beyond modern 1920s – de stijl international style post-war design neo-modernism
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Beyond Modern 1920s –
De Stijl
International Style
Post-war design
Neo-modernism
De Stijl (1917-1931)
1. Painting is an autonomous interworking of form, surface and color
2. Sought to eliminate all traces of the emotional and personal in art
3. Neo-plasticism – return design to its most primal, basic elements (color and line)
De Stijl (1917-1931)
Piet Mondrian – artist
Gerrit Reitveld – architect
Theo van Doesburg – graphic designer
Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue, Mondrian, 1930
•about nothing more than line & color•white voids of space•planes of color•structure—black lines
Red, Yellow, Blue Chair, Gerrit Rietveld, 1917
(Painted in 1921) Beechwood and plywood construction
•originally black & white•black is structure/white is space
•color starts to communicate function•yellow represents wood itself
Berlin Chair, Gerrit Rietveld, 1923
•black & white—positive & negative•exploring relationship between opposites
Theo Van Doesburg•Mondrian—too complex; doesn’t like direction, leaves group
Zig Zag Chair, Gerrit Rietveld,
1934
•cantilevered chair—small supports•plywood•starting to explore
began using diagonals in axonometric
form
Schroeder House, Gerrit Rietveld, 1924, Utrecht
hired Rietveld because she believed structure would help to mold her children in their formative years
liked the idea of putting his building in
with all the old, classical homes of the
area—for more of a contrast
•color was only used as an accent•balance between linear black components and planar white surface
moveable walls—solving problems of open floor plans
like taking one of Mondrian’s paintings & making it 3D—Rietveld used color to define space
Berlin Chair
The International Style
•modern movement eventually becomes the international style•not synonymous—modernists were too cold; evolved to international style•something anyone across the globe could appreciate
Scandanavian Modernism
Alvar Aalto
(1898-1976)
Viipuri Municipal Library, Alvar Aalto,
1933-35 Viipuri, Russia
•undulating ceiling•very open—lots of natural light
loved wood—organic nature of ceiling responds to organic nature of wood
Chair 68, Stool 60, Viipuri Library, c. 1932, birch
•bentwood is used again—for its warmth•very simply made•meant to be mass produced
Paimio Sanitorium, Alvar Aalto,
1929-39
Paimio, Finland
•won architectural competition for design in 1929
Paimio Scroll Chair, 1930-31bent laminated and solid birch frame with lacquered bent plywood seat
•sled base—meant to moveable•not cantilevered•looks a little more inviting and comfortable than some•all furniture designed by Aalto & wife
Lounge Chair #43, 1936, bent laminated and solid birch frame with textile webbing
Charles and Ray Eames
•war takes all materials—really have to be innovative•MoMA creates competitions to promote furniture design/development•turn away from the austerity of Bauhaus and create “post war design”—war makes design stop in Europe and turn to U.S. for first time
Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen
LCW, 1945
Organic Design in Home Furnishings – 1940
(exhibition/competition)
•appreciate idea of bentwood—but they bend it in all 3 dimensions•conforms to body
1st version—winning design
Organic Design in Home Furnishings – 1940
(exhibition/competition)
Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen
LCM, 1946
•shell—anything user touches—seat & back•substructure & legs—reduced to a minimum
2nd version—winning design
Eames Lounge Chair & Ottoman, 1956
•highly regarded as status symbol—even more comfortable & soft•rosewood ply & leather seat—shell•cast aluminum base—structure
follows idea of shell & structure
shell
structure
Eames House, Case Study House #8— Santa Monica, CA
•Charles met Ray at school and married•interested in creating housing that was easy & cheap to build
Eames House, Case Study House #8—Santa Monica, CA
general structure
metal truss
studio
•corrugated metal roof exposed as texture•loved to collect things—very eclectic•simple planar geometry•strong interest in Asian culture
•can see impact of glass in design—looking out huge cliff over the ocean
textile caterpillar—piece of artwork
collection
topped stairs with skylight to create a shaft of light
Florence Knoll (1917- )
Chromed base. Hardwood frame
covered with expanded foam. Cushions in foam at variable density - not
removable
10mm thick glass on a triple chrome plated bar stock
steel.
