best water reuse practices for golf course irrigation

Dr. Valentina LAZAROVA Suez Environnement, France

François BRISSAUDUniversité Montpellier 2, France

Akiça BAHRIInternational Water Management Institute, Ghana

Marrakech, May 28th, 2008

Best water reuse practices for golf course irrigation

22 décembre 2005

LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, 2

Outline

Main Drivers of Water Reuse and Challenges for Sustainable Irrigation with Recycled WaterPrincipal Measures for Golf Course Irrigation with Recycled Water

Wastewater treatment and storageControl of recycled water applicationAccess restriction, human exposure control and education

Conclusions

22 décembre 2005


Main Drivers of Water ReuseIncreased demand for waterReduced availability of water supplyEnvironment protectionImpact of the new laws, policies & regulationsPublic awareness and politic pressure

Increase in drinking water priceSustainable development

Water reuse is included in several state/national policies (Australia, California, Cyprus, Florida, Israel, Jordan, Spain, Tunisia) More and more regulations introduce requirements for water reuse (volume, %, given types of reuse as golf courses, high-rise buildings or industry)

22 décembre 2005


Water Quality Criteria for Water ReusePublic health

protectionEnvironmentaland agronomic

impactsOther concerns

• Microbiologicalparametersshort-termbiological risk ofinfection

• Chemicalcompoundslong-termbiological risk oftoxicity

• Environmentaladverse effects

1) on aquifers2) on soils3) on flora and fauna

• Agronomicaspects

1) on crops2) on soil properties

• Technicalconstraints

1) irrigation systems2) treatment trains

• Political oreconomic pressure

• Public perception1) aesthetics2) safety of use

3) storage&distribution

Water Quality Criteria for Water ReusePublic health

protectionEnvironmentaland agronomic

impactsOther concerns

• Microbiologicalparametersshort-termbiological risk ofinfection

• Chemicalcompoundslong-termbiological risk oftoxicity

• Environmentaladverse effects

1) on aquifers2) on soils3) on flora and fauna

• Agronomicaspects

1) on crops2) on soil properties

• Technicalconstraints

1) irrigation systems2) treatment trains

• Political oreconomic pressure

• Public perception1) aesthetics2) safety of use

3) storage&distribution

Main Criteria Influencing the Choice of Recycled Water Quality for Irrigation

22 décembre 2005


Levels of risks associated with different types of crops irrigated with recycled water

Lowest risk to consumer, but field

worker must be protected

Medium riskto consumer and handler

Highest risk to consumer, field worker

and handler

• Industrial crops not for human consumptionCrops normally processed by heat or drying before human consumptionVegetables and fruit grown for canning or other processFodder crops and other crops that are sun-dried and harvested before consumption by animals

• Pasture, fodder crops. Crops for human

consumption that do not come into direct contact with wastewater and that spray irrigation must not be used Crops for human consumption normally eaten only after cookingCrops for human consumption, the peel of which is not eatenAny crop not identified as high-risk if sprinkler irrigationis used

Any crops eaten uncookedand grown in close contact with wastewater effluent (fresh vegetables such as lettuce or carrots, or spray-irrigated fruits)

Spray irrigation regardless of type of crop within 100 m of residential areas or places of public access

22 décembre 2005


WHO 2006: Health protection measuresLog

pathogenremoval

Thermo -tolerant coliform(or E. coli)

UNRESTRICTEDIRRIGATION

RESTRICTEDIRRIGATION

A B C D E F G* H*0-

1- T

2-T

3-

T T T

4- DO

5- DOW

DI(H)

DI(L)

6-

7-

10 7 - 10 8

10 6 - 10 7

10 5 - 10 6

10 4 - 10 5

10 3 - 10 4

10 3

10 2 - 10 3

10 - 10 2

0 - 10W

Labor

int.

Highly

mec .

Subsur -faceirr.

