best practice guidelines - irish wheelchair association · hand rail mirror access to independence...
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Vertical sign post to identifyaccessible parking
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Access to Independence
GuidelinesBest Practice
Designing Accessible Environments
Access
CCIS0314-5 Access Guidelines COVERS_Layout 1 26/06/2014 10:03 Page 1
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Best Practice Access GuidelinesDesigning Accessible Environments
Edition 3, July 2014
For further information or enquiries please contact the IWA Access Team
Tel: 01 818 6400 Email: [email protected]
www.iwa.ie
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................11
1.1 The Use of Irish Wheelchair Association’s Best Practice Access Guidelines ...................................................11
1.2 Developing an Access Resource.................................................................................................................................................12
1.3 Consultation for the Development of the Third Edition of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines .....12
1.4 The Purpose of the IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines............................................................................................13
1.5 Using IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines .........................................................................................................................14
1.6 IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines – Making a Difference ..................................................................................14
1.7 Summary .....................................................................................................................................................................................................15
2 The Design Base of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines ......................................................16
2.1 Principle of Universal Design ........................................................................................................................................................16
2.2 IWA’s Definition of Access in the Built Environment ...................................................................................................16
2.3 Space Requirements............................................................................................................................................................................16
2.4 Jurisdiction..................................................................................................................................................................................................16
3 Policy and Legislative Background ........................................................................19
4 The External Environment and Building Approach ..............................................21
4.1 Accessible Parking ..................................................................................................................................................................................................21
4.1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................21
4.1.2 Design Criteria................................................................................................................................................................21
4.1.3 Number of Accessible Car Parking Bays Required .............................................................................25
4.1.4 Location of Car and Multi-Purpose Vehicle Bays .................................................................................25
4.1.5 Controlled Parking Facilities................................................................................................................................26
4.1.6 Design of Setting-Down and Picking-Up Points..................................................................................26
4.2 Pavements, Crossings and Approach Routes ....................................................................................................................................27
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4.2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................27
4.2.2 Pavement Widths and Gradients .....................................................................................................................27
4.2.3 Controlled and Uncontrolled Crossings.....................................................................................................29
4.2.4 Shared Space, Shared Surfaces .........................................................................................................................29
4.2.5 Building Approach .....................................................................................................................................................30
4.3 External Ramps........................................................................................................................................................................................30
4.3.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................30
4.3.2 Gradient ..............................................................................................................................................................................30
4.3.3 Widths of Flights and Landings ........................................................................................................................30
4.3.4 Tactile Provisions..........................................................................................................................................................31
4.3.5 Surface Finish..................................................................................................................................................................31
4.3.6 Edge Protection.............................................................................................................................................................31
4.3.7 Lighting..............................................................................................................................................................................31
4.4 External Steps ...........................................................................................................................................................................................31
4.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................31
4.4.2 External Step and Stair Design..........................................................................................................................32
4.4.3 Tactile Provisions..........................................................................................................................................................32
4.4.4 Headroom Provision..................................................................................................................................................32
4.4.5 Lighting ...............................................................................................................................................................................32
4.5 Handrails to Ramped and Stepped Access Routes ......................................................................................................32
4.5.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................32
4.5.2 Location of Handrails ................................................................................................................................................34
4.5.3 Design of Handrails ....................................................................................................................................................34
5 Access to and Circulation Within a Building......................................................................................37
5.1 Main Entrance Doors...........................................................................................................................................................................37
5.1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................37
5.1.2 Door Dimensions and Design............................................................................................................................37
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5.1.3 Revolving Doors............................................................................................................................................................38
5.1.4 Powered and Automatic Doors.........................................................................................................................38
5.1.5 Intercom Systems ........................................................................................................................................................42
5.2 Entrance Foyers .......................................................................................................................................................................................42
5.2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................42
5.2.2 Lobby Design..................................................................................................................................................................42
5.2.3 Internal Doors.................................................................................................................................................................42
5.3 Corridor Design .......................................................................................................................................................................................43
5.3.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................43
5.3.2 General Design of Corridors ................................................................................................................................43
5.3.3 Floor Levels.......................................................................................................................................................................43
5.4 Signage and Wayfinding ..................................................................................................................................................................46
5.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................46
5.4.2 Signage Lettering and Character Style .......................................................................................................46
