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BIIAB Level 2 Award in CCTV Operations (Public Space Surveillance)

Working as a CCTV Operator Unit

Learner Materials

Edition 2 – May 2011

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BIIAB Level 2 Award in CCTV Operations (Public Space Surveillance) These learner support materials for the Working as a CCTV Operator Unit have been produced by BIIAB for use by BIIAB approved centres and the learners who attend training courses at these centres. The learner support materials for the Working in the Private Security Unit can be found in the Award for Door Supervisors workbook available from BIIAB. BIIAB approved centres are automatically licensed to use the learner support materials in any way that they wish including:

• Printing hard copies of the materials for use by learners

• Copying the electronic files on to CD to be sent to learners or to nominated tutors

• Using any part of the materials as handouts or as the basis for training slides However, it should be noted that:

• Copyright on these materials remains with BIIAB

• The materials must not, under any circumstances, be circulated to non-BIIAB approved centres or any other Awarding Body

• The materials must not be reproduced in any way for sale Any centre found to be in breach of these conditions will have their licence to use the materials revoked.

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Contents

1 Codes of Practice, Operational Procedures and Guidelines ...............................4

1.1 Code of Practice ...........................................................................................................5

1.2 Operational Procedures...............................................................................................6

1.3 Assignment Instructions ..............................................................................................8

1.4 Codes of Practice, Procedures and Clear Working Relationships with Partners8

1.5 Confidentiality................................................................................................................9

1.6 The Security of the Control Room ...........................................................................10

1.7 Access Control ............................................................................................................10

1.8 Standards of Behaviour .............................................................................................11

2 The Law ............................................................................................................12

2.1 Human Rights Act 1998.............................................................................................12

2.2 Data Protection Act 1998 ..........................................................................................14

2.3 Freedom of Information Act 2000 ............................................................................16

2.4 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 ........................................................16

2.5 Criminal Procedures and Investigation Act 1996 ..................................................18

2.6 Health and Safety at Work ........................................................................................20

3 Roles and Responsibilities of a CCTV Team ....................................................23

3.1 The Purpose of a CCTV System..............................................................................23

3.2 The Role of a CCTV Operator ..................................................................................24

3.3 The Importance of Timely Communication.............................................................25

3.4 Sharing Information with Other Agencies ...............................................................25

3.5 Continuity of Evidence ...............................................................................................26

4 CCTV Equipment and its Operation..................................................................30

4.1 CCTV Equipment........................................................................................................30

4.2 Transmission Method.................................................................................................31

4.3 Using Technology.......................................................................................................33

4.4 Interaction with Third Parties ....................................................................................33

5 Using CCTV Equipment Effectively...................................................................35

5.1 CCTV Incidents...........................................................................................................35

5.2 Typical Crime Hot Spot Locations ...........................................................................37

5.3 Witnessing an Incident...............................................................................................38

5.4 Assisting Other Agencies ..........................................................................................39

5.5 What Makes Someone a Target for Surveillance? ...............................................39

5.6 Close Surveillance and Tracking .............................................................................41

5.7 Improvised Explosive Devices or IEDs ...................................................................41

5.8 Target Selection..........................................................................................................42

5.9 Equality During Observation .....................................................................................43

6 Emergency Procedures.....................................................................................45

6.1 Failure of Access Control System............................................................................45

6.2 Bomb Threats..............................................................................................................45

6.3 Searching the Area.....................................................................................................47

6.4 Evacuating the Control Room...................................................................................47

6.5 Re-Occupying the Control Room .............................................................................48

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1 Codes of Practice, Operational Procedures and Guidelines

By the end of this session:

The learner will understand CCTV codes of practice, operational procedures and guidelines and will be able to:

• Identify the purpose of codes of practice, operational procedures and guidelines

• Identify the impact of codes of practice, operational procedures and guidelines on CCTV operations

• Identify the value of codes of practice, operational procedures and guidelines to partners, agencies and the public

• Explain the term “confidentiality” as it applies to the role of a CCTV operator

• State why the control room is kept as a secure environment

• Identify the key features of access control systems

• State the requirements for dealing with authorised and unauthorised visitors to the CCTV control room

• Describe the operator’s responsibilities within the SIA Standards of Behaviour for CCTV Operators

Introduction CCTV is a powerful tool in the security arsenal, but it is also easy to abuse such a tool with improper use of the cameras. In most cases, CCTV Public Space Surveillance (PSS) cameras are in areas where the general public can be monitored. It is therefore essential that the public have a trust in the people that operate the cameras. They must believe that:

• The cameras will be used for the purpose that they were intended

• Any images captured will be stored securely and will be kept for only as long as necessary

• Only authorised persons may have access to those images.

The Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) is the UK’s independent authority set up to uphold information rights in the public interest, promoting openness by public bodies and data privacy for individuals. In line with this, the Information Commissioner’s CCTV Code of Practice, Operating Procedure Manuals and Assignment Instructions are all documents that are designed to provide a framework where the CCTV system is operated effectively and within the law and as such, provide important guidance to the CCTV operator during their every day operations. These learner materials will look at each one individually, discussing the content of each and understanding how each document helps the operator to fulfil their role. When CCTV was first introduced into our town centres, many were concerned about the erosion of civil liberties and the way in which recorded information would be used. In general, the concerns often related to:

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• Intrusion into the personal life of citizens

• The recording and storage of information on the activities of citizens, particularly in residential areas

• Not being aware of when observation was being undertaken

• Who would have access to the information recorded

• The purposes of use to which such information would be put

• How they might learn about the information held about them

• The purpose of the systems.

CCTV systems have been used to tackle crime and make public spaces safer. Because of this and the legal constraints that have been reflected in the CCTV Codes of Practice and Procedures, the fears and concerns outlined above have generally been allayed. It is necessary to have a number of documents and guidelines that cover operational procedures within the control room to ensure the integrity of the system and the personnel that run the system. These documents lay down the rules governing the way that the equipment is used, how to use it, and what happens to the images that are recorded by the system. The operating documents also set out the scope of the system and contain all the necessary contacts to ensure that the system runs smoothly on a day-to-day basis. It is the responsibility of every operator to familiarise themselves with the contents of each of these documents. The Code of Practice and procedures are designed to:

• Interpret legal requirements

• Give the public confidence

• Guide and direct CCTV operational staff

• Define the interfaces between stakeholders in the system

• Protect the system owner and operational staff from claims of malpractice.

1.1 Code of Practice

In the security industry a code of practice is usually established by an industry body or regulator to deal with common problems of the trade, and describes what is commonly perceived as good practice. It is usually a public document and whilst not legally binding, is often considered by a court in relation to the manner in which an organisation acts. Purpose In the case of the CCTV industry the key code of practice is the CCTV Code of Practice, which is published by the Information Commissioner, and defines the expectations of the industry under the Data Protection Act. As a result, failure to abide by the Code of Practice is likely to mean a breach of the Data Protection Act. The Code of Practice has two main purposes:

• To assist the operators of CCTV systems to understand their legal obligations

• To reassure the public about the safeguards that should be in place. Whilst not legally binding, the CCTV Code of Practice may be considered by a court in relation to the manner in which an organisation acts. It is designed to provide the public with information as to how the system is managed and some general details about the system

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equipment and functions. It provides details of the law in relation to the installation, management and maintenance of all CCTV systems under the Data Protection Act 1998. The CCTV Code of Practice will contain a number of points directly taken from the Data Protection Act and as a consequence, failure to abide by the Code of Practice may mean a breach of the Data Protection Act 1998. It also provides guidance on good data protection practice. The CCTV Code of Practice only gives general information on access control to the control room, who may view the images and the storing of images including how long images may be kept, in accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998. Impact of Codes of Practice At a strategic level, the impact of the Code of Practice is that it:

• Provides a framework or outline of procedures which provides the public sufficient information to induce credibility in the use and management of the CCTV system. The code of practice will show some of the procedures that are necessary and that are undertaken

• Defines the information that must be publicly available

• Considers issues of accountability

• Considers data protection implications. Operationally, the CCTV Code of Practice defines requirements for:

• The publication of a purpose statement

• The publication of details of the owner, scope of the scheme and partnership information

• Residential safeguards

• A defined complaints procedure;

• The control and operation of cameras

• Access to and security of the CCTV control room

• Procedures for recorded media (typically storage, access, length of time that information is stored)

• Dealing with incidents and interaction with the police

• Procedures for the third party use of the system. The Data Protection Act and CCTV Code of Practice will be covered in more detail in Chapter 2.

1.2 Operational Procedures

In the CCTV industry, procedures are available for the completion of documentation and access to data. Information such as telephone details, call signs and standard shift objectives are also likely to be included. Procedures manuals tend to be compiled as a single document and written as a quality assured document. Procedures manuals are private documents and are generally not available for public scrutiny.

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What is in a procedures manual? As a general rule, procedures manuals:

• Describe how the CCTV control room is to operate

• Define what the CCTV operator must do and any standards to which it should be done

• Describe the forms and documentation that must be used. Failure to observe these procedures could result in a breach of the Data Protection Act, or a number of Acts which consider the rights of the individual or court procedures

• Define how information must be stored or distributed

• Define the process by which information must be controlled and transmitted in order that it is admissible in a court of law.

Procedures will be defined for a range of activities including:

• Recording or allowing access to recorded images by third party authorities and agencies

• Dealing with members of the public requesting access to their personal data recorded by the system

• Controlling and providing an audit trial for any information that will be used in court proceedings

• Controlling the use of data processing and recording equipment

• Defining who is responsible for giving certain authorities or approvals under the law and the process by which these approvals are gained

• Reporting of faults

• Recording maintenance activities

• Dealing with emergencies

• Recording the details of people visiting the control room and the process by which admission is allowed.

Why should procedures be followed? Procedures should be followed, without variation and without fail at all times because they:

• Ensure that evidence collected is admissible in a Court of Law

• Ensure that legal requirements in relation to privacy and access to information are observed

• Are designed to give the public confidence that the system or information obtained is not abused

• Are a requirement of the CCTV operators contract of employment

• Help to protect the CCTV system owner from any claim of malpractice

• Help to protect the CCTV operator from any claim of malpractice. By observing the procedures, the CCTV operator will be operating in line with agreed good practice. CCTV PSS monitoring and the production of evidence are subject to a number of complicated legal requirements and although CCTV operators are not expected to have a detailed understanding of the laws, abiding by procedures will ensure that they always work within the law. Procedures provide a framework within which CCTV operators, play their part in the efficient operation of the system, and help to protect them from accusations of malpractice being made by the public or others.