Root Leaf

•= where children under 15 years are exposedT = treatment; W = washing of produce; DO = die-off; DI = drip irrigation (L=low growing cops; H=high growing

crops)

TT

T

T

*Source: Kamizoulis, 2006

22 décembre 2005


WHO, 2006: Recommended minimum verification monitoring of microbial parameters

22 décembre 2005


Landscape Irrigation and Other Urban Uses Stringent regulations (principle of precaution)

Fecal ColiformsNot detected (USEPA)2.2 /100 mL (Canada)10 /100 mL (Japan)14 /100 mL (90%) (EPA-UK, draft)25 /100 mL (75%) (Florida)100 /100 mL (Germany, draft)200 /100 mL (WHO, parcs)

E.coli0/100 mL (Spain, 2007)10 /100 mL (Victoria, Australia)

Other Parameters

Turbidity <1 to <5 NTU

TSS < 5 to < 30 mg/l

BOD <5 to <20 mg/L

Clresidual 1 mg/L

100 /100 mL (CEE, bathing water)

Total Coliforms

2.2 /100 mL (California)

10 /100 mL (NSW, Australia)

Fecal ColiformsNot detected (USEPA)2.2 /100 mL (Canada)10 /100 mL (Japan)14 /100 mL (90%) (EPA-UK, draft)25 /100 mL (75%) (Florida)100 /100 mL (Germany, draft)200 /100 mL (WHO, parcs)

E.coli0/100 mL (Spain, 2007)10 /100 mL (Victoria, Australia)

Other Parameters

Turbidity <1 to <5 NTU

TSS < 5 to < 30 mg/l

BOD <5 to <20 mg/L

Clresidual 1 mg/L

100 /100 mL (CEE, bathing water)

Total Coliforms

2.2 /100 mL (California)

10 /100 mL (NSW, Australia)

22 décembre 2005


Degree of restriction on use Potential irrigation problems Unit None Slight to moderate Severe

SALINITY ECw =Electrical conductivity at 25°C dS/m < 0.7 0.7 to 3.0 > 3.0 TDS mg / L < 450 450 to 2000 > 2000 SOIL WATER INFILTRATION: ifmultaneous influence of SAR and ECw if SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) = 0 to 3 & ECw = > 0.7 0.7 to 0.2 < 0.2 if SAR = 3 to 6 & ECw = > 1.2 1.2 to 0.3 < 0.3 if SAR = 6 to 12 & ECw = > 1.9 1.9 to 0.5 < 0.5 if SAR = 12 to 20 & ECw = > 2.9 2.9 to 1.3 < 1.3 if SAR = 20 to 40 & ECw = > 5.0 5.0 to 2.9 < 2.9 SPECIFIC ION TOXICITY

Root absorption SAR < 3 3 to 9 > 9 Foliar absorption meq / L < 3 > 3 - Sodium (Na) mg / L < 70 > 70 -

Boron (B) mg / L < 1.0 1.0 to 2.0 > 2.0 Root absorption meq / L < 2 2 to 10 > 10 mg / L < 70 70 to 355 > 355 Foliar absorption meq / L < 3 > 3 - Chloride(Cl)

mg / L < 100 > 100 - MISCELLANEOUS EFFECTS Residual chlorine (Cl2) mg / L < 1.0 1 to 5 > 5

meq / L < 1.5 1.5 to 8.5 > 8.5 Bicarbonate (HCO3) Foliar deposits mg / L < 90 90 to 500 > 500 pH normal 6.5 to 8.4

Agronomic Parameters

Ada

pted

from

FA

O, F

ood

and

Agr

icul

ture

Org

aniz

atio

n of

the

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

, Wat

er q

ualit

y fo

r irri

gati o

n , Ir

riga t

ion

and

Dra

inag

e P

aper

n°2

9,

by A

yers

, R. S

. and

Wes

c ot,

D. W

., R

ome,

Ital

y, 1

985.

22 décembre 2005


Wastewater treatment and storageControl of recycled water applicationAccess restriction, human exposure control and education

22 décembre 2005


Code of Practices

Critical step for health protection

Wastewater

Wastewater Treatment

Storage

Application, type of irrigation

Barrier to pathogens


Protection measure

Crop RestrictionHuman Exposure

ControlHarvesting Measures

Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure

Wastewater

Wastewater Treatment

Storage

Application, type of irrigation



Protection measure

Crop RestrictionHuman Exposure

ControlHarvesting Measures

Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure

22 décembre 2005


Wastewatertreatment

Partial

Secondary

Tertiary

Full

Health Protection MeasuresGood

PracticesSafety Credit

Exposurecontrol

Education

Signs

Applicationcontrol

Restrictionmeasures

On Crops

On Access

Localized Irrigation

Cultivation practice

Surface&SprinklerIrrigation

Wastewatertreatment

Wastewatertreatment

Partial

Secondary

Tertiary

Full

Partial

Secondary

Tertiary

Full

PartialPartial

SecondarySecondary

TertiaryTertiary

FullFull

Health Protection MeasuresGood

PracticesSafety Credit

Exposurecontrol

Education

Signs

Education

Signs

Education

Signs

Applicationcontrol

Restrictionmeasures

On Crops

On Access

On Crops

On Access

On Crops

On Access

Localized IrrigationLocalized Irrigation

Cultivation practice

Surface&SprinklerIrrigation

Guidance for Selection of Health Protection Measures for Irrigation with Recycled Water

