrence.

Wetlands: t Tidal marshes, shorelines, and meadows. 1 Lakes, ponds, freshwater marshes and their

shorelines. s Streams, rivers, and wet bottomlands. m - Muskeg.

l

Uplands: F - Forests. E - Edge, the r.Jargins. A -Air, the sky above. I - Inhabited by Brushy areas have underlined.

Glacier forelands recently vegetated lands near the fronts of glaciers, such as Mendenhall Valley. x indicates occurrence.

Alpine - from the icefields to subalpine parklands. x - indicates occurrence.

1HIS LIST OF SYMBOLS IS REPRODUCED ON UlE BACK COVER FOR QUICK REFERENCE.

Southeast Alaska Coast Range [fJ[fJ

~ 'Tl;:;;:l~;:;;: .a: ~&II~ ~~ ~i p: s· p: '" 1-' I-'M ..... ~mt-'•p 0 ..... rt ""''"""' §::J ro ~ ro &§ t-'•::J 0 P:V>

I)Q 'i s· .., 17; om 'irt

@'17; 'i .... pi> g

FIF

'1

Crnllllon Loon F F F X 1 u u Yellow-Billed Loon U R R U X

Arctic Loon c u F R X

Red-Throated Loon F F F F U X l X uu Red-Necked Grebe c u C F X u Homed Grebe

:1. , F U X uu

Eared Grebe R @Pied-Billed Grebe RR South

Western Grebe u u X Fulmar

lR R X

-@ Fork-Tailed Petrel R R X

Double-Crested Corm'nt lgl~ l::lg u

xl R South Pelagic Cormorant X Great Blue Heron F F F F x tls u u Snowy Egret v

@American Bittern R Sk Whistlmg Swan F R*~~ X tl Trumpeter Swan U R xtl v Canada Goose C,F F c x tls c c Carl::li~5 Goose ul u X t Black lu,R u X t R Emperor Goose ,v v v X ' White- Fronted Goose F F xtl u Snow Goose u u X tl u Mallard c c c c c x tls c c Gadwall u u tls Pintail c u U* C U x tls

r F F

Green-Winged Teal c u u clu tls F F Blue-Winged Teal uu U* U tls

---

Southeast Alaska Coast Range

Cll.Sf td 1'11 ::.;: 1.\';t .§= Si::: ~~ ~.G''t:l ~ ~ ~ .1-'• 'i 11) ...... "

...... r+ ...... ~~ li:l2!:)• 11) ...... rt ,... ...... [11) ;:>.· 11) ~ !)i 1-'• (D. ~ Vl OQ 'i !:l. ...; (!) (tl ~ rt

~&r "' ...; ..... ~ 0

'i " American Widgeon F F U x tls uu Ch Shoveler URR uu tls Wood Duck v Redhead R R Ring-Necked Duck u Iu R X tl Canvasback u u X

Greater Scaup F U R* F F X t u Ch Lesser Scaup clR C R X t

~ Ch

COOllllon.Go!aeneye F u I~ r F IX llS Barrow's Goldeneye ciu c c X S Bufflehead F 1U • F F x ts Oldsquaw c ? c c X Ch Harlequin Duck F F F F F X S uu

@ COOllllon Eider ,K X @ King Eider

~~lei*: v !Spectacled Eider

\Vhite-WLnged Scoter c c [xSurf Scoter AA X u u Common Scoter U U uu X Ruddy DuCk R

HoodOO '"'=" i u UR X 1

Cammon Merganser U C F X S uu Red-Breasted Merganser F F F X 1 uu Goshawk U U uu t FE X U F Sharp-Shinned Hawk F U U FU t FE X UF Red-Tailed Hawk u u U* uu FA u

@Swainson's Hawk R Sk Rough-Legged Hawk u u Golden Eagle '8 ~c 8~

X .t' Bald Eagle x tls FA u u Marsh Hawk F F tl U F Osprey uuu u x tls FA u Gyrfalcon u U R X RiU ICh Peregrine Falcon uu U* u F

~~rlPigeon Hawk U R R*·U t S})arrow Hawk F * ' F t E Blue Grouse c c c c c F Spruce Grouse RRR RR F U St

@Franklin's Grouse F Sk @ Ruffed Grouse F

Willow Ptarmigan u u.u uu F X c Rock Ptarmigan c ~~c c c - uX

~bite-Tailed Ptarmigan u u u u u X F Sandhill Crane u RIR* u tl u

Southeast Alaska CD:lst Range

~§[81~~ T~"~T en::::>

~ 0 '"d f--' f--' ~r}:;'' ~)---' rT f--' c; 1-· (D f--' rt ~ 8 5 ~. ~·; ;:::: 1-i ~ ::: 0 (:.... () (") p"'

