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Transit Oriented Development in India:

Experiences & Lessons Learned Bankim Kalra, Team Leader, Urban Planning & Design, IBI Group

Hubli Dharwad BRT Bhubaneswar

IBI GROUP Defining the cities of tomorrow

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Where we started…

Mumbai, 1910 Calcutta, 1930 Source: http:/transpressnz.blogspot.in/2013/07/calcutta-trams-india.html Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/campwala/2948429761/sizes/z/in/photostream/


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Where we have reached…

New Delhi Chennai

Source: http://www.thehindu.com/news/in-chinas-car-lottery-hope-of-win-for-urban-future/article3848701.ece/ UTTIPEC, India


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Where we are headed…

Gurgaon Naya Raipur

IBI Group IBI Group

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WHAT TOD IS NOT…

high densities + tall buildings

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WHAT TOD IS NOT…

isolated developments

METRO CASH

AND CARY

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WHAT TOD IS NOT…

only higher order transit

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WHAT TOD IS NOT…

only in greenfield areas

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WHAT TOD IS NOT…

a solution to all urban problems

75% of our cities are middle class- need a large supply of smaller sized homes

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TOD: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN PLANNING INDIAN CITIES

• Forces mirco-level planning using the transit

station as a catalyst investment

• “Smart Growth Strategy”- both land and

infrastructure are used efficiently

• Compact nodes of moderate-to-high density

• Context Sensitive Design: Greenfield |

Redevelopment | Urban Infill

• Mix of pedestrian-friendly land uses

accessible from transit stations

• Walking & cycling as the primary modes for

mobility

• Integrating the Informal Sector in Station Area

Planning

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T = Transit frequency and

usefulness

O = Orienting infrastructure

for making pedestrian

connections between transit

and development

D = Development featuring

a mix of uses and densities

Source: Dena Belzer, Strategic Economics

DEMYSTIFYING TOD DEFINING TOD

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TOD IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT

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“Now, I am able to combine and

comprehend the meaning of "Bus do

kadam", "75 m" and "400-600m“ which

collectively signifies that the Bus should

be available within do kadam i.e. within a

walking distance.”

Mr. L.K. Panigrahi, Chief Engineer (Projects)

Naya Raipur Development Authority

TOD NATIONAL LEVEL GUIDANCE DOCUMENT

The Sustainable Urban

Transport Project (SUTP) is a

capacity building programme

that is jointly funded by MoUD,

GEF, World Bank and UNDP

Objectives:

• Guidance Document for

TOD

• 2 City Specific Plans:

Mumbai and Bhopal

• Empanel consultants for

assistance to cities

• Dissemination and capacity

building workshops

Guidance Document Objective & Target Users

PLANNING AUTHORITY Development Authority

State Urban Development or Transport Department

Municipal Corporations/ Urban Local Body

Town And Country Planning Department

Special Planning Authority

TRANSIT AGENCY Transit Agency or Special Purpose

Vehicle (SPV) for BRTS/ Metro Rail

Bus Transport Department

Indian Railways Department

Other Transportation Agency

TARGET USERS OBJECTIVE

TOD PRINCIPLES


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TOD PLANNING SCALES

Successful TODs are a result of coordinated planning policies

implemented consistently at varying geographic scales- regional, city,

corridor, neighbourhood, and site - over a time period of 10-20 years.

TOD Planning in India TOD Experience in India

The Indian TOD Experience So Far… Delhi NCR


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Citywide TOD Policy

• Goals:

• Reduce private mode share

• Provide easy public transport access

• Introduced Street Design Guidelines

• Proposed mix of housing for new and redevelopment projects

• Mandatory decentralized infrastructure for all Station Influence Zone Plans

• Proposed parking policy

• Mechanisms of cross subsidy, additional FAR and density bonuses for delivering affordable housing, public infrastructure and public transport facilities

• Additional benefits for green building compliance

• Land pooling policy to encourage public-private land assembly

The Indian TOD Experience So Far… Bangalore


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Corridor Planning- Bangalore


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Station Area Planning- Bangalore


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Station Area Planning- Bangalore

Total Routes: 12 (TR1-

TR4, SR1-SR8)

Operational Route: TR-4

Bairagarh- Misrod

BRT Stops: 47

Length: 23.95 km

Misrod Nature of Transit: Bhopal (BRTS)

Nature of Transit: Bhopal (MRTS)

Integration of BRTS and MRTS 5 MRTS Proposed Routes

Integration of BRTS and MRTS

Integration of BRTS and MRTS


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Regulations based Corridor Planning- Ahmedabad

• Proposed Local Area Plans with 4 overlay zones

• Differential FSI- high in CBD area, along Sabarmati riverfront and transit corridor

• Removed height restrictions

• Increased ground coverage from existing 30% to 51%

• Premium FSI for energy efficient buildings

• Mandatory water harvesting, waste water reuse and solar energy for plot areas > 5000 sqm

Why is TOD important for Mumbai?