Low health risk can be ensuredby a combinationof control measures giving at least 6 safety credit units

Mandatory

22 décembre 2005


22 décembre 2005


Pre-treatment- Coarse Screens

- Fine Screens- Grit Removal

- Grease Removal

Primary Treatment- Settling Tanks

- Lamella- Chemicals

Secondary Treatment- Activated Sludge

- Clarifiers- Combined technologies

Tertiary Treatment- Biofilters

- Sand filters-Lamella

- Disinfection

Air

Removal of:• Rags • Grit

• Oil and grease

Removal of:• Suspended solids• Carbon pollution

(partial)

Removal of:• Carbon pollution

• N removal• Suspended solids

Removal of:• Nitrogen

• Phosphorus• Suspended solids• Microorganisms

Wastewater Treatment Levels

22 décembre 2005


PRETREATMENT PRIMARY SETTLING

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT CLARIFICATION

THICKNENING SLUDGE DIGESTION

FLOTATION

DEWATERING

SLUDGETREATMENT SYSTEM

WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

PRETREATMENT PRIMARY SETTLING

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT CLARIFICATION

THICKNENING SLUDGE DIGESTION

FLOTATION

DEWATERING

SLUDGETREATMENT SYSTEM

WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

Secondary (biological) treatment is required in Europe and is mandatory before water reuse

22 décembre 2005


Evolution of wastewater quality during treatment

3-64-85-95-2030-90

Streptococci

(log)

Fecal coliforms

(log)

Coliforms(log)

BOD5

(mg/L)COD

(mg/L)

Raw sewage

Secondary effluent

Tertiary effluent

22 décembre 2005


Water Reuse for IrrigationTypical Treatment Schemes and Standards

Primarysettling

Industrial crops, forests

WHO, cat. A: <1 helm eg/L; <1000 FC/100 mL

Coagulationflocculation

Fe3+, Al3+

Pretreatment

Pretreatment Activated sludge,Trickling filters

Infiltration / percolation

Clarifier

Human exposure

Noexposure

Israel (60 mg BOD/L ; 50 mgSS/L)

Industrial crops, forestsPasture, cooked vegetables, fruits

Australia (<3000 and <750 FC/100 mL)California (<23 TC/100 mL)Catalonia (<1000 FC/100 mL)EPA, US (<200 FC /100 mL)South Africa (<1000 FC/100 mL)WHO, cat. A: <1 helm eg/L; <1000 FC/100 mL

Rawsewage

Rawsewage

WHO, cat. B (< 1 helm.eg/L)

Facultativestabilisation ponds

Maturation pondsAnaerobic

ponds

Cl, UV, O3

Chlorination

Pasture, cooked vegetables, fruits, vegetables eaten raw

Arizona, Florida (not detec. FC/100 mL)

California (<2.2 TC/100 mL)Canary Islands (<2.2 TC/100 mL)Israel (<2.2 TC/100 mL)

Rawsewage

Rapid sand filtration

Cl,UV,O3Rapid filtration

Rawsewage

Primarysettling

Pretreatment ClarifierFiltration

DisinfectionCl, UV, O3

Coag/flocculation

Activated sludgeTrickling filters

Primarysettling

Industrial crops, forests

WHO, cat. A: <1 helm eg/L; <1000 FC/100 mL

Coagulationflocculation

Fe3+, Al3+

Pretreatment

Pretreatment Activated sludge,Trickling filters

Infiltration / percolation

Clarifier

Human exposure

Noexposure

Israel (60 mg BOD/L ; 50 mgSS/L)

Industrial crops, forestsPasture, cooked vegetables, fruits

Australia (<3000 and <750 FC/100 mL)California (<23 TC/100 mL)Catalonia (<1000 FC/100 mL)EPA, US (<200 FC /100 mL)South Africa (<1000 FC/100 mL)WHO, cat. A: <1 helm eg/L; <1000 FC/100 mL

