biomimetic architecture

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BIOMIMETIC ARCHITECTURE SEMINAR 2011-2012 Vaisali K B070225AR

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Page 1: BIOMIMETIC ARCHITECTURE

BIOMIMETIC ARCHITECTURE

SEMINAR 2011-2012Vaisali K

B070225AR

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CONTENTS OF PRESENTATIONo INTRODUCTIONo BACKGROUNDo APPROACHES TO BIOMIMICRYo PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMICRYo STEPS TO ADOPT BIOMIMICRYo LEVELS OF BIOMIMICRYo SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH BIOMIMICRYo CASESTUDYo ANALYSISo INFERENCEo APPLICATIONo CONCLUSION

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WHAT IS BIOMIMETICS?

Biomimetics is the term used to describe the substances, equipment, mechanism and systems by

which humans imitate natural systems and designs.

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• Biomimicry originates from two Greek words Bios = Life

Mimesis= imitate

• Biomimicry operates on the principle that in its 3.8 billion year history, nature has already found solutions to many problems we are trying to solve.

• Biomimicry is multi-disciplinary subject involving wide diversity of other domains like architecture, electronics, medicines, biology, chemistry, mathematics etc.

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FLIGHT OF BIRD LEONARDO DA VINCI’S FLYING MACHINE

WRIGHT BROTHER’S FIRST PROTOTYPEAEROPLANE TODAY

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GECKO TAPE

Inspiration Precedence Product

Textiles SurfacesInspiration Precedence

SHARKLET TECHNOLOGIES

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HOW DID IT BEGIN?

Otto Schmitt (1913-1998)

• American biophysicist and polymath.

• Coined the term Biomimetics in 1950’s.

• Developed Schmitt trigger by studying the nerves in squid.

• Attempted to engineer a device that replicated the system of nerve propagation.

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HOW DID IT BEGIN?

Janine M. Benyus (b 1958)

• American writer and scientific observer from Montana.

• Wrote the book “Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature” in 1997

• The books gives an insight on how significant biomimicry is in shaping the future.

• In 1998 she co-founded the Biomimicry Guild which helps inform , inspire and empower the bridging of nature’s wisdom with human knowledge.

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APPROACHES TO BIOMIMICRY

There are two approaches to Biomimetic design

DESIGN BIOLOGY

DESIGNBIOLOGY

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APPROACHES TO BIOMIMICRYDESIGN TO BIOLOGY

DaimlerChrysler’s Bionic Car

• More fuel efficient due to aerodynamic body mimicking BOX FISH

• More material efficient due to mimicking tree growth patterns form structure.

• The car not new approach to transportation but improvement to existing technology

The approach requires designers to identify problems and biologists to match these to organisms that have

solved similar issues.

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APPROACHES TO BIOMIMICRYBIOLOGY TO DESIGN

Lotus inspired’s Lotusan Paint

• Lotus flower emerges clean from swampy waters.

• Lotusan paint enables buildings to be self cleaning.

• Biology can influence humans in ways outside predetermined design problem.

• This will result in previously unthought-of technologies or systems or approach to design solutions.

The approach requires to have relevant biological or ecological knowledge and research rather than design

problem

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PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMICRY

NATURE

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PRINCIPLES OF BIOMIMICRY• Nature runs on sunlight.

• Nature uses only the energy it needs.

• Nature fits form to function.

• Nature recycles everything.

• Nature rewards cooperation.

• Nature banks on diversity.

• Nature demands local expertise.

• Nature curbs excesses from within.

• Nature taps the power of limits

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NATURE AS A MODEL

NATURE AS A MEASURE

NATURE AS A MENTOR

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STEPS TO ADOPT BIOMIMCRY

Develop a design brief of human needs

Biologize the question: ask from nature’s perspective.

Look for champions in nature who solve the challlenges

Find the repeating patterns and processes within nature that achieve success

Develop ideas and solutions based on the natural model

Evaluate the design against Life’s Principles

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LEVELS OF BIOMIMICRYORGANISM LEVEL

BEHAVIOUR LEVEL

ECOSYSTEM LEVEL

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Form/ process mimicry at ORGANISM LEVEL

Waterloo International Terminal , London

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Process/function mimicry at BEHAVIOUR LEVEL

Eastgate Centre , Harare

CouncilHouse 2,Melbourne

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Function mimicry at ECOSYSTEM LEVEL

Mithūn Architects and GreenWorks Landscape ArchitectureLloyd Crossing Project proposed for Portland, Oregon.