Knoll tables & sofa—but who designed the chairs?—success lies in ability to “snatch up” popular pieces of
furniture for manufacture
interior designer in her own right—influenced heavily by Eames’
connection with the De Stijl movement—
sense of clear geometry, color &
planes
most famous commission—CBS headquarters
Richard Neutra (1892 - 1970)•from Europe but comes to U.S.
•created a modern regionalism for Southern California—”California Style” relative to modernism
•combined a light metal frame with a stucco finish
•creates light, effortless appearance
tries to connect you to the outside—view, reflecting pond, wood
•abstraction of nature•architecture extends & integrates with nature•interiors are as if “you are on stage”
furniture becomes
a little more
scultpural
•furniture not placed against walls—walls become view•fireplace on one wall of one material becomes popular
created spaces where you can move in and out
seamlessly
Philip Johnson (1906 - 2005 )
“All architecture is shelter, all great
architecture is the design of space that contains, cuddles,
exalts, or stimulates the persons in that
space.”
Glass House, Philip Johnson, New Caanan, CT
(1949) all about technology—the ability to have a glass house
bathroombathroom
architecture is very diminished
•living/dining area—using textiles to delineate space•selected a suite of Mies van der Rohe’s furniture
fine art pieces used intermittently
bedroom & bathroom
guest house for privacy—a study in opposites
1950s• post WWII prosperity – consumerism
– hit an all time high• suburban utopia• boom in home ownership
1950s• clean lines and simplicity• mass produced furniture• softer, warmer forms (Aalto, Eames)• good design derived from technology
Atomic Age
Tulip Furniture
named for the dropping of the atomic bomb
Eero Saarinen—1957•just one leg—wanted to clear up the “slum” of legs•one leg make piece appear more weightless
•new technologies help to create new aesthetic—unbroken line/molded furniture•flared, circular aluminum base
Chickenwire Chair•Harry Bertoia —worked for Knoll—sculptor•molded furniture—mostly made of air•welded steel rods—visually light
eventually padded entire front
Noguchi Table, 1950s
Isamu Noguchi•designed for Herman Miller•plate glass top—freeform, sculpted bases•creates a sense of weightlessness
Egg Chair Arne Jacobsen
•single aluminum base•usually leather upholstery•etiquette becoming very informal
1960s• youth emerged as a strong market force• social taboos/traditions came under attack• prosperity in western economies• jet travel and the space race (adventure)
• 1940s—recovering from war• 1950s—”domestic bliss”
Globe Chair, Eero Aarnio, 1960very casual
designer, Eero Aarnio
somewhat similar to streamlined moderne
t.v. design informed by space suit
Model 400, Roger Tallon, 1964
polished aluminum frame with latex-foam seating•reflective nature of polished aluminum makes support “blend” into surroundings
Ribbon Chair, Pierre Paulin, 1966
•bent, tubular metal frame•tensioned rubber seat over top
•filled with latex foam cushion•fabric cover
Bouloum Chair, Oliver Mourgue, 1968human form clearly dictating furniture
Blow Chair, by De Pas, D'urbino,
Lomazzi & Scolari in 1967
•first mass produced inflatable chair•more of a youth culture statement •utilizes new materials & technology •questioned presumed permanence associated with furniture •emphasized disposability
Anatomical easy-chair
•envelope containing highly resistant expanded polystyrene pellets•cover in Nailpelle, Lancio or leather.