Rawsewage

Rawsewage

WHO, cat. B (< 1 helm.eg/L)

Facultativestabilisation ponds

Maturation pondsAnaerobic

ponds

Cl, UV, O3

Chlorination

Pasture, cooked vegetables, fruits, vegetables eaten raw

Arizona, Florida (not detec. FC/100 mL)

California (<2.2 TC/100 mL)Canary Islands (<2.2 TC/100 mL)Israel (<2.2 TC/100 mL)

Rawsewage

Rapid sand filtration

Cl,UV,O3Rapid filtration

Rawsewage

Primarysettling

Pretreatment ClarifierFiltration

DisinfectionCl, UV, O3

Coag/flocculation

Activated sludgeTrickling filters

22 décembre 2005


Lagooning

Applications: Irrigation (agriculture, landscape)Target for disinfection: <1000 FC or E.coli/100 mLOptimum size: small to medium treatment facilitiesMain advantages: Low operation costs and ease of operation

Rhizofiltration

Infiltration-percolation

Rhizopur®

Non Conventional Technologies

22 décembre 2005


Noirmoutier Island,France

Project for irrigation of new areas

Agricultural and urban irrigation

SalaisiereWWTP

WWTPCasie

Objective: « Zero » discharge of

wastewater in the sea

2 WWTP (55,000 p.e.+30,000 p.e.)

Polishing by maturation pondsReuse of 30% of treated wastewater

215 000 m3/yearIrrigation of 500 ha of potatoes

Project extension (710 ha)

22 décembre 2005


Applications (non-potable uses)Landscape irrigation Urban usesIndustrial uses

Targets for disinfection0 to 200FC/100 mL)

Coagulation-flocculation

ChlorinationOzonation

Sand filtration

UV

Conventional Tertiary Treatment

22 décembre 2005


Golf course irrigation in France

UV tertiarytreatment

Secondarytreatment

Golf course Saint Pierre d’Oléron,960 m3/d

12 golf courses irrigated with recycled water since 1990 in the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal areas

Golf course Sainte Maxime8 000 m3/d

22 décembre 2005


Golf course of Tina, New Caledonia

+Sand filtration

UVGolf course of 90 ha, 18 holesTreatment: sand filtration and UV disinfectionCapacity: 1700 m3/jOperated since >20 yearsby SE (Calédonienne des Eaux)

Covered storage reservoir (bacterial regrowth)

22 décembre 2005


Golf course of Monte Orgegia, Alicante, Spain

Golf course of 18 holesCapacity: 2,6 Mm3/yearOperated by SE (Agbar) since >15 years Treatment:

coagulation, flocculation, lamelar settling,filtration, chlorination

+Sand filtrationHigh rate clarification

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Advanced Tertiary Treatment Trains2. Tertiary Treatment

ClarificationActivated sludgeC, N-DN

UF / MF

MF/UF

Filtration

1. Secondary Treatment

2.1. Conventional scheme

2.2. Submerged membranes

2.2. External membranes

DisinfectionCl/UV/O3


FiltrationDisinfectionCl/UV/O3

Pre-treatment

MBRC, N-DN

1+2. MBR

Filtration

DisinfectionCl/UV/O3Coag/floc/

clarification

Pre-treatment

Pre-treatmentCoag/floculation/

clarification

Reverse osmosis

EDI

Electrodyalisis Reversal

Brine

3. Quaternary treatment

(desalination)

Disinfectionlagoons/Cl/UV/O3

Advanced Primary Treatment

ClarificationActivated sludgeC, N-DN

UF / MF

MF/UF

Filtration

1. Secondary Treatment

2.1. Conventional scheme

2.2. Submerged membranes

2.2. External membranes



FiltrationDisinfectionCl/UV/O3FiltrationDisinfectionCl/UV/O3

Pre-treatment

MBRC, N-DN

1+2. MBR

Filtration

DisinfectionCl/UV/O3Coag/floc/

clarification

Pre-treatment

Pre-treatmentCoag/floculation/

clarification

Reverse osmosis

EDI

Electrodyalisis Reversal

Brine

3. Quaternary treatment

(desalination)