(}"::; ....... r--·! ....... ~ ~ 5: !~ G I..,,..,

l::l I f-'•

lao ;; I"' I I I §

Sora Rl it I I 'IAmerican Coot R R Black Oystercatcher

~ ~1¥. u R t I

SemipalmatcJ Plover F ~~isi X IF I' Ch hillJeer F U U F X I U u ,\merican GolJer Plover u ' ~I

It .u f ChI

!u 1Black-Bellied Plover u i Surfbird r'l ~I X It I IR Korth RuJdy Turnstone ltl Black Turnstone I I f ~~~I i Common Snipe f f F F U :x IU F l11li.Jnbrel (Ilud. Curlew) u u Upland Plover v

!us ! I F U :-iorth

Spotted SanJpiper c c c c' c cI 'Solitary Sandpiper u Ul .]tls i I u

Wanderinn Tattler R Ri X t IR Ch Greater Yellowlegs C F f c !tlm I ,U Lesser Yellowlcgs F R R* F

f c IC Ch

@ Red Knot R

I II<ock Sandpiper c cic X t Sharp-Tailed Sandpiper R R X t I I Pectoral Sandpiper F R R* f itl XI I

Baird's Sandpiper u u I~ I I , iU

Least Sandpiper c u u c IX I u[c Ch Dunlin (ReJ-BackeJ Sp.) c C F !u Short-BilleJ Dowitcher F F 1~1 '

I Ch

! F

1 C

Long:Billed Dowitcher u u I

Stilt SanJpiper R R I~ I

Semipalmated Sandpiper u U!

I R.u\chWestern Sandpiper C R * c t

Buff-Breasted SanJpiper v Hudsonian God1;it R t

I R R Ch

Sanderling u u X t I

ReJ Phalarope R R X It Northern Phalar()p_e c I C R X t i c c Ch

@ Parasitic Jaeger U R u X I ' @ Glaucous Gull R X t i II

Glaucous-WingeJ Gull A C C AA X t A I :u Herring Gull C F R* C F X t A I ;u1r Ch Thayer's Gull c c u X t A !U

@ California Gull R : I

@ Ring-Billed Gull R R R X t I

Mew Gull C C.U* c c xtl X :c[c ch Bonaparte's Gull c r:R* c X tl X Ic c Ch ,,

Southeast Alaska Coast Range

Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker Black-Backed 3-Toed " Northern 3-Toed Wood Eastern Kingbird I

@ s Phoebe I

's Flycatcher I~ XILeast Flycatcher

IHammond's Flycatcher F

Sk Sk

Sk

Sk

Southeast Alaska Coast Range C/l(/)0;: ..,~ w~ .§= Cl;p. c.n:!:::J>'"di'"' Ill .....

>--'[ !:i~·;;;.., "' >--'::> ,__.,... >--' ~ t-1·..... "' f-'M .... >--' Ill 5 "i pj ::>roo. "' :>: Ill ::>· ..... ::>

"' Ill "'0'0,.., t-'· .., Ill::> c.. "'"' .., .... ri5 MO. "'

.., ..... "'"' §..,

~ Dusky Hycatcher u u Sk l\'estem Hycatcher c c c c F Western Wood Pewee u u c c Sk Olive-Sided Flycatcher u u E u u Sk llorned Lark U R * u t X c c \'iolet-Creen Swallow F U U* F tls A c c Tree S\,rallow c c c c tls ,\I c c Bank S1callm> u u t A u u

~ Rough-Winged s,allm; R R Sk Barn S~>allm' c c c c t AI F F I Cll ff Swallo~> R R R* R U U Sk Canada Jay (Gray) R u u. Steller's Jay F f F F F EI u u I Black-Billed 1-lagpie u ? * F U E X c c Ch Conunon i<aven c c c c c t FA X c

@ Conunon Cro~> ,u U Sk Northwestern Crow c c c c c t I I Clark's Nutcracker R R : u u South

@ Black-CappeJ Chickadee u St, Sk @ ,11ow1tain Chickadee I u St, Sk @ Boreal Chickadee u Sk

