Biomolecules

CARBOHYDRATES

CarbohydratesMonomers/Polymers

Slang: “Sugars”

Monomers – C6H12O6

1:2:1• Monosaccharide• Simple sugar

Ex. - Glucose, Fructose

Dimers• DisaccharidesEx. - Sucrose, Lactose

Polymers

•Carbohydrates

•Polysaccharides1.Starch2.Glycogen3.Cellulose4.Chitin

Which molecules did we see in the activity that were CARBOHYDRATES ?

How do you know?

CarbohydratesChemical Structure

Carbohydrates are… • Often a Ring

• Have –OH group• Polar

C:H:O / 1:2:1

Dimer:12:24:12 ????• In reality 12:22:11

Lose a H2O in joining to make larger molecules

CarbohydratesFunction

1. Energy Storage• Polysaccharide• Plants – Starch

1. Energy Source• Monosaccharide

• Glucose

1. Structure• Cellulose• Cell Wall

Carbohydrates Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

Dehydration Synthesis – how biomolecule monomers join together to make a dimer or a polymer

Hydrolysis – How long chains of biomolecules break down from polymers to monomers

Uses –OH group from monomers to link, to make polymers

Carbohydrate Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

http://www2.nl.edu/jste/carbohyd.htm

http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch02/reaction_types.html

LIPIDS

LipidsMonomers/Polymers

Slang: “Fats”• Lipids (Found in many forms, worry about 4)

1. Fats2. Oils3. Waxes4. Phospholipids

Monomers• Glycerol• Fatty Acids

Which molecules did we see in the activity that were LIPIDS?

How do you know?

LipidsChemical Structure

• Carboxyl group• Long Hydrocarbon Chain

• Hydrocarbon chain can have double bonds – • 0 - saturated• 1 – unsaturated• 2+ - polyunsaturated

LipidsFunction

• Long Term energy storage– Fats

• Membrane Structural components – Help create cell membranes

LipidsDehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm

http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch02/triglyceride.html

Use 3 –OH from Glycerol hydroxyl with Fatty Acid - OH

Glycerol & Fatty Acids

PROTEINS

Proteins Monomer/Polymer

Polymer• Protein• Polypeptide

Monomer• Amino Acid

Dimer• Dipeptide

Which molecules did we see in the activity that were PROTEINS?

How do you know?

ProteinsChemical Structure

All proteins have a Central CarbonAttached to that Carbon…• An Amino Group• A Carboxyl• A Hydrogen• A R Group

– There are 20 Different R-Groups– R groups have different properties– THUS 20 Different Amino Acids

ProteinsFunction

Enzymes

StructureEx. - muscle, bone

Antibodies

Hormones

Etc.

ProteinsDehydration Synthesis/Hydrolysis

Section of NH2 of one amino acid with Carboxyl group of another amino acid

http://www2.nl.edu/jste/proteins.htm

http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch02/amino_acids.html

ProteinsLinking

Long chains of amino acids link together via Dehydration Synthesis

We call this Primary Structure

ProteinsLinking

Neighboring Amino Acids exert forces on each other, causing bending or folding

This is Secondary Structure

ProteinsLinking

As protein starts to coil, further Amino Acid forces cause protein to form a globular shape

This is Tertiary Protein Structure

Protein Linking

Multiple Tertiary proteins interacting form the Quaternary Structure

of the protein

ProteinsLinking

http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/111F98Lect/folding.html

NULCEIC ACIDS

Nucleic AcidsMonomer & Polymer

• Polymer DNA/RNA

- DeoxyriboNucleic Acid- RiboNucleic Acid

Monomer• Nucleotide

But what is a Nucleotide?

Nucleic AcidsChemical Structure

5- sugar backbone• Ribose• Deoxyribose Nitrogen Base• Adenine• Thymine• Cytosine• Guanine• Uracil in RNA for Thymine

Phosphate Group

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic AcidsFunction

Source of Genetic Information