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TM Customer focused...technology driven. AQUATREAT ® BIOCIDES Cost-effective, broad-spectrum biocides

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Biocide Brochure

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  • TMC u s t o m e r f o c u s e d . . . t e c h n o l o g y d r i v e n .

    AQUATREAT BIOCIDESCost-effective, broad-spectrum biocides

  • AQUATREAT BIOCIDESEffective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms

    Product ChemistryAQUATREAT biocides are based on dithiocarba-mate chemistry. AQUATREAT SDM (Figure 1) andAQUATREAT KM (Figure 2) are single componentbiocides based on the sodium and potassium salts of dimethyldithiocarbamate. AQUATREAT DNM-9,AQUATREAT DNM-30 and AQUATREAT DNM-360 are dual component biocides based on a blendof sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate and disodiumethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate (Figure 3).

    Figure 1: Sodium Dimethyldithiocarbamate

    Figure 2: Potassium Dimethyldithiocarbamate

    Figure 3: Dual Component Biocides

    AQUATREAT KM

    AQUATREAT SDM

    AQUATREATDNM-9, DNM-30, DNM-360

    IntroductionAQUATREAT biocides are EPA registered,non-oxidizing dithiocarbamates that have a long history of proven performance. In cool-ing towers and airwashers, experience hasshown that AQUATREAT biocides are effec-tive in controlling both planktonic and sessilemicroorganisms. In paper mills, AQUA-TREAT biocides are known to be the mostcost-effective materials available for the con-trol of slime forming bacteria and fungi inboth virgin and recycle mills. For both beetand cane sugar mills, AQUATREAT biocidescan be used to effectively control mesophillicand thermophilic bacteria that commonly foulthe sugar production process. AQUATREATbiocides are especially effective in controllingsulfate reducing bacteria in many applicationsincluding drilling fluids and petroleum recov-ery waters. Additional uses for AQUATREATbiocides include sapstain control, fuel storageand in flue gas desulfurization thickeners.

    Performance Features EPA registered for a wide range

    of applications Meet FDA requirements for use in paper

    and sugar applications Cost-effective Effective against a broad spectrum

    of microorganisms including bacteria,fungi and algae:- Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria- Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB)- Yeasts and molds- Legionella

    Compatibility and strong performance in a wide range of environments/conditions- Broad pH and temperature stability- Organic loading- Dissolved and suspended solids

    Not persistent in discharge waters Favorable handling and toxicity compared

    with competitive materials

    AQUATREAT BIOCIDES Page

    Cooling Water Applications.......................4

    Pulp and Paper Applications ....................11

    Sugar Applications .................................14

    Oil Field Applications ...............................17

  • AQUATREAT Biocides 3

    AQUATREAT biocides are applicable for a widerange of industrial uses. Table 1 summarizesacceptable use patterns for these products.

    ToxicologyAQUATREAT biocides have a low order of toxicityto humans. Tables 2 and 3 show comparative datafor AQUATREAT DNM-30 in eye and skin irritationstudies. Figures 4 and 5 show comparative oral anddermal toxicity with AQUATREAT DNM-30 andother commonly used biocides.

    AQUATREAT biocides are known to be toxic tofish and aquatic organisms. As with any biocide,care must be taken to eliminate the possibility of release of AQUATREAT biocides into naturalwaterways such as lakes, streams, rivers and oceans.AQUATREAT products are not persistent biocides.Degradation of the products occurs as a result ofoxidation, sunlight, lower pH and microbial action.

    Pulp & Cane BeetProduct Cooling Air Paper Sugar Sugar Drilling Hydrocarbon Petroleum Sapstain

    Towers Washers Mills Mills Mills Fluids Fluids Recovery Control

    AQUATREAT SDM

    AQUATREAT KM

    AQUATREAT DNM-9

    AQUATREAT DNM-30

    AQUATREAT DNM-360

    Table 2: Eye Irritation in Rabbits

    Table 3: Skin Irritation in Rabbits

    Classification Biocide under 21 CFR 191.12

    AQUATREAT DNM-30 Non-irritantIsothiazolin CorrosiveGluteraldehyde Severe IrritantDBNPA Severe Irritant

    ClassificationBiocide under 21 CFR 191.11

    AQUATREAT DNM-30 Non-irritantIsothiazolin Severe IrritantGluteraldehyde Severe IrritantDBNPA Severe Irritant

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    AQUATREATDNM-30

    Isothiazolin Gluteraldehyde

    mg/

    kg

    Figure 5: Dermal Toxicity - LD50

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    Figure 4: Oral Toxicity - LD50

    Table 1: Application Use Patterns

  • AQUATREAT BIOCIDES

    4

    Cooling Towersand Air WashersAQUATREAT biocides are particularly effectivein controlling problematic organisms in both openrecirculating and closed cooling water systems. In open recirculating systems, AQUATREAT

    biocides are effective against algae and bacteriacommonly found in bulk water and in biofilms. In closed-loop systems, it is particularly importantto control sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), denitrify-ing bacteria, and other anaerobic bacteria. Due totheir functionality and compatibility in reducingenvironments, AQUATREAT biocides are often thebiocides of choice in closed-loop cooling systems. In air washers, AQUATREAT biocides offer the userbroad functionality and a low order of toxicity rela-tive to other commonly used materials.

    Algae Control UsingAQUATREAT DNM-30Algae are organisms that use light energy and carbon dioxide from the air to produce organic biomass. They represent a broad range of unicellu-lar and filamentous organisms. Most system opera-tors also refer to the cyanobacteria (blue-greenalgae) as members of the algal group although they are most closely related to bacteria.

    Photo 1: Cooling Tower and Air Washer Applications

    Photo 2: Algae

    Algae cause a number of direct and indirect prob-lems in water treatment systems. Directly, manyalgae grow in dense fibrous mats that plug distribu-tion piping, accelerate corrosion and overall reducesystem performance. These mats also provide areasfor the growth of corrosion causing anaerobic bacte-ria. Another important effect of algal growth isthe continuous removal of carbon dioxide duringthe daylight hours. This can alter water chemistryand complicate normal scale control treatmentprograms.

    Indirectly, the consequence of algal growth canbe even more severe and detrimental. Algae con-vert inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic biomass. As this biomass dies, it contributes nutrients thatfuel the growth of other bacteria. These bacteriacan foul heat exchanger surfaces and contributeto corrosion, e.g., sulfate-reducing bacteria.

    Laboratory StudiesLaboratory studies are often used to obtain prelimi-

    nary efficacy data and establish baseline doseresponse information. It is important that a biocidedemonstrates a broad range of activity. AQUA-TREAT DNM-30 has been tested against a numberof pure and field obtained enrichment cultures froma variety of sources as shown in Table 4. These datashow that AQUATREAT DNM-30 is effective at lowuse concentrations against a wide variety of fila-mentous and unicellular algae.