Chestnut-Backed Ch'Jee c c c c c n; u Red-Breasted Nuthatch u u u u F 'F F Sk Brown Creeper u u u u F lu u Dipper (Water Ouzel) F f f r: r: s X u Winter Wren c c c c c FE u American Robin c c c c u t LI X X c c Varied Thrush c c c C R FE u u Hermit Thrush c c c c FL u u Swainson's Thrush F F F F t l'I u u Cra:r-Cheeked Thrush R R R* R - R R X

~blliltain Bluebird R R t F f Wheatear R xjTownsend's Solitaire R R R E u u Colden-Crowned ll::i11glet F F F F U FE 'u u Rub}'~ Crm,11eJ kinglet c c c c FL I u u Water Pipit C f F c t I' X c c Bohemian Waxwing F F C LI U F Cedar Waxwing u u U* u v LI I~ U Sk Northem Shrike F F f 11 E C Ch Starling u u u u u I

@ Solitary Vireo

I I~ U South

~ Red-Eyed Vireo F Sk Warbling Vireo R R R* R .!_ E F -

f\

I

Southeast Alas]\,'! Coast Range

1 .g'l~~ ;;;- :;' "'~ ·~ 11 8~ ~~~ &~ § ~ •~ §(D ..,

trol'i~· .., ~ ~" .., §l/l:::;I (T; p.. ::: (D ~ ~ r'· ;::.~ ~

l I I . I I

@ Teimcssec l~arbler ! ' IR R Orange-Cro~<.ned Warbler iF ir F II F! ·=~ u;_. ·F F Yellow Warbler F F F F 1 D r:1 U U

@ Magnolia Warbler i U F ~1yrtle Warbler --~ c F F :c tin B F C ·

Sk

Audubon's Warbler R R ' IF F !sk To~<.'llsend' s Warbler c c~lc c i FE [J R[J I

__Blackpoll Warbler R I R Northern Waterthrush R R R*-hl,R~+-+.:!-1--+-l- -117 ___UctUCi-+-!~S"k ~lacGlllivray's Warbler R ?:* R :.iorthem Yello,.•throat R R iR IR Black-Capped{Wilson' s)W C C ic C I=1: £.ll

@ American Redstart R I • R t @ Western ~lcadowl ark ·· 'V j

Red-Winged Blackbird R R R*IR: ! t!s , Rusty Blackbird F R R*: F IRl t. E 1

Brewer's Blackbird ' 1 1 BroM1-Headed Cowbird R R R**IR E I

.@ Western Tanager __ '

: ~~~}~gF~~~~beak R . J R VI i Pine Grosbeak F U U i FI'F ~m FE Gray-Cro~<.'lled Rosy Finch F F F* u ul !t IE Hoary Redpoll . I R

1 Common Redpoll c [J U*l C I .FE I Pine Siskin 1C C C iclc tm IFE! Red Crossbi 11 1F F F i F F 1FE 1

l~nite-Winged Crossbil! f ulu u u;U ·FE I Savannah Sparrow C F F C1 i .tls E 1x Slate-Colored JWJco U _ i

1

U(F ls II

E, i~ Oregon JWJco C C C C C :ISm E Lx1

Tree Sparrow F .' F i U 11s EE. ~~ Chipping Sparrow R V V* :v :­

@ Brewer's Sparrow .tt I llarris' Sparrow R i lj EE· lfuite-Cro\\neu Snarrow F

C C 1st, Sk F F isk C C F F 1st, Sk

R 1 U F ' R R Sk I R R

UtiU1-t1S'Tk'--­

~ ~ ~~~ U U

1

X F F

C C Ch c c u u F F c c U F

x F F r-c c ch F F

1

Sk R R Ch

F F Golclcn-Crowned Sparrow CIC C -+-:jt::---r.;;E-++x:--lt-"'FtiFi+---­1\'hite-Tbroated Sparrow ! R R Sk Fox Sparrow F.liF F F U ~~ EEI U U Lincoln's Sparrow C C C C 1sm F F Song Sparrow C C C C U E EI F F Lapland Longspur F! F t C Smith's Long spur RFIU U II RU Uji t R R Ch Snow BWJting t x U C Ch

NOTABLE BIRDS OF UPPER GLACIER BAY S summer, W- winter, ~~ - migrant, P - pennanent

resident. Oceanic birds visit the area at times.