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"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

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CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

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In order to tackle the issue of global climate change two approaches can be adopted:

MITIGATION

ADAPTATION

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SUSTAINABLE DESIGN FRAMEWORK1. SITE & CLIMATE ANALYSIS: analysing site, orientation, exposure, climate, topographical factors, local constraints and natural resources

2. FLEXIBLE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS: investigating structural characters, permanence/temporariness, integration with building components, etc

3. RENEWABLE BUILDING MATERIALS: analysing efficiency of a material or a product, size, standardization, structural adequacy, complexity, appropriateness, cost, labour involved, plantation origin, method of growth, embodied energy, recycled and reused content, toxicity, etc.

4. BUILDING ENVELOPE SYSTEMS: control of energy flows that enter (or leave) an enclosed volume, including consideration of orientation, seasonal variations, surrounding environment, function, and typology.

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5. MODULAR BUILDING SYSTEMS: construction and assembling methods to facilitate substitution, repair, maintenance, diversified lifetime, etc.

6. RENEWABLE & NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS: integrating sources of energy that do not reduce or exhaust their point of origin;

7. INNOVATIVE HVAC SYSTEMS: implementing strategies to provide thermo-hygrometric and air quality comfort, exploiting mechanically regulated, hybrid, or, preferably, totally passive techniques;

8. WATER COLLECTION & STORAGE SYSTEMS: adopting methods, system and strategies to collect, store, distribute, use, recycle and re-use water.

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EXAMPLE- COUNCIL HOUSE 2

Architecture (CH2), Mick Pearce with DesignInc., 2005

Maximum Six Green Star rating

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“DIVERSIFY AND COOPERATE TO FULLY USE THE HABITAT”

Same amount of foliage on the building as original state of siteHarvests sunlight,

cool night air, water, wind and rainUse of natural convection, thermal mass, ventilation stacks and water for cooling

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“USE WASTE AS RESOURCES”

Sustainable timber selection

Recycled structural steel

Recycled structural concrete

PVC minimisation

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“USE WASTE AS RESOURCES”

Recycled

Untreated

from old housing frames

Use waste as amenities

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“GATHER AND USE ENERGY EFFICIENTLY”

micro-turbine (co-generation)

lifts generate power in breaking mode

solar hot water produced by 48 square metres of solar hot water panels on roof, supplemented by gas boiler

solar power (PV cells) : 3.5kW energy used to power Western timber shutters

Gas-fired micro-turbine

Electricity

Waste heat Used in A/C plant

Heating hot water;

cooling via absorption

chiller

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“OPTIMIZE RATHER THEN MAXIMIZE”

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“OPTIMIZE RATHER THEN MAXIMIZE”

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“OPTIMIZE RATHER THEN MAXIMIZE”

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“OPTIMIZE RATHER THEN MAXIMIZE”

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Water• 72% reduction in mains water consumption compared to the existing Council House of similar size• Multi-Water Reuse (MWR) sewer mining plant• Sprinkler water reclaim and rainwater collection

Waste• building waste during construction was recycled (87%)• recycling carried through within building after operations waste separation

“DON’T DRAW DOWN RESOURCES”

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ANALYSIS

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Name of building Inspiration Materials used Application in design Problem solved Level of

Biomimicry

1.Eiffel Tower Thigh bone Exposed iron

The outward flares at base resemble the upper curved portion of femur.

The internal wrought iron braces closely follow design of original trabeculae within femur.

Can withstand bending and shearing effects due to wind

Ventilation problem solved

Organism level

2.L’institute Du Monte Arabe Iris of eye

Steel, glass & Aluminium

Cladded with screens with automated lens to control light

Controls the amount of sunlight entering the building, keeping it cool and flooding room with natural light.

Organism level

3.Waterloo International Terminal

Pangolin Steel & glassThe glass panel fixing that makes up the structure mimic the flexible scale arrangement of Pangolin.

Ability to move in response to the imposed air pressure forces when trains enter and depart.

Organism level

4. Eastgate Centre, Harare

Termite mound Concrete

The building is designed with a unique ventilation system, which draws outside air and cools or warms it depending on temperature.

The central open space draws more air with help of fans and is pushed up through ducts located in the central spine of the buildings,

Temperature remains regulated all year around without using conventional air-conditioning or heating systems.

Behaviour level

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Name of building Inspiration

Materials used Application in design Problem solved Level of

Biomimicry

5.Beijing National Stadium Bird’s nest Steel,

ETFE

“Cushion system” adopted where façade is in-filled with translucent ETFE panels just like a nest is insulated by small pieces of material.

Protects spectators from elements

Provides acoustic insulation,

Reduces maintenance cost

Reduces dead load, Filters sun rays

Behaviour Level

6. Council House 2, Melbourne

Termite mound

Concrete, recycled timber

CH2 uses ventilation strategy similar to termite mould using natural convention, ventilation stacks, thermal mass, phase change material and water for cooling

The façade is composed of dermis and epidermis, which provides microclimate

Ventilation stacks are implemented on the north and south facades of the building

The ceilings are wavy shaped to optimise surface area to increase thermal mass capacity

The west façade is covered with system of timber louvers to optimize the penetration of natural light and views.

