biobased materials

7/28/2019 Biobased Materials

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Bio-renewable materials

Jan E.G. van DamSeminar UTM 03 10 2011


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Food and Biobased Research at WUR

Marketing and

Sensory studies

Functional Ingredients

Structure and

Technology

Mild Conservation

and Food Safety

Design anddevelopment of

foodstuffs based

on consumer

preferences


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Biobased Products

Development of:

industrial processing

industrial products

Based on:

renewable plant and animal

resources

Green chemistry


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Dutch situation

Densely populated

Restricted land area for bulk production

Specialized high productivity farming

Highly industrialized

Logistic organisation Long trading tradition


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Bio-economy

.the solution for

sustainable developments

...?...


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Dutch challenges: Milenium development goals

Reduce oil dependency

Imports of biomass

Collecting and on site pre-processing systems

Biorefineries analogue to petrochemical refining

Exports of value added green chemicals


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Dutch Government and Industries & Bioeconomy

Advise for CO2 neutral production

Alternative biomass farming

Energy crops /

Marine crops / algae / seaweeds

Suitable sources for imports for fuel and chemistry

and biobased products

Carbon emission trade Development aid and CDM


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Bio-economy & Sustainable developments

CO2

neutral production

Transition process

Renewable resources forenergy and

industries Exploitation of biomass from agro-industrial

residues

Value addition in materials, and greenchemicals


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Growing demand for biomass resources

Agricultural cropssugar ethanol

fats and oils biodiesel

Forestry crops

wood fuel

charcoal


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What are the biomass resources

where are those available

at what costs

??

Transition to bio-economy


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Underutilised biomass resources

Agricultural crops Agricultural

residues

Food industry wastes

Forestry crops Forestry residuesBlack liquor

Waste paper

Animal waste ManureMunicipal solid waste Sewage

Marine crops


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Various Crops and Regions

CottonCotton

Corn

Sugarcane Soya

Sugar beet

Palm oilCoconutCoconut

Cassava

Algae

Soft WoodSoft Wood Soft Wood

Cotton

Hard Wood

Hard Wood

Wheat

Soya

Rice

Wheat

EucalyptEucalypt

Cacao

Soya


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Palm oil EFB, POME, fibre, shell, trunk, leaves

Rubber wood / latex residues

Rice straw / hull

Sugar cane bagasse, molasse

Cocoa shell, residue

Coconut husk, shell, water

Banana raqui, stems

Pineapple tops Etc.

Agroresidues of food and non-food crops


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Biobased materials

Biomass for energy returns quickly CO2 in theatmosphere

Carbon sequestration can be achieved in durable goods:Bioplastics (PLA, PHA/PHB and other),

Cellulose and Starch plastics (CDA, cellophane),

CharComposites

Building materials (wood and fibre boards)


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Whats Happening to Climate and Why


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1,000 Years of Carbon Emissions,Atmospheric Concentrations,and Temperature Change

CO2 concentrations


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Human-induced Sources of Heat-trapping Gases


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How Climate Change Will Affect Us


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Current Population Density


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Climate Change Effects on Human Health


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An Urgent Need for Climate Policy


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Energy Efficiency Programs


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Low Carbon Energy Supply


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Forests and Agriculture


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Building Industries large contribution to CO2

Concrete

Steel

Aluminum

Glass

Synthetic polymers (PVC, PUR, PIR, PP)


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Sustainable building developments

Energy saving (insulation)

Renewable energy (solar / wind)

Recycling of materials

recently

green building


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Green architecture


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Cradle to Cradle C2C

W. McDonough M. Braungart

Remaking the way we make things

Eco-efficient / effective design of products

Reuse of waste to produce new products

Waste becomes food.. Ever lasting cycles

Ford / NIKE / many industries are following (?)


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Bio-based economy andC2C

Green Architecture and building

Automotive industries sustainable trade and industry

Nutrient Upcyling, Triple-Top-Line,

Eco-effectiveness, Industrial design,

Technical and biological resources for..everlasting consumption.. (?)


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Green architecture


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Ecological building


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Adobe


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Ecolonia


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Wood frame building

(c) Meertens Inst


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Agrodme

demonstration

project

Wageningen


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Materials and building method selection ranking

sustainable produced wood or agro raw material

processed wood or agro-products reuse of building materials

mineral resources (cement / lime / bricks / stone)

metals

petrochemical synthetic polymers

Agrodme experimental building project


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Biodegradable building materials

(c) Meertens Inst


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Agrodme


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Agrodme


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Prefab elements, high demands on insulation


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Agrodme


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Inventory Renewable building materials

Catalogue of products, methods and suppliers

Wood products

Wood fibre panels and boards

Non-wood products

Adhesives, coatings and building chemicals


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Application of renewable resources

wood - (wood frame construction) softwood / protected by coatings

hardwood / eco-lable

wood based reassembled (glued) products: fibre boards: HDF / MDF / particle boards

multiply veneer panels, OSB

cellulose insulation other non-wood products


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Multiply constructions

A li ti f d b ildi d t


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Application of non-wood building products

Bamboo and bamboo composites Fibre crops (flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, etc)

non-woven insulation

shives particle boards Wheat, rice straw bales / compressed panels (MDF)

Reed / canes /palm fronts for thatched roofs

Coir fibre mats and compressed (binderless) board

Cork (and other bark residues)


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Straw bale building


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Fire hazard


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Protect against attack of moulds and insects



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sheep wool insulation

shell lime mortar

whole-shell underfloor moisture barrier

silica ash as substitute for cement


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Roof insulation with sheep wool