Red-Necked Grebe Homed Grebe Gadwall Pintail American Widgeon Greater ScaupLesser Scaup Bufflehead Oldsquaw Canmon Eider White-Winged Scoter Surf Scoter Rough-Legged Hawk Golden Eagle Willow Ptarmigan Rock Ptarmigan Sandhill Crane Black Oystercatcher Semipalmated Plover Wandering Tattler Short-Billed Dowitcher

Pectoral Sandpiper Least Sandpiper Western Sandpiper Northern Phalarope Parasitic Jaeger Pcmarine Jaeger Long-Tailed Jaeger Herring Gull Black-Legged Kittiwake Bonaparte's Gull Homed Puffin Tufted Puffin Rhinoceros Auklet Cassin's Auklet Kittli tz • ~1urrelet Short-Eared Owl Yellow-Shafted Flicker

Say's Phoebe Gray-Cheeked Thrush Water Pipit American Redstart Gray-Cr. Rosy Finch Common Redpoll Golden-Crowned Sparrow Snow Bunting 1\

U-S, possibly rare nester. u-s, nests. R-S, probably nests. u-s, probably nests. R-S, probably nests. U-S, doubtful nester. u-s, nests. R-S R-S, probably nests. u-s, nests. C-S, probably rare nester. A-S, uncommon nester. u-s, probably nests. u-s, probably nests. C-P, lowlands in brushy areas. U-P, lowlands in open areas. C-M locally, e.g., Gustavus area. F-P, nests. c-s, nests. R-S, possibly nests. In Yakutat, U-S nester, so possible

in Glacier Bay. R-S, probably nests. F·S, nests. R-S, possibly nests. R-S, perhaps nests. u-s, nests. R-M R-M F-S, nests. u-s, nests. u-s, nests. U-S, nests. F-S, nests. R-S u-s F-S, nests. R-S, perhaps nests. In Yakutat, U-S nester, so possible

in Glacier Bay. U-M, R-S, probably nests. u-s, nests. C-S, nests in lowlands. R-M F-S, nests in lowlands. C-S, nests in wooded areas. c-s, nests in lowlands. F-S, nests in lowlands.

BIRDS OF 1HE OPEN SEA

These are poorly known. Such birds may be seen by ferry am! cruise travelers in Queen Charlotte Sound am! Dixon Entrance.

Black-Footed Albatross Laysan Albatross Slender-Billed Shearw. Sooty Shearwater Pale-Footed Shearwater

Pink-Footed Shearwater

Fulrnar Fork-Tailed Petrel

Leach's Petrel Black Brant Common Eider King Eider Wandering Tattler Sanderling Red Phalarope Northern Phalarope

Parasitic Jaeger Pomarine .Jaeger Long-Tailed Jaeger Skua Black-Legged Kittiwake Sabine's Gull Common ~lurre Thick-Billed Nurre ~1arbled )lurrelet Kittlitz' ~lurrelet Ancient Murrelet Cassin's Auklet Parakeet Auklet Least Auklet

Rhinoceros Auklet

Horned Puffin Tufted Puffin

F-S. Follows ships. R-S U-S c-s, at times abundant migrant. R-S, south. Apparently regular in

Queen Charlotte Sound. R-S, mainly south, but known from

Glacier Bay.C-P, often abw1dant, follows ships. C-S, nests on offshore islands.

Uncommon inside on larger channels. U-S, nests on offshore islands. C-l\1 u-rv~ u-w. R-W F-M, along outer coast. c:-~1, along outer coast. F-M, often in large C-M, often in

Common also F-i'-1 U-M U-M

possibly regular.

U-M C-P Probably R-W.

waters.

U-P, more conm1on inside. U-P U-P U-P, nests on offshore islands. R-W, possibly more common. Birds seeming to fit this species

have been reported inside on larger channels as U-W. No def­inite records.

U-P. Nests on offshore

U-P, nests on offshore islands. F-P, nests on offshore islands.

MARINE MA»1ALS OF INSIDE WATERS

Of frequent occurrence: River (Land) Otter - frequently seen in saltwater near

shore Northern (Steller's) Sea Lion - seen most frequently in

winter and spring. Spotted (Hair, Harbor) Seal - common where not shot. Killer Whale (often incorrectly called "Blackfish").

Highly irregular, often in large groups or pods, with none over great distances in between.

Pacific Harbor Porpoise (this is not the Bottle-Nosed Dolphin or "porpoise" of the ·East Coast). Very common, but does not follow ships.

Dall Porpoise - common, often in groups. Does follow ships.

Humpback Whale - local, often in large pods. Common in Stephens Passage between Petersburg and Juneau.