    Cooling Water Applications

  • AQUATREAT Biocides: Cooling Water Applications 5

    Algae Type Source MIC*

    Ulothrix spp. Filamentous green algae Cooling tower effluent 5-10

    Heterocapsa pygmaea Slime-forming algae Estuary in-take water 2.5-5

    Euglena gracilis Unicellular flagellate ATCC* 12894 5-10

    Chlorella pyrenoidosa Unicellular green algae ATCC 7516 15-20

    Scenedesmus obliquus Unicellular green algae ATCC 11457 20-25

    Phormidium spp. (mat) Filamentous blue green Cooling tower isolate (Gulf coast) 20-25

    Oscillatoria prolifera Filamentous blue green Unknown 2.5-5

    Oscillatoria spp. Filamentous blue green Carolina Biological 1-5

    Cooling tower enrichment Mixed culture of green Cooling tower (South Dakota) 15-20and blue-green algae

    Cooling tower enrichment Mixed culture of green Cooling tower (southern Minnesota) 20-25and blue-green algae

    Cooling tower enrichment Mixed culture of green Cooling tower (Montana) 35-40and blue-green algae

    * The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) tests were conducted in the medium specified by the source supplier (AmericanType Culture Collection, Rockville, MD; Carolina Biological Co., (CBC) ) or in Alga Gro Medium (CBC) for pure cultures or inAlga Gro Medium reconstituted in filter sterilized cooling tower basin water for cooling tower enrichments.

    Table 4: AQUATREAT DNM-30 Efficacy Data.

    Field StudiesAQUATREAT dithiocarbamates have been used andevaluated in a number of cooling water systems fortheir efficacy against planktonic and mat formingalgae. The Figures 6 and 7 (following page) docu-ment their ability to control algal mat formationusing alternating slug and maintenance dosages.

    System Conditions Bulk water capacity - 35,000 gallons Bulk water temperature - 80-100F Bulk water pH - 8.0 - 8.6 Total dissolved solids - 1,000 - 2,000 ppm

    Figure 6 depicts data from a cooling tower deck in southern Minnesota. The tower deck had severealgal and cyanobacterial fouling problems, especial-ly in the mid-summer cooling season. Replicate 5 cm2 coupons were installed on the deck earlyin the season and algal growth was monitored byremoving coupons and measuring algal biomass by chlorophyll determination. Without biocidetreatment (Figure 6) greater than 200 mg/cm2, algalbiomass accumulated on the coupons. Following an initial slug dosage (400 ppm) of AQUATREATDNM-30, the algal biomass was reduced to about50 mg/cm2 and was readily maintained at less than

  • AQUATREAT BIOCIDES

    6

    100 mg/cm2 with a routine maintenance dosage of20-40 ppm. Figure 7 shows the alternating treat-ment of AQUATREAT DNM-30 (20-40 ppm) andsodium hypochlorite in the same system. In thisstudy, algal growth on the tower deck was moreeffectively controlled during AQUATREAT DNM-30treatment than with sodium hypochlorite.

    Problematic Bacterial ControlUsing AQUATREAT DNM-30

    Bacteria pose various mechanical, economic andpublic health issues in cooling water systems.

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    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

    Maintenance Dose

    SlugDosage

    mg

    Chlo

    roph

    yll/c

    m2

    Week

    Figure 6: Algal Biomass Reduction Using DNM-30

    Organism Source Enrichment Medium MIC (PPM)

    Gram Negative Bacteria

    Escherichia coli ATCC 29990 API-H (mod) 55-60

    Escherichia coli UM 0315 API-H (mod) 60-65

    Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525 API-H (mod) 85-90

    Pseudomonas putida ATCC 12633 API-H (mod) 60-65

    Enterobacter aerogenes UM 0298 API-H (mod) 35-40

    Salmonella typhirmurium ATCC 14028 API-H (mod) 55-60

    Gram Positive Bacteria

    Bacillus cereus NRRL B4278 API-H (mod) 15-20

    Staphylococcus aureus UM 0115 API-H (mod) 5-10

    Iron Oxidizing Bacteria

    Sphaerotilus natans ATCC 15291 Iron isolation medium std. 1-5

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    mg

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    roph

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    Dith

    ioca

    rbam

    ate

    NaO

    Cl

    Dith

    ioca

    rbam

    ate

    NaO

    Cl

    Figure 7: Algal Control:AQUATREAT DNM-30 vs. Hypochlorite

    Table 5: Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for Problematic Bacteria

    Cooling Water Applications

    As a result, microbiological influenced corrosion(MIC) is recognized as one of the most significantissues in industrial water treatment, resulting inequipment failure and economic loss. Bacterialaccumulation in the form of biofilms contributes tosignificant mechanical problems, such as fouling ofheat exchangers, restriction of flow, and fouling ofcooling tower fill. The formation of biofilm in heatexchangers or on cooling tower fill can have a sig-nificant impact on the costs associated with achiev-ing desired cooling. Recently, the presence of bacte-ria such as Legionella spp. in cooling water systemshas been recognized as a major public health issue.

  • AQUATREAT Biocides: Cooling Water Applications 7

    There is a large variety of aerobic and anaerobicbacteria that are found in industrial cooling watersystems. AQUATREAT DNM-30 has been demon-strated to be effective against a wide variety ofbacteria. Table 5 shows the MIC, in parts per mil-lion, of AQUATREAT DNM-30 necessary to controla number of different gram negative and grampositive bacteria. Figure 8 shows effectiveness ofAQUATREAT DNM-30 against aerobic heterotroph-ic bacteria in an industrial air washer.

    Gram negative bacteria such as the Pseudomonasspecies listed above are likely to be found in mostcooling water systems and are among the most diffi-

    CFU/

    ml

    1.00E+07

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    0 ppm

    91.8%25 ppm

    97.3%50 ppm

    Figure 8: Effectiveness of AQUATREAT DNM-30against Aerobic Heterotrophs in anIndustrial Air Washer.

    Photo 3: Amoeba

    Time (H)

    1.00E+02

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    CFU/

    ml

    1.00E+08

    Control (pH5)DNM-30 (pH5)Control (pH7)DNM-30 (pH7)Control (pH9)DNM-30 (pH9)

    Figure 9: Broad pH Performance ofAQUATREAT DNM-30

    cult to control with commercially available biocides.Pseudomonads are recognized as prolific biofilmproducing bacteria. Gram positive bacteria such asthe spore-forming bacilli are also found in industrialwater systems. These bacteria contribute to biofoul-ing and other microbiological related problems.Iron oxidizing bacteria including Sphaerotilus formsurface deposits and accelerate localized corrosion.

    Other bacteria, such as Escherichia and Salmonella,are among the common waterborne pathogens.

    While most cooling water systems are operatedat alkaline pH, it is important for a biocide to exhibitactivity over a broad pH range. Figure 9 shows theactivity of AQUATREAT DNM-30 at pH 5, 7 and 9.The data demonstrate effectiveness over a broad pHrange against aerobic bacteria in a cooling watersample.