Walk 52%

Train 25%

Bus 12%

Rickshaw

4%

Taxi 1%

Two-Wheeler

4% Car 2%

1. High Dependence on Public

Transport (Source: CTS 2006)

2. Growing Demand for Private

Vehicles and Intermediate

Public Transport (Source: CTS 2006)

Why is TOD important for Mumbai?

3. Cultural Acceptance of High

Density Mixed Use Living

4. Cumbersome First and Last

Mile Connections

AFFORDABILITY AND INCLUSION

In Transit – High In Housing – Low

OVERUTILIZATION OF FSI INCENTIVES

Redevelopment on smaller parcels – Khetwadi Incentive parking – Matunga Incentive parking – Matunga

OVERUTILIZATION OF FSI INCENTIVES – INFRASTRUCTURE DEFICIT

Redevelopment

without supportive

infrastructure upgrade

View of a courtyard in a Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (Still from Avjit Mukul Kishore’s film Vertical City

WALKABILITY

Good Sidewalks – Versova Metro

No sidewalks – Western Express Highway Metro

Churchgate

WALKABILITY

Arcades – DN Road / CST Station http://travel.priyankawriting.com/page/4

Skywalk – Grant Road Station http://blog.zanilhyder.info/2011/07/mumbai-sky-walks/

WALKABILITY

Permeable Commercial Blocks – Andheri Station

Gated Commercial Blocks – Elphinstone and Lower Parel http://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/59871470.jpg

UNREGULATED BUILDING INTERFACE

Shop line – Matunga Dead Frontage of a Parking Lot – Elphinstone Station http://favelissues.com/2013/11/10/a-city-rising-mumbai-in-a-few-photographs/

LACK OF MULTIMODAL INTEGRATION

Bandra Station http://mumbai-eyed.blogspot.in/2013_09_01_archive.html

LACK OF LAND PRIORITIZATION FOR GROWTH

Increasing Pressure on Eco-Sensitive Land http://www.homerealty.in/projects/raheja-exotica-sorento-in-madh-island-malad-west_49.htm

Underutilized Land near Transit Stations – DN Nagar

UNMET RETAIL DEMAND

Informal Market outside Borivali Station http://eprahaar.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/BORIVALI-FERIWALE.jpg

Informal Market outside Kurla Station http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-kurla-station-premises-to-become-satis-factory/16004173

MUMBAI: ASLAPHA STATION AREA PLAN

Versova-Andheri-

Ghatkopar Metro Corridor

Total Stations: 12

Length: 10.821 km

Asalpha Station Area – Study Area Definition

1. Natural Features 2. Road Alignment

3. Property Boundaries 4. Neighbourhood Units

Definition Rationalization

Asalpha Station Area - Characteristics

Station Area Traffic and Parking Management Plan

Hyper TOD Zone – No Parking

Medium Density – 0.35 per 100 sq.m.

Low Density – 0.5 per 100 sq.m.

Amenities - 0.1 per 100 sq.m.

Land Assembly Plan

Asalpha Station Area Urban Form - Proposed

Proposed aerial view from east

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Multi- Scale Bus- based TOD Planning…Bhubaneswar

Site Planning in Bhubaneswar

OBJECTIVES

Balance all modes with a focus on Pedestrian Priority

Reconnect the site with surrounding areas

Future-proof & Integrate Multi-Modal Transit solutions

A vibrant 24x7 Town Centre and a new cultural & arts

destination for city residents and visitors

Make it Happen! Focus on Implementation

Self- Financing | Market Driven | Phasing | Inclusive

Development

10- POINT STRATEGY

MASTER PLAN PRECINCTS

INTERCHANGE ZONE

PEDESTRIAN ZONE

DEVELOPMENT ZONE

STATION

ZONE

PARKING

ZONE

PARKING

ZONE

1 BBSR

2 Drop-off / Pick-up

3 IPT Parking

4 Passenger

Amenities

5 Bus Terminal

6 Retail frontage

7 BRT Stop

8 Signalized

Crossing +

Pedestrian

Subway

9 Retail + Office +

Residential +

Convention

Centre + Hotel

(Phase I)

