biofloc technology aquaculture doug ernst
TRANSCRIPT
Bio
floc T
echnolo
gy a
nd A
pplic
ation
Bio
floc T
echnolo
gy a
nd A
pplic
ation
to M
arine S
hrim
p A
quaculture
to M
arine S
hrim
p A
quaculture
Doug E
rnst
Doug E
rnst
Natu
ralS
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ralS
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.com
AquaF
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iofloc technolo
gy
Bio
floc technolo
gy
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yste
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nd m
anagem
ent
Syste
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Pacific Aquaculture Caucus. Integrated Multi
Pacific Aquaculture Caucus. Integrated Multi --Trophic Aquaculture W
orkshop.
Trophic Aquaculture W
orkshop.
Sept 14
Sept 14-- 15, 2010, Peninsula College, Port Angeles, WA
15, 2010, Peninsula College, Port Angeles, WA
©©Douglas H. Ernst (2010)
Douglas H. Ernst (2010)
Further Reading
Further Reading
��Waddell Mariculture Center (South Carolina)
Waddell Mariculture Center (South Carolina)
��Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
��Clemson University Dept. of Agric. & Biol. Engin. (SC)
Clemson University Dept. of Agric. & Biol. Engin. (SC)
��Gulf Coast Research Lab (Univ. S Mississippi)
Gulf Coast Research Lab (Univ. S Mississippi)
��Oceanic Institute (Hawaii)
Oceanic Institute (Hawaii)
��Global Aquaculture Advocate (www.gaalliance.org)
Global Aquaculture Advocate (www.gaalliance.org)
��Dr. Yoram Avnimelech (Israel Institute of Technology)
Dr. Yoram Avnimelech (Israel Institute of Technology)
��Biofloc W
orkgroup
Biofloc W
orkgroup
Aquacultural Engineering Society
Aquacultural Engineering Society
www.aesweb.org
www.aesweb.org
Animal Aquaculture Food Conversion
Animal Aquaculture Food Conversion
(for non
(for non-- biofloc systems)
biofloc systems)
Protein nitrogen conversion (aquaculture average)
Protein nitrogen conversion (aquaculture average)
��Shrimp protein utilization efficiency: 20%
Shrimp protein utilization efficiency: 20%
��Fish protein utilization efficiency: 25%
Fish protein utilization efficiency: 25%
��70
70-- 80% of nitrogen in feed is converted to ammonia (direct & via ba
80% of nitrogen in feed is converted to ammonia (direct & via bacteria)
cteria)
Wet and dry weight food conversion
Wet and dry weight food conversion
��Moisture content
Moisture content : :
Fish 70%
Fish 70%
Feed
Feed
10%
10%
��Wet weight FCE
Wet weight FCE::
67.0% FCE
67.0% FCE
1.5 FCR
1.5 FCR
��Dry weight FCE
Dry weight FCE::
22.3% FCE
22.3% FCE
4.5 FCR
4.5 FCR
Food conversion and
Food conversion and ““waste
waste””
��Wet wt fish
Wet wt fish::
1.0 kg feed
1.0 kg feed ��
0.67 kg fish +
0.67 kg fish + 0.78 kg
0.78 kg
metabolites & solids
metabolites & solids
��Dry wt fish
Dry wt fish::
1.0 kg feed
1.0 kg feed ��
0.22 kg fish +
0.22 kg fish + 0.78 kg
0.78 kg
metabolites & solids
metabolites & solids
3X factor
3X factor
Biofloc Technology (BFT)
Biofloc Technology (BFT)
Reduce
Reduce
treatm
ent
treatm
ent
Fish/Shrimp Rearing Unit
Fish/Shrimp Rearing Unit
•• Internalized water treatment
Internalized water treatment
••““ W
aste
Waste””��
BBiofloc food resource
iofloc food resource
Reduce
Reduce
feed
feed
Reduce
Reduce
waste
waste
Reduce
Reduce
water
water
BFT is the utilization of microbial processes
BFT is the utilization of microbial processes within
withinanimal
animal
rearing units to treat water and provide food resources.
rearing units to treat water and provide food resources.