Disinfectionlagoons/Cl/UV/O3

Advanced Primary Treatment

22 décembre 2005


Classification of membrane processes for wastewater treatment

Low pressure membranesMicrofiltrationUltrafiltrationNanofiltration

High pressure membranesReverse osmosis

Microfiltration(Memcor)

RO(Hydranautics)

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Fields of Application of Membrane Treatment and Repurification

ApplicationsUnrestricted urban irrigation / golf coursesIndirect potable reuse/Aquifer rechargeIndustrial uses

Targets for disinfection0 to <200FC/100 mL)

Other Targets Trace organics, emerging parameters,

desalination

Reversible electrodialysis

Submerged membranes

Reverse osmosis

Microfiltration

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Project characteristicsSecondary treatment (AS): 6250 m3/dTertiary treatment (UF): 300 m3/dStorage reservoirChlorination

Landscape and golf course irrigation in Bora Bora

MBR

The MBR building

UF

End users

22 décembre 2005


ROMF

Calafell Golf Course: 18 holesTarget salinity<1500 µS/cmCapacity: 4,700 m3/dDisinfection requirements:<200 E.coli/100 mL

Sand filtration

0

400

800

1200

1600

0 20 40 60 80 100 120Time of operation, number of weeks (Jan 2005 to May 2007)

Con

cent

ratio

n of

org

anic

s in

raw

se

wag

e, m

g/L

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

Con

duct

ivity

, µS/

cm

COD

BOD

Conductivity of raw sewage

Conductivity of secondary effluent

<1,500 µS/cm<1,500 µS/cm

Golf course Calafell

Golf course of Calafell, Spain

22 décembre 2005


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1. DrainageGood drainage, especially on the greens and other intensely played surfacesMethods: installation of drainage layer, drainage system, goodprogram of tillage for soil aeration

Best Practices for Landscape and Golf Course Irrigation

Greens: 300 mm/h

22 décembre 2005


2. Selection of turfgrass and ornamentalsSelection of drought resistant, salt-tolerant grass species for use on fairways and particularly on the greens and tees

3. Balanced fertilizationAccounting for the fertilizer value present in recycled water

4. Regulation of irrigationClose attention to variations in daily evapotranspiration (ETo) and soil water depletion, preferably using on-site instrumentation (soil moisture)Best solution: automatic irrigation system

Best Practices for Landscape and Golf Course Irrigation (2)

22 décembre 2005


5. Other recommandations in case of high salinity, sodicity Use of amendments (gypsum, lime), as necessary, to adjust the SAR of soil moisture, countering potentially higher irrigation water SARProvision of an adequate leaching fractionBlending with lower-SAR, or lower-TDS water sources if necessary and feasible, through seasonal use of alternate sources of water or real-time blending with such watersDual plumbing to irrigate greens with potable water in cases of excessively high SAR or high salinity, as a last resortAdaptation of irrigation schedule and depth of irrigation to the quality of irrigation water from a recycled water

6. MiscellaneousWarning signs to alert golfers not to drink water from irrigation sources—without arousing unnecessary fear of recycled water

Best Practices for Landscape and Golf Course Irrigation (3)

22 décembre 2005


Macro-, micro-nutrients and oligo-elements: as a rule in concentrations that cover plant needs

Principal nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, boron and sulfur

N, P and K must be included the fertilisation programmeSignificant economic benefitsOften, fertilization is not necessary

Warning: avoid potential excess of nitrogenNitrogen is well assimilated by turfgrass: to reach 10 mgN-NO3/L in drainage water to aquifer, irrigation volume must be >110±10 mm/week (>6 m/year !!!)During certain periods of plant growth, excess of N can lead to excess plant development thus favouring some diseases Recommended measures: add growth regulators

Adjustment of Nutrients

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Impact of excess nitrogen on turfgrass

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Problems of Salinity

Favorable conditions (no problems of salinity)Temperate climate with frequent rainingPlanting of salt-tolerant turfgrass (warm season)Golf courses with well-drained sandy soils

Adverse (not favorable) conditions (high probability for salinity problems)

Dry climate without raining Planting of salt-tsensitive turfgrass (cold season)Golf courses with poor drainage and clay soils

Factors to be consideredThe effect depends not only on recycled water salinity, but also on soil salinity, soil type and salt tolerance of turfgrass and ornamental plantsTypical recommended levels: 3000 µS/cm (3 mS/m), a “global” value as several examples of irrigation with higher salinity are reportedIn the case of clay soils and without good management practices,salinity problems may appear even when salinity is in the range of 700 to 3000 µS/cm