10 Ashoka Market +

Programme

based on market

trends (Phase II)

11 MLP

12 Mela Prangan

13 Amphitheater

14 Pedestrian Path-

way (Haat)

15 Nehru Park

16 Jayprakash

Narayan Park

TOD Vision

1. RAILWAY STATION EXPANSION

3. TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

• MIXED-USE | RETAIL – OFFICE- HOTEL- CONVENTION

CENTRE- RESIDENTIAL • STATION ACCESSIBILITY | COMPLETE STREETS-

PEDESTRIAN ONLY ZONES- ACTIVE PEDESTRIAN

SUBWAYS

4. RECONFIGURE TRAFFIC CIRCULATION

5. TRANSIT PLAZA AS A CULTURAL HUB

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TOD IN A GREENFIELD CONTEXT

DESIGNING A NEW CITY FOR SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY

Comprehensively planned new cities offer an important solution

to meet the nation’s urban crisis

Opportunity to create high-quality sustainable “places”

Reconnect people and planning proactively

Upfront infrastructure development

Strong leadership support and political will

Enable design of community driven processes and systems

Challenges

Population composition unknown- who will be the end user?

Employment Generators?

Local Real Estate Market capacity?

The Indian TOD Experience So Far… Naya Raipur (Greenfield)

• Incorporated a new chapter in

NRDP-2031

• Defined TOD Influence Zones or

Station Areas

Primary Zone (400m)

Secondary Zone (800m)

Catchment Area (> 800m)

• Transit Supportive Development

Code as a tool to encourage TOD

principles at site level

• Participatory planning through

workshops and stakeholder

consultations

• Weak response from private sector

in absence of economic drivers

• No on-ground TOD projects

constructed yet

Study on Naya Raipur TOD, India

Relevant Projects Urban Land Urban Design Transport

CURRENT STATUS

• Most cities have undertaken policy-level interventions to promote

TOD:

• Delhi (UTTIPEC): Master Plan Modifications along metro corridors +

Station Area Planning underway + Joint Station Development (DMRC)

• Naya Raipur (NRDA): Updated DCRs and Master Plan to include TOD

supportive regulations

• Ahmedabad (AUDA): Development Control Regulations (DCRs) and

Development Plan Updated along BRTS corridor as a Special Zone

(TOZ)

• Mumbai (MCGM): Draft Development Plan Update concentrated

densities along rail corridors (metro + commuter)

• Bengaluru (BMRCL): Joint Station Development and increased

densities along metro corridor + DULT: Station Accessibility Plans

• Hyderabad (HMDA): Transit Oriented Growth Centres + Transit Nodes

at policy level along metro

• Bhopal (UADD): Transit Oriented Citywide Plan

LESSONS LEARNED

• Densification along transit corridors needs to be

tailored to match transit and infrastructure

capacity

• Accessibility + Last Mile Connectivity are more

critical than densification

• Singular uses near stations prevalent: a balance of

employment + residential uses needed

• Lack of coordination between Transit Agency and

Development Authorities/ ULBs: ambiguity in which

agency implements and enforces TOD projects

• Perception that suburban TODs relatively easier

compared to built-up areas

• Few completed TOD projects in the country

• Private sector participation weak in TOD projects

Way Forward…

Hubli Dharwad BRT Bhubaneswar

HONG KONG, CHINA

MTR Rail + Property Joint Development Model:

• Maximize the limited area available for

development

MTR Mass Transit Railway Corporation acting as:

• The Transit Operator

• Real Estate Developer

• The Master Planner

• Property Manager

Station Area Planning and Podium Development

HONG KONG, CHINA – HONG KONG STATION

• The station is a prime example of how TOD can be

integrated successfully in existing urban areas

• Major office‐retail‐hotel complex in the urban core

& an intermodal connection point

TAX INCREMENT FINANCING: NORTH AMERICA


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CHALLENGES IN CREATING TODs

• Conflicting Policies &

Values

• Overlapping Institutional

Responsibilities

• Timing of Transit & Land

Use Decisions

• Obsolete Development

Regulations

• Lack of structure in Real

Estate Markets

• Technical Capacities

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