    A current and especially serious public healthproblem found in industrial water systems is theoccurrence of Legionella pneumophilia. Legionella is arelatively ubiquitous organism found in water andsoil. Because of the nature of industrial coolingtower systems, Legionella has the potential to accu-mulate and be distributed in tower aerosols. The organism is unusual in that it invades and mul-tiplies within an amoeba. When outside of theamoeba, the bacterium is relatively easy to control.

  • AQUATREAT BIOCIDES

    8

    When present inside the amoeba, its control is muchmore difficult. The conditions presented in Figure10 show how the functionality of AQUATREATDNM-30 for control of unassociated Legionella com-pares with that of other available biocides. Figure 11shows the efficacy of AQUATREAT DNM-30 foramoeba-associated bacteria. This study shows thatDNM-30 has the capacity to penetrate amoeba andkill intracellular Legionella.

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    MIC

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    ive)

    Figure 10: Reduction of unassociatedLegionella pneumophila

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    Figure 11: Reduction of Amoeba Grown Legionella(6hr exposure) using AQUATREAT DNM-30

    Hours

    1.00E+07

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    MPN

    SRB

    /g S

    ludg

    e

    100 120 140 160

    1.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06Control

    Dithiocarbamateat 120 ppm(as product)

    Figure 12: Reduction of SRB in Cooling Tower Sludge

    SRB DataThe sulfate reducers are a group of anaerobic bacte-ria that produce hydrogen sulfide from the reduc-tion of sulfate and other sulfur species during theirgrowth process. While difficult to detect, SRB areubiquitous in most industrial water systems whereanaerobic conditions exist. SRB cause severe corro-sion and odor problems in both open recirculatingand closed cooling water systems. The economicimplications of SRB in industrial water systems aresignificant due to the intensity of under-deposit andpitting corrosion that they often cause. AQUA-TREAT DNM-30 has been found to be especiallyeffective in the control of SRB in both open recircu-lating and closed cooling water systems.

    Figure 12 shows data from a laboratory studyin which AQUATREAT DNM-30 was used to treatcooling tower sludge. A sludge-in-water samplewas treated with an initial dose of 120 ppm ofAQUATREAT DNM-30 and the number of viableSRB was determined versus time using an MPNtechnique. The data show that the initial dose pro-duced a reduction from 105 to 104 SRB/gram ofsludge. A subsequent 120 ppm dose of AQUA-TREAT DNM-30 effectively reduced the populationto less than 101 SRB/gram of sludge.

    Cooling Water Applications

  • AQUATREAT Biocides: Cooling Water Applications 9

    Time (H)

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    r M

    PN/m

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    Heterotrophs (0ppm)

    Denitrifiers(0ppm)

    Heterotrophs (176ppm)

    Denitrifiers(176ppm)

    Figure 15: AQUATREAT DNM-30 vs.Denitrifying Bacteria

    Time (Weeks)

    1.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

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    120 ppm DNM-30

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    MPN

    SRB

    /ml

    Figure 13: AQUATREAT DNM-30 Efficacyfor Planktonic SRBs

    Figure 13 shows a field study in which AQUA-TREAT DNM-30 was evaluated for efficacy againstplanktonic SRB in a closed, chilled-water loop. The number of SRB was counted for five weeksprior to the addition of AQUATREAT DNM-30.During week five, a 120 ppm dose of AQUATREATDNM-30 was added to the system. The number ofSRB was counted for an additional five weeks afterthe biocide addition. The data show that a singledosage of AQUATREAT DNM-30 effectively low-ered the total SRB from 105 SRB/ml to less than101 SRB/ml.

    In Figure 14, a Robbins biofilm monitoring devicewas installed on a closed, chilled-water loop. Aftera two-week fouling period, coupons were removedand immersed in a 100 ppm solution of AQUA-TREAT DNM-30 for six hours. Replicate couponswere removed and immersed in a solution contain-ing no biocide for the same duration. After expo-sure, the coupons were scraped and evaluated fortotal aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria and totalSRB. The data indicate that AQUATREAT DNM-30effectively lowered the total anaerobic populationand was highly effective at killing the SRB con-tained in the biofilm.

    Another group of microorganisms that is oftenfound in closed-loop systems is denitrifying bacte-ria. These microorganisms are especially prevalentwhere nitrite inhibitors are used for corrosion con-trol. Their activity not only causes the typicalmicrobial problems but also results in the depletionof the nitrite inhibitor.

    Total Anaerobes

    CFU/

    cm2

    1.00E+07

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    Total SRB

    Control

    Control

    100 ppmDNM-30

    100 ppmDNM-30

    Figure 14: AQUATREAT DNM-30 Static Cell Deathof Attached Bacteria in a Closed ChilledWater Loop (6 hr exposure)

    Figure 15 shows data from a closed-loop systemwhere nitrite was used for corrosion control. Thesystem pH was buffered to 10.2 using sodiumborate. In this system, nitrite was being depleteddue to reduction by denitrifying bacteria. AQUA-TREAT DNM-30 was added to the system, and asignificant reduction of total heterotrophic and deni-trifying bacteria was observed. The heterotrophicbacteria were enumerated on plate count agar(Difco Laboratories) and denitrifying bacteria werequantified by MPN technique. The data show thepronounced efficacy of AQUATREAT DNM-30 forboth the heterotrophic and denitrifying populations.

    Another method of evaluating the efficacy ofa treatment program is by quantification of cellulardamage after exposure to a biocide. The percentageof cellular damage can be determined by epifluores-cent microscopy using a combination of fluorescentdyes. Cells exhibiting a green fluorescence are rela-

  • AQUATREAT BIOCIDES

    10

    tively uninjured, while cells exhibiting an orange tored fluorescence are injured or dead. Using thistechnique, two chilled watersamples from closed-loopsystems were treated withAQUATREAT DNM-30.The sample labeled ChilledWater #1 consisted of pri-mary chilled water from acommercial bank operating24 hours per day. Thesample labeled ChilledWater #2 was obtained froma central plant that supplied chilled water to10 surrounding buildings. The chilled water fromthis system had not been drained for approximately20 years and contained dozens of primary andsecondary loops. The data in Figure 16 show thatAQUATREAT DNM-30 has good efficacy in both ofthese challenging systems after a 12-hour exposure.

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    0 ppm120ppm 0 ppm

    Chilled Water #1 Chilled Water #2

    120ppm

    Figure 16: Cellular Damage in Chilled Water Systems

    Summary ofCooling Tower DataAQUATREAT DNM-30 is a very effective biocidefor problematic microorganisms in both open recir-culating and closed cooling water systems. AQUA-TREAT DNM-30 has proven especially effective forthe control of anaerobic microorganisms such asSRB and denitrifying bacteria. Additionally, AQUA-TREAT DNM-30 is effective in closed-loop systemsbecause of its stability in reduced or non-oxidizingenvironments.

    All AQUATREAT biocides are anionic reducingagents. These characteristics provide excellentcompatibility with other common additives usedfor scale and corrosion control.