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Remember, working to these procedures is a requirement of your contract of employment and failure so to do could result in disciplinary action.

1.3 Assignment Instructions

Assignment instructions are usually created when services including CCTV control room operations are contracted to a third party such as a security company. The assignment instructions describe the operational expectations of the client as agreed with the supplier, listing tasks that will need to be undertaken and any limitations on the duties of a CCTV operator. They are site specific and important as they are usually contractually binding. They are not a public document. Assignment instructions are often in a similar format to the procedures manual.

Assignment instructions content The content of assignment instructions will vary but are likely to include:

• Emergency call out and contact numbers

• Emergency procedures

• Maps and plans of the site/area

• Daily tasks

• Reporting procedures

• Booking on and off procedures

• Camera patrol timings

• Alarm codes and procedures

• Health and safety information

• Shift patterns

• Access control requirements

• Radio procedures

• Details of equipment supplied

• Key issue and control procedures

• Vehicle access and parking

• Fire extinguisher locations

• Evacuation routes and assembly point.

1.4 Codes of Practice, Procedures and Clear Working Relationships with

Partners

Many CCTV PSS systems, especially major systems, are run by local authorities. In most of these cases it is normal for the police force to be a partner in the system. The partners in a CCTV system are not necessarily restricted to a local authority and the police. Other partnerships may include:

• Local authorities that have chosen to outsource the monitoring of cameras to another authority or third party

• Local transport companies

• Shopping centres

• Hospitals

• Educational establishments.

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For these partnerships to operate effectively there needs to be a clear understanding between partners, which are normally defined through contractual arrangements, procedures and protocols. These documents will define the following:

• The management of the system

• Reporting and communication paths

• Expectations in relation to information between partners

• Access to information

• Identification or where authority lies for various aspects of operation

• Complaints and reporting procedures

• Linkages to the police. Legislation permits the Police to have access to and take temporary control of certain cameras.

1.5 Confidentiality

The term confidentiality is very important when taken in the context of CCTV operations. It is now included in the SIA Standards of Behaviour which bears reference to the Data Protection Act 1998. There are essentially 2 levels of confidentiality that must be respected: 1. The integrity of the system A CCTV operator must protect the integrity of the system. For example, if there are a number of cameras in the high street that cannot view a risk area such as cash points at a nearby bank, this information should never be divulged to any person outside the control room as it could result in robberies. Confidential information in the wrong hands can lead to:

• A serious breach of the peace

• Increased crime in areas that cameras cannot view

• Criminals testing the effectiveness of the cameras

• Public loss of confidence in the system

2. The data recorded and what is observed by the CCTV operator CCTV operators have a duty to keep everything that they see and hear in the course of their duties confidential. For example, if an operator was to observe a known offender committing an offence, the operator should never discuss this with their friends at the pub in the evening after work. The rule is that what you observe does not leave the control room for anything other than officially sanctioned reasons. There are three main reasons for this:

1. It helps with public perception of CCTV operations

2. There are a number of areas of legalisation that cover the non-disclosure of

information (these are covered in Chapter 2 of these leaner materials)

3. It protects the continuity, integrity and admissibility of evidence.

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Be aware that the Data Protection Act determines that all information should be treated as confidential especially that related to the images viewed on the screens and recorded by the system. Failure to observe confidentiality is a breach of the Data Protection Act and may result in an employer taking disciplinary action.

1.6 The Security of the Control Room

The control room must be regarded as a secure installation at all times. Admittance should be restricted, and only those who require access for the purpose of performing services associated with the operation of the CCTV system should be admitted. The location of the control room should be treated as confidential. Computers are used on a daily basis within the CCTV control room environment for a number or different purposes. They may be used for the recording and storage of images or simply as a networked system for the recording of information such as:

• Booking staff on and off duty

• Incident reports

• Issuing of keys

In addition to the above, computers are being used in place of some or all of the control room records. Any information that has been obtained by the CCTV operator in the course of their duty is strictly confidential and should not be disclosed to any unauthorised person. Any information collected is covered by the Data Protection Act 1998. It is also important to remember that the images, however recorded, may become the subject of court action and therefore their security, validity and the ability to show an authentic audit trail will be very important. To help ensure that accusations regarding the recordings or accompanying documentation are not founded, the CCTV control room environment must be kept secure at all times. Entry by all non-staff personnel is restricted. Third parties such as police are required to produce signed documentation to authenticate their admittance

1.7 Access Control

Given the importance of maintaining control room security, whatever means of access control are in place must be correctly used at all times. Access control restricts operations by ensuring that only those who are valid are able to carry out certain duties. The key feature of an access control system is access point control, which may include:

• Electronic locks on access doors

• Swipe card readers

• Keypad coded access for authorised personnel

• An access control log

• In some very high security environments, biometric technology (computerised methods to identify a person by their unique characteristics) may be used for access control where the system will read finger prints, palm prints or other specific data regarding individuals and match it against the data held in the system.

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The police do not have automatic right of entry to a privately operated CCTV control room and may only gain entry if they have:

1. Obtained permission and 2. Access is for a specific operational purpose.

Any unauthorised visitors who wish to enter the control room must be referred to the operator’s line manager.

1.8 Standards of Behaviour

Standards of behaviour exist to ensure that CCTV operators are professional and behave with personal integrity. CCTV operators have a responsibility to follow these standards to ensure that they carry out their duties in line with recognised national standards. Personal appearance An operator should at all times:

• Wear clothing which is smart, presentable and in accordance with the employer’s guidelines

• Be in possession of their SIA licence whilst on duty. Professional attitude and skills An operator when on duty should:

• Act fairly and not discriminate

• Carry out their duties in a professional and courteous manner

• Behave with personal integrity and understanding

• Use moderate language which is not defamatory or abusive

• Be fit for work and remain alert at all times

• Be polite, positive and professional.

General conduct In carrying out their duty an operator should:

• Never solicit or accept any bribe or other consideration from any person

• Not drink alcohol or be under the influence of alcohol or un-prescribed drugs

• Not display preferential treatment

• Never abuse their position of authority

• Never bring unauthorised equipment in to the control room

• Never remove equipment from the control room without authorisation. Organisation/company values and standards An operator should comply with the employer’s policies, procedures and objectives. Where a contracting company is operating a CCTV system for a system owner, policies procedures and objectives should be agreed as part of the of the contract before taking over responsibility for the CCTV system.

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2 The Law By the end of this session: The learner will understand relevant Legislation and how it impacts on CCTV operations and will be able to:

• Identify how Data Protection legislation impacts on the role of the CCTV operator

• Identify how Human Rights legislation impacts on the role of the CCTV operator

• Identify the different types of surveillance described by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers legislation

• State how the main provisions of Regulation of Investigatory Powers legislation impact on CCTV operations

• Identify authorisation levels required for surveillance operations under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers legislation

• Explain the main provisions of Freedom of Information legislation

• State how Freedom of Information legislation differs from Data Protection legislation

• Identify how Display Screen Regulations impact on the role if the CCTV operator

• Identify the causes, key indicators and means of alleviating stress

Introduction A principle of British justice is that everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty. CCTV images are being used more and more to fight crime and provide evidence in an effort to prove guilt. Therefore, systems must adopt policies and procedures to help ensure that all evidence gathered by CCTV complies with legislation and can be lawfully used in court. Most important of all the aims is to ensure that Article 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998, the right to a fair trial, is adhered to at all times. The following are descriptions of the main legislations applicable to CCTV operations and operators.

2.1 Human Rights Act 1998

The European Convention on Human Rights was originally drafted after the Second World War, and over 40 countries are now signatories to the convention. Britain was one of the first signatories in 1953. The European Court of Human Rights was established to interpret the convention and comprises of judges from countries that are members of the Council of Europe (this is a different body to the European Union with a broader membership). The Human Rights Act 1998 was established to clarify the requirements of the Convention on UK legislation and give people the right to take action against the British Government in British courts, with appeal to the European Court of Human Rights should that be necessary. Which organisations are affected by the Act? In general, any organisations whose role is of a public nature, or companies undertaking activities on behalf of the state, or any group that spends taxpayers money or has a statutory function, or has government appointees on its governing board, are affected by the Act.

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Some examples include:

• Local authorities

• Government departments

• Police

• Schools, universities and colleges

• Hospitals

• Charities such as the NCPCC

• Security companies performing duties in courts and prisons

• Contract companies undertaking CCTV monitoring work

• The Crown Prosecution Service.

The rights of the individual The rights of a person under the Human Rights Act are defined by the European Convention on Human Rights. There are 16 areas of the Convention that have been written into the Human Rights Act. They are:

Article 2 The right to life Article 3 A prohibition on torture Article 4 A prohibition on slavery and forced labour Article 5 The right to liberty and security Article 6 The right to a fair trial Article 7 No punishment without law Article 8 The right to respect for private and family life Article 9 Freedom of thought, conscience and religion Article 10 Freedom of expression Article 11 Freedom of assembly and association Article 12 The right to marry and found a family Article 14 Prohibition on discrimination Article 16 Restrictions of political activity of aliens Article 17 Prohibition of abuse of rights

In addition to these articles of the Human Rights Act 1998, there are other ‘Protocols’ that add to these Rights:

• Protection of property

• The right to education

• The right to hold free elections

• The abolition of the death penalty. The State’s right to interfere with the rights of the individual The Human Rights Act 1998 defines the scope of an individual’s rights in respect of their relation with the State, and in doing so, places limitations on the state in respect of its ability to interfere with those rights. To interfere with these rights, the State must demonstrate that:

• It is absolutely necessary (not just desirable or convenient)

• Public interest is balanced against the private rights of the individual (proportionality).

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This leads to a situation where some of these rights are ‘absolute’, such as the right to life, the prohibition of torture and the right to a fair trial. Other rights are ‘limited’ or are ‘qualified’ where they compete with other rights and freedoms. CCTV operators must be aware of the association between Articles 6 (the right to a fair trial) and 8 (the right to respect for private and family life) of the Human Rights Act. Data processing must be lawful at all times, and to record an individual’s personal data without their permission is unlawful. To then use that data as evidence would breach Article 6, because it had been gathered unlawfully. CCTV Operators and the Human Rights Act Under the Human Rights Act, CCTV operators have a responsibility to ensure that all monitoring and surveillance that they undertake is proportional, legal and non-discriminatory. They also have to be very aware of the rights of the individual and take care not to infringe these rights in any way: For example:

• Using CCTV equipment to undertake close up surveillance of an individual in there car or through the window of their home would be an infringement of that person’s right to privacy

• Enhancing or altering images in any way or failing to protect the continuity of evidence would interfere with the right of an individual to a fair trial.