BFT is used to
BFT is used to
BFT: Advantages, Disadvantages, Issues
BFT: Advantages, Disadvantages, Issues
Advantages
Advantages
��Increased food and nitrogen conversion
Increased food and nitrogen conversion
��Reduced water consumption, waste production, and treatment
Reduced water consumption, waste production, and treatment
��Simplification and cost reduction of facility design
Simplification and cost reduction of facility design
��Improved environmental control and pathogen biosecurity
Improved environmental control and pathogen biosecurity
Unique m
aqnagement issues
Unique m
aqnagement issues
��Maintenance of desired biofloc density, C/N ratio, and ecology
Maintenance of desired biofloc density, C/N ratio, and ecology
��Control of beneficial and harm
ful bacteria
Control of beneficial and harm
ful bacteria
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
��Conditioning time for system start up
Conditioning time for system start up
��Oxygen consumption of biofloc
Oxygen consumption of biofloc
��Energy requirements for maintaining biofloc in suspension
Energy requirements for maintaining biofloc in suspension
Biofloc System: Tilapia
Biofloc System: Tilapia
1.
1.
Clarifier effluent
Clarifier effluent
2.
2.
Culture tank water
Culture tank water
3.
3.
Sludge from clarifier
Sludge from clarifier
Feed: 32% protein
Tilapia: final density 20 kg/m3
12
3
From Rakocy et al (W
AS 2010)
From Rakocy et al (W
AS 2010)
University of the Virgin Islands
University of the Virgin Islands
Agricultural Experiment Station
Agricultural Experiment Station
Clarification & denitrification
Biofloc System: Semi
Biofloc System: Semi --Intensive Shrimp
Intensive Shrimp
Taw et al, Indonesia WAS 2009
Taw et al, Indonesia WAS 2009
Components of biofloc
Components of biofloc
��Solids
Solids: Inorganic and organic particulate solids
: Inorganic and organic particulate solids
��Bacteria and fungi
Bacteria and fungi : Heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic
: Heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic
��Algae
Algae: Photoautotrophic and heterotrophic
: Photoautotrophic and heterotrophic
��Micro
Micro-- organisms
organisms: protozoa (amoebas, ciliates), nematodes, zooplankton.
: protozoa (amoebas, ciliates), nematodes, zooplankton.
BFT in a context of IMTA
BFT in a context of IMTA
The biofloc community and culture animal comprise a multi
The biofloc community and culture animal comprise a multi --trophic ecosystem:
trophic ecosystem:
��Bacterial
Bacterial --detrital and photosynthetic food chains
detrital and photosynthetic food chains
��Filter deeding detritivores and herbivores
Filter deeding detritivores and herbivores
��Predator
Predator --prey relationships.
prey relationships.
Components of Biofloc
Components of Biofloc
Biofloc Components: BDA
Biofloc Components: BDA
Hargreaves and Wong, WAS, 2007
Ray et al, WAS 2009
Bacterial
Bacterial --detrital aggregate (BDA)
detrital aggregate (BDA)
Combined cocci. rod, & filamentous bacteria
Combined cocci. rod, & filamentous bacteria
Floc particle size 10
Floc particle size 10 ––
1000+ um
1000+ um
100 um
Biofloc Components: Algae
Biofloc Components: Algae
Kent et al, WAS 2010
Kent et al, WAS 2010
Pelagic and benthic diatoms, various green and BG algae
Pelagic and benthic diatoms, various green and BG algae
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
LCB stain
Biofloc Components: Micro
Biofloc Components: Micro-- organisms
organisms
Ciliated protozoan
Nematode
Daphina
Vorticella
Hydroid
Planaria ?
Biofloc System: Nutrient Pathways
Biofloc System: Nutrient Pathways
Fish /
Fish /
Shrimp
Shrimp
Ammonia
Ammonia
Nitrifying
Nitrifying
bacteria
bacteria
Nitrate
Nitrate
Fish/Shrimp Culture Tank
Fish/Shrimp Culture Tank
Feed
Feed
Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
bacteria
bacteria
Biofloc
Biofloc
community
community
Food/nutrients
Food/nutrients
Microalgae
Microalgae
POC
POC
PON
PON
DIC
DIC
DIN
DIN
DIP
DIP
Nitrite
Nitrite
Biofloc removal
Biofloc removal : Solid clarifiers & fractionators
: Solid clarifiers & fractionators
Denitrification
Denitrification: NO3
: NO3 ��
N2 and
N2 and ��
Alkalinity
Alkalinity
Whole facility
Whole facility:
:
1.
1. N & P removal: Macroalgae or halophytes
N & P removal: Macroalgae or halophytes
2.
2. N removal: Denitrification
N removal: Denitrification
3.
3. Solids management: Digestion and inorganic solid waste
Solids management: Digestion and inorganic solid waste
Photoautotrophic, chemoautotrophic, heterotrophic
Photoautotrophic, chemoautotrophic, heterotrophic
composition of biofloc is determ
ined by:
composition of biofloc is determ
ined by:
��Light intensity
Light intensity
��Feed application intensity
Feed application intensity
��C/N ratio of feed inputs
C/N ratio of feed inputs
��Rate of solids removal
Rate of solids removal
Carbon
Carbon-- Nitrogen Management
Nitrogen Management
Ammonia removal pathways:
Ammonia removal pathways:
1.