    Because of their reducing characteristics, AQUA-TREAT biocides should not be fed in close proximi-ty to an oxidizing biocide or in systems where acontinuous residual of oxidizing biocide is main-tained. In systems where oxidizing biocides areused, AQUATREAT biocides can be an effectivetreatment on an alternating feed basis.

    AQUATREAT biocides are known to complexheavy metals that can be present in cooling watersystems. The presence of low levels of heavy metalssuch as zinc (added for corrosion control) or iron ina cooling water can preclude the use of AQUA-TREAT biocides. Other additives such as phos-phates, azoles, phosphonates, and polymers maysufficiently stabilize heavy metals. AQUATREATbiocides are compatible with molybdate (MoO42-)containing treatments. Before use in any system, the compatibility of AQUATREAT biocides shouldbe examined using samples from the systemscirculating water. See product label for dosageinformation.

    Benefits ofAQUATREAT Biocidesin Cooling WaterApplications

    Effective control of problematic SRBand denitrifying bacteria

    Excellent compatibility with additives usedfor scale and corrosion control

    Inherent stability in reducing environmentsfound in closed-loop systems

    Not a persistent biocide

    Effective for a broad range of algaeand bacteria

    Low order of toxicity to humans

    Non-foaming

    Cooling Water Applications

  • AQUATREAT Biocides: Pulp and Paper Applications 11

    Pulpand PaperApplicationsIn paper manufacture, large volumes of water areused in grinding and conveying pulp. The samewater is also used as a medium for forming thepaper web. This water is recycled throughout thepapermaking process and is often a significantsource of microbial contamination. The result ofcontamination can lead to significant problems suchas imperfections or loss of paper, mill downtimeand equipment failure. One problem compoundingmicrobial control issues is the use of recycled fiber,which contains a much higher microbial load. Aneffective biocide must have good microbial controlacross a range of pH and temperature conditionsand exhibit functionality in applications using bothvirgin and recycled fiber. AQUATREAT biocideshave proven effective in such systems and are wide-ly used to control slime yeasts and fungi associatedwith paper mill applications.

    Case Study IAQUATREAT DNM-30 has proven cost-effectivefor control of microorganisms associated with foul-ing in pulp and paper applications. Pulp is digestedat relatively high temperatures, and these tempera-tures are maintained throughout the papermakingprocess. Therefore, a primary group of microorgan-isms that must be controlled is thermophilic (growoptimally at temperatures above 45C) bacteria. A study was conducted with samples from a papermill that was experiencing serious microbial prob-lems. The microbial problems included significantpH reductions in the primary buffer and in themachine stock chest. Excessive slime formationon the wet end was also observed. To solve theproblem, several biocides were evaluated in boththe virgin and recycle fiber at process temperature.The results are shown in Figures 17-22.

    Note for Figures 17-22: Measurements taken after 8 hoursof exposure to biocide. Benzalkonium chloride (Quat) wastreated at 50 ppm, AQUATREAT DMN-30 was treatedat 50 ppm, methylene-bis-thiocyanate (MBT) was treatedat 20 ppm, dibromonitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) wastreated at 50 ppm, and isothiazolone was treated at 25 ppm.

    Photo 4: Paper Mill1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    1.00E+07

    Control DNM-30 Quat MBT DBNPAIsothia-zolone

    CFU/

    g

    Figure 18: Virgin Fiber: Total Anaerobic Bacteria

    1.00E+00

    1.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    Control DNM 30 Quat MBT DBNPAIsothia-zolone

    CFU/

    g

    Figure 17: Virgin Fiber: Total Acid-FormingAnaerobic Bacteria

  • AQUATREAT BIOCIDES

    12

    The data in Figures 17-22 demonstrate that AQUA-TREAT DNM-30 is a cost-effective biocide in bothvirgin and recycle fiber. AQUATREAT DNM-30was particularly effective against thermophilicanaerobic bacteria including those causing thepH reduction in the system.

    Case History IIA 650-ton-per-day mill producing clay-coated recy-cled paperboard was in the process of closing itswater system (increasing the use of recycled waterand reducing effluent volume). Excess machinewhitewater was clarified with a disc saveall. Theclarified water from the saveall was used as showerwater on the paper machines. The microbial loadof the water system had been evaluated on a weeklybasis from the start of the recycled water program.Chlorine was applied to the influent water, papermachine stock system and saveall influent.Chlorine residuals were tested on each shift. Shortlyafter switching to recycled water, total bacterialcounts increased 1,000 times and deposit problemsbegan to occur on the paper machine. The depositswere especially prevalent on felt transfer rolls andsuction boxes. Deposits periodically broke free andcaused sheet breaks. The deposits were analyzedand found to be over 90% microbiological, princi-pally slime. Deposits were also found downstreamon the showers that had been converted to recycledwater. It was determined that the most cost-effec-tive program would be to treat only the recycledshower water. A biocide evaluation was performedcomparing a variety of biocides. AQUATREATDNM-30 was found to have the highest bacterial killactivity in the system and was determined to be themost cost-effective biocide.

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    Control DNM-30 Quat MBT DBNPAIsothia-zolone

    CFU/

    g

    Figure 20: Recycle Fiber: Total Acid-FormingAnaerobic Bacteria

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

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    1.00E+06

    1.00E+07

    1.00E+08

    Control DNM-30 Quat MBT DBNPAIsothia-zolone

    CFU/

    g

    Figure 19: Virgin Fiber: Total Aerobic Bacteria

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    1.00E+07

    1.00E+08

    Control DNM-30 Quat MBT DBNPAIsothia-zolone

    CFU/

    g

    Figure 21: Recycle Fiber: Total Aerobic Bacteria

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    1.00E+07

    1.00E+08

    Control DNM-30 Quat MBT DBNPAIsothia-zolone

    CFU/

    g

    Figure 22: Recycle Fiber: Total Anaerobic Bacteria

    Pulp and Paper Applications

  • AQUATREAT Biocides: Pulp and Paper Applications 13

    After a system boil-out and clean up, a biologicalcontrol program using AQUATREAT DNM-30 wasinitiated. AQUATREAT DNM-30 was fed to the dis-charge side of the shower water supply pump at aninitial rate of 80 ppm and later reduced to 50 ppm.Total bacterial counts were reduced by 100 times.

    Another significant problem in pulp and papersystems is the growth of yeast and mold. Dithio-carbamates are well known as highly effectivefungicides. In Figures 23 and 24, AQUATREATDNM-30 is compared to DBNPA and isothiazoloneagainst mold and yeast. Similar results againstfungi have been observed in other applications.

    Summary ofPulp and Paper DataAQUATREAT biocides should be fed as early aspossible into the system at such points as thehydropulper, furnish chest or broke system. AQUA-TREAT biocides can be used to control slime onmachines that make paper and paperboard for usein food packaging regulated under 21CFR 176.300.