2.2 Data Protection Act 1998

Closely associated with the Human Rights Act 1998 is the Data Protection Act 1998. This Act supersedes the Data Protection Act 1984 and has brought all aspects of CCTV under its influence. The Data Protection Act 1998 controls the processing of all subject data, be that written and/or images. The Data Protection Act is the first Act of Parliament that has produced strict controls over the way in which data is used in the CCTV industry. It should be recognised that the Data Protection Act 1998 is not specific to the CCTV industry and covers a wide variety of sectors and applications. Under the Data Protection Act, a person has the right to obtain information personal to themselves from any data processing system. The effect of the Data Protection Act 1998 on the CCTV industry The ground-breaking nature of this Act made it necessary for the then Data Commissioner (who has since been replaced by a new post called the Information Commissioner) to produce a CCTV Code of Practice and this document is a very useful document for all members of the CCTV team. It defines the law as applied to the CCTV industry and it also provides good practice guidelines where they are available. This document provides information and guidance to those that are responsible for management and administration of CCTV. The Code of Practice also gives practical advice, such as on images captured by CCTV systems and the impact of the Data Protection Act. The advice is that they should only be kept for as long as required by the purpose of recording them. For example, images recorded at a cash machine may be kept for 30 days or more, since suspicious activity may not come to light until after the victim has received a bank statement. Once the retention period of images has expired, they should be removed or erased.

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In addition there are rules regarding the actual collection of data that CCTV operators must follow. These rules require any data collected to:

• Be adequate

• Be relevant • Not be excessive.

Initial Assessment Procedures Data processing can only be achieved if the actions are lawful. This is deemed so in two ways:

1. The ‘subject’ gives permission to process the data 2. The process is approved in Law.

In accordance with the provisions of the Data Protection Act (DPA):

• The person who will be legally responsible for the scheme must be defined (job title)

• The appropriateness of using CCTV surveillance equipment must be assessed

• The purpose of the scheme must be established - this might include prevention, investigation and detection of crime, apprehension and prosecution of offenders, public and employee safety or monitoring the security of premises etc.

Application is made to the office of the Information Commissioner for registration. The assessment process, purpose of the scheme, responsibility for all aspects of the scheme and day to day operation by job title(s), security and disclosure policies must be documented. Equipment should only monitor what it is supposed to monitor, for example:

• Operators must be aware of the purpose of the scheme and are only allowed to use the equipment for the intended purpose

• Cameras should be restricted so that operators cannot adjust them to overlook spaces that are not intended to be covered. If restriction is not possible, operators should be trained to recognise the requirements for privacy

• The DPA states that there must be signs showing the presence of cameras at ‘the entrance to camera zones’. This offers members of the public the opportunity not to enter that zone if they do not wish to be captured on camera. Once a ‘subject’ has entered the designated area, it is considered that they agree to their data being processed. This is known as ‘implied consent’. All separately owned CCTV systems should provide signs to show CCTV cameras are present at the entrances to their premises or property. The DPA does not dictate the shape or colour of signage; however it does recommend that the size of the signs must be sufficient for persons to read and understand. Therefore a sign by the roadside should be at least A3 size to enable motorists or passengers to view it. CCTV cameras are now such a large part of our lives that the Information Commissioner believes all members of the public understand that an image of a camera means that CCTV is in operation, therefore it is not necessary to have these words on the sign if an image is present. However the purpose of the cameras must be indicated and this is usually done by the words ‘Community Safety and Crime Reduction’ or ‘Crime Prevention and Prosecution of Offenders’. The name of the system owner must also be on the sign or the logo of the company or authority. A business time telephone contact number for the CCTV scheme must be part of that sign. Although not necessary, authorities will often put a number of signs inside the camera zones to reinforce the deterrent factor and to try to reduce the fear of crime.

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2.3 Freedom of Information Act 2000

The Freedom of Information Act 2000 is only relevant to Public Authorities and companies wholly owned by public authorities. This is a slightly different list to that included under the Data Protection Act as it does not extend to privately owned or charitable organisations working on behalf of a public authority. The list is extensive but includes:

• Local authorities

• Government departments

• Police

• State maintained schools, universities and colleges

• NHS

• Prison Service

• SIA. The Freedom of Information Act gives people a general right of access to non-personal information held by or on behalf of public authorities, to promote a culture of openness and accountability across the public sector. The Act allows access to recorded information such as emails, meeting minutes, research or reports. There are 23 exemptions from the general right of access, relating to such things as national security, information that would prejudice international relations and commercially sensitive and confidential information. Court records are also exempt. Whilst the Data Protection Act relates to the rights of the individual to find out what information is held about them on computer and within some manual records, and places controls on how that information is obtained, stored and used, the Freedom of Information Act tends to gives access to a wider range of information about the operation of the public body. The Freedom of Information Act is rarely used in relation to the CCTV sector, although it might be used by researchers or journalists seeking information on the expenditure and decisions taken by a local authority in installing a CCTV system. Whilst the Data Protection Act and the Freedom of Information Act are closely related in the context of operating the CCTV system, it is the Data Protection Act that is more significant to a CCTV operator. Indeed, the Data Protection Act 1998 will be the higher authority if information is requested under the Freedom of Information Act 2000.

2.4 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000

The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA) was introduced to protect police and intelligence services by making surveillance and similar activities conform to the principle of ‘legality’ under the European Convention for Human Rights. It controls all types of surveillance techniques and includes telephone taps, undercover observations as well as CCTV observation. The key difference between the Data Protection Act 1998 and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 as far as the CCTV industry is concerned, is that:

• The Data Protection Act 1998 regulates and controls processing of and management of images

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• The RIPA controls covert directed or intrusive surveillance in public and private places

CCTV systems are not normally within the scope of RIPA since they are overt and not being used for a specific investigation. However, when a camera is being used for directed surveillance, the correct authorisations under RIPA will be required. In providing the ‘legal’ means to carry out surveillance against a person in a public or private place and in a vehicle, RIPA limits the right to privacy in respect of the Human Rights Act and is therefore an example of a limitation. Surveillance and the RIPA Covert Surveillance This is surveillance that is carried out in a way that helps to ensure that the person who is the subject of the surveillance is unaware that it is being taken. In order for surveillance to be of relevance to the RIPA it must be covert. Any covert surveillance of a target must stop when the subject no longer gives any cause for concern. Intrusive Surveillance This is defined as taking place on any residential premises or inside a vehicle or in a way that information (images) of a quality is gained that the device (camera) may have been inside those premises or that vehicle. Directed Surveillance This is defined as covert surveillance that is undertaken in relation to a specific investigation or specific operation which is likely to result in the obtaining of private information about a particular person in a public place. For example:

• Being requested by the police to track, observe and detect the actions of a named and identified individual(s) whilst they are located within the zone covered by your CCTV system

• The police have received information that an identified individual is going to take part in an armed robbery in your area and they wish to use the cameras to keep watch. This is not direct surveillance if the individual is unknown

• Being asked to watch a named and identified drug dealer’s car, and record all persons visiting it. This is directed surveillance as the CCTV operator is likely to obtain personal information about the known drug dealer.

A RIPA authority is not required to observe known ‘hot spot’ areas. For example, if statistics proved that ‘pick pocketing’ offences were more regularly committed in the High Street between 10.00 am and 2.00 pm on a Friday, a RIPA would not be required as the system is not aimed at a particular individual. Authorisation Where the police wish to make use of CCTV monitoring in a pre-planned operation (i.e. directed surveillance) authorisation must be given by a Police Superintendent or above rank. However, in some circumstances, authorisation for the use of CCTV will be required immediately and in such cases authorisation may be given by anyone of the rank of Inspector or above. However, this approval is only valid for 72 hours.

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In both cases, the grounds for authorisation are as follows:

• National Security

• Prevention and detection of crime

• Preventing disorder

• Protecting public health

• In the interests of public safety

The officer must satisfy the following criteria before issuing an authority. The authorisation is “necessary” and the activity is “proportionate” to what is being achieved. Under Section 80 of RIPA, it is not unlawful to obtain images without authorisation. However, the Human Rights Act says it is unlawful to act in any way which is incompatible with a convention right – Article 6 and Article 8. If actions such as the use of camera equipment are unlawful, the recorded information may be excluded by the Data Protection Act 1998.

2.5 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, (PACE)

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and the PACE codes of practice provide the core framework of police powers and safeguards, established with the aim of creating a balance between the powers of the police and the rights of the public. PACE is a fairly wide ranging piece of legislation, mainly dealing with police powers to search an individual or premises, including their powers to gain entry to those premises, the handling of exhibits seized from those searches, and the treatment of suspects once they are in custody, including being interviewed. Whilst PACE gives powers for literally anything to be seized by enforcement bodies such as the police, evidence gathering systems which help prove the 'continuity of evidence' must be adhered to where they have been implemented. These systems form part of the 'Subject Access' requirements and, unless there is a provable need for urgency, such as an ongoing threat to life, requests to view data must be a planned event. An investigating officer will request for images from certain cameras to be copied to a viewing DVD or tape. An appointment will be made for the investigating officer to attend at an arranged time to explore the viewing copy. An appointed CCTV operator will make the 'viewing copy' and store it securely. On the arrival of the officer at the control facility, they are admitted to a 'viewing suite' where they investigate the image data stored on the 'viewing copy'. The officer identifies what data is required for evidence and the CCTV operator then makes a 'working copy' DVD or tape which is sealed in evidence bags and handed to the officer against signature. At the point that the officer declares 'initial disclose' the evidence that is used in the investigation, comes under the controls of the CPIA.

2.5 Criminal Procedures and Investigation Act 1996 (CPIA)

The Criminal Procedures and Investigation Act 1996 gives direction to the police and other investigating bodies as to what evidence gathered during the course of an investigation must be disclosed to the defence. This basically involves any information coming into the possession of the investigating authority, whether or not it will form part of the prosecution but which may be of assistance to the defence.