Sacco, Gatti, Paolini, Teodoro, 1969
1960's Kartell Storage Unit
•original storage container element (model 4970) •designed by Anna Castelli Ferrieri for Kartell Italy c1967•constructed from white ABS plastic•consists of two interlocking units—the lower one on casters
Vanna Venturi House, Robert Venturi, 1964, Chestnut Hill, PA•does not follow classical theory
•uses a version of modern ideals—in opposing manner
archarch
large voidlarge void
led to the development of postmodernism in architecture during the 1970s
Venturi’s theories advocate the use
of historical allusion and
symbolism, while rejecting the
perceived sterility of orthodox
modern buildings
1970s• energy crisis of 1973• petroleum by-products increase in price
– plastic becomes too expensive
• socially responsible design approach• environmental and economic concerns
•low-income housing for predominantly African American
•consists of 33 11-story apartment buildings on a 57 acre site
•totaling 2,870 apartments
Pruitt-Igoe, Pruitt-Igoe, St. Louis St. Louis MissouriMissouri
•shortly after its completion, living conditions began to decay
•by the late 1960s, the extreme poverty, crime, and segregation brought the complex a great deal of infamy
Pruitt-IgoePruitt-Igoe
•demolished within 20 years of completion
•critics have cited the failure as an example of how planned urban communities often fail
•designed as an attempt to emulate the public housing projects in NYC, but with little regard for the vast difference in economies and population distributions in the two cities
•claimed to mark the day that “modern architecture died”
Wiggle Chair, Frank Gehry, 1972
•exploration in new materials—corrugated, laminated cardboard
•shows that cardboard can look elegant & has remarkable strength and resilience
•cantilevered
•really heavy; not very moveable
Little Beaver Chair, Frank Gehry, 1980
1970s interior by Joe Columbo
•exhibition vignette
•shows that social taboos becoming even less formal
high tech architectu
reincorporates elements of high-tech
industry and technology into building design
Pompidou Center, Rogers and Piano, 1977, Paris
mechanical systems exposed and color coded
Postmodernism
Piazza d’Italia, Charles Moore, 1976, New OrleansPiazza d’Italia, Charles Moore, 1976, New Orleanstake classical references and do whatever you want with
them—should not be held to rigid examples
color is used for the sake of color—doesn’t look as if it is about form; more about plane
1980s• caricature of classical details• breaking of the “rules”• color for the sake of color• the end of “drab rationalism”
Portland Building, Michael Graves, 1980, Portland
postmodernism sometimes referred to as a caricature of classical features
•criticized not only by design community, but by Portlanders as well
•windows bevel in—no regard to Portland weather
•workers in building have high incidence of sickness
Chippendale and Queen Anne, Robert Venturi, 1984 (silk screen printed,
molded plywood)postmodernism sometimes referred to as a caricature of
classical features
•MEMPHIS was a Milan-based collective of young furniture and product designers—debuted in 1981 & led by Ettore Sottsass
•after its 1981 debut, Memphis dominated the early 1980s design scene with its post-modernist style
Kandinsky Sofa, Sottsass, 1979 lacquered wood and textile
“acting out” against neutrals—attack it with color, pattern & form
Carlton (name of
piece), Sottsass (designer), 1981
bookcase/shelving unit
Ginza Robot, Umeda, c. 1980
•laminates become all the rage
•completely dishonest in use of materials
First Chair, de Lucchi, c. 1980
•Memphis style split the design world
•caused a media sensation after years of drab rationalism
Kristall End Table, de
Lucchi, c. 1980
Ettore Sottsass: 1980's Memphis Design Modern Tahiti Lamp
•polychrome enameled metal "duck" •with pivoting head •mounted on a black and white confetti-patterned laminate base
1990s• self-contained structures• new age of architects using
logarithmic equations to design• human form now a “lab rat”
A to Z lineAndrea Zittel; 1993-94
•self-contained structures•furniture can almost fold into a box when it is time to move
Aronoff Center of Design, (DAAP Building, University of Cincinnati, Peter Eisenman,
1996part of the new age of architects using logarithmic equations to design
four stories tall
looks like building is slipping…
…like it is not stable“spine” connects three different buildings
•interiors mimic exterior haphazard nature
•columns don’t seem to support large mass
geometries collide violently
•almost intentionally making occupants feel uncomfortable
•human form is now nothing more than a “lab rat”—compare to age of the Vitruvian man
•angles sometimes even appear to decapitate users
Aeron Chair, Donald Chadwick and William Stumpf, 1992
•combines distinctive looks with pioneering ergonomics
•adapts naturally and adjusts precisely to fit people of all sizes and postures doing all kinds of activities, all day long
•recycled aluminum and fiberglass reinforced polyester frame and base with polyester mesh seat and back