22 décembre 2005


Example of variation of recycled water conductivity

Sour

ce :

F.Fe

rnan

dez,

200

4

Variations depending on wastewater qualitySalt intrusion in sewers to be considered in coastal areas

Mois

Sour

ce :

X. M

illet

, 200

4

22 décembre 2005


Example of salinity problem in a golf course

Salinity problems observed in a loam salt-incrusted soil irrigated with recycled water of moderate quality

ECw 1480-1770 µS/cmSARadj 8-10

(Harivandi, 2007)

22 décembre 2005


Salt Tolerance of Turfgrass

Typical recommended values: <2000 - 3000 µS/cm (2-3 dS/m)Salt tolerance varies and depend on several factors

Environment (T°C, moisture), soil propertiesStage of turfgrass growthTypical levels reported for Bermuda grass: from 12 to 33 dS/m

Source :Harivandi, 2007

*Conductivity of soil extract

22 décembre 2005


Combined effect of irrigation water SAR and EC on soil infiltration rate

Salts and sodium do not act independently in the plant environment: the effect of sodium on soil particle dispersion iscounteracted by high soluble salts concentration

Sour

ce :

Laza

rova

et B

ahri,

200

5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1 2 3 4 5

Electrical conductivity of irrigation water, dS/m

Sodi

umA

dsor

btio

nR

atio

Severe reduction insoil infiltration rate

No reduction in soil infiltration rate

Slight to moderate reduction in

soil infiltration rate

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1 2 3 4 5

Electrical conductivity of irrigation water, dS/m

Sodi

umA

dsor

btio

nR

atio

Severe reduction insoil infiltration rate

No reduction in soil infiltration rate

Slight to moderate reduction in

soil infiltration rate

22 décembre 2005


Sodium tolerance of turfgrass is significantly higher than other plantsMost of ornamental plants tolerate <70 mg/L of sodium during sprinkling irrigation

Sodicity

Sodium excess (SAR > 9) leads to:

Problems of soil textureYellow or brown spots, or drying of turfgrass Bermudagrass

Paspalum

Poor drainage

22 décembre 2005


Recommendations for Irrigation Control

Implement automatic regulation of irrigation with sensors of soil moistureProvide sufficient storage capacity

Use of water basins eutrofisationNeed of filtration

Use of closed reservoir (less maintenance)

22 décembre 2005


Recommendations for Irrigation Control

Implement automatic regulation of irrigation with sensors of soil moistureProvide sufficient storage capacity

Use of water basins EutrofisationNeed of filtration

Use of closed reservoir (less maintenance)

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22 décembre 2005


France: over 12 golf courses irrigated with recycled water since 1990Spain: over 30 golf courses irrigated with recycled water since 1995Tunisia: over 10 golf courses irrigated with recycled water since 1980

Good management practices are the keys of success of golf course irrigation with recycled water

Golf course of Costa Brava, Spain, irrigated with recycled water since 1998

El Kantaoui Golf Course in Tunisia, irrigated with secondary treated water for the past 27 years

Golf course of Sainte Maxime, France

22 décembre 2005


California: the world leader in water recycling

Over 200 golf courses are irrigater with recycled water in California since more than 20 years The total number in theUSA is more than 1000 golf courses irrigated with recycled water No degradation of greens quality was reportes, but this in conditions of good management practices

Golf course of Pebble Beach in California, irrigated since 1986 with recycled water

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Florida: the world leader in water recycling for landscape irrigation

In 2005 in Florida, 49% of total volume of recycled water(2,5 millions of m3) were used for landscape irrigationwith open public access such as parks and golf courses52% of wastewater is recycled In 2006, 201,465 residential lawns, 462 golf courses, 572 parks and 251 schools were irrigated with recycled water

Irrigation of Kanapaha Botanical Gardens and

golf courseIrrigation of Jacksonville golf course

Irrigation of Walt Disney World Resort Complex

with 5 golf courses

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Morocco: a future Mediterranean leader in water recycling for irrigation ??!

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Negative impacts of salinityConductivity >3.0 dS/mTDS > 3000-5000 mg/L

Cl- >150 mg/LSAR >3-9

The Key of SuccessBest Practices of Water Reuse

best water reuse practices for golf course irrigation

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