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‘Disclosure’ in relation to a CCTV recording It is the responsibility of the Disclosure Officer dealing with the incident to decide whether the contents of the recording would be required to be ‘disclosed’ under the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996. This applies to any data/media reviewed by the police during an investigation. CCTV Surveillance Techniques CCTV operators must remain alert at all times and use all their communication skills and knowledge to assist them to ‘read’ a situation and make the right decisions. Occurrences that are monitored should be responded to – if they are ignored it will reduce the value of the CCTV system. Responding effectively to the incidents will add to the deterrent benefits of the system, especially if a terrorist or criminal is testing the system. Operators should therefore ensure that:

• They are familiar with the geographical layout of the area covered by the system

• Incidents requiring investigation should be brought immediately to the attention of patrolling staff, management or police

• Sufficient appropriate staff are available to respond to an alert

• Detected terrorist actions should be reported in accordance with the Civil Contingency Act 2004, insomuch as the appointed site ‘Security Co-ordinator' is notified and a record of this is preserved

• Suspicious events should be fully noted and recorded for future reference. All incidents should be entered into a log, which should be handed over to staff when taking over

• Recorded data relating to a suspicious incident should be carefully reviewed by the appropriate ‘response forces’, whether this is patrolling security officers, or the police.

• The police are contacted as soon as possible if criminal activity is suspected, using the 999 emergency system or other direct telephone contacts.

A regular camera patrol is one of the most important duties for a CCTV operator to carry out. By using the CCTV system effectively, large areas can be covered from the control room. To make patrolling as effective as possible, there are some useful points to consider:

• Be alert at all times

• Be aware of the camera fields of view

• Know your system's limitations

• Know the location of each camera within your system

• Know what the assignment will entail

• Develop effective working relationships with police

• Identify trouble spots

• Be watchful

• Be investigative

• Carry out random patrols

• Improve your local knowledge

• Liaise with other CCTV operators in the area

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2.6 Health and Safety at Work

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 states employers must take reasonable care to protect their employees from risk, unforeseen injury, disease or death at work. The purpose of the Act is to promote, stimulate and encourage high standards of occupational health and safety within the workplace. Everyone who uses the workplace must observe the legislation, as to not do so can lead to criminal sanctions such as unlimited fines and imprisonment. Television Screens and Monitors Television screens and monitors producing pictures are covered by two sets of regulation:

1. Provisions and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992. This covers issues such as lighting requirements in the control room

2. The Display Screen Regulation 1992. This covers issues such as:

- The analysis of workstations to assess and reduce risks - Ensuring workstations meet specified minimum requirements - Planning work activities so that they include breaks or changes of activity - Providing eye and eye-sight tests on request, and special spectacles if

needed. All CCTV operators are entitled to an annual eye sight test paid for by their employer

- Provide information and training.

Breaks of Vision A large portion of a CCTV operator’s role will involve monitoring images on-screen. Constantly looking at a screen can cause the eyes to strain which can also lead to headaches, eventually resulting in a loss of concentration and/or stress. Although the images on-screen are constantly changing, other duties that they carry out will automatically force them to rest their eyes. If regular breaks aren’t taken, it can result in headaches. Headaches may result from several things that occur with watching monitors, such as:

• Poor eyesight

• Screen glare

• Poor image quality

• A need for glasses, or a change in prescription

• Stress from the rate of work

• Poor posture

• Dread of new technology.

Certain actions can be taken to reduce eyestrain. Such actions can also help prevent the operator from getting bored and maintain interest. These actions include:

• Using a different arrangement of the keyboard, mouse and documents

• Making sure the screen surface is clean

• Avoiding or reduce glare by using blinds or curtains if you’re sat near to a window

• Making sure there is enough space under the desk so that you can move your legs freely

• Avoiding excess pressure from the edge of your seat on the backs of your legs. A footrest may be helpful to reduce the pressure

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• Not sitting in the same position for long periods

• Taking regular breaks from watching the monitors

• Organising break times without there being a risk of missing an incident. If more than one operator is present on a shift then breaks can be taken individually, leaving the system continually monitored. Being aware of when it is crucial that operators are at their station will ensure that no incidents are missed. Recommended Viewing Distances CCTV monitors vary in size, and operators should ensure that they are the correct distance away from the monitors to view them comfortably, or that they are using the correct sized monitor. As a general rule the further away the CCTV operator are from the monitor, the larger the monitor should be.

One way of determining how far away you should be to comfortably view a monitor is based on the simple formula:

Monitor screen size (in inches) – 4 = optimum viewing distance (feet)

The upper and lower limits will be +/- 25% of the optimum viewing distance.

Using the formula above, if you were using a 14 inch monitor:

14 – 4 = 10ft viewing distance

To determine the upper and lower limits, multiply the optimum viewing distance by 1.25 and 0.75

• Upper viewing limit - 10 x 1.25 = 12.5ft

• Lower viewing limit - 10 x 0.75 = 7.5ft By using the formula above, you can now work out that a 14 inch monitor should be viewed effectively at a distance of 7.5 to 12.5 feet.

Stress CCTV operators have to be able to deal with several incidents at a singular time, prioritise surveillance and ensure that they carry out all their duties lawfully. Performing all of these tasks can lead to a CCTV operator having to work under pressure, which in turn can promote stress. Maintaining a high level of accuracy and reducing stress effectively is key for the operator if the best results from their system are to be achieved. Operators should work well with their system manager by communicating about all aspects of the job – including negative aspects such as witnessing a traumatic incident. Signs of such stress could include:

• Avoiding the area where the incident took place

• Making simple mistakes

• Not following procedures

• Avoiding duties at certain times

• Not reporting for duty or being frequently late for duty

• A vast reduction in effort by a normally keen operator.

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Other signs of stress include:

• Headaches

• Anxiety

• Increased blood pressure

• Being short tempered

• Being forgetful

• Becoming withdrawn. If a manager, supervisor or colleague notices any change in the behaviour of an operator, immediate and continued support should be given. They should actively listen to any issues that the individual may have, showing their interest in hearing the individual’s problems. In addition to the support provided by the manager, supervisor or colleague, the individual’s family may also provide support. Support is especially beneficial if there are any court cases or other events that may remind the individual of the event. The length of time it takes for people to recover from traumatic events will vary dependent on the person – sometimes this can be short process, other times it can be much longer. A CCTV operator can also do things to minimise or reduce stress including:

• Maintaining a positive attitude

• Working as part of a team if possible rather than lone working

• Having good relations with colleagues and managers

• Being relaxed

• Having good time management

• Taking regular breaks

• Avoiding extreme emotional reaction to situations and events. Good housekeeping practices It is important for operators to:

• Keep their desk free of rubbish

• Ensure waste bins are regularly emptied

• Report defective equipment.

Keeping the workplace in a clean and tidy condition supports health and safety regulations.

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3 Roles and Responsibilities of a CCTV Team

By the end of this session The learner will understand the roles and responsibilities of the CCTV operator and other CCTV staff and will be able to:

• Describe the purpose of a CCTV system

• Identify the main roles and responsibilities within a typical CCTV control room team

• State the importance of accurate and timely communication up and down the reporting chain

• Explain the importance of sharing information between the team and other agencies

• Explain the importance of the continuity of evidence

• Identify the responsibilities of the operator to produce statements and give evidence in court

• State the importance of accurate and detailed note taking and record keeping

3.1 The Purpose of a CCTV System

CCTV systems are used in many different ways by different organisations and authorities. There are however three main purposes of CCTV systems:

1. Detecting crime 2. Preventing crime 3. Promoting public safety.

This is reflected in registrations with the Information Commissioner’s Office which typically and commonly declare that the purposes of use of a CCTV system is for; ‘The prevention of crime and prosecution of offenders’

3.2 Roles and responsibilities of a CCTV team

A typical CCTV team consists of the following:

• CCTV Owner - The ‘owner’ is just that, they own the system. They employ the operating staff either directly or as through a third party contractual agreement. They often occupy the title of ‘Data Controller’ for the purposes of ICO registration.

• CCTV Manager - The ‘manager’ oversees the system and causes the operational requirements to be identified. They are also responsible for the necessary services and administration procedures to be adopted to lawfully and effectively achieve the aim of the system. They are also commonly responsible for managing the employment of staff.

• CCTV Supervisor - The ‘supervisor’ ensures that the system operates in accordance to the adopted procedures and registered ‘purposes of use’. They may also be required to set shift patterns and be the front-line link between staff and management.

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• CCTV Operator - The ‘operator’ is the data processor – processing the data that the system obtains. This includes the operation of most of the equipment, including joysticks and cameras, but only certain ‘operators’ may be authorised to make ‘copies’ of data for evidential use.

3.3 The Role of a CCTV Operator

The CCTV operator is one of today’s most high profile security positions, despite being relatively new to the security industry. CCTV operators are expected to work effectively both on their own initiative and as part of a team, and certainly will have a role to play as part of the larger police and emergency services family:

• To observe incidents and occurrences as they happen.

• To record those incidents and occurrences

• To report incidents and occurrences. These responsibilities are split into four main areas and together constitute the most important roles that an operator must perform whilst on duty:

1. Screen monitoring 2. Process data 3. Incident reporting 4. Maintain log books.

Additional duties could include:

• Access control

• Message answering

• Switchboard operation

• Key control

• Monitoring of fire and intruder systems

• Monitoring out of hour emergency response service

• Warden controlled schemes (out of hours)

• Liaising with the police and other monitored radio networks.

The Control Room For the CCTV control room to operate effectively, the CCTV team must work in close harmony in order to achieve the aims and objectives of the scheme (contained in the Operating Procedures and Codes of Practice). To ensure that the system runs as smoothly as possible, it is crucial that information is passed on to all appropriate staff as quickly as possible. Any information obtained by the CCTV team during the course of duty, which is stored in the control room must be treated as strictly confidential and should not be disclosed to any unauthorised person. (See also Data Protection Act and Freedom of Information Act). All staff may be required to sign a declaration of confidentiality. System ‘partners’ and ‘visitors’ should be required to sign a Data Protection declaration before admittance is approved.

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Reporting Pathways CCTV operators are very likely to be involved in very serious situations where it is important to understand the need to pass on information in a timely manner. However, there is also the need to understand the reporting chain for incidents. This is usually:

• Operators; report to the

• Senior operator or supervisor; who reports to the

• CCTV or system manger; who reports to the

• Head of Service e.g. housing manager; who reports to the

• Deputy Chief or Chief Executive.

3.4 The Importance of Timely Communication

When monitoring CCTV systems, the operator is observing events and situations unfold in real time. Events being observed may include:

• Death or injury

• Loss

• Damage

• Waste

• Illegal activities

• Intimidation

• Anti-social behaviour. .