1.Photoautotrophic:
Photoautotrophic: Ammonia
Ammonia ��
AAlgae biomass
lgae biomass
2.
2.Chemoautotrophic:
Chemoautotrophic:
Ammonia
Ammonia ��
Nitrite
Nitrite ��
Nitrate
Nitrate
3.
3.Heterotrophic:
Heterotrophic:
Ammonia
Ammonia ��
Bacterial
Bacterial biomass
biomass
Control these factors to
Control these factors to
control ecology and which
control ecology and which
microbial groups dominate
microbial groups dominate
Carbon
Carbon-- Nitrogen Ratio (CNR)
Nitrogen Ratio (CNR)
Composition
Material
Protein (%)
Nitrogen (%)
Carbon (%)
CNR
Sucrose
0.0
0.0
42.0
NA
Molasses (22 %
water)
1.9
0.3
28.2
92.7
Cassava meal
1.5
0.2
50.0
208.3
Corn m
eal
8.0
1.3
50.0
39.1
Wheat meal
10.0
1.6
50.0
31.3
Sorghum meal
11.0
1.8
50.0
28.4
Grain flours (general)
12.0
1.9
50.0
26.0
Grain m
eals (general)
12.0
1.9
50.0
26.0
Pond Stim
Mash (Zeigler)
16.7
2.7
50.0
18.7
Pond Stim
Pellets (Zeigler)
17.3
2.8
50.0
18.1
Growout pellet (25% protein)
25.0
4.0
50.0
12.5
Growout pellet (30% protein)
30.0
4.8
50.0
10.4
Growout pellet (35% protein)
35.0
5.6
50.0
8.9
Nitrogen content of protein is assumed to be 16%. This value varies a little depending
Effect of C/N Ratio on nitrogen utilization by heterotrophic bac
Effect of C/N Ratio on nitrogen utilization by heterotrophic bacteria:
teria:
••C/N Ratio < 10:
C/N Ratio < 10:
Organic nitrogen used, ammonia released
Organic nitrogen used, ammonia released
••C/N Ratio > 10:
C/N Ratio > 10:
Organic and inorganic N sources used
Organic and inorganic N sources used
••C/N Ratio > 12
C/N Ratio > 12 ––
15:
15:
Net consumption of ammonia
Net consumption of ammonia
20 kg
20 kg of
of
carbohydrate is
carbohydrate is
required for
required for
heterotrophic
heterotrophic
bacteria to utilize
bacteria to utilize
1.0 kg
1.0 kgammonia
ammonia--
nitrogen
nitrogen
Bacterial Management Issues
Bacterial Management Issues ––
Filamentous
Filamentous
••Occasional problem (tank and gill fouling)
Occasional problem (tank and gill fouling)
••Causes not well understood
Causes not well understood
••Invasive species in new systems
Invasive species in new systems
••Known as
Known as ““bulking
bulking””in wastewater treatm
ent
in wastewater treatm
ent
Gram stain
Normal
Biofloc
High FB
Biofloc
Filamentous bacteria
Bacterial Management Issues
Bacterial Management Issues ––
Vibrio
Vibrio
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD
Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-- PCR)
PCR)
Vibrio (Wikimedia)
••Latent to virulent switching
Latent to virulent switching
••Chemoautotrophic to proteolytic
Chemoautotrophic to proteolytic
••Quorum sensing
Quorum sensing
••Fast generation time (20 min)
Fast generation time (20 min)
TCBS agar plate
RAPD-PCR results
Bacterial Management Issues
Bacterial Management Issues ––
Vibrio
Vibrio
Bacillus subtilis, Gram stain (Wikipedia)
Common probiotic species
Common probiotic species::
•• Bacillus spp.
Bacillus spp.
•• Lactobacillus spp.
Lactobacillus spp.