    AQUATREAT biocides offer the additional advan-tages of being non-foaming and non-corrosive toequipment. Special feed pumps, gaskets, line feedsand supply systems are not required. AQUATREATbiocides are supplied as aqueous solutions contain-ing no organic solvents. AQUATREAT biocides aresafe for systems supplying water to paper machineshowers and are not irritating to mill personnel.

    Benefits ofAQUATREAT Biocidesin Pulp and PaperApplications

    Effective over a wide pH range

    Effective on slime-formingbacteria, fungi, and yeasts

    Meet FDA criteria for use on machinesmaking paper or board for use in foodpackaging (21 CFR 176.300)

    Non-irritating to personnel

    Control

    DBNPA (25 ppm)

    Isothiazolone (25 ppm)

    DNM-30 (60 ppm)

    Yeast (Candida spp.)

    Time (H)

    1.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30

    CFU/

    ml

    Figure 24: AQUATREAT DNM 30 Antifungal Activity

    Time (H)

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30

    CFU/

    ml

    Control

    DBNPA (25 ppm)

    Isothiazolone (25 ppm)

    DNM-30 (60 ppm)

    Mold (Aspergillus niger)

    Figure 23: AQUATREAT DNM 30 Antifungal Activity

  • AQUATREAT BIOCIDES

    14

    Beet and Cane SugarDithiocarbamate biocides such as AQUATREATDNM-30 are among the few products approved byboth EPA and FDA for sugar production.Microorganisms account for significant product loss,prolific formation of biofilms (Figure 25), organicacid formation, pH drops and equipment corrosion.These problems are caused by both mesophillic(optimal growth between 22 and 44C) and ther-mophilic bacteria that enter with the beet or canestock and proliferate throughout the system. Thesebacteria are largely comprised of spore formingorganisms such as Bacillus and Clostridium spp.and a number of lactic acid bacteria (i.e. Leuconostocand Lactobacillus). AQUATREAT biocides have along history of demonstrated efficacy in both caneand beet sugar mills.

    Photo 5: Sugar Applications

    40

    80

    120

    160

    200

    CompetitiveProduct A*

    Hours0 20 40 60

    (g/L

    )

    DNM-30 (20 ppm)

    Control

    *DISODIUM CYANODITHIOIMIDOCARBONATE + POTASSIUM N-METHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE

    Figure 26: Total Sugar Concentration

    Laboratory StudiesLaboratory studies demonstrate the functionality ofAQUATREAT DNM-30 for use in the treatment of abeet sugar system. In these studies, fresh samplesof raw recirculating juice were incubated across timeat 55C. During incubation, aliquots were taken andanalyzed for total sugar, total lactic acid and pH.Figures 26-28 show a comparison of AQUATREATDNM-30 with a competitive biocide for their rela-tive ability to maintain total sugar

    Figure 25: Formation of Biofilms

    *DISODIUM CYANODITHIOIMIDOCARBONATE + POTASSIUM N-METHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    Hours0 20 40 60

    pH

    CompetitiveProduct A*

    DNM-30 (20 ppm)

    Control

    Figure 27: System pH

    0.0

    0.1

    0.2

    0.3

    0.4

    0.5

    *DISODIUM CYANODITHIOIMIDOCARBONATE + POTASSIUM N-METHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE

    Hours0 20 40 60

    Conc

    entr

    atio

    n (g

    /L)

    CompetitiveProduct A*

    DNM-30 (20 ppm)

    Control

    Figure 28: Lactic Acid

    Sugar Applications

  • AQUATREAT Biocides: Sugar Applications 15

    Hours0 20 40 60

    Top

    65C

    66C

    70CMiddle Bottom

    100

    101

    102

    103

    104

    80

    CFU/

    ml

    Figure 29: Thermophilic Bacteria Counts

    content in circulating raw juice, limit pH reductionand suppress lactic acid formation. AQUATREATDNM-30 shows superior efficacy relative to thecompetitive material.

    Field Studies

    Beet Sugar Field Study I

    A beet sugar production factory in California em-ploys a 5,000-ton tower diffuser system. The normalchemical treatment before this trial was a shockdose of formaldehyde. No formaldehyde wasadded in the seven days prior to this trial. Six sam-ples were selected for monitoring. These samplesincluded:

    Raw juice leaving cossette mixer

    Circulation juice before heaters

    Bottom of diffuser

    Middle of diffuser

    Top of diffuser

    Pulp press water at the screens

    Initial sampling was conducted prior to addition ofAQUATREAT DNM-30 at rate of 10 ppm/kg beets.In addition, the spray water at the separator rollsalso received 8 lbs of AQUATREAT DNM-30 per1,000 tons of beets. Samples were collected at theindicated process points across a 72-hour period.The results of the testing are shown in Figures 29-32.At all sample points, a clear reduction in totalthermophilic bacteria was observed. Across the72 hours of the trial, a significant reduction in lacticacid formation was also observed.

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    Hours0 20 40 60

    Conc

    entr

    atio

    n (m

    g/L)

    Press Water

    Circulating Juice

    Raw Juice

    80

    Figure 32: Lactic Acid Concentration inJuice and Water Samples

    Hours0 20 40 60 80

    1.00E+00

    1.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    Conc

    entr

    atio

    n (C

    FU/m

    l)

    Press Water

    Circulating Juice

    Raw Juice45C

    72C

    66C

    Figure 31: Thermophilic Bacteria Counts inJuice and Water Samples

    Hours0 20 40 60

    Conc

    entr

    atio

    n (m

    g/L)

    Top

    Middle

    Bottom

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    80

    Figure 30: Lactic Acid Concentration in Diffuser Samples

  • AQUATREAT BIOCIDES

    16

    Cane Sugar Study I

    This factory processes 3,000 tons of beets per dayand alternates biocide use between chlorine dioxideand AQUATREAT DNM-30. Both biocides wereadded alternately to the press pulp water prior toentering the diffuser. The biocides were applied at aconcentration of 20 mg/kg beet. Over an eight-dayperiod, the diffuser juice was monitored for totalmesophillic and thermophilic bacteria. The resultsare presented in Figure 33. The data show thatAQUATREAT DNM-30 provided an equal level ofcontrol of total thermophiles and significantly bettercontrol of total mesophiles throughout the durationof the trial.

    Days0

    Conc

    entr

    atio

    n CF

    U/g

    Mesophiles

    pHThermophiles

    1.00E+08

    8

    1.00E+07

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+06

    8

    4

    6

    5.5

    6.5

    5

    7

    4.5

    7.5ClO2 DNM-30

    (20 ppm)ClO2

    Figure 33: Diffuser Samples

    Hours0

    Conc

    entr

    atio

    n (C

    FU/m

    l x 1

    06)

    % Sugar

    2 4 6 8 102

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    8

    9

    76

    78

    80

    82

    84

    12

    Total Bacteria

    Leuconostoc

    Percent Sugar

    Figure 34: Cane Sugar Crusher JuiceDNM-30 (20 ppm)

    Cane Sugar Mill Study II

    This cane sugar mill processed 3,000 tons per day ofsugar cane using mill tandems. Raw cane waswashed to remove solids prior to crushing in thefirst two crushers. The extracted juice, known ascrusher juice, contains upwards of 80% sucrose.Cane continues through the tandem mills wheremore sugar is extracted. The juice from each mill isrecirculated to an earlier mill. All the juices werethen combined to form the dilute juice. The trou-blesome organism in this system was Leuconostocmesenteroides, which is responsible for significantsugar inversion and aggressive slime formation.

