bioluminescence and its applications and economic feasibility
Post on 19-Oct-2014
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These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of bioluminescence is becoming better through finding better sources of bioluminescence and reducing the cost of Luciferin & luciferase. Organisms displaying bioluminescence include fungi, algae, mushrooms, fireflies, glow worms, earth worms, and jelly fish, coral, to name a few. An astonishing 80-85% of the deep oceanic world is bioluminescent and some of this can even be seen from outer space! Bioluminescence primarily occurs when chemical Luciferin reacts with oxygen in the presence of catalyst luciferase. There are some exciting things about bioluminescence. First, it is possible to achieve it even with a coating as thin as 1mm as it works at microbial level. This would further reduce the size of lights far beyond what is possible with LEDs and OLEDs. Second, it is theoretically possible to grow trees and plants that are bioluminescent and thus use them for lighting streets and other outdoor areas. Clearly this would be tremendous success and have a large impact on the world’s energy needs in addition to possibly improving the aesthetics of cities. More immediate applications can be found in disease detection where Bioluminescence is already being used. Specific cells, viral agents, or genes can be bioluminescently labeled. After injecting them into an organism, cameras and spectral analysis can be used to detect their movement and multiplication. This can be potentially much cheaper than MRI, computer tomography and other approaches; the challenge is to create the different bio-luminescent materials(synthetic Luciferin), their spectral signatures, and methods of injection. A final challenge that is common to all bio-luminescent applications is the cost of the biological material, which is usually Luciferin. Extracting it from fireflies can cost tens of thousands of dollars for few milliliter, clearly a very high cost. However, synthetic methods of production have been devised and scaling up these production plants will likely lead to much lower costs. Given the experience in the chemical industry it is likely that in future with advances in technology the costs may fall more than a thousand times as the production processes are scaled up to the levels found in high-volume chemicals.TRANSCRIPT
Bioluminescence
MT5009 – Analyzing Hi-Technology Opportunities
For information on other new technologies that are becoming economically feasible,
see http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
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Bioluminescence
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5
Bioluminescence Why does Bioluminescence occur?
How it Happens ?
Bioluminescence Vs. Fluorescence Vs. Incandescence
Opportunities Lighting
Biomedical Imaging
Food Industry
Inferences and Conclusion
Commercialization
Entrepreneurial Opportunities
Technology Convergence
Conclusion
Outline
6
Terrestrial Bioluminescence
Firefly
Glow Worms
Earthworms
Fungi, Algae
Mushrooms
• 80- 85% of oceanic world is
bioluminescent
• Jellyfish, coral.
• Dinoflagellates
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Aquatic Bioluminescence
8
Bioluminescence Near Cape Horn
• Chart with sea depth and light penetration
Major reason why most bioluminescent organisms emit blue or green color
9
Bioluminescence.. In Sea
Invitation to a meal
Mating games
Puzzling predators
Burglar Alarms
Clever disguise
10
Why does it occur !!
How it Happens?
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Bioluminescence Fluorescence Incandescence
Lowest efficiency
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Bioluminescence Vs. Fluorescence and
Incandescence
Light Light Heat Light Chemical Light
Moderate Efficiency Highest Efficiency
Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence Vs. Fluorescence and
Incandescence
13 Source: STRUCTURE and SPECTRA in BIOLUMINESCENCE John Lee1 and Eugene S. Vysotski1,2
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
Bioluminescence has a spectrum from 430 nm to 600 nm
Parallel Streams of Research
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CAN be Engineered
CANNOT be Engineered
Focus on optimizing growth conditions
Study on lighting patterns to improve collective flashing
Bioluminescent Dinoflagellates
Synthetic Biology
Bioluminescent bacteria
Development of synthetic Luciferin
Vibrio Fischeri animation
Applications Lighting
hito ni akali wo nlisuru hotaru kana The firefly Gives light to its pursuer…
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Lighting Industry
Source: Lighting the way: perspectives on global lighting market 2012, Mckinsey study
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Lighting consumes a substantial amount of electricity
17
Lighting consumes most Electricity
According to EIA, in commercial buildings Lighting fixtures
consume 3 times the energy consumption of air conditioning
Incandescence is “Hot light” or black body radiation
Creates light by heating of filament
Highly inefficient! 90% of energy is wasted to heat &
UV
Adverse impact on environment- 69% of the energy
used in coal, natural gas and nuclear power generation
never does useful work as electricity
Short lifespan- 1000 to 1500 hours
Susceptibility to shocks and vibrations
Problems with Incandescence
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Cold light
Most efficient of all the sources of lights. ~98% efficiency
As cultured at micro-organic level, immune to external impacts
No environmental impact
Once genetically re-engineered, unlimited source
“Grow your own light“
Bioluminescence as solution..