Of occasional occurrence: The Blue (Sulphur-Bottomed) Whale and Sperm Whale (one

washed up on Admiralty Island, 1966), nearing extinc­tion, may still occur rarely in the open sea. The Gray Whale migrates regularly through the area, but apparently far offshore. Many other species have been recorded, but the status of marine mammals is very poorly known. Your records and notes will be greatly appreciated!

Occasional are: Sea Otter - reintroduced in 1965 on the outer coast off

Chichagof Island. Northern (Alaskan) Fur Seal - mainly pups in winter. Elephant Seal - mainly southern part of area, in summer. Pacific Blackfish (Pilot Whale, Scammon Blackfish,

"Squarehead"). Apparently regular in Lynn Canal. Finback (Fin, Common Rorqual) Whale. Sei (Rudolph's Rorqual, Pollack) Whale. Piked (Lesser Rorqual, Sharp-Nosed Pinner, Minke) Whale ­

rather solitary, not uncommon near the mouths of rivers and bays.

PARTIAL BIBLIOCRAPHY OF BIRDS FOR SOUfHEAST ALASKA AND VICINITY

Bailey, A. M•. 1927. Notes on the birds of southeastern Alaska. Auk 44: l-23, 184-205, 351-367.

Drury, W. H., Jr. I953. Birds of the St. Elias Quadrangle in the southwestern Yukon Territory. Can. Field Nat. 67(3): 103-128.

Gabrielson, I. N. and F. C. Lincoln. 1959. Birds of Alaska. Wildl. Mgt. Inst. Stackpole, Harrisburg, Pa. pp. l-922.

Godfrey, W. E. 1951. Notes on the birds of southern Yukon Territory. Bull. Nat. Mus. Can. No. 123.

Goldthwait, R. P., et al. 1966. Soil developnent and eco­logical succesSion-in a deglaciated area of Muir Inlet, Southeast Alaska. Inst. of Polar Studies, Ohio State Res. Foundation. Rep. No. 20. Part VI. Birds. pp. 121-135.

Jacot, F. H. 1962. A partial checklist and notes on Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska. pp. 1-57. Mimeo.

Martin, P. W. 1942. Notes on some pelagic birds on the coast of British Columbia. Condor 44(1): 27-29.

Munro, J. A. and I. MeT. Cowan. 1947. A review of the bird fauna of British Columbia. Spec. Publ. No. 2. B. C. Prov. Mus. Victoria, B. C.

Patch, C. A. 1922. A biological reconnaissance on Graham Island of the Queen Charlotte Group. Can. Field Nat. 36(6): 101-105.

Swarth, Harry S. 1922. Birds and mammals of the Stikine River region of northern British Columbia and south­eastern Alaska. U. of Calif. Publ. in Zool. 24(2): 125-314.

• 1924. Birds and mammals of the Skeena ----~R~1-v-er__r_e_g~1o•n of northern British Columbia. U. of Calif.

Publ. in Zool. 24(3): 315-394. • 1926. Report on a collection of birds and

----~mamm~~a~r~s~f~rom· the Atlin region, northern British Colum­bia. U. of Calif. Publ. in Zool. 30(4): 51-162.

Weeden, R. B. 1960. The birds of Chilkat Pass, B. C. Can. Field Nat. 74(2): 119-129.

Welch, R. A. 1966. Ecological observations in the Muir In­let area, Glacier Bay National Monument, Alaska. Inst. of Polar Studies. Ohio State U. Res. Foundation. Rep. No. 15. pp. 1-13.

Willett, George. 1915. Summer birds of Forrester Island Alaska. Auk 32: 295-305.

Williams, R. B. n.d. A brief list of the birds of south­eastern Alaska. pp. 1-12. Mimeo.

The habitat section of the chart suggests where birds may be found, but as with catching fish, it takes a cer­tain knack to sniff out the haunts of your most desired birds. Capital letters are used for upland habitats, small letters for wet areas. The columns are arranged as follows:

Saltwater: x Indicates occurrence.

Wetlands: t Tidal marshes, shorelines, and meadows. 1 - Lakes, ponds, freshwater marshes and their

shorelines. s - Streams, rivers, and wet bottomlands. m - Muskeg.

Uplands: F - Forests. E Edge, the margins. A Air, the sky above. I Inhabited by people. Brushy areas have symbols underlined.

Glacier forelands the recently vegetated l.ands near the fronts of glaciers, such as Mendenhall Valley. x - indicates occurrence.

Alpine - from the icefields to subalpine parklands. x - indicates occurrence.

Areas in the Coast Range: Ch - Chilkat Pass. St Stikine River. Sk - Skeena-lower Bulkley River.