    AQUATREAT DNM-30 was applied to this systemat a rate of 20 ppm or about 34 ml/min based on3,000 tons/day. The effectiveness of control wasdetermined by measuring Leuconostoc counts insucrose gelatin agar and by analysis of sucroselevels. The results presented in Figure 34 indicate

    that (at the concentration used) the AQUATREATDNM-30 at 20 ppm acts primarily as a bacteriostatpreventing multiplication of the bacteria.

    Summary of Sugar DataLaboratory and field studies have demonstratedthat AQUATREAT DNM-30 is effective in control-ling bacteria associated with both cane and beetsugar manufacturing. In addition, the low relativecost of AQUATREAT DNM-30 and its ability toreduce sugar loss and control organic acid produc-tion and pH make it an excellent biocide for suchapplications.

    Benefits ofAQUATREAT Biocidesin Sugar Applications

    EPA registered

    Meet FDA criteria under 176.320

    Effective against difficult to treatthermophilic, spore-forming bacteria

    Reduces sugar loss andorganic acid formation

    Cost-effective at typical use levels

    Sugar Applications

  • AQUATREAT Biocides: Oil Field Applications 17

    Oil Field ApplicationsSecondary and TertiaryOil RecoveryIn some oil recovery operations, water is injectedinto the ground under high pressure to force resid-ual crude oil toward a producing well. The water isforced through the very small pores of the core rockformation. Any bacterial growth in this water willtend to block pores in the formation, rendering theprocess far less efficient. Additionally, bacteria, suchas SRB, produce by-products that cause significantcorrosion of pipe and equipment.

    In these injection systems, AQUATREAT biocidesare highly effective for enhanced oil recovery (EOR)and water floods. They are used in both secondaryand tertiary recovery because of their stability in thepresence of oxygen scavengers and their non-corro-sive characteristics. AQUATREAT biocides are non-aldehyde products with broad activity against bothaerobes and anaerobes, yet have a low order of toxi-city to humans. They are very cost-effective whencompared with isothiazolone compounds becausethey are more active, cost less per pound, are saferand exhibit control over a longer period.

    The activity of AQUATREAT DNM-30 has beendemonstrated using the American PetroleumInstitute (API) RP-39 MIC test. The test wasamended to include a broad spectrum of SRB,including both cataloged strains and oilfieldinjection water isolates. Table 6 shows thatAQUATREAT DNM-30 is very effective againstmany types of SRB at use concentrations.

    AQUATREAT DNM-30 has been evaluated ina number of oilfield injection waters. In Figure 35,a sample from a Wyoming secondary flood project

    Sulfate-reducer Source Enrichment System MIC (PPM)

    Desulfovibrio spp. ATCC 7757 Med-42 20-25

    Desulfovibrio spp. Oilfield Injection Water Postgate E 65-70(New Mexico)

    Desulfovibrio spp. Oilfield Injection Water API-sulfate 15-20(New Mexico)

    Desulfovibrio spp. Oilfield Injection Water API-sulfate 55-60(SW Texas)

    Desulfobacter spp. ATCC 43913 Med 1648 45-50

    Desulfomonile spp. ATCC 49306 Med 1690 20-25

    Desulfococcus spp. ATCC 33890 Med 1250 120-130

    with a significantly high iron content was treatedwith AQUATREAT DNM-30 and the total het-erotrophic and SRB were followed across time. The data show good control over total heterotrophicbacteria and excellent activity against SRB.

    Time (h)0

    CPU/

    ml o

    r M

    PN S

    RB/m

    l

    20 40 60 80 100 160140 1801.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    120

    Controls

    SRB (60 ppm) DNM-30

    Injection Water (pH = 6.3)+200 ppm Fe

    Heterotrophs 120 ppm DNM-3060 ppm DNM-30{

    Figure 35: AQUATREAT DNM-30 in Injection Water

    Table 6: Sulfur Reducing Bacteria - Laboratory Pure Cultures and Enrichments

    Photo 6: Oil Field Applications

  • AQUATREAT BIOCIDES

    18

    AQUATREAT DNM-30 can be used in injectionwater systems where only short contact time ispossible and where more rapid control must beestablished with slug doses, as opposed to continu-ous feed. In a study to demonstrate this effect, SRB levels were reduced significantly in the pres-ence of a sulfite oxygen scavenger. Figure 38 showsthe effect using 300 ppm of AQUATREAT DNM-30.For such systems, AQUATREAT DNM-30 should beadded after sulfite addition.

    Efficacy in BrinesBiocides are frequently used in oilfield systems that contain brines and must maintain their activityunder these conditions. As can be seen in Figures 39

    Time (h)0

    CFU/

    ml

    10 20 30 40 50 80701.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    1.00E+07

    60

    Control

    CDA (30)

    DNM-30 (120)

    Figure 36: Injection Water Samples: Sample 1

    Time in Hours

    Tota

    l SRB

    Cou

    nts/

    ml

    1.00E+00

    1.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    20 4 6 8 12 24

    No Sulfite100 ppm Sulfite

    Figure 38: AQUATREAT DMN-30in the Presence of Sulfite

    Time (h)0

    CFU/

    ml

    5 10 15 20 251.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    1.00E+07

    1.00E+08Control 3.4%

    Control 6.8%

    DNM-30 in 3.4%

    DNM-30 in 6.8%

    Figure 39: AQUATREAT DMN-30 Efficacy in Brines:Heterotrophs

    Time (h)0

    SRB/

    ml

    2 4 8 121.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    1.00E+07

    Control in 3.4%

    Control in 6.8%

    DNM-30 in 3.4%

    24

    DNM-30 in 6.8%

    Figure 40: AQUATREAT DMN-30 Efficacy in Brines:Sulfate Reducing Bacteria

    Time (h)0

    CFU/

    ml

    10 20 30 40 50 80701.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    1.00E+07

    60

    Control

    CDA (30)

    DNM-30 (120)

    Figure 37: Injection Water Samples: Sample 2

    In Figures 36 and 37, the activity of AQUATREATDNM-30 is compared with a cocodiamine productin two additional injection waters. The controlof aerobic heterotrophic bacteria was monitoredacross time. The data again show excellent activityof AQUATREAT DNM-30 relative to the competi-tive biocide.

    Oil Field Applications

    and 40, AQUATREAT DNM-30 maintains its effica-cy for both heterotrophic bacteria and SRB in seawa-ter brine solutions.