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Why is Bioluminescence special ?
Uses bioluminescent bacteria, fed on methane and composted material
Provides soft mood lighting
Produces low intensity lighting, suitable for tracing, warning, indication
In present form not suitable for functional illumination
Luminescence by using energy stored in waste streams
POC of a self sustainable microbial lighting system
Current Research: Philips Concept
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Cultured Bacteria having
conducive environment
Source: http://www.design.philips.com/philips/sites/philipsdesign/about/design/designportfolio/design_futures/bio_light.page
Team of researchers from Cambridge placed genes from fireflies and
bioluminescent bacteria into E.coli
Codon optimization and single amino acid mutagenesis allowed us to
generate bright light output in a range of different colors
Proposed a genetically modified tree which can be source of light in the
dark
Biological alternative to conventional lighting
Potential could replace street lamps
Current Research: Cambridge Concept
21
Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org/T1560/Bioluminescent_lighting.htm
• Thinkers at IDEO are working with scientists from Lim Lab at the University of
California, San Francisco to find a way to have E. coli bacteria form objects.
• Like 3D printing, idea is to literally “grow” the product we use everyday. Even
lights !!!
• Idea is to put genes into an organism to make them self-aggregate into a solid
material with the desired properties.
Current Research: IDEO Concept
22 Source: http://www.fastcompany.com/biomimicry/training-bacteria-to-grow-consumer-goods
• Luminosity comparison
– Spectrum of bioluminescence almost similar to fluorescence though its
more spread out.
• Scalability of the light source- multiplication of bacteria.
– Today scientists are able to synthetically culture genetically modified
bacteria.
– Research in substrate for repetitive culture.
Dimensions of Performance
23
• Synthetic Luciferin Vs. Natural Luciferin gene
– Scientists have been able to invent synthetic chemicals which have
almost similar relative light Unit output to firefly gene.
Dimensions of Performance
24
• Luminosity of Bioluminescence
Limitations of Bioluminescence based
Lighting
Light source Output (Lumens)
Firefly 0.04
Incandescent 200-800
Fluorescent 1000-7500
Metal Halide 1900-30000
High-Pressure
Sodium 3600-46000
Low-Pressure
Sodium 1800-33000
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~25,000 fireflies to flash
simultaneously to match output of
60W bulb !!!
Flashing
Better understanding of the chemistry of
bioluminescence
Better control on flashing and are able to minimize
it by studying fireflies.
Comparisons
28
Technology Adoption
High
Medium
Low
Technology Comparison
Drivers of Adoption
29
Bioluminescence Why does Bioluminescence occur?
How it Happens ?
Bioluminescence Vs. Fluorescence Vs. Incandescence
Opportunities Lighting
Biomedical Imaging
Food Industry
Inferences and Conclusion
Commercialization
Entrepreneurial Opportunities
Technology Convergence
Conclusion
Outline
Radiation and Scans
In Vivo Imaging
A noninvasive insight into living organisms
Understand disease related changes in the body
What is In Vivo Imaging ?
70% 36% 32% 25% 18%
Oncology/Cancer Inflammatory Diseases
Neurology Cardiovascular Drug Metabolism Studies
Detection of key Diseases
Other Application
68% 59% 49% 41% 24%
Monitoring Treatment Response
Biodistribution Cancer cell detection
Biomarkets Structural Imaging
Source : Drug Discovery World Summer 2011, In vivo preclinical imaging Layout 1 23/06/2011
14:05 Page 59
In Vivo Imaging Conventional Methods
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Single photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
MRI
SPECT
PET
Optical Imaging – Bio Luminescence Imaging
Optical, 28% MRI, 23%
PET, 20%
SPECT, 3%
Others, 26%
Optical MRI PET SPECT Others
Source : Drug Discovery World Summer 2011, In vivo preclinical imaging Layout 1 23/06/2011
14:05 Page 59
Bacteria Cell
Virus Cell
Transgene
Bioluminescent Cell /
Receptor Gene
BLI - Concept
1 2 3 4
Inject, Infect, Implant Image Acquisition Data Analytics
1
2
3
4
Bacterial Cells, Viral agents or genes can be bioluminescent labeled
Labeled cell or gene is implanted into a mouse, Cells are allowed to
multiply
Mouse is placed highly sensitive CCD camera enclosure to obtain a 3D image
Spectral analysis is used to see the progress of the malignant cells
Source : A New Diagnostic System in Cancer Research: Bioluminescent Imaging (BLI)*, Z., Ralph MASON, Peter ANTICH,
Edmond RICHER, Woodring E. WRIGHT
BLI - Concept
Growth of cancer cell over 4 weeks can be observed
Source : A New Diagnostic System in Cancer Research: Bioluminescent Imaging (BLI)*, Z., Ralph MASON, Peter ANTICH,
Edmond RICHER, Woodring E. WRIGHT
PET vs. MRI vs. BLI
Equipment Costs
Mouse Preparation
Time
Scanning Time
Total Time for
1 animal
Data Analysis
Total Time for
10 animal
>600 K USD 1-2 million USD <500 K USD
1hr 30 min 30 min 20 min
15min / 3D Scan 30 min / 2D Scan 1s – 2min
Experts Required Experts Required Straight Forward
1 hr 1hr 30min 20min
>600 K USD 1-2 million USD <500 K USD
Data Analysis Time
>600 K USD 1-2 million USD <500 K USD
PET MRI BLI
Source : A Comparison of Imaging Techniques to Monitor Tumor Growth and Cancer Progression in Living Animals, Anne-
Laure Puaux,Lai Chun Ong,Yi Jin,Irvin Teh,Michelle Hong,Pierce K. H. Chow, Xavier Golay
Market Potential – In Vivo Imaging
790 900
1050
1200 1350
1550
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
$ Million
Source : WWW.Marketresearch.com
CAGR
14.5%
Cost Radiation Level
Scanning Time
Imaging Quality
Preparation Time
Bioluminescence MRI PET
Low
Medium
High
Technology Comparison
Main Drivers for Technology Adoption
40%
40%
20%
Efficacy Health Safety Cost
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Bioluminescence Why does Bioluminescence occur?
How it Happens ?
Bioluminescence Vs. Fluorescence Vs. Incandescence
Opportunities Lighting
Biomedical Imaging
Food Industry
Inferences and Conclusion
Commercialization
Entrepreneurial Opportunities
Technology Convergence
Conclusion
Outline
Food Industry
• Current food regulations
Food development and Authority
HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control
Points)
Principle 4 – Establish monitoring procedures
When and which food should undergo
microbiological test
A study by the Leopold Center for Sustainable
Agriculture in The USA showed a 22% increase in the
average distance travelled by food products (arriving
in Chicago) by truck in the past 2 decades.
Food travels longer distances today
Source:1) http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/HACCP/HACCPPrinciplesApplicationGuidelines/default.htm
2) http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/39927/food_miles.pdf
According to The US National Library of Medicine, in the United
States alone about 48 million people get sick from consuming
contaminated food each year.
Existing method for detection of
food contamination
Sample from
food item
Dilution planted in
agar based media
Incubation period Counting bacteria
Total Viable Count (Standard Plate Count/Aerobic Plate Count)
Source : Essential Microbiology for Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, By Geoff Hanlon & Norman Hodges
Existing methods for detection of
food contamination - Limitations
Expensive laboratory equipment.
Requirement of specialized transportation.
Long wait involved, anywhere between 24-48 hours. In cases of fermented foods
(such as soy sauce) this period could extend up to 7 days. This increases the storage
time before fresh food can reach the market, and may actually decrease the quality
of the food during the waiting period.
Tedious and labor intensive. The enumeration of colonies is performed using an
illuminated colony counter. There is also a minimum requirement of 30 colonies
(maximum to not exceed 300) for accurate results.
Results unnecessarily elaborate in cases where results are required to only
immediately confirm if food is fit for consumption.
Source : 1) ATP bioluminescence rapid detection of total viable count in soy sauce,
Luminescence, The Journal of Biological and Chemical Luminescence,14-Jun-11
2) Food Microbiology and Hygiene, By P. R. Hayes & Richard Hayes, page 189
Evolution of the concept of ATP
bioluminescence in food industry
Adenosine-5’-Triphosphate (or ATP) is the most important biological fuel in living organisms, and the detection of ATP origination can be important to detect living microorganisms such as pathogens.
LUC
IFER
ASE
The visible glow of pathogen helps provide instant counting results.
WHAT?
HOW?
WHY?
Applications in the Food Industry
VALUE
PROPOSITION
Disposable
Low cost
Easy operation
Fast response
Prototype of ATP bioluminescence based Biosensor for detection of
bacteria
Source : Disposable bioluminescence-based biosensor for detection of bacterial count in food, Analytical Biochemistry 394 (2009) 1-6
Opportunities in the Food Industry
In a local butcher shops for detection of contaminated food substances such
as meat.
To quickly and easily detect if small individual samples (i.e. per bottle) of
fluids, such as milk or water, have been contaminated/spoiled during
packaging transportation.
In remote areas such as Saharan desert and Alaska.
Can be used by rescue workers during natural disasters such as earthquakes
and tsunamis.
Future Space missions (e.g. during a long mars mission)
Confectionary market growth worldwide
Source : http://www.nclcworld.com/pdf/Confectionery%20Market%20by%20Jim%20Corcoran.pdf
Opportunities in industry
BioLume : Bioluminescent bacteria added will be regulated as a „food additive‟ by the FDA.
Tourism opportunities in a country like Singapore.
Huge profits possible in the industry due to novelty factor.
Creation of dynamic art - The Center for Biofilm Engineering and the Montana
State University School of Art created the BIOGLYPHS project
Source : http://www.biofilm.montana.edu/Bioglyphs/
Opportunities for Bioluminescence in non-
traditional arenas
Genetically engineered Bioluminescent pets
Source : http://www.ibtimes.com/glowing-dark-rare-pictures-genetically-engineered-fluorescent-animals-photos-840089
Genetically engineered Angelfish (Pterophyllum Scalare) glow in a tank under a black light while being
displayed at the 2010 Taiwan International Aqua Expo in Taipei October 29, 2010.
51
Bioluminescence Why does Bioluminescence occur?
How it Happens ?
Bioluminescence Vs. Fluorescence Vs. Incandescence
Opportunities Lighting
Biomedical Imaging
Food Industry
Inferences and Conclusion
Commercialization
Entrepreneurial Opportunities
Technology Convergence
Conclusion
Outline
Interesting Opportunities
Plants and Trees
When crops need water or
nutrients, they'll be able to
tell farmers. Plants could
even go to red, yellow or
green "alert" to give farmers
early warning about disease
and invasions by harvest-
destroying pests. Smart Crops Streetlights Into
Tree-lights
Replace electricity-draining
conventional streetlights, lit-
up road signs and interior
lighting. the trees would
come "on" at night and go
"off" during the day. The trees
would need only air, water,
and soil nutrients to maintain
their urban lighting duties.
Military
Biodegradable landing zone markers
Bioluminescent "friend vs. foe" identification markers and
security systems
Landing Lights
52
Factors for commercialization
Scalability
Maturity of technology
Entrepreneurial opportunities
Market penetration
Cost effectiveness
Need for a cheaper lighting
Lighting Food
Contamination BLI
Oth
er
new
are
as o
f m
arke
t penetr
atio
n
53
Lighting Opportunity
Non Nuclear Countries - need for sustainable lighting
Availability of oceans to tap Bioluminescent Bacteria
80- 85% of oceanic
world is
bioluminescent
Chemical Light
Highest efficiency 54
Legend
No power shortage
Scarcity of electricity
No huge infrastructure required or dams or gridlines
Food Contamination - Opportunity
Legend
National Food Center
WHO Collaborating Testing Center
Located near Oceanic
Areas
Cost involved in conventional testing is high
Time taken for the results is more
Advantage of Bioluminescent Food
contamination testing
Quicker
Cheaper
Ease of use of instrument 55
In situ – Lab to sample
Identifying Opportunity
Base / Environment to enable Bioluminescent
Luciferase Enzyme is the base across all three applications
Typically any bacteria can be genetically modified to produce Luciferin
Lighting Food contamination BLI - Imaging
56
Appropriate platform for sustainable culturing of Bioluminescent
organisms presents a new horizon
Large Scale Production Setup
Production
center for
Luciferase
Enzyme
• Can be located near areas like Food
contamination test centres /
Requirement for Bioluminescent
based lighting
• Can be used to make
Bioluminescent based lighting.
• Can employ “Made to order” lights
/ artistic pets / wall design / Bill
boards and Biosensors
• Can extract the enzyme in large
scale.
• Production of synthetic Luciferin
Research
Development
Commercialization
57
Technology Convergence
Nanotechnology
System on Chip
Nano particles
Nano polymers
Minimum flashing
Maximum
Luminosity
MEMS
Structural Changes
LED‟s
Bio inspired lighting
from firefly
Genetics
DNA improvements
Technology merge
Computational
DNA‟s
Conclusion
59
Change provides opportunities
Bioluminescence provides a new dimension to Lighting, Healthcare and Food
industry
Adoption of this technologies will lead to massive growth Bioluminescence
When technology matures and becomes economically feasible, it will definitely
offer a superior value proposition
Name Matric Number
Ajay Srinivasan A0102866E
Anurag Sharma A0102808M
Shuchi Dangwal A0104405X
Souvik Sen A0102840W