5.4.3 Wayfinding........................................................................................................................................................................46
5.5 Internal Changes in Floor Level...................................................................................................................................................47
5.5.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................47
5.5.2 Internal Step and Stair Design...........................................................................................................................47
5.5.3 Internal Ramp Design...............................................................................................................................................48
5.5.4 Passenger Lift..................................................................................................................................................................48
5.5.5 Platform Lifts ...................................................................................................................................................................50
5.5.6 Platform Stair Lifts .......................................................................................................................................................50
5.5.7 Conveyors and Escalators......................................................................................................................................50
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment .............................................53
6.1 Facilities, Fixtures and Fittings .....................................................................................................................................................53
6.1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................53
6.1.2 Reception Areas ............................................................................................................................................................53
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6.2 Interior Design..........................................................................................................................................................................................56
6.2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................56
6.2.2 Environmental Colour and Tonal Contrast ...............................................................................................56
6.2.3 Surface Finishes.............................................................................................................................................................56
6.2.4 Windows .............................................................................................................................................................................56
6.2.5 Lighting ...............................................................................................................................................................................56
6.2.6 Hearing and Visual Enhancement Systems .............................................................................................57
6.3 Public Facilities.........................................................................................................................................................................................58
6.3.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................58
6.3.2 Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and other Public Access Terminals ...........................58
6.3.3 Public Telephones .......................................................................................................................................................58
6.3.4 Storage Lockers.............................................................................................................................................................61
6.3.5 Communal Kitchen Facilities...............................................................................................................................61
6.4 WC Provisions............................................................................................................................................................................................63
6.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................63
6.4.2 Provision of Accessible WCs – Type and Number ...............................................................................63
6.4.3 Location of WCs.............................................................................................................................................................65
6.4.4 Doors to WCs...................................................................................................................................................................65
6.4.5 WC Cistern and Pan – Location and Design............................................................................................65
6.4.6 Wash-hand Basin..........................................................................................................................................................72
6.4.7 Mirrors, Hooks, Shelving and Switches .......................................................................................................72
6.4.8 Disposal Bins....................................................................................................................................................................72
6.4.9 Surface Finish in WCs ................................................................................................................................................72
6.4.10 Emergency Alarms......................................................................................................................................................72
6.4.11 Hoists and Slings ..........................................................................................................................................................73
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7 Specific Building and Site Types ................................................................................................................75
7.1 Hotels ....................................................................................................................................................................................................75
7.1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................75
7.1.2 Provision of Accessible Rooms ..........................................................................................................................75
7.1.3 Independent Use Bedroom .................................................................................................................................75
7.1.4 Assisted Use Bedroom .............................................................................................................................................75
7.1.5 Shower Room and Bathroom – Common Provisions ......................................................................81
7.1.6 Guest Rooms – Common Provision ...............................................................................................................82
7.2 Shops ....................................................................................................................................................................................................83
7.2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................83
7.2.2 Counter Provision ........................................................................................................................................................84
7.2.3 Access to Products ......................................................................................................................................................84
7.2.4 Changing Rooms..........................................................................................................................................................84
7.3 Restaurants .................................................................................................................................................................................................84
7.3.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................84
7.3.2 Seating .................................................................................................................................................................................84
7.3.3 Self-Service Counters................................................................................................................................................85
7.3.4 Outdoor Smoking Area ...........................................................................................................................................85
7.4 Auditorium and Stadium Facilities ...........................................................................................................................................85
7.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................85
7.4.2 Number of Spaces Required................................................................................................................................85
7.4.3 Dimensions of Seating Space Required by Wheelchair User.....................................................86
7.4.4 Sight Lines .........................................................................................................................................................................86
7.4.5 Acoustic and Audio Provisions..........................................................................................................................86
7.4.6 Stage Access ....................................................................................................................................................................89
7.4.7 Speaker Facilities..........................................................................................................................................................89
7.4.8 Additional Reading.....................................................................................................................................................89
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7.5 Sports and Leisure Facilities...........................................................................................................................................................89
7.5.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................89
7.5.2 Shower Provision .........................................................................................................................................................90
