HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Unit 5 Exam Digestive, Urinary, & Reproductive Systems

MATCHING: A. Digestion D. Hydrolysis B. Absorption E. Ingestion C. Peristalsis AB. Segmentation 1. Process by which the products of digestion pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph. 2. Sequential waves of contraction and relaxation of the muscularis externa layer, propelling food through the digestive tract. 3. Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs to substances that can be absorbed. 4. Chemical conversion of polymers to monomers. Matching: Choose the answer that would fit the term. (quest. 5-8) A. Mouth E. Large intestine B. Esophagus AB. Pancreas C. Stomach AC. Liver D. Small intestine 5. Villi 6. Rugae 7. Gastric pits 8. Gall bladder 9. All of the following are subdivisions of the nephron, except: A. loop of Henle D. distal convoluted tubule B. glomerular capsule E. all of the above are subdivisions

C. proximal convoluted tubule

10. Put the following in their correct order: 1. the gall bladder stores and concentrates the bile 2. the bile travels through the common bile duct to the small intestine 3. the liver produces bile 4. the bile travels through the hepatic ducts A. 1,2,3,4 C. 2,1,4,3 B. 3,4,1,2 D. 3,4,2,1 11. The gallbladder: A. produces and releases bile C. stores bile B. stores pancreatic enzymes D. produces CCK and secretin E. stores CCK 12. From the small intestine to the anus, the secretions of the large intestine are as follows: A. cecum, colon, appendix, rectum, anal canal B. colon, appendix, cecum, rectum, anal canal C. colon, cecum, rectum, appendix, anal canal D. cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal 13. This valve controls the movement of food from the stomach into the duodenum: A. gastric valve C. iliocecal valve B. pyloric valve D. duodenal valve TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 14. Chemical digestion of lipids is initiated in the mouth. 15. The function of the enzyme salivary amylase is to begin digesting proteins. 16. The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile. 17. The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.

18. The major stimulus for the release of CCK is fats in the diet. 19. The storage and concentration area for bile is the gall bladder. 20. Pepsin is produced in the small intestine. 21. Bile and pancreatic juice is necessary for normal fat breakdown and digestion. 22. The esophageal mucosa is composed of simple columnar epithelium. 23. The three sections of the small intestine are the ileum, duodenum and the cecum. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 24. When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called: A. absorption. C. chemical digestion. B. secretion. D. mechanical digestion. 25. From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. A. muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa B. serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa C. submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa D. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa 26. The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? A. plicae circulares and intestinal villi B. the vast array of digestive enzymes C. Brunner's glands D. the rugae 27. Chyme is created in the: A. mouth. C. esophagus. B. stomach. D. small intestine. 28. Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? A. chief cells C. serous cells B. parietal cells D. mucous neck cells 29. Peristaltic waves are: A. segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract. B. churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract. C. pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract. D. waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another. 30. Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the: A. chief cells of the stomach. B. parietal cells of the duodenum. C. Brunner's glands. D. goblet cells of the small intestine. 31. The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the: A. duodenum. C. jejunum. B. ileum. D. pyloric sphincter. 32. Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? A. lipids C. proteins B. carbohydrates D. starches 33. Which vein is part of the hepatic portal system? A. Renal vein C. Inferior vena cava B. Superior mesenteric vein D. jugular vein

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

25.1 Figure 25.1, match the following: 34. Glomerulus. 35. Afferent arteriole. 36. Collecting duct. 37. Loop of Henle. 38. Peritubular capillaries. MATCH THE TERMS BELOW WITH QUESTIONS 16-20. A. Collecting tubule E. Proximal convoluted tubule B. Glomerular capsule AB. Loop of Henle C. Peritubular capillaries D. Distal convoluted tubule 39. Site of filtrate formation. 40. Structure distal to the distal convoluted tubule. 41. Its inner membrane forms part of the filtration membrane. 42. Site where most of tubular reabsorption occurs. 43. Extends deep into the medulla of the kidney. TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 44. The outer layer of the kidney is the cortex. 45. Transport of urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the function of the urethra. 46. The terminal portion of the urinary system is the urinary bladder. 47. The functional unit in urine formation is the nephron. 48. The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. 49. The terminal portion of the urinary system is the urethra. 50. The kidneys contain renal pyramids. 51. The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 52. Urine passes through the: A. kidney hilus to the bladder to the ureter. B. pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra. C. glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule. D. hilus to urethra to bladder.

53. The descending limb of the loop of Henle: A. is not permeable to water. B. is freely permeable to sodium and urea. C. pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule. D. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla. 54. Tubular secretions in the proximal convoluted tubules involve: A. the secretion of drugs. B. the secretion of amino acids and glucose. C. reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water. D. regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure. 55. The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is: A. the nephron. C. Bowman's capsule. B. the loop of Henle. D. the basement membrane of the capillaries. 56. The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is: A. the design and size of the podocytes. B. the thickness of the capillary endothelium. C. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure). D. the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries. 57. Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter

6. collecting duct A. 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 B. 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 C. 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 D. 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4 58. Which statement is correct? A. Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. B. Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein. C. Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine. D. The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood. 59. Excretion of dilute urine requires: A. relative impermeability of the distal tubule to water. B. decreased ADH secretion. C. impermeability of the collecting tubule to water. D. All the above are correct. 60. Place the following in correct sequence. 1. collecting duct 4. proximal convoluted tubule 2. distal convoluted tubule 5. loop of Henle 3. glomerulus A. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 D. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 B. 3, 4, 5, 2, 1 E. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C. 3, 2, 5, 4, 1 61. Fertilization of the egg occurs in the: A. ovary B. uterus C. fallopian tube D. all are possible sites of fertilization 62. The descending limb of the loop of Henle: A. is not permeable to water. B. is freely permeable to sodium and urea. C. contains fluid becoming more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla. D. pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule. E. All of the above are correct.