(c) Dosha



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coatings and adhesives

latex based coatings

plant oil coatings / alkyl resins

starch based adhesives

protein coatings and adhesives

lignin / furan adhesives (bio-oil)

natural dyes



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biopolymers rubber

thermoplastic starch, cellulose acetate

polyesters (PLA/PHA) thermosets (lignin / furan / pyrolysis oil)

composites

fibre reinforcement / filler biopolymer matrix



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paper pulp products corrugated boards

honey comb light weight laminates

cylinder / tube pressed massive board (recycled pulp)ing

wall paper cover

cellulose spray coating


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Paper tube constructions


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Bamboo structures Simon Velez


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Bamboo traditional constructions


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Bamboo plywood construction

Renewable building materials


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foundation

ground floor

outer walls inside walls

massive wall - supporting

wall

cavity wall - partition wall

floors / ceiling

roofing material

pitched or flat



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ground floor whole shells / expanded clay as damp absorbent

(in crawl space)

wooden beams sandwich panels

prefab concrete extruded slabs (bio-crete)



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outer walls wood or wood composites covering

shingles / rabat profiles / boards

massive wall straw bales / loam

recycled bricks

cavity wall

fibre insulation (cellulose / flax / wool)



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inner walls supporting walls

wood frame construction with insulation and finishing

concrete (biocrete) slabs partition walls

particle boards

laminate (fibre) boards

paper boards



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floors / ceiling wooden beams

multiply

coir / cork insulation

sandwich panels / fibre board

prefab concrete extruded slabs (bio-crete)

finishing

marmoleum

parquet / bamboo / cork



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roofing material pitched roof

thatched and fibre board panneling

shingles photovoltaic cells

flat roof green roofing / substrate

bitumen substitute

cork insulation

Biomass from agro industrial residues


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Biomass from agro-industrial residues

World production capacity coconut husk15-20

million tons /

year

Overview continuous pilot line


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Huskstorage Mill TransportDryer

Hot pressMat formerTrimmer

Overview continuous pilot line

Building and construction materials


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Building and construction materials

B ildi t d l t


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Building system development

New Design and Architecture

Supply chain

Product diversification

Sustainable building


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Sustainable building

Renewable materials High performance

Competing for quality

for comfort

for safety

L t h i d i (URBOX)


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Low cost housing design (URBOX)

Dirk Smets (c)

M d l d i (URBIX)


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Modular design (URBIX)

Dirk Smets (c)

Oil Palm (Malaysia, Indonesia)


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Oil Palm (Malaysia, Indonesia)

ca 46 millions tons palm oil per year (2010)

25% of the Worlds vegetable oil production

Extensive global expansion (from 2 to 7

million ha in last 20 years)80% of the World production on account of

Malaysia and Indonesia

Palm oil and palm kernel oil are the only

products (9% of the produced biomass),the rest is waste

Biomass from agro-industrial residues


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Biomass from agro industrial residues

palm oil residues

ca 40 million tons biomass720 PJ of (primary) energy

low utilisation rate

Utilisation of Palm oil residues


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Utilisation of Palm oil residues

Lignocellulosic fibres at estate

fronts (10.5 tons /ha/yr)

trunks (70 tons / ha / 25 yr)

Residues at palm oil mill

empty fruit bunch (1 ton / ton palm oil)

mesocarp fibre (0.6 ton / ton)

shells (0.4 ton / ton)

effluent (0.4-1.0 ton/ton)

partly used as boiler fuel

Options for sustainable residue utilisation


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Options for sustainable residue utilisation

Bio-diesel (residual oil / pressing cakes)

Bio-gas, H2 / ABE and ethanol fermentation

Bio-polymers (PLA, PHA)

Bio-oil pyrolysis

CharcoalFibres for paper, building boards and composites

Dissolving cellulose

Binderless board (intrinsic lignin)

green chemicals (furfural adhesives)

Utilisation efficiency


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Utilisation efficiency

The palm oil industry is one of those rare industries where verylittle attempt is made to save energy Husain et al (2003)

Malaysian methane emission from open of effluent ponds amount

to 225.000 tons = 5,17 million tons of CO2.

Piling up of waste biomass = CH4 production,eutrophication of

surface water, illegal burning (CO2), soil mining of plantation

EFB from Malaysia ( 30 wt% dm)


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EFB from Malaysia ( 30 wt% dm)

Empty Fruit Bunches


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Empty Fruit Bunches

Left after removal of fruits Regularly collected and discharged

at palm oil mills

Returned to plantation sites as compost Used to be burnt at the mills; practically banned

EFB cellulose


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EFB cellulose

Low grade

Fuel / ethanol

Particle boards

Composites

Medium grade (pulp) Paper and board

High grade (dissolving cellulose)

Viscose / Rayon Cellulose derivatives (CDA, HEC, CMC)

Conclusions


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Conclusions

Application of renewable building materials is

technically feasible

labor intensive and more expensive

only small scale production

More demonstration projects required for architects,

building industries and commissioners

Ecological building has broad public interest

Conclusions


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Conclusions

Research needs for development of renewable building

materials innovative building systems design

supply chain

indoor climate control

functional life time control (protection against moisture,fireand degradation)

Building systems fitting in current building practice

education product promotion and publicity

Conclusions


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By-products utilisation for added value is beneficialto the sustainability of palm oil production

Essential for certifying the sustainability of the palm

oil biomass energy and products.

Multi-stakeholder involvement needed.

Include outsider (food vs non-food) industries

involved in energy and fibre products

Conclusion


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Conclusion

There is no need for waste

when its bio-based

biobased materials

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