7.5.3 Changing Facilities......................................................................................................................................................94
7.5.4 Swimming Pools ...........................................................................................................................................................94
7.5.5 Sauna/Steam Room ...................................................................................................................................................95
7.5.6 Fitness/Gym Suite........................................................................................................................................................95
7.5.7 Bowling Lanes ................................................................................................................................................................96
7.5.8 Additional Reading.....................................................................................................................................................96
7.6 Health Facilities and Treatment Rooms ................................................................................................................................96
7.6.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................96
7.6.2 Treatment Rooms and Equipment .................................................................................................................96
7.6.3 Dressing Room Provisions ....................................................................................................................................97
7.7 Outdoor Environments......................................................................................................................................................................99
7.7.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................99
7.7.2 Entry to Parks, Gardens and Playgrounds.................................................................................................99
7.7.3 Picnic Areas.......................................................................................................................................................................99
7.7.4 Pathways.............................................................................................................................................................................99
7.7.5 Play Areas...........................................................................................................................................................................99
7.8 Outdoor Events and Festivals ....................................................................................................................................................100
7.8.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................100
7.8.2 Arriving at the Event...............................................................................................................................................100
7.8.3 Wayfinding and Signage at the Event ......................................................................................................101
7.8.4 Circulation at the Event........................................................................................................................................101
7.8.5 Marquees and Exhibition Tents ................................................................................................101
7.8.6 Raised Platforms ........................................................................................................................................................101
7.8.7 Facilities – Toilets, Showers and Camping .............................................................................................102
7.8.8 Departing From the Event .................................................................................................................................102
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7.8.9 Disability Awareness and Staff Training ..................................................................................................102
7.8.10 Accessibility Guide for the Event ..................................................................................................................102
7.9 Built and Natural Heritage Sites...............................................................................................................................................102
7.9.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................102
7.9.2 Devising Access Solutions .................................................................................................................................103
8 Emergency Evacuation ..................................................................................................................................107
8.1 The Requirements ..............................................................................................................................................................................107
8.1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................107
8.1.2 Structural Provisions...............................................................................................................................................107
8.1.3 Evacuation Aids/Equipment.............................................................................................................................110
8.2 Management Provisions................................................................................................................................................................110
8.2.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................110
8.2.2 Evacuation Plan..........................................................................................................................................................110
8.2.3 Additional Reading..................................................................................................................................................112
9 Building Management and Maintenance .......................................................................................115
9.1 Maintaining High Levels of Access........................................................................................................................................115
9.1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................115
9.1.2 Access Management Programme................................................................................................................115
9.1.3 Access Maintenance Programme.................................................................................................................116
9.1.4 Additional Reading..................................................................................................................................................116
10 Housing .....................................................................................................................................................................119
10.1 IWA Housing Support Services.................................................................................................................................................119
10.1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................119
10.2 Design Guidelines for Wheelchair Accessible Housing .........................................................................................121
10.2.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................121
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10.2.2 Apartment Buildings..............................................................................................................................................122
10.2.3 Houses...............................................................................................................................................................................127
10.3 Lifetime Adaptable Housing ......................................................................................................................................................137
10.3.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................137
10.3.2 Lifetime Adaptable Housing Criteria .........................................................................................................138
11 List of Contributors ..........................................................................................................................................143
12 References and Further Information ..................................................................................................144
13 Useful Links .............................................................................................................................................................146
14 List of Figures in the IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines ....................................................147
15 Glossary......................................................................................................................................................................148
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This publication (2014) is the third edition of IrishWheelchair Association’s ‘Best Practice AccessGuidelines – Designing Accessible Environments’and follows the first edition which was publishedin May 2009 and the second edition published inJuly 2010.
Irish Wheelchair Association (IWA) is a nationalorganisation dedicated to the achievement of thefull social, economic and educational integrationof people with disabilities as equal, independentand participative members of the community. IWAis made up of a vibrant network of 20,000members and over 2,000 staff, as well as manydedicated volunteers. Together we work toachieve greater independence, freedom andchoice for people living with a disability.
IWA provides a wide range of services includingResource and Outreach Centres in 57 locations,Holiday Centres in Dublin, Kilkenny andRoscommon, and Assisted Living Services (iePersonal Assistant supports for individuals), inevery county in Ireland. Since the Association wasfounded in 1960, access to the built environmenthas been high on our members’ agenda. This wasevident in the consultation process for IWA’sstrategic plans of 2008-2011 ‘Your Life – Your Way’and of 2013-2015 ‘Driving On – Determining OurFuture’. These consultation processes alsohighlighted that access issues have a direct impacton other priorities such as employment, housing,community participation and transport.