The CCTV operator is responsible for communicating issues that arise in a timely manner to their supervisor, other members of the security team and the emergency services, following the reporting chain. This will ensure the integrity of the CCTV system and its operators. The safety and security of others can be dependent upon your actions, and those actions may form part of any future legal case that might arise from what has been observed, so it is vital that messages are communicated to the right people, at the right time and in a clear, concise and informative manner. Remember to keep communication: Accurate Brief Clear Timely communication is also important to maintain customer care and will enable CCTV teams to deal effectively and efficiently with any complaints that may arise.

3.5 Sharing Information with Other Agencies

CCTV teams do not work in isolation and it is vital that they communicate with other agencies such as the police, the emergency services, HM Revenue and Customs, the immigration authorities and so on. Sharing information in this way promotes a spirit of teamwork between the CCTV operators and external agencies all of whom have the objective of preventing crime and protecting public safety. Other benefits of working in this way include:

• Increasing the effectiveness of the system

• Identifying potential crime hotspots

• Providing continuity of evidence.

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3.6 Continuity of Evidence

The continuity of evidence is vital, as if procedures are not followed correctly, and the case goes to court, the defence then has an opportunity to criticise the prosecution evidence. This could result in the evidence being ruled inadmissible. The continuity of evidence chain begins as soon as the CCTV operator is alerted to the need to preserve images/data. This may be as the result of:

1. The operator witnessing the commission of the crime 2. A request from the police 3. A ‘subject access request’ from the person identified by the data.

If copies of media are created, operators must complete a 'media log' and record the basic information that identifies what the data refers to. Information should include:

• Time and date of media production, e.g. 2.10 am on 26/12/10

• Time, date and location of the incident, e.g. 11.17 pm on 25/12/10 at The Kings Head, Queen Street, Prince Town

• Name of subject (if known), e.g. Rob Emblind

• Type of offence/incident, e.g. Theft of mobile phone from the person

• Evidence value, 100% coverage of commission of offence Some digital systems adopt copying methods that permit the data to be copied to designated 'encrypted folders' on computer hard drives. Proof of such actions can be evidenced using computer software to support conventional systems used to prove continuity of evidence. 'Hard' media copies, such as DVD or VHS and photographs must be marked in a manner that identifies the data/imagery, but does not breach human rights legislation or other legislation. Once suitably marked, the media copy must be stored securely within the confines of the Control Room suite and access to it is controlled by entries in the media log which demonstrates documented proof of the location of the media copy. Any further access of the media must also be recorded If the media copy has been made a the result of a lawful request, be that from the police, another recognised 'partner' or the 'subject' themselves, then this information must also be recorded in the log and evidence to prove that the request was lawful must also be produced and stored. 'Subject Access Request' forms will be processed through the system supervisory structure and approved operators will be tasked to search the systems stored data. Identified personal data of the 'subject' will be recorded into media copies and passed to supervisors for distribution. All details relating to such searches must be entered in the media log. Police media requests are subject to the same requirements. Such requests commonly ask for imagery/data produced from cameras covering all possible angles between 5 to 10 minutes before and after the event is copied. On receipt of the lawful request, operators will produce media by copying data produced by cameras covering the area between the relevant times. It is commonplace that the CCTV operator does nothing more than produce the media copy, secure it until the investigating officer arrives, when it is taken from storage against signature to allow the officer to view it.

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Once the police officer has identified what data is to be used as evidence, declaring 'initial disclosure', an authorised CCTV operator will produce a 'working copy', using either a DVD or VHS and possibly 'still imagery' in the form of photographs. The produced media, the 'working copy' is then sealed in appropriate containers, labelled accordingly and then handed to the police officer against signature. This is often referred to as being 'bagged and tagged'. As well as recording required details on the labelling, the producing operator must also record the actions in the media log. It is important to remember that the all lawfully produced 'data' processed by the 'Data Controller', belongs to them at all times until it is destroyed. When the police have finished using the media copy it should be returned to the Data Controller to allow storage or destruction. Because of the laws regarding the right for convicted persons to appeal, some data may be required to be stored securely for long periods. In the event of a 'life sentence' then the period of retention will be for the life of the convicted person. All this information must be effectively recorded in the media log. CCTV operators and court CCTV operators may be requested to produce a witness statement describing their personal involvement in a case. For this reason, it is considered good practice that operators should be trained to produce their own statements. However, the police will record them for you if required, especially in complicated or serious criminal cases. Witness statements are required to comply with Section 9 of the Criminal Justices Act and will carry a declaration that the evidence you have given is true to the best of your knowledge and belief. This is to allow statements to be used in the case without requiring the author (the operator) to attend. However, people charged with committing crime have the right to contest the accusation and the evidence that is submitted. If an operator’s statement is contested, the operator will be required to attend the court case as the ‘author’ must be present before the evidence can be tested. In such cases, a summons will be posted to the operator, demanding their attendance. This information should be passed to your supervisor so attendance and shift cover can be achieved. Operators must make every effort to attend as failure to comply with such a summons may result in the court taking action against them. When giving evidence in court you must:

• Conduct yourself in a professional manner at all times

• Speak clearly and at a level to allow all parties attending the court to hear you

• Reflect the image of the private security industry in your appearance and manner. If you have a uniform, then wear it to the court, ensuring that it is clean and smart (with your shoes polished)

• Be available for consultation with the prosecution before the case is heard.

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Once you are called to give evidence:

• You will be asked to enter the witness box and take the oath or affirmation

• You will be asked your name and address. In the case of your address, give the company’s address and not your private address for security reasons

• You may be permitted to refer to notes that you have made at the time or immediately afterwards, but only if neither party objects

• Try to give evidence from memory. Constantly referring to notes will give the impression that you are not clear about the events contained within your evidence

• Only give the facts contained within your statement, pocket book or any other documentary evidence called upon by the court. Your pocket book may only be used for reference purposes when permission by the court is given. Remember that giving a false statement (lying) in court is a criminal offence

• Be polite and courteous at all times

• Ensure you face the person asking the questions and turn and face the ‘bench’ (the Judge or the Magistrate) to give your answers

• If you do not know the answer to a question posed to you or you are unsure of a particular fact, say so. Do not make things up

• When both prosecution and defence have finished examining your evidence, you will be excused. You must remain in the court until permission is given for you to leave.

Additional preparation for attending court:

• Pay attention to appearance and hygiene. Courts can be very stressful places and the body will react accordingly

• Plan the journey to allow punctual attendance

• Read any notes and pocket book entries to refresh memory of the event Notes and records In the past, every detail was recorded in an occurrence book. This came from police systems when each police station had its own occurrence book, and an officer would make handwritten entries for everything relevant to that station or the officers working there. Logs are used and are essential to support recorded images and provide an audit trail to prove the continuity of evidence. In addition to these logs, computer technology may provide effective audit trails, proving data access and processing. The logs that a CCTV operator is likely to experience are as follows:

• CCTV authorisation form: request to view

• Access control log: visitor log

• Daily occurrence log

• Incident log

• Media production, processing and movement logs

• Maintenance and repair log When completing handwritten logs, these rules must be followed:

1. All entries are to be made in chronological order 2. No empty lines are to be left between entries 3. Make all entries clear using dark ink, no erasers 4. No personal notes, dates, times or numbers 5. Entries to be made at the time of the incident or as soon as possible afterwards

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6. To make an alteration, draw a line through the incorrect information and note your initials next to it to show who made it

7. Do not remove pages.

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4 CCTV Equipment and its Operation By the end of this session The learner will understand the characteristics of a CCTV system and will be able to:

• Identify the main components of the CCTV system

• Describe the main types of CCTV cameras and mountings

• Describe how technologies such as ANPR, biometrics, visual recognition and digital recording are used with CCTV equipment

• Explain the importance of dedicated communication links with third parties

4.1 CCTV Equipment

In the simplest type of CCTV system, there is a camera that sees a picture. This then converts the picture into electrical signals that are passed through a cable to a monitor. The monitor then re-converts the signal and displays the picture seen by the camera. When we refer to a CCTV system it should be recognised that it does not just refer to the CCTV operating equipment, but includes all the support services as well. However much technology develops, operators will always require the response forces (security guards or police) to respond to requests to attend and deal with incidents. Similarly, we have to recognise the importance played by the adopted policies and procedures, in particular the Codes of Practice which is the over-arching mechanism that helps ensure the legality of the system. When considering the component of a typical system, the value of all these needs to be recognised. There are commonly 2 types of CCTV systems:

1. Analogue – which uses VHS tapes and a VHS video recorder to produce media copies

2. Digital – which uses a computer based hard drive and DVR recorder to produce digital media copies.

A CCTV operator must carry out functional checks at regular intervals of all the relevant equipment to ensure that it is all working correctly. Any faults that are found must be reported as detailed in the assignment instructions. The equipment that should be checked includes:

• Keyboards

• Joysticks

• Cameras

• Monitors

• Recording devices

• Lighting (this should be tested when it is dark).

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4.2 Transmission Method

A number of transmission, or signalling, methods are available for CCTV, which can be split into two categories:

1. Cable

− Fibre Optics: used to provide the transmission links in the majority of CCTV systems, either in private networks or through the main British Telecom or cable company systems. The ease with which the 'fibre' can be installed in existing ducting often means minimum groundwork or digging

− Coaxial: often limited to very short runs, normally within a building.

− Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and Intergral Services Digital Network (ISDN) ‘networks’: through British Telecom with ISDN being the favourite because it offers fast digital transmission against the much slower PSTN analogue system

2. Airborne

− Microwave, Infrared, FM Radio, Laser links: a large number of airborne links require “line of sight”, which is not always possible to achieve in one link. This means that a number of links may be required to achieve the complete signal from camera to control room.

Cameras The standard camera used by the industry is the CCD (Charged Couple Device) camera. The body of the camera itself contains no moving parts, only electronic circuit boards and the lens of the camera focuses light onto a silicon chip with a photosensitive surface. This type of camera requires very little maintenance due to the lack of moving parts. A pan tilt zoom camera (PTZ Camera) is a CCTV camera with remote directional and zoom control. The phrase PTZ Camera has two uses:

1. PTZ stands for pan, tilt, zoom and may refer merely the way that some CCTV cameras move

2. PTZ may also be used to describe an entire category of cameras where a combination of sound and/or motion and/or change in heat signature may enable the camera to activate, focus and track suspected changes in the video field. By activating only during times of change, systems can notify human monitors and minimise storage requirements.