63. In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the: A. tubule is freely permeable to water. B. tubule actively moves ions out into interstitial spaces. C. tubule is not permeable to sodium and chloride. D. tubule is somewhat permeable to water. E. More than one of the above are correct. 64. This enzyme begins protein hydrolysis at the stomach: A. Gastrin C. serotonin B. cholecystokinin D. pepsin 65. The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule contains (choose all correct) A. glucose. C. amino acids B. albumin D. ions E. all of the above 66. Which of the following enzymes is specific for lipids? A. Dextrinase. C. Trypsin. B. Amylase. D. Lipase. 67. Which of the following apply to the small intestine? A. Foods are acted on for the first time in this organ by protein splitting enzymes. B. Most of the water absorbed from the digestive tract occurs here. C. Carbohydrates and proteins but not fats are digested. D. None of the above are correct. 68. This hormone slows down the movement through the digestive tract and causes the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile into the duodenum. A. cholecystokinin C. secretin B. serotonin D. gastrin 69. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to: A. secrete digestive enzymes. C. regulate the release of bile. B. reabsorb most of the ingested water. D. break down hemoglobin. 70. As the food in the stomach is repeatedly squeezed and mixed with gastric juice, it is converted into creamy paste called: A. a bolus. C. bile. B. chyme. D. feces.

27.3 Figure 27.3, match the following: 71. The stage called ovulation. 72. Graafian follicle. 73. Primary follicles. 74. Primordial follicle. 75. Corpus luteum.

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 76. Only one sperm cell will penetrate the egg surface to fertilize the egg, resulting in a zygote that has 23 chromosomes. 77. The egg completes the second meiotic division only after it has been fertilized. 78. A zygote is formed by the union of egg and sperm. 79. Oogenesis results in the formation of one ovum and three polar bodies. 80. It is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature. 81. A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. 82. The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium. 83. The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is inhibin. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 84. Which of the following glands are responsible for 60% of the synthesis of semen? A. the seminal vesicles C. the prostate B. the bulbourethral glands D. the pituitary 85. The primary function of the uterus is to: A. protect the ovaries. B. synthesize female hormones. C. regulate the ovarian and menstrual cycles. D. receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum. 86. The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that: A. during spermatogenesis two more polar bodies are produced. B. the mature ovum is n, while the sperm is 2n. C. in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell. D. spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only. Questions (87-92). Using the terms below, identify the labeled structures: A. prostate gland B. seminal vesicle C. epididymis D. spongy urethra E. fallopian tube AB. cervix of uterus AC. prostatic urethra AD. fundus of uterus AE. bulbourethral glands BC. Vas deferens BD. vagina BE. corpus spongiosum

90

92

91

87

88 89

Questions 93-96. Match the functions with the structures: A. Prostate gland B. ovary C. seminal vesicle D. Bulbourethral gland E. uterus AB. testes AC. epididymis 93. Adds fructose to semen 94. Releases a clear mucus 95. Sustains fertilized egg 96. releases an alkaline fluid with enzymes to activate the sperm. Questions 97-99. Using the terms below, identify the labeled structures: A. trachea B. esophagus C. larynx D. pharynx E. small intestine AB. where the majority of the hydrolytic enzymes are produced AC. location of bile production

97

98

99

Extra Credit:

1. Name the structure identified by the #1. 2. Name the structure identified by the #2. 3. Name the area identified by the #3. 4. Name the area identified by the #4. 5. Name the “functional unit” of the kidney.

1

2

4

3

Answers.

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. AC 9. E 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. B 14. F 15. F 16. T 17. T 18. T 19. T 20. F 21. T 22. F 23. F 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. B 29. D 30. A 31. B 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. A 36. B 37. E 38. D 39. B 40. A 41. B 42. E 43. AB 44. T 45. F 46. F 47. T 48. T 49. T 50. T 51. F 52. B 53. D 54. A 55. A 56. C 57. D 58. A 59. D 60. B

61. C 62. C 63. B 64. D 65. D 66. D 67. D 68. A 69. B 70. B 71. E 72. C 73. B 74. A 75. D 76. F 77. T 78. T 79. T 80. T 81. F 82. T 83. F 84. A 85. D 86. C 87. BC 88. C 89. A 90. AD 91. E 92. AB 93. C 94. D 95. E 96. A 97. B 98. AC 99. E Extra Credit 1. Renal pyramids of the medulla 2. Ureter 3. Arcuate Vein 4. Renal pelvis 5. Nephron