The Use of Irish WheelchairAssociation’s Best Practice AccessGuidelines
In the period since the publication of the firstedition of Irish Wheelchair Association’s BestPractice Access Guidelines in 2009, the guidelineshave been used in a number of ways to further
IWA’s objective of improving the accessibility ofthe built environment for its members and for allindividuals with limited mobility. The mostnotable uses were:
• As part of a formal review process, IWAdeveloped an organisational submission toimprove the minimum accessibilitystandards detailed in the Technical GuidanceDocument accompanying Part M of theBuilding Regulations (2000). Additionally,IWA worked with a number of localauthorities and other disability organisationsto ensure that the IWA Best Practice AccessGuidelines were used as a basis for theirsubmissions for improved standards. As aresult, advances in accessibility standardswere observed in the Technical GuidanceDocument accompanying Part M of theBuilding Regulations (2010). IWA’s BestPractice Access Guidelines is recorded as areference document within the BuildingRegulations; an endorsement of theprofessional standing of our guidelines.
• Croke Park sought advice from IWA whendeveloping its new wheelchair accessible‘Etihad Skyline’ tour.
• Lansdowne Road’s extensive consultationprocess, which included reference to IWA’sBest Practice Access Guidelines, resulted in astadium which demonstrates best practice inaccessibility. Sight lines give anuninterrupted view to the seated spectator,even when other spectators stand with theexcitement of the match.
• Marks & Spencer worked with IWA membersand used the IWA Best Practice AccessGuidelines in a review of accessibility withintheir Dublin stores.
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Introduction
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• Dublin City Council is working with IWA onthe redesign of the South Inner Citystreetscape.
• IWA and other Housing Association ProjectPlans have been informed by the WheelchairAccessible Housing design guidance inSection 10.2 of the IWA Best Practice AccessGuidelines.
• The National Gallery of Irelandrefurbishment will include a ‘ChangingPlaces’ room, the design of which has beenbased on the information given in the IWABest Practice Access Guidelines.
• Terminal 2 at Dublin Airport included WCdesign as recommended in the IWA BestPractice Access Guidelines.
• IWA has advised on the organisation of manyregional outdoor events and festivals usingthe information in the IWA Best PracticeAccess Guidelines.
• IWA members and staff have contributed tolocal consultations on urban designreferencing the IWA Best Practice AccessGuidelines.
At this point, IWA is seen as an expert in accessibledesign by local authorities, builders, architects andall involved in the construction industry and thestatutory sector. A key objective of the thirdedition of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines is tobuild upon the success of this initiative and to putin place formal Access Supports for any individualor business within the private or statutory sectors.
Developing an Access Resource
Since the publication of IWA’s Best Practice AccessGuidelines, a range of measures have been put inplace to support the application of the guidelines.These include:
• The training of IWA staff and members on theUniversity of Ulster’s ‘Access Auditing’ course.
• The developing of an Access Auditingsoftware programme, based upon theguidelines, for use when undertaking accessaudits of buildings or the wider builtenvironment.
• The purchase of appropriate ICT tablets foruse in carrying out access audits.
• The planning of an Access Audit function forIWA facilities and external buildings on aconsultancy basis.
Following the publication of the third edition ofIWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines, IWA plans todevelop an ‘Access Resource’ on a social enterprisebasis. This Access Resource can be utilisedinternally in IWA; by members who require adviceand support on all matters relating to accessibility,by private companies and businesses in thecatering, hospitality, tourism and other sectors;and by the statutory sector including localauthorities and the HSE.
This objective and action is in accordance withIWA’s organisational strategy for 2013-2015,Driving On – Determining Our Future.
Consultation for theDevelopment of the ThirdEdition of IWA’s Best PracticeAccess Guidelines
The development of this edition of IWA’s BestPractice Access Guidelines is underpinned byextensive consultation with IWA members andexternal organisations and individuals. Thisconsultation process included the workundertaken during the review of Part M of theBuilding Regulations (2000) and the consultationcompleted in developing IWA’s organisationalstrategy 2013-2015 Driving On – Determining OurFuture. A number of additional steps were takento ensure an effective consultation processsupported the development of these guidelines,including:
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Introduction
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• The national IWA access working group wasre-established, consisting of IWA accessexperts, both with and without disability.This working group reviewed the secondedition of IWA’s Best Practice AccessGuidelines to identify changes and additionsrequired in the guidelines.
• Contact and consultation was undertakenwith a number of external organisationsincluding Deaf Hear and National Council forthe Blind Ireland (NCBI); their comments arereflected in this edition of the IWA BestPractice Access Guidelines.
• In 80 consultations across the country over1,000 IWA members and staff in 40 IWAResource and Outreach Centres (includingmembers of IWA’s Youth Service) shared theirexperiences and opinions to inform thecontent of this edition of the IWA BestPractice Access Guidelines.