Apply to feed and water
Apply to feed and water
Vibrio m
anagement tools:
Vibrio m
anagement tools:
•• Water and system disinfection between crops
Water and system disinfection between crops
•• Good/bad bacteria: Competitive exclusion
Good/bad bacteria: Competitive exclusion
•• Probiotic bacteria:
Probiotic bacteria: Anti
Anti-- bacterial compounds
bacterial compounds
•• Probiotic bacteria:
Probiotic bacteria: Q
uorum sensing disruption
Quorum sensing disruption
•• Elevated C/N ratio:
Elevated C/N ratio:
Anti
Anti-- Vibrio compounds
Vibrio compounds
NaturalShrimp
NaturalShrimp
Locations
Locations: La Coste, Texas and M
edina del Campo, Spain
: La Coste, Texas and M
edina del Campo, Spain
ooContinuous year round operation
Continuous year round operation
ooIntensive biofloc systems
Intensive biofloc systems
ooPacific white shrimp (
Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei
Penaeus vannamei ))
ooGreenhouses (
Greenhouses (““ light systems
light systems”” ) and barns (
) and barns (““ dark systems
dark systems”” ) )
ooBrackish culture water (public water supply & sea salt)
Brackish culture water (public water supply & sea salt)
ooTemperature 30 C, salinity 5
Temperature 30 C, salinity 5 ––
15 ppt
15 ppt
ooSystems
Systems: Automated feeding, hydronic heating, diffused
: Automated feeding, hydronic heating, diffused
aeration, oxygenation, particulate solid removal and
aeration, oxygenation, particulate solid removal and
processing, nitrification, and denitrification
processing, nitrification, and denitrification
NaturalShrimp
NaturalShrimp ––
Business Model
Business Model
Environmental Control
Environmental Control
Optimized continuous production
Optimized continuous production
Biological Security
Biological Security
Pure product
Pure product––Food security
Food security
••Pure water
Pure water
••Sea salt
Sea salt
••Oxygen
Oxygen
••Shrimp feeds
Shrimp feeds
••Beneficial microbes
Beneficial microbes
Stocking
Stocking
Harvest
Harvest
Enclosed System
Enclosed System
Locate anywhere
Locate anywhere ––
Close to markets
Close to markets
Green
Green
Production
Production
10
10-- day post
day post
larvae (PL10)
larvae (PL10)
20/lb (23 g)
20/lb (23 g)
20
20 ––
24 wks
24 wks
NaturalShrimp
NaturalShrimp ––
Shrimp Growout
Shrimp Growout
PL Nursery
Mid Growout
Chill-kill harvest
NaturalShrimp
NaturalShrimp ––
Inland,
Inland, ““ Closed
Closed””Systems
Systems
NaturalShrimp
NaturalShrimp
La Coste TX
La Coste TX
NaturalShrimp
NaturalShrimp ––
La Coste Facility
La Coste Facility
NaturalShrimp
NaturalShrimp ––
Spain Facility
Spain Facility
PL Nursery
(2 weeks)
Stage-1 Growout
(8 weeks)
Stage-2 Growout
(10 -14 weeks)
NaturalShrimp
NaturalShrimp ––
Facility Design
Facility Design
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
o o o
o oo o oo
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
o o o
o oo o oo
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
o o o
o oo o oo
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
o o o
o oo o oo
Water mixing, aeration,
Water mixing, aeration,
and oxygenation
and oxygenation
Hydronic
Hydronic
heating
heatingo o o o
o o o o
o o o
o o o
o oo o oo
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
o o o
o oo o oo
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
o o o
o oo o oo
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
o o o
o oo o oo
Water treatment
Water treatment
and reuse
and reuse
Automated feed application
Automated feed application
Shrimp
habitat
Shrimp tanks and biomass support systems
Shrimp tanks and biomass support systems
Monitoring and control
Monitoring and control
Enclosed, controlled, bio
Enclosed, controlled, bio-- secure environment
secure environment
NaturalShrimp
NaturalShrimp ––
Biofloc Management
Biofloc Management
Biofloc management:
Biofloc management:
••Feed app rates and C/N ratios
Feed app rates and C/N ratios
••Biofloc suspension (diffused aeration)
Biofloc suspension (diffused aeration)
••Biofloc cropping (SC & FF)
Biofloc cropping (SC & FF)
••Denitrification
Denitrification
NaturalShrimp
NaturalShrimp
Biotechnology
Biotechnology
Aquatic Chemistry
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | || | | | | |
Aquatic Biology
Shrimp Nutrition
Shrimp Nutrition
Nutrition & Feeds
Shrimp biology
and husbandry
Water treatment
and reuse systems
Internet
PRG
CNTRL
OXYGEN
FEED
EX FAN
Computer with
Database Software
HYDRONIC H
EATER
O2
TMP
Manual & automated
data entry:
- Water quality
- Shrimp production
Report generation:
Tables and graphs
- Water quality
- Shrimp production
- Feed scheduling
- Harvest scheduling
USER INTERFACE
SHRIM
P TANK
Automated
Automated
monitoring and
monitoring and
control
control
Shrimp production