The Monitor Once the signal received from the camera has been converted, it is displayed on a monitor. Most control rooms have two types of monitors:

1. Overview monitor - this is usually a large monitor displaying a single, quad, or multiple pictures. Depending on the type of system installed, these might be single or multiple in a ‘bank’

2. Spot or event monitor: these monitors allow the operator to view a specific area in detail. This monitor is usually used to patrol, search, or view an actual incident.

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The Multiplexer Pictures transmitted from the cameras may be received by a multiplexer before they are passed to the recorders. A multiplexer enables up to 32 separate camera images to be recorded onto a single recorder. This is achieved by passing a frame from each camera in turn for recording. When there is a requirement to replay the recorded data, only pictures from the selected camera are displayed. This provides 'real time' playback. Another feature of the multiplexer is the ability to simultaneously display a number of image sources on to a monitor in various formats. However, the more images are displayed, the smaller and less visible each picture will be. Digital Video Recorder (DVR) A Digital Video Recorder (DVR) is a machine which can accept a number of video input signals, record them in digital format and store them on a hard drive. The industry specialists have recognised that DVR’s are much more effective than VHS systems and many systems are being upgraded to digital. The advantages of DVR over VHS;

• Video signals compressed in to digital storage

• Audit trail provided by ‘hard drive’ memory

• No VHS tape cassettes. As no VHS cassette tapes are used, there is therefore:

• No tape rotation

• No need for tape storage

• Reduced written audit trail

• Valuable space is more available as multiplexers can manage multiple inputs. DVR’s also allow systems to benefit from improved technology such as motion detection and programmed remote operation. Finally, a major improvement is the production of media copies. VHS tape copies can only be recorded in real time. DVR’s create copies much quicker by ‘downloading’, ‘burning’, images to discs using ‘bits’ and ‘bytes’. The greater the capacity of the hard drive, the quicker the copy is produced, but it must be remembered that any printed or displayed media image created from the original data will always be defined as a copy. Video Recorder Every CCTV system should be able to record all of the pictures seen by all the cameras all the time. This means that there will often be a number of recorders in the system to be able to achieve this.

Time lapse video recorders are now available to record from 3-hour mode (real time) to 960 hour (40 days). These allow pictures to be recorded over a much longer period than the normal 3 hours of a standard 180 minute tape, by only recording a small percentage of the picture or frames received. Therefore a tape recording in 6-hour mode will record half the number frames per hour than a tape that is recording in 3 hour/real time mode. The time-lapse mode used is normally determined by the shift patterns used by the operators. For example, if operators are working 9 hour shifts then the recording mode should ideally be 12 hours. The event

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recorder(s) will be linked to the spot or event monitors, which will allow real time recordings of individual images being displayed on the monitors. Recording Images Although there are many different CCTV systems in operation, most have a recording facility linked to a computer system. This computer system will either be recording all of the time or the operator will activate them once an incident is discovered. Regardless of the system in place it is essential that the operator is aware of what to do to correctly in order to record the incident which is unfolding. The assignment instructions will detail what action an operator has to take in order to reproduce images for evidential purposes. As for who can reproduce any of the images that are captured, this may be limited to being a supervisor or designated operator. This is usually the case with digital recordings, in order to reduce the risk of interference with an original image. Degausser This is a piece of equipment that is use to delete images from analogue video tape by interfering with the magnetic field on the tape and leaving previously stored data

unrecoverable.

4.3 Using Technology

CCTV systems use a number of different technologies to enhance the service offered by the control room. Some of these include:

• Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) or Vehicle Number Plate Recognition (VNPR), help to track vehicle movements across an area, in real time. This helps to manage traffic congestion, but can also be used to locate specific vehicles if required to do so by the police

• Visual or face recognition technology, also know as biometrics, is a system that matches the characteristics of a face to identify or verify an individual. If the CCTV operator witnesses or suspects an individual of suspicious behaviour, the camera is used to capture an image of the face, which is then processed and analysed to identify the biometric characteristics. If required, the characteristics of that individual are then stored. When identification or verification of a person on camera is requested, the image of their face is compared to entries in the database. Identification or verification is successful when the image characteristics match with an entry. Face recognition is currently widely used in access control and criminal detection areas. However this technology only works on a system which has the appropriate specialist software installed

• Digital recording equipment.

4.4 Interaction with Third Parties

It is important that the CCTV system and staff interact effectively with other agencies to obtain or provide the best value service. The CCTV operator will interface with a range of agencies and organisations, including:

• Police, Immigration, HM Revenue & Customs, Port Authorities

• Health & Safety Executive

• The media

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• Ambulance and Fire Service

• Other prosecution agencies.

Clearly the common interface is with the police and almost every CCTV system has a dedicated video link with either the force headquarters control room or the local police station. This will allow police officers to view live images and deploy their staff to incidents and instruct staff through their own radio systems. There are many reasons why it is important to have dedicated communication links with third parties. For example it:

• Improves communication and ensures that information is passed on quickly and accurately

• Provides a secure link which protects confidentiality

• Allows third parties to quickly take command and control of an incident when required.

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5 Using CCTV Equipment Effectively By the end of this session: The learner will understand how to make effective use of CCTV equipment and will be able to:

• Identify the main types of incidents that a CCTV operator may assist with

• Identify typical crime hot spot locations

• Describe how local crime and disorder issues affect CCTV operations

• Explain how CCTV operators interact with third parties during an incident

• Identify the appropriate options available to the CCTV operator when the law is broken

• Identify ways in which the CCTV operator can assist the statutory enforcement agencies

• Describe how to recognise an improvised explosive device (IED)

• Explain how CCTV can assist external agencies during a bomb alert

• Explain the reasons for and methods of target selection including equality issues

5.1 CCTV Incidents

The dictionary definitions of ‘incident’ are:

• An event, an occurrence or a hostile clash

• A public event causing trouble

• A detached event attracting general attention

• A distinct piece of action.

For a CCTV operator in the private security sector, these may include:

• A fight, or crime

• An accident, an emergency (a non-crime incident)

• A suspicious act, person or vehicle. A CCTV operator may witness such crimes as:

• Shoplifting: a person commits theft if they dishonestly take property belonging to another person with the intention of permanently depriving the owner of it

• Burglary: a person commits burglary if they enter any building or part of a building as a trespasser either with intent to commit theft, GBH, rape or damage, or having entered as a trespasser, they then steal or attempt to steal or cause or attempt to cause GBH

• Theft of and from vehicle and Taking a vehicle Without the Owner’s Consent (TWOC): Stealing a vehicle or stealing things from a vehicle constitutes theft. However, because vehicles are commonly ‘dumped’ by the offenders, the ‘intention to permanently deprive’ is difficult to prove. Therefore, the offence of TWOC was created. Also, because it is difficult to prove a person acted as an accomplice, the following offence of ‘allowing oneself to be carried on a TWOC vehicle’ is created

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Non-crime incidents may include:

• Traffic – either general monitoring of traffic flow or specific monitoring of an incident

• Emergencies – fire or monitoring evacuations in the event of bomb threats or other emergencies

• Missing persons – CCTV operators may be asked to keep a look out for a named individual who has gone missing.

• Accident – an accident may result in a claim for compensation, such as a pedestrian falling on a footpath, subsequently requiring media copies to be produced by the Local Authority, by the subjects themselves or their solicitors

• Trespass – trespass can be a problem common to many. CCTV can provide effective support for a patrolling Security Guard who acts in response to the incident

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5.2 Typical Crime Hot Spot Locations

LOCATION SHOPLIFTING BURGLARY THEFT VIOLENCE ASSAULT

ROBBERY CRIMINAL DAMAGE

DRUGS ANTI SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

SAFETY ISSUES

Town centre Daytime

HIGH LOW HIGH LOW LOW LOW MED MED HIGH

Town centre Night (with shops closed)

N/A HIGH MED HIGH MED HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH

Rear of building whilst in Operation

N/A LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW MED

Rear of building after hours

N/A MED MED MED LOW HIGH MED MED LOW

Car park N/A LOW HIGH LOW LOW HIGH MED LOW MED

Pubs/night clubs N/A LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH

Shopping precincts after dark (with shops closed)

N/A HIGH MED MED MED HIGH HIGH HIGH MED

Factory / commercial premises After closing

N/A MED LOW LOW LOW HIGH LOW LOW LOW

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Sometimes the localised nature of crime and disorder can have a direct bearing on CCTV operations as the police or other enforcement agencies may request operators to concentrate on particular areas during their monitoring. This does not mean that operators do not continue to perform general monitoring, but is does mean that ‘hot spots’, places where crime is more likely to occur, are monitored more closely. The table on the previous page identifies common ‘hot spots’ for particular types of criminal activity. Knowing where these hot spots are is important for CCTV operators as they are likely to need to focus their attention on such areas in order to detect and prevent crime and to protect public safety. As the table shows, hot spots change depending on the time of day and the type of crime. For example, a car parked on an industrial estate on a weekday during working hours is unlikely to be subject to car crime. However, the same vehicle parked in the same place at night or over the weekend when there are no people around is a target for theft and also for joy riders. With town centres hot spots will also change depending on the time of day. For example, most pubs are not hot spots for crime on weekday lunchtimes. However, at 1.00 am on a Saturday night, things can be very different with the area directly outside the entrance to the pub being the focus of any trouble.

5.3 Witnessing an Incident

If a CCTV operator observes a crime or incident in progress, they should carry out the following actions:

• Use real time recording

• Note the time

• Make every effort to ensure the continuous viewing of the offenders actions, or the incident

• Inform police by monitor, radio and/or telephone

• Search methodically for the incident using the cameras

• Maintain contact during the incident so that the police can pass on instructions as required

• Obtain the best identification images possible

• Request a colleague to assist if available

• Radio for security assistance if available and applicable

• Retain suspect in view for continuity

• Do not stop recording when the police arrive

• Complete logs. There will be occasions when you will be required to deal with more than one incident at the same time. When there is only one operator on duty this can be challenging. For example, there may be two simultaneous incidents that both require action by a CCTV operator, and there is only one incident recorder. The actions to take are:

• Use real time recording on the incident monitor - this provides enhanced images which are more useful as evidence

• Let the police advise which incident takes precedence

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• Try to keep the second incident action on camera so that this would be recorded in time lapse mode

• Use a second close viewing monitor for second incident

• Switch or resume recording when one incident finishes

• Enter log records on completion. The same situation will require different actions if there are more than one incident recorders:

• Ensure real time recording on two monitors

• Police will advise which incident has priority

• Display the incidents on adjoining monitors

• Change from real time recording when the incident finishes

• Complete log records. Digital systems can alleviate some of the issues of dealing with multiple incidents. Computer-based hard drives provide a greater storage ability, recording all the images produced by all of the cameras. Whilst operators may be challenged to manage continuous camera coverage, at least all the images produced by all cameras may be continuously recorded.