• IWA members and staff reviewed andcommented on the guidelines at draft stage.
• Contact was made with local authoritiesduring the development process andfeedback was incorporated in the finalguidelines.
• All National Disability Authority (NDA)publications on access were taken intoaccount during the preparation of thisedition of the IWA Best Practice AccessGuidelines.
• The Senior Management Team and Board ofDirectors of IWA were consulted at bothdraft and final guideline stage. This editionof the IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines wasformally endorsed at IWA board andmanagement meetings in 2014.
The Purpose of the IWA BestPractice Access Guidelines
The third edition of IWA’s Best Practice AccessGuidelines will be used by IWA to influence andadvocate for future legislation and thedevelopment of new regulations on improvedaccess standards.
These guidelines recognise and respond tosocietal changes. People with disabilities areleading fully independent lives, and rightfullyexpect to be able to participate in all aspects ofsociety. The guidelines also respond totechnological changes such as the morewidespread use of powered wheelchairs, whichare larger than manual wheelchairs. Increased useof powered wheelchairs means the physical spacerequirements for wheelchair users in many areas,including door entry, turning circle space, and thesize of WC facilities, have substantially increased.
During the development of these guidelines,national and international regulations, bestpractice guidelines and standards, and evidence-based reviews were evaluated. As a result, theguidelines published in this document are acompendium of the best practice guidelines andstandards in place across the world. The sourcesfor IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines include:
• Design of buildings and their approaches tomeet the needs of disabled people – Code ofPractice, British Standards: 8300:2009 (UK)
• Design of accessible and adaptable generalneeds housing – Code of Practice, BritishStandards: 9266:2013 (UK)
• Publications from the Centre for AccessibleEnvironments (UK)
• Publications from the Joseph RowntreeFoundation (UK)
• Accessibility guidelines as related to theAmericans with Disabilities Act (1990)
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Introduction
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• International Best Practice in Universal Design– A Global Review (Revised 2007), CanadianHuman Rights Commission
• Australian Network for Universal House DesignSubmission to the Productivity Commission onBuilding Regulation Reform (2012)
• Buildings for Everyone, (2012), NationalDisability Authority (Ireland)
A full list of reference publications is listed in Section 12 on page 144
In a small number of instances, where the existingguidelines and standards were not adequate tomeet the needs of IWA membership, the workinggroup devised a guideline appropriate to thesituation. Examples include the guidelines for WCsincorporating changing facilities, parking spacesfor multi-purpose vehicles, and WheelchairAccessible Housing design. In each of these cases,the recommendations given draw on theextensive experience of IWA members.
IWA recognises that many of ourrecommendations go beyond the minimumrequirements outlined in Irish buildingregulations, and also exceed many internationalstandards. We can confidently and legitimatelyadvocate for this because our guidelines reflectthe first-hand experiences of our members andaspire to create a built environment thataccommodates all people.
Using IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines
IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines should beused to inform plans for the development of newfacilities or for the upgrading of existing facilities.By following these guidelines, developers, localauthorities and individuals will be building to thehighest possible standards, thereby ensuring thatthe needs and requirements of people with aphysical disability are met fully. In the case of new
builds, the present and future needs of allindividuals will be met by the initial build,negating the need for future buildingmodification.
IWA suggests that a pragmatic approach beadopted when using the IWA Best Practice AccessGuidelines. In certain situations, when retrofittingor developing small buildings, it may not bepossible to achieve best practice. In thesesituations, careful consultation with persons withdisabilities, and/or access consultants shouldmake it possible to work out a compromisesolution.
IWA’s Best Practice AccessGuidelines – Making a Difference
There are a number of ‘next steps’ in regard to thedevelopment and promotion of the IWA BestPractice Access Guidelines. These steps include:
The development of an Access Resource
As mentioned in 1.2 above, IWA plans to developan Access Resource which includes an auditingcapacity and an advisory service.
The promotion of the IWA Best Practice AccessGuidelines
The guidelines will be promoted through anumber of methods including:
• The IWA website: www.iwa.ie
• The development of appropriate literature
• Liaison with the statutory and policy-makingsector; communication with other disabilityorganisations; and consultation witharchitectural representative and trainingorganisations or bodies.