  • AQUATREAT Biocides: Oil Field Applications 19

    Table 7: Fluid Loss vs. Time

    Drilling and WellCompletion FluidsWater-based drilling fluids are complex aqueousmixtures of specialty clays, starches, water retentionagents, thinners and other ingredients. These fluidsare subjected to extremes in pressure, shear andtemperature as they are recirculated between thedrill bit and surface.

    Water-based completion fluids are highly sophisti-cated systems based on organic polymers, sand andsuspending and crosslinking agents. Like drillingfluids, they are subjected to extremes in pressure,shear and temperature.

    Recirculation and exposure of drilling and well-completion fluids to subsurface conditions can pro-mote bacterial growth. Unchecked, bacteria willdegrade the fluids and generate corrosive agentsand odors. To inhibit growth, a variety of biocideshave been used. AQUATREAT biocides offer a safeand cost-effective choice for use in drilling and wellcompletion fluids.

    Comparative Fluid Loss TestOne of the most important functions of a drillingmud is to maintain fluid control. AQUATREAT

    API FLUID LOSS (ml)Days

    Treatment AmountCompound Pounds/bbl 1 3 5 7 9 14

    Blank mud 0 6.1 8.3 13.7 28.0 37.0 45.0pH 8.3 10.1 8.2 8.1 8.0 7.9

    AQUATREAT DNM-30 .25 as is 6.8 7.3 7.9 9.8 12.0 17.1pH 8.2 10.4 8.5 8.3 8.2 8.2

    AQUATREAT KM .25 as is 6.9 7.5 7.9 10.1 13.1 19.2pH 8.3 10.3 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.2

    Paraformaldehyde (dry) .25 as is 5.0 6.2 8.7 9.1 10.1 14.0pH 8.3 10.1 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.0

    Aldehyde-type (25%) 1.0 as is 6.4 7.4 10.5 11.5 12.9 21.0pH 8.3 10.1 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.0

    DNM-30 and AQUATREAT KM were comparedwith two different aldehyde-based biocides forAPI fluid loss control. A base mud was preparedby adding to tap water 7.5 pounds per barrel ofbentonite clay while stirring, followed by 3.5pounds per barrel of attapulgite clay. After theclays were hydrated, 4.0 pounds per barrel ofstarch were added to the slurry. The base mudwas then divided into 350 cc aliquots, and biocidewas added as indicated. The base muds weresubjected to conditions that would simulate fieldconditions. The results in Table 7 show that bothAQUATREAT biocides were effective throughoutthe 14-day test period.

    Mud Rheology CharacteristicsMud rheology is a critical property that must bemaintained throughout the drilling process.Unchecked bacterial growth will significantly alterthese properties and reduce mud effectiveness.AQUATREAT DNM-30 has been demonstrated toeffectively control bacteria that may impact rheolog-ical properties. This is demonstrated in Tables 8, 9and 10 and compared with paraformaldehyde.

  • AQUATREAT BIOCIDES

    20

    Table 8: Base Mud* No Biocide

    Table 9: AQUATREAT DNM-30 .25#/bbl 30% Solids

    Table 10: Paraformaldehyde .25#/bbl

    * Base mud was prepared by adding to tap water 7.5 pound per barrel of bentonite clay while stirring, followed by 3.5 pounds per barrel of attapulgiteclay. After the clays were hydrated, 3.0 pounds per barrel of cornstarch were added. Two pounds per barrel of topsoil were added to each mud.

    Days Int. 1 2 4 6 7 8 12 15 19

    Fann Data

    600 rpm 12 10 11 10 11 12 13 12 11 9

    300 rpm 8 7 7 8 8 9 9 8 8 5

    AV, cps 6 4 5.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 6 5.5 4.5

    PV, cps 4 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 3 4

    YP, #/100 ft2 4 4 3 6 5 6 5 4 5 1

    10 Sec. Gel 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 3 4 1

    10 Min. Gel 4 3 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 2

    pH 8.5 8.5 8.2 7.7 7.6 7.0 6.6 6.5 6.3 5.7

    API F.L. 10.5 10.5 13.0 44.0 55.0 55.0 56.5 58.5 59.1 60.0

    Days Int. 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 13

    Fann Data

    600 rpm 12 12 12 11 11 10 11 10 11

    300 rpm 8 9 9 8 8 7 8 8 8

    AV, cps 6 6 6 5.5 5.5 5 5.5 5 5.5

    PV, cps 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3

    YP, #/100 ft2 4 6 6 5 5 4 5 6 5

    10 Sec. Gel 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 4

    10 Min. Gel 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

    pH 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.2 8.1

    API F.L . 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.4 9.6 9.8 15.2

    Days Int. 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 13 16

    Fann Data

    600 rpm 13 12 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10

    300 rpm 9 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7

    AV, cps 6.5 6 5.5 5.5 5 5 5 5 5 5

    PV, cps 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3

    YP, #/100 ft2 5 4 5 5 6 4 4 4 4 4

    10 Sec. Gel 4 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 3

    10 Min. Gel 5 5 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 4

    pH 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.3

    API F.L. 9.5 10.0 10.0 10.5 11.0 10.8 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0

    Oil Field Applications

  • AQUATREAT Biocides: Oil Field Applications 21

    Fuel StorageAQUATREAT biocides are approved for usein No. 2 oil, intermediate fuel, and No. 6 oil. AQUATREAT biocides are highly effectivefungicides and bacteriocides for such fuels. In Figures 41-43, AQUATREAT DNM-30 is com-pared with a commonly used biocide in diesel fuel.It can be seen in these data that AQUATREATDNM-30 was superior in controlling yeast, moldand bacteria using a standard ASTM protocol.

    Time (h)0

    CFU/

    ml

    100 200 300 4001.00E+001.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    1.00E+07

    1.00E+08

    Control

    Competitive Product B*

    Candida tropicalis (ATCC 18138)

    DNM-30

    * 2,2-(1-methyltrimethylenedioxy)bis-(4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaboriane)=67.4%* 2,2-oxybis (4,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane)=27.4%

    Figure 41: AQUATREAT DNM 30in Diesel Fuel ASTM 1259

    Time (h)0

    CFU/

    ml

    100 200 300 4001.00E+001.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    1.00E+07

    1.00E+08

    Control

    Competitive Product B*

    Cladosporium resinae (ATCC 20495)

    DNM-30

    * 2,2-(1-methyltrimethylenedioxy)bis-(4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaboriane)=67.4%* 2,2-oxybis (4,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane)=27.4%

    Figure 42: AQUATREAT DNM 30in Diesel Fuel ASTM 1259

    Time (h)0

    CFU/

    ml

    100 200 300 4001.00E+00

    1.00E+01

    1.00E+02

    1.00E+03

    1.00E+04

    1.00E+05

    1.00E+06

    1.00E+07

    1.00E+08

    Control

    Competitive Product B*

    Ps. aeruginosa (ATCC 33988)

    DNM-30

    * 2,2-(1-methyltrimethylenedioxy)bis-(4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaboriane)=67.4%* 2,2-oxybis (4,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane)=27.4%