5.4 Assisting Other Agencies

The CCTV operator provides a very useful service to statutory enforcement agencies through their ability to monitor a wide area and detect the potential for criminal activity. They also assist greatly in managing incidents, through the surveillance and tracking functionality of the CCTV system and network of cameras available. Some agencies which commonly make use of CCTV operators are:

• The police – mostly for the prevention and detection of crime. CCTV operators often spot potential trouble and by pre-warning the police can prevent escalation. As covered earlier in these learner materials, the police also use CCTV in specific, targeted operations

• The emergency services – CCTV is an invaluable tool in emergency situations. It can be used to monitor the movement of people and vehicles to allow fire and ambulance crews to operate in the most efficient way possible to protect public safety and reduce harm. A CCTV operative’s knowledge of evacuation procedures and camera locations is also be invaluable during an emergency situation

• HM Revenue and Customs, Immigration and the Port authorities – tackling the trafficking of people, drugs and other contraband is a constant battle for these agencies and CCTV is very important to enable the tracking of suspects and the provision of evidence.

• Local Authority – Highways issues. Traffic monitoring. Accidental injury claims

5.5 What Makes Someone a Target for Surveillance?

Body language is a very useful method for anticipating incidents and/or criminal acts, especially as the audio capability of cameras is not used and therefore the operator cannot hear verbal exchanges that might be happening out in the street.

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For example, space management can help operators ‘read’ a situation. Generally people only let those they trust get close to them and instinctively react when others enter their ‘intimate’ or ‘personal’ spaces un-invited or unexpectedly. However, there are times when an ‘invasion’ of this space is acceptable, such as in queues or in crowds. The main body language indicators to look for are:

• A person hiding could mean that they are under physical threat, have been involved in a fight, or are hiding from authorities due to criminal activity However, it could b something quite innocent, such as someone playing or avoiding somebody that they do not want to meet. The operator should scan the environment to determine who might be searching for the person, therefore determining whether any further action is required

• Staring could be a sign of aggression. It could be a question of checking out activity in the immediate location perhaps for criminal activity. The operator should check out what they are staring at and try to identify why they are staring

• An aggressive stance could be the sign of impending trouble. Is the aggressive stance focused at a particular subject or group of people?

• If a person has a defensive stance, the operator should try to determine if the person is under imminent threat and if so, from what?

• Someone running fast could indicate a misdemeanour or perhaps that the person is under threat. It could also mean that they are late for the bus. The operator should observe if anything is being carried and try to identify what the person is running from, or perhaps to

• A person looking behind them often could be the result of guilt or fear. It could also be because the person is nervous or uncertain or perhaps even aware of their own security or vulnerability. Again, the operator should try to identify the reason for this action

• Exaggerated actions to show innocence could be the result of having undertaken a misdemeanour. The CCTV operator should try to ascertain whether there is any activity around the person that would indicate that they have been involved in a misdemeanour

• Someone taking a repeated route on foot could be walking backwards and forwards past a potential target. Remember, this might be undertaken over a short or an extended period of time, perhaps even a few weeks

• Someone taking a repeated route by vehicle, meaning that they are leaving and returning to the same or similar location, again, over a short or longer period, could mean that they are ‘staking out’ a target or checking a get away route

• If close observation is undertaken, quick eye movements may reveal: fear; agitation, or that the person is getting ready to escape. Other facial movements should also be observed, such as muscle movements for fear or anger.

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5.6 Close Surveillance and Tracking

When carrying out close surveillance it is important that the operator is aware of a number of points that may impact on that particular operation:

• Why? What is the reason for close surveillance

• Where? Is the surveillance across a public or private area, or a static location

• When? Does the time of day, or day of the week affect the reasons

• How long? Will the surveillance be over a period of time? If so, for how long?

Then the operator needs to decide, if the surveillance will be proactive, zoomed in close onto the target, or if the camera will be in a parked position at a particular location to record movement.

5.7 Improvised Explosive Devices or IEDs

IED’s are commonly connected with terrorist action. Terrorist crime is a major global issue, practised by individuals or groups seeking to promote their political, religious or ideological aims. Despite increased concerns about terrorism it is important to keep the threat in perspective. Fortunately violent terrorist incidents are rare and for most of the population, terrorism will only remain something seen or heard about in the news. However, CCTV systems can play a major role in the fight against terrorism and operators should be constantly alert to associated terrorist activity.

An IED can be almost anything with any type of material and initiator. It is a ‘homemade’ device that is designed to cause death or injury by using explosives alone or in combination with toxic chemicals, biological toxins, or radiological material. IEDs can be produced in varying sizes, functioning methods, containers, and delivery methods. IEDs can utilize commercial or military explosives, homemade explosives, or military ordnance and ordnance components.

They are unique in nature because the IED builder has had to improvise with the materials at hand. Designed to defeat a specific target or type of target, they generally become more difficult to detect and protect against as they become more sophisticated

The major approaches for those wishing to use an IED are:

• Concealment of the device in an object such as a bag or pipe and planted into position

• Inclusion in a letter or package bomb sent or delivered

• Device placed inside a vehicle

• Explosives strapped to an individual (suicide)

• Projected missile.

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IEDs can gain be taken into a control room by being:

• Smuggled in and planted

• Walked in

• Posted in.

An IED can generally be recognised through these main identifiers:

• Grease marks on wrapping if wrapped

• Unusual odour (although this is not guaranteed)

• Visible wiring

• Unusual sound (although this is increasingly unlikely). Mailed IED – Letter bombs Operators should be suspicious of letters and packages that:

• Have an uneven weight distribution

• Are heavy for their size

• Are from an unknown source or have no return address

• Have excessive wrapping

• Have the address written with poor spelling or handwriting

• Where the addressee does not normally receive mail at that address

• Have an unidentified person call to ask if the letter or package had been received.

5.8 Target Selection

CCTV operators will encounter many different situations that require them to make quick decisions on which action to take and whether or not it is necessary to report the matter to other agencies. You will also have to decide if the persons involved or vehicles used have been identified previously as targets and whether or not it is necessary to track them using the CCTV system. The following are examples of situations that may arise:

• A stationary vehicle is only suspicious if it is in a sensitive location; is an unusual vehicle for the environment; the departure of the occupants gives grounds for suspicion; if the vehicle is parked strangely; if the vehicle has exceeded its parking period, or is a particular type of vehicle that the police are monitoring. A stationary vehicle could be the transportation for a bomb; an abandoned stolen vehicle or be one that has been involved in a criminal offence. Alternatively, it could be an entirely innocent situation

• A person appearing to be drunk, may actually be drunk. Alternatively the person might be ill and in need of assistance. The operator may observe and monitor the reaction of others to the person concerned or, if they are alone, the person should be monitored for safety purposes

• People in a store doorway after closing could indicate burglary, drug activities or indecency (sexual activity); alternatively the people concerned might be window shopping or seeking shelter. The operator should monitor the situation and the body language of those concerned

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• A person or persons running could indicate: criminal activity; minor misdemeanour, or actual/threat of violence. Alternatively it could indicate that the persons are late for an appointment or perhaps playing

• Smoke or flames, if out of the ordinary, could indicate an emergency, or it could be a controlled process. The operator should monitor the situation and call the emergency services if there is any doubt

• A crowd of people gathering could indicate an accident, a fight or somebody being taken ill. It could also be a street entertainer. The operator should observe and make a judgement on the situation

• A person wearing an oversized coat could be concealing stolen items, offensive weapons or perhaps even be involved in potential terrorist activity. Alternatively it could be a matter of fashion, personal taste or the weather! The operator should monitor body language and where the person is going

• A group gathering round a person who leaves a store might indicate theft. It could, however be friends sharing purchased goods or peer interest in legitimate purchases. The operator should observe the body language of those involved and monitor any items changing hands

• Many people visiting a person or vehicle could indicate drug dealing or the distribution of stolen property, or it could just be part of a social gathering. The operator should observe the actions of the participants and monitor any items that might be changing hands

• A person or people loitering close to a cash machine could indicate the intention of robbery or fraud. Alternatively, it could be entirely innocent. The operator will need to make a judgement on the body language of those involved

• Someone observing police or security officers could be an indication of current opportunist or planned criminal activity, but could also be entirely innocent.

5.9 Equality during Observation

Even before the Human Rights and Data Protection Acts came into force, equality was an important factor for all CCTV operators to be aware of and practice when performing CCTV monitoring duties. The SIA Standards of Behaviour for CCTV operators highlights this particular point and makes it a condition of employment. However, although it is important to be committed to equality, do not become unsure about what and when you may view, which would weaken the value of CCTV surveillance. Aspects to be mindful of include:

• Gender: concentrating on either men or women because of the way that they look, or as a result of their sexuality, is not part of the job. CCTV systems were installed to reduce crime and increase public safety, not to help spot particular types of individual. If this happens, that individual’s privacy has been invaded for no legitimate reason, and security has been reduced as the wider environment is then not being monitored

• Ethnicity: a person’s national origin. People should not be treated any differently as a result of their ethnicity

• Religion: followers of some religious groups are easily identified due to the clothes that they wear. Again, these people should not be treated any differently

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• Clothing: many different fashions provide the ‘uniform’ to be worn by those who are intent on causing trouble, violent behaviour and/or committing crime. Historically these have included: mods and rockers, punks, members of the National Front, animal rights activists, hoodies, yardies etc. There is nothing wrong in zooming into these people to record the time, date, location, description, association with others, when first located, but if no suspicious behaviour takes place, justification to continue close observation will be difficult to prove and routine camera patrols should resume. There is no harm in returning to review the situation but they should not be followed unless a justifiable request is made by the police

• Age: there is nothing wrong in zooming in on groups of young people to record the time, date, location, description, association with others, when first located, but if no suspicious behaviour takes place, then continue patrolling with the cameras. There is no harm in returning to review the situation but they should not be followed unless a request is made by the police. When systems view very young people, operators must give consideration to actions that may be considered inappropriate

• Previous convictions: even if it is known that a person in view has previous convictions, this is not a reason to follow them using the camera system. If, however, it is known that the person has convictions for thefts from cars and you spot them in a car park or close to parked cars on the street, that may be a reason for observing that person over a longer period. Remember, though, that these actions may have to be explained in the future.