Further consultation
While every effort has been made to ensure thatthese IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines are the
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Introduction
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best guidelines available, and that theconsultation process was as comprehensive aspossible, it is also recognised that they will remaina ‘work in progress’. Further guidelines andstandards may become available, and there maybe individuals or organisations with whom wehave not consulted. Therefore, once theseguidelines are published, there will be anongoing review process whereby any interestedindividual can register their views, comments andsuggestions by contacting IWA at [email protected] by visiting the IWA website: www.iwa.ie
All views, comments and suggestions receivedwill be reviewed and possibly incorporated into afourth edition of IWA’s Best Practice AccessGuidelines, which will be developed during2016/2017.
The improvement of access in IWA facilities
Since the publication of the first edition of IWA’sBest Practice Access Guidelines in 2009, theAssociation has been working towards meetingthese best practice guidelines in our own centres,
office and facilities. Despite funding challenges,many of our premises have been refurbished orupgraded in line with our guidelines. We willcontinue to make improvements in the comingyears, until we are certain that every IWA space is amodel accessible environment.
Summary
The publication of the third edition of IWA’s BestPractice Access Guidelines is the culmination ofconsiderable research, review and analysis. Wehope that the guidelines will provide a usefulroadmap for everyone involved in planning andimproving the built environment. It is withpleasure that IWA endorses these guidelines foruse by individuals, groups, organisations,companies, builders, architects, and everyone insociety. We also look forward to receiving anycomments on the guidelines through themechanisms highlighted.
1.7
Introduction
My social life can be neglected as I cannot get to places.– IWA member, Sligo
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Principle of Universal Design
The IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines are basedon the principle of ‘Universal Design’.
Universal Design means designing products,buildings, services, facilities and exterior spaces toallow the maximum number of people to usethem without the need for adaptation orspecialised design. Physical, sensory, cognitiveand language needs are taken into account duringthe initial design phase. Universal Designeliminates the necessity for specific disabledaccess provision, while at the same time reducingbarriers and promoting the inclusion of peoplewith disabilities.
The concept of Universal Design is echoed by theNational Disability Authority’s Centre forExcellence in Universal Design, which states thatUniversal Design creates “an environment that canbe used by all people, regardless of their age, sizeor ability”.
Universal Design is intended to facilitate optimumuse of the built environment by all people, andoptimum access to the services and facilitieswithin that environment. For example, widerdoors and corridors will make access morecomfortable for a broad range of people,including parents with buggies, elderly people,people who use wheelchairs, etc. This sameprinciple applies to hotel guest rooms, lifts, andapproaches and entrances to buildings.
Universal Design is recommended because itreduces the need for costly future adaptations toaccommodate accessibility needs. As UniversalDesign encompasses the needs of all people, it isnot exclusive or discriminatory in its application.
IWA’s Definition of Access in theBuilt Environment
The principle of Universal Design can be appliedto many situations, including product design andaccess to goods and services. However, theseguidelines focus on access to the builtenvironment in line with the priorities identifiedby IWA members, staff and volunteers. For thepurposes of this document, IWA defines access as:
“Free and unimpeded access to and from, andthe use of all areas and functions of thebuildings, facilities and physical features thatmake up the built environment”.
Space Requirements
The IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines are basedon the space requirements set out in Figures 1 and2. These space requirements are intended toaccommodate all people with limited mobility,including users of large powered wheelchairs.
Jurisdiction
IWA is a national organisation that works with andon behalf of people with disabilities living inIreland. However, we are confident that theguidelines and recommendations included in thisdocument could be implemented outside ofIreland by any organisation, group or company.IWA would be happy to assist this process in anyway possible.
See Figure 1 and Figure 2 on pages 17 and 18
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2 The Design Base of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines
2. The Design Base of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines
NDA Centre for Excellence in Universal Design website (April 2014).1 IWA Position Paper on Access (April 2007).2
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800m
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Figure 1 – Space requirements
2. The Design Base of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines
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Figure 2 – Common reach zone
2. The Design Base of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines
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The Building Control (Amendment)Regulations (2013) are to be read in conjunctionwith pre-existing building control legislation, andcame into effect on 1st March 2014, bringingsignificant changes to the building control regimein Ireland. The new features include threecertificates that must be in place:
1. Certificate of Compliance (Design): This Designcertificate is to be completed by the buildingdesigner (a registered architect, builder, suveryoror chartered engineer) giving confirmation thatthe plans have been prepared to demonstratecompliance with the applicable requirements ofthe Building Regulations.
2. Certificate of Compliance by an AssignedCertifier: A professional such as a charteredengineer, building surveyor or registered architectