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Oelze - ECE 571 Lecture 1 Oelze - ECE 571 Lecture 1 Biological Measurement 1 Biological Measurement 1 BIOE 571 BIOE 571

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History of ultrasound and importance to medicine Basic imaging modes I. Topics Covered Today History of ultrasound and importance to medicine Basic imaging modes Ultrasound Propagation Reflection and Transmission Generation of ultrasound

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Page 1: Biological Measurement 1 BIOE 571

Oelze - ECE 571 Lecture 1Oelze - ECE 571 Lecture 1

Biological Measurement 1Biological Measurement 1

BIOE 571BIOE 571

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Oelze - ECE 571 Lecture 1Oelze - ECE 571 Lecture 1

I. Topics Covered TodayI. Topics Covered Today

• History of ultrasound and importance to History of ultrasound and importance to medicinemedicine

• Basic imaging modesBasic imaging modes• Ultrasound PropagationUltrasound Propagation

• Reflection and TransmissionReflection and Transmission• Generation of ultrasoundGeneration of ultrasound

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My Research Interests My Research Interests

• Bioeffects of Ultrasound and HIFUBioeffects of Ultrasound and HIFU

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My Research Interests My Research Interests

• Bioeffects of Ultrasound and HIFUBioeffects of Ultrasound and HIFU• Cancer detection using spectral imaging Cancer detection using spectral imaging

techniquestechniques• Ultrasound computed tomography for Ultrasound computed tomography for

characterizing soft tissuescharacterizing soft tissues• Coded excitation to improve ultrasound Coded excitation to improve ultrasound

image qualityimage quality• HIFU therapy and therapy monitoring HIFU therapy and therapy monitoring

using ultrasoundusing ultrasound

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Grading Grading

• Homework – 1-2 per lecture (not too Homework – 1-2 per lecture (not too difficult)…difficult)…

• Homework may include a small amount of Homework may include a small amount of coding, so need to know a little Matlab.coding, so need to know a little Matlab.

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History of UltrasoundHistory of Ultrasound

• First of all: what is ultrasound?First of all: what is ultrasound?

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History of UltrasoundHistory of Ultrasound

• First of all: what is ultrasound?First of all: what is ultrasound?– Pressure waves at frequencies higher than audible Pressure waves at frequencies higher than audible

range (> 20 kHz)range (> 20 kHz)• Compared to X-Rays (and CT) ultrasound is Compared to X-Rays (and CT) ultrasound is

safe and does not produce harmful bioeffects safe and does not produce harmful bioeffects unless used at very high intensityunless used at very high intensity

• The safety of ultrasound makes it desirable as The safety of ultrasound makes it desirable as an imaging modalityan imaging modality

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History of UltrasoundHistory of Ultrasound

• Initially used as a surgical device and studied Initially used as a surgical device and studied for its bioeffects (much of this groundbreaking for its bioeffects (much of this groundbreaking work was conducted at the Bioacoustics work was conducted at the Bioacoustics Research Laboratory at the U of I).Research Laboratory at the U of I).

• High intensity ultrasound waves were used in High intensity ultrasound waves were used in water (SONAR) to detect submarines during water (SONAR) to detect submarines during world war IIworld war II

• This led to the idea of using ultrasound as an This led to the idea of using ultrasound as an imaging deviceimaging device

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History of UltrasoundHistory of Ultrasound

• First ultrasound systems for imaging humans First ultrasound systems for imaging humans was developed in 1950s by Howry and Wildwas developed in 1950s by Howry and Wild

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History of UltrasoundHistory of Ultrasound

Imaging device of Howry and Wild. The water Imaging device of Howry and Wild. The water filled gun turret came from a World War II B29-filled gun turret came from a World War II B29-

Bomber. Boy have we come a long way!!!Bomber. Boy have we come a long way!!!

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History of UltrasoundHistory of Ultrasound

Tomographic image of neck from Howry and Tomographic image of neck from Howry and Wild. The image showed details not visible with X-Wild. The image showed details not visible with X-

ray scanners of the day.ray scanners of the day.

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History of UltrasoundHistory of Ultrasound

• First ultrasound systems for imaging humans First ultrasound systems for imaging humans was developed in 1950s by Howry and Wildwas developed in 1950s by Howry and Wild

• The main problem with US scanning was The main problem with US scanning was consistent contact. Water was the medium used consistent contact. Water was the medium used initially to match into tissue but it was not initially to match into tissue but it was not feasible to put people in tanks of water to feasible to put people in tanks of water to image.image.

• Late 1950s Dr. Wild developed the first hand Late 1950s Dr. Wild developed the first hand held 15 MHz transducer contacting skin directly.held 15 MHz transducer contacting skin directly.

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History of UltrasoundHistory of Ultrasound

• As early as 1957, blood velocity was estimated As early as 1957, blood velocity was estimated using the Doppler effect by Japanese using the Doppler effect by Japanese researcher, Dr. Satomura.researcher, Dr. Satomura.

• In 1965 the first real-time scanner was invented In 1965 the first real-time scanner was invented with the advent of improved signal processing with the advent of improved signal processing and transducers.and transducers.

• In 1971, the first arrays were introduced In 1971, the first arrays were introduced allowing improved real-time scanning of allowing improved real-time scanning of patients.patients.

• From that point on, US begin to gain prevelance From that point on, US begin to gain prevelance in clinical applications.in clinical applications.

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History of UltrasoundHistory of Ultrasound

• In 1981, color flow mapping images were first In 1981, color flow mapping images were first created with a US image of tissue created with a US image of tissue superimposed with blood velocity images.superimposed with blood velocity images.

• In the 1990s, high-end scanners became digital.In the 1990s, high-end scanners became digital.• And 3-D imaging began to emerge.And 3-D imaging began to emerge.

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Ultrasound Compared to Other Modalities:Ultrasound Compared to Other Modalities:

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Ultrasound Compared to Other ModalitiesUltrasound Compared to Other Modalities

ModalityModality USUS X-RayX-Ray CTCT MRIMRI

ImagedImaged Mechanical Mechanical propertiesproperties

Tissue Tissue absorptionabsorption

Tissue Tissue absorptionabsorption

BiochemistryBiochemistry

ResolutionResolution 0.3-3 mm0.3-3 mm ~ 1mm~ 1mm ~ 1mm~ 1mm ~ 1mm~ 1mm

PenetrationPenetration 3-25 cm3-25 cm throughthrough throughthrough throughthrough

SafetySafety SafeSafe Ionizing Ionizing radiationradiation

Ionizing Ionizing radiationradiation

SafeSafe

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Ultrasound Compared to Other ModalitiesUltrasound Compared to Other Modalities

ModalityModality USUS X-RayX-Ray CTCT MRIMRI

SpeedSpeed 100 f/s100 f/s MinutesMinutes 30 s to 30 s to minutesminutes

10 f/s10 f/s

PortabilityPortability ExcellentExcellent GoodGood PoorPoor PoorPoor

CostCost LowLow LowLow HighHigh Very highVery high

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UltrasoundUltrasound

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Imaging Modes of UltrasoundImaging Modes of Ultrasound

• B-mode: Brightness-modeB-mode: Brightness-mode• M-Mode: Motion modeM-Mode: Motion mode• C-mode: Coronal modeC-mode: Coronal mode• Doppler imaging modes (color flow, power Doppler imaging modes (color flow, power

Doppler)Doppler)• Contrast and Tissue Harmonic ImagingContrast and Tissue Harmonic Imaging• Strain ImagingStrain Imaging• Shear Wave ImagingShear Wave Imaging• Future Modes Future Modes

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B-Mode Image B-Mode Image

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B-Mode Image B-Mode Image

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M-Mode Image M-Mode Image

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C-Mode Image C-Mode Image

A C-Mode ultrasound A C-Mode ultrasound image of a uterus with a image of a uterus with a submucus fibroidsubmucus fibroid taken taken from a 3-D ultrasound from a 3-D ultrasound image of the uterus.image of the uterus.

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DopplerDoppler

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Color Flow ImagingColor Flow Imaging

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Harmonic Imaging: Pulse InversionHarmonic Imaging: Pulse Inversion

Harmonic image using pulse inversion, image by Sonoace.Harmonic image using pulse inversion, image by Sonoace.

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Strain ImagingStrain Imaging

Strain image (left) and B-mode image (right) of Strain image (left) and B-mode image (right) of lymph node.lymph node.

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Shear Wave ImagingShear Wave Imaging

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Ultrasonic Attenuation in TissuesUltrasonic Attenuation in Tissues

TissueTissue dB/MHzdB/MHzyy/cm/cm yy

BloodBlood 0.140.14 1.211.21

LiverLiver 0.450.45 1.051.05

MuscleMuscle 0.570.57 1.01.0

BrainBrain 0.580.58 1.31.3

FatFat 0.60.6 11

BreastBreast 0.750.75 1.51.5

BoneBone 3.543.54 0.4-2.20.4-2.2

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Sound Speed in TissuesSound Speed in Tissues

Measurements of speed of sound in biological mediaMeasurements of speed of sound in biological media

MediaMedia Sound speed (m/s)Sound speed (m/s)

SkinSkin 1500-17501500-1750

MuscleMuscle 1550-16001550-1600

BreastBreast 1430-15501430-1550

BrainBrain 1520-15501520-1550

BloodBlood 1540-16001540-1600

FatFat 1350-14701350-1470

BoneBone 2500-42002500-4200

SpleenSpleen 1520-15701520-1570

CartilageCartilage 1660-16701660-1670

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Example ProblemExample ProblemA source (which also acts as a receiver) propagates a delta A source (which also acts as a receiver) propagates a delta function through a medium with two layers spaced a distance L function through a medium with two layers spaced a distance L apart. What might the return signal look like? apart. What might the return signal look like?

LL LL

ccρρ ρρ cc

22 22

ρρ

22

2c2c ρρ cca)a)

b)b)

c)c)

d) None of the aboved) None of the above

ρρ

22

Page 35: Biological Measurement 1 BIOE 571

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Example ProblemExample ProblemA source (which also acts as a receiver) propagates a delta A source (which also acts as a receiver) propagates a delta function through a medium with two layers spaced a distance L function through a medium with two layers spaced a distance L apart. What might the return signal look like? apart. What might the return signal look like?

LL LL

ccρρ ρρ cc

22 22

ρρ

22

2c2c ρρ cca)a)

b)b)

c)c)

d) None of the aboved) None of the above

ρρ

22

WHY???WHY???

Page 36: Biological Measurement 1 BIOE 571

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Example ProblemExample ProblemA source (which also acts as a receiver) propagates a delta A source (which also acts as a receiver) propagates a delta function through a medium with two layers spaced a distance L function through a medium with two layers spaced a distance L apart. What might the return signal look like? apart. What might the return signal look like?

LL LL

ccρρ ρρ cc

22 22

ρρ

22

2c2c ρρ ccρρ

22

Have to take speed of sound into Have to take speed of sound into accountaccount