The epidermis provides primary sun and glare control while creating a semi-closed micro-environment.

The wavy design helps it efficient collection and channelling out of heated air.

The vaulted ceiling also allow more filtration of natural light to the deeper parts of the space.

Shower towers provide a reduction of 4-13 degrees C from the top of the tower to the bottom.

Behaviour level

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Name of building Inspiration Materials

used Application in design Problem solved Level of Biomimicry

7. Sinosteel International Plaza

Bee hiveConcrete, steel and glass

The windows are designed in five different sizes of hexagon, placed in an energy-efficient configuration.

Minimum possible energy used in the form of conventional energy.

The skin removes the need for internal structures

Organism level

8. Habitat 2020 Stomata of leaves

Designed as living skin

The exterior designs as living skin which serves connection between exterior and interior, like stomata on leaf surface.

The surface automatically positions itself according to the sunlight and let it in

Surface absorbs water and converts waste to biogas energy

Electricity not required during day

Air and wind filtered to provide clean air and natural air conditioned

Recycling of water air and waste

Organism level

9. Rafflesia House

Rafflesia flower

Tensile environmentally friendly fabric

The building sits on 12 columns to allow other species to develop around it, trying to change traditional definitions of its characteristics.

Concave and convex internal walls to regulate flow of air inside.

Effective air conditioning at independent zones

Behaviour level

10. National Aquatics Centre, Beijing

Water bubbles

Steel,ETFE

The surface is covered with membrane of lit blue bubbles or pneumatic cushions made of EFTE creating bubble effect

The bubbles collect solar energy to heat swimming pools.

Temperature regulation

Organismlevel

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Name of building Inspiration Materials used Application in design Problem solved Level of

Biomimicry

11. Swiss Re Headquarters, London

Glass sponge Steel & glass

Using a series of triangulations on the exterior similar to those of a glass sponge

The building ventilates air in a similar fashion just like glass sponge filters nutrients from the water by sucking water from its base and expelling it through the holes at its top

Its aerodynamic, Glazed shape minimizes wind loads and maximizes natural light and ventilation, reducing the building's energy consumption

Triangulations on the exterior similar to those of a glass sponge makes the structure stiff enough to resist lateral structural loads without extra reinforcements.

Organism level

12.Treescraper Tower of Tomorrow

Growing of tree

Steel & glass

The southern façade would be made of photovoltaic panels that convert sunlight into electricity.

A combined heat-and-power plant installed, to be fuelled by natural gas, to supply the power that the solar panels cannot.

It uses minimal construction materials, while making maximum use of the enclosed space.

All of the water in the building is recycled.

All products, from building materials to furnishings, could be recycled or returned safely to the earth

Behaviour level

13. Ministry of Municipal and Agriculture

Cactus plant Steel & glass

Sun shades on the windows can be opened or closed to suit the prevailing temperature , mimicking the activity of the cactus which performs transpiration at night rather than during the day in order to retain water.

Temperature regulated. Absorption and loss of heat

controlled. Behaviour level

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•Building inspired by plants /flower: Self-sustainableEnergy efficientRecyclingAesthetically appealingLow maintenance

•Building inspired by organisms: Resistant to imposed forcesStructural stabilityControlled entry of sunlightRegulation of internal temperatureAestheticsAcoustics

•Buildings inspired by natural forms: Effective channelling of wind Increase thermal mass capacity Dynamic form Acoustics. Energy efficiency

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APPLICATION

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INDUSTRIAL BUILDING DESIGN• Large & clear unobstructed areas

• Proper lighting ( Natural and Artificial)

• Ventilation

• Acoustical treatment

• Energy-efficiency

• Triangulated exoskeleton or frame inspired from glass sponge, thigh bone ,beehive etc. or

• load distribution& long span inspired by water lily or dragon fly wings

• Louvers, living skin which can regulate entry of daylight inspired from stomata of leave or

• Iris of eye

• Cushion effect of Birds nest, ventilation mechanism of termite moulds,

• Curved walls ceilings for channelling air.

• Cushion effect of Birds nest, two layer skin( dermis and epidermis) to act as sound buffer or insulation

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• A system which utilises resources available locally with minimum embedded energy and recycles to maximum like growth of tree or

• emulate natural forms like termite mound for passive systems to reduce cost and energy consumption.

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CONCLUSIONTo echo, listen, steward and immerse in nature

Biomimicry presents itself as a basis, a foundation of a new research methodology instead ofmere serendipity. Biomimicry has to be approached in a multi-disciplinary order of thought inorder to understand the principles of nature to achieve a holistic design solution.

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CONCLUSION

For nature has been field-tested for millions of years through evolution

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