The important thing to remember is that the actions or locations of the subject will determine the period of monitoring, but be aware that it is not necessary to stay zoomed into the subject unless there is a real need to gather evidence. Remember! The recording system will provide a record of that close monitoring and you may be required to give reasons for your actions.

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6 Emergency Procedures By the end of this session: The learner will understand emergency procedures in the CCTV control room and will be able to:

• State actions to be taken in the event of an access control systems failure

• State the actions to be carried out following receipt of a telephone call warning of a bomb in the CCTV control room

• State the actions to be taken if a suspicious object is found in the CCTV control room

• State the actions to be carried out if an evacuation is ordered

• State the procedures to be followed on re-occupying the CCTV control room after an evacuation

6.1 Failure of Access Control System

In the event of the access control system failing, the first thing that a CCTV operator should do is to report to their manager and then monitor all external access points. Other detailed access control systems failure procedures will be laid down in the assignment instructions, and may include any or all of the following:

• Inform the police of the system failure

• Informing other members of the CCTV team

• Switch off all monitors

• Follow procedures with regards to checking and/or resetting fuses

• Re-boot the system

• Inform the system maintenance company

• Conduct face-to-face checks to establish authorisation to access the site

• Record the situation and actions in the daily log book.

6.2 Bomb Threats

It is unlikely that you or the control room in which you operate will receive a bomb threat, however, your response will be critical in the event of such an occurrence. There are essentially three classifications of bombs, or explosive devices:

1. Bombs that cause blasts 2. Bombs that cause fire 3. Bombs that cause blasts and fire.

There are also hoax and/or threat situations.

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Receipt of a telephone bomb warning If a telephone call is received that warns of a bomb in the control room or surrounding area, the response of the person taking the call is critical. Professionally produced documents, approved by The National Counter Terrorism Security Office (NacTSO) which helps operators to record relevant information are commonly available in control rooms. However, if you receive such a call, you should:

• Ask the caller:

- When the device is due to go off - this must be the first question asked so that valuable time is not wasted

- Where the device is located - so that it can be found swiftly - What type of device it is and how will it be detonated - this will assist the

emergency services in dealing with the device - Why they are doing this - information that can be used by agencies to

evaluate the validity of the call - If they have a code - some extremist groups will give a code or a coded

warning to the intended victim, which assists in identifying the perpetrators and assessing the authenticity of the threat

• Take note of:

- Is the caller male or female? - Do they have a regional or foreign accent? - Are there any identifiable background noises? - Are they using a pay phone? - Were names used during the call? - During or after the call the number of the phone used to make the call

may be obtained by the on screen display on the telephone or by dialling 1471. Take careful note of the number if obtained, but under no circumstances call that number. Mobile phones can be used to detonate IEDs.

Handy hints

Do:

• Remain calm at all times

• Ask the caller all of the above questions

• Make notes as the call takes place

• Call 999 if the situation is an emergency

• Contact your ‘Security Co-ordinator’ in accordance with procedure

• Evacuate in accordance with procedures

Don’t:

• Become aggressive with the caller

• Treat the call as a hoax

• Try to find the device

• Use your radio or mobile phone until the all clear has been given

• Handle or move the device if it is in view

• Cause panic when raising the alarm

• Evacuate the area until authorised or advised to do so

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6.3 Searching the Area

If it is deemed safe that a CCTV operator becomes involved in a search, the search should be planned and undertaken in a specific manner. The CCTV operator should:

• Be familiar with the layout of the building or area that is being searched

• Be aware of what they are searching for

• Not alter existing environmental conditions

• Listen for suspicious sounds and be aware of unusual smells

• Be systematic by searching from floor to waist, waist to chin and then chin to ceiling, in a pattern that covers the whole of the area concerned

• Be aware of the possibility of concealment in false ceilings and floors

• Inspect wall hangings, plants and other decorations

• Not use mobile phones or radio equipment.

Actions that must be taken if a suspicious object is encountered:

• Do not move it or touch it

• Leave a distinct marker and move away

• Inform your supervisor

• Initiate evacuation of the area, dependent on procedures

• Provide details of the device to the NacTSO representative or the police

• Be available to the police and/or bomb squad.

6.4 Evacuating the Control Room

There will be clear instructions to follow when an emergency occurs in your control room. This may be as simple as evacuating the area and assembling at the evacuation point with others. However, a CCTV operator may be more directly involved in the event. The evacuation routes and assembly points will be clearly identified in the control room’s operating procedures or assignment instructions. If you are allocated a task in the event of an emergency situation occurring, it is important that it is carried out effectively and in a timely way. Carry out the task fully, step-by-step. Remain focused on the instruction and do not attempt to carry out other tasks. On evacuation of the control room:

• Follow instructions

• Undertake any task that has been allocated to you

• Ensure that you know the evacuation procedure

• Proceed to the assembly point

• Remain composed, do not run, do not shout

• Assist others where appropriate and safe to do so.

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When the evacuation of an entire building or site is required, CCTV operators also need to evacuate by the approved routes and go directly to the designated assembly points. Under no circumstances should they continue to monitor the situation/evacuation or wait for the emergency services to arrive before they evacuate. This could put the safety of the CCTV operator at risk.

6.5 Re-Occupying the Control Room

Once the authority in charge has given the all clear to return to the control room, there will be an established set of procedures for re-activation. These procedures are likely to include the following:

• Determine the systems operational status and conduct a full fault finding routine Re-establish police control contact

• Undertake a new search to determine current situation

• Review recorded data for any unusual occurrences that might have happened during the period of evacuation

• Update logs to show the elapsed time since the evacuation.

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Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Working as a CCTV Operator Learning Outcomes The learner will:

Assessment Criteria The learner can:

1. Understand CCTV Codes of Practice, Operational Procedures and Guidelines

1.1 Identify the purpose of codes of practice, operational procedures and guidelines

1.2 Identify the impact of codes of practice, operational procedures and guidelines on CCTV operations.

1.3 Identify the value of codes of practice, operational procedures and guidelines to partners, agencies and the public

1.4 Explain the term “confidentiality” as it applies to the role of a CCTV operator

1.5 State why the control room is kept as a secure environment

1.6 Identify the key features of access control systems

1.7 State the requirements for dealing with authorised and unauthorised visitors to the CCTV control room

1.8 Describe the operator’s responsibilities within the SIA Standards of Behaviour for CCTV Operators

2. Understand relevant Legislation and how it impacts on CCTV operations

2.1 Identify how Data Protection legislation impacts on the role of the CCTV operator

2.2 Identify how Human Rights legislation impacts on the role of the CCTV operator

2.3 Identify the different types of surveillance described by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers legislation

2.4 State how the main provisions of Regulation of Investigatory Powers legislation impact on CCTV operations

2.5 Identify authorisation levels required for surveillance operations under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers legislation

2.6 Explain the main provisions of Freedom of Information legislation

2.7 State how Freedom of Information legislation differs from Data Protection legislation

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Learning Outcomes The learner will:

Assessment Criteria The learner can:

2.8 Identify how Display Screen Regulations impact on the role if the CCTV operator

2.9 Identify the causes, key indicators and means of alleviating stress

3. Understand the Roles and Responsibilities of the CCTV Operator and other CCTV Staff

3.1 Describe the purpose of a CCTV system

3.2 Identify the main roles and responsibilities within a typical CCTV control room team

3.3 State the importance of accurate and timely communication up and down the reporting chain

3.4 Explain the importance of sharing information between the team and other agencies

3.5 Explain the importance of the continuity of evidence

3.6 Identify the responsibilities of the operator to produce statements and give evidence in court

3.7 State the importance of accurate and detailed note taking and record keeping

4. Understand the characteristics of a CCTV system

4.1 Identify the main components of the CCTV system

4.2 Describe the main types of CCTV cameras and mountings

4.3 Describe how technologies such as ANPR, Biometrics, Visual Recognition, Digital Recording are used with CCTV equipment

4.4 Explain the importance of dedicated communication links with third parties

5. Understand how to make effective use of CCTV equipment

5.1 Identify the main types of incidents that a CCTV operator may assist with

5.2 Identify typical crime hot spot locations

5.3 Describe how local crime and disorder issues affect CCTV operations

5.4 Explain how CCTV operators interact with third parties during an incident

5.5 Identify the appropriate options available to the CCTV operator when the law is broken

5.6 Identify ways in which the CCTV operator can assist the statutory enforcement agencies

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Learning Outcomes The learner will:

Assessment Criteria The learner can:

5.7 Describe how to recognise an Improvised Explosive Device (IED)

5.8 Explain how CCTV can assist external agencies during a bomb alert

5.9 Explain the reasons for and methods of target selection including equality issues

6. Understand Emergency Procedures in the CCTV Control Room

6.1 State actions to be taken in the event of a access control systems failure

6.2 State the actions to be carried out following receipt of a telephone call warning of a bomb in the CCTV control room

6.3 State the actions to be taken if a suspicious object is found in the CCTV control room

6.4 State the actions to be carried out if an evacuation is ordered

6.5 State the procedures to be followed on re-occupying the CCTV control room after an evacuation

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Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria Practical Operation of CCTV Equipment Learning Outcomes The learner will:

Assessment Criteria The learner can:

1. Be able to operate CCTV Equipment

1.1 Carry out functional checks of the CCTV system

1.2 Explain equipment fault reporting procedures

1.3 Demonstrate appropriate use of keypads and joysticks to operate cameras, monitors and associated equipment

1.4 Demonstrate how to overcome poor weather, lighting and positioning

1.5 Produce images of sufficient quality for evidential purposes

1.6 Record images onto storage media in an evidentially sound manner

1.7 Complete relevant documentation associated with an incident

2. Be able to demonstrate operational use of a CCTV System

2.1 Demonstrate correct radio procedures with a third party

2.2 Explain how to work with the control room team to deal with multiple incidents

2.3 Identify body language and behaviors that could indicate unusual or suspicious activity

2.4 Give clear and accurate descriptions of people, vehicles and events

2.5 Locate and track a suspect who is on foot or in a vehicle

2.6 Use cameras to view a suspect entering or leaving an area

2.7 Carry out lost contact drills

2.8 Use cameras to search the outside of buildings, streets and open spaces for suspected IEDs