    Figure 43: AQUATREAT DNM 30 in Diesel Fuel ASTM 1259

    Benefits ofAQUATREAT Biocidesin Oil Applications Effective against anaerobic bacteria

    such as SRBs

    Stable and effective in the presence ofoxygen scavengers

    Non-corrosive

    Low order of toxicity to humans

    Cost-effective at typical use levels

    Exhibits effective control overa long use period

  • AQUATREAT BIOCIDES

    22

    Storage and Handling

    Environmental Hazards

    This pesticide is toxic to fish. Do not apply (or use) in estuarine oilfields where drilling fluids (muds) are discharged in the surface water.Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or disposal ofwastes. Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes,streams, ponds, estuaries, oceans or other waters unless in accor-dance with the requirements of a National Pollutant DischargeElimination System (NPDES) permit and the permitting authority hasbeen notified in writing prior to discharge. Do not discharge effluentcontaining this product to sewer systems without previously notifyingthe local sewage treatment plant authority. For guidance, contactyour State Water Board or Regional Office of the EPA.

    Storage and Disposal

    1. PROHIBITIONS: Do not contaminate water, food, or feed by storageor disposal. Open dumping prohibited.

    2. PESTICIDE DISPOSAL: Pesticide wastes are toxic. Improper disposalof excess pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate is a violation ofFederal law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use accord-ing to label instructions, contact your State Pesticide orEnvironmental Control Agency, or the Hazardous WasteRepresentative at the nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance.

    3. CONTAINER DISPOSAL:(a) Reseal container and offer for reconditioning, or

    (b) Metal Containers: Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer forrecycling or reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitarylandfill or by other approved state and local procedures.

    (c) Plastic containers: Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer forrecycling or reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitarylandfill, or incineration, or if allowed by state and local authorities,by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

    4. GENERAL: Consult federal, state or local disposal authorities forapproved alternative procedures.

    Statement of Practical Treatment

    KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

    First AidIF IN EYES

    - Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with waterfor 15-20 minutes.

    - Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes,then continue rinsing eye.

    - Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.

    IF ON SKIN OR CLOTHING

    - Take off contaminated clothing.

    - Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15-20 minutes.

    - Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.

    IF SWALLOWED

    - Call a poison control center or doctor immediatelyfor treatment advice.

    - Have person sip a glass of water if able to swallow.

    - Do not induce vomiting unless told to do soby the poison control center or doctor.

    - Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

    IF INHALED

    - Move person to fresh air.

    - If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respiration, preferable by mouth-to-mouth, if possible.

    - Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice.

    HOT LINE Number

    Have the product container or label with you when calling a poisoncontrol center or doctor, or going for treatment.

    You may also call 1-888-456-6218 day or night for emergency med-ical treatment information.

  • TM

    The information given and the recommendations made herein are based on our research and are believed to be accurate but no guaranty of their accuracy is made. In every case, we urge andrecommend that purchasers, before using any product in full scale production, make their own tests to determine to their own satisfaction whether the product is of acceptable quality and issuitable for their particular purposes under their own operating conditions. THE PRODUCTS DISCUSSED HEREIN ARE SOLD WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY AS TO MERCHANTABILITY OR FIT-NESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR ANY OTHER WARRANTY, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. No representative of ours has any authority to waive or change the foregoing provisions but,subject to such provisions, our engineers are available to assist purchasers in adapting our products to their needs and to the circumstances prevailing in their business. Nothing containedherein shall be construed to imply the non-existence of any relevant patents or to constitute a permission, inducement or recommendation to practice any invention covered by any patent.

    5301-01-0807-10M 2002 National Starch and Chemical Company

    North AmericaUnited StatesAlco Chemical909 Mueller Drive, P.O.Box 5401Chattanooga, TN 37406-0401Toll-free 800-251-1080Phone: 423-629-1405Fax: 423-698-8723

    CanadaNacan Products LimitedSpecialty Polymers & Adhesives Group50 Marie-Victorin Blvd.Boucherville, Quebec J4B 1V5Phone 450-655-2220Fax 450-655-6136

    MexicoNational Starch & Chemical S.A. de C.V.Specialty Polymers & Adhesives GroupBlvd. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra No. 71Col. GranadaC.P. 11520 Mexico, D.F.Phone: 52-5-262-7350Fax: 52-5-531-0417

    EuropeSwitzerlandAlco Chemical EuropeSpecialty Polymers & Adhesives GroupIndustriestrasse 16CH-6203Sempach StationPhone: 41-41-469-6700Fax: 41-41-469-6710

    AfricaSouth AfricaArkem (Pty.) Ltd.P.O. Box 12673

    200 Lansdowne RoadJacobs, NatalDurban 4052Phone: 27 31 468 8722Fax: 27 31 468 8556

    South AmericaArgentinaNational Starch & Chemical S.A.Specialty Polymers & Adhesives GroupN. Avellaneda 13571642 San IsidroPhone: 54-11-4743-2066Fax: 54-11-4742-2971

    BrazilNational Starch & ChemicalRua Cenno Sbrighi, 270503-010 - Sao Paolo - SPPhone: 55-11-3618-3655Fax: 55-11-3611-1473

    VenezuelaNational Starch & Chemical C.A.Specialty Polymers & Adhesives GroupAvenida Francisco de MirandaCentro Plaza, Torre CPiso 15 Oficina 15FCaracasPhone: 58-2-2840035Fax: 58-2-2861827

    Asia-PacificChinaNational Starch & Chemical Ltd.Specialty Polymers & Adhesives GroupGuang Zhou OfficeRm 2702, Tower 2, Dong-jun Plaza836 Dong Feng Dong RoadGuangzhou 510080 P.R.C.Phone: 86-20-8761-5092Fax: 86-20-8760-5440

    Japan (Osaka)Nippon-NSC, Ltd.Specialty Polymers & Adhesives GroupSanbazuru Building1-6-5 Semba NishiMinoo, Osaka 562Phone: 81-727-30-8895Fax: 81-727-27-2193

    ThailandNational Starch & Chemical Ltd.Specialty Polymers & Adhesives GroupBangna Towers C, 11th Floor, 2/3 Mu 14, Bangna Trad (Km6)Bangplee, Samutprakarn 10540Phone: 66-2-312-0530Fax: 66-2-312-0276

    TaiwanNational Starch & Chemical Ltd.No. 1, Kung Yeh I RoadPing Cheng Industrial ParkPing Cheng City, Taoyuan HsienPhone: 886-3-469-6550Fax: 886-3-419-1080

    KoreaNational Starch & Chemical Ltd.18th floor, Sam Boo Bldg.676 Yeoksam-dongKangnam-ku, Seoul 135-080Phone: 82-2-527-6000Fax: 82-2-527-6025/6

    AustraliaNational Starch & Chemical Pty., Ltd.7-9 Stanton RoadSeven Hills, Sydney NSW 2147Phone: 61-2-9624-6022Fax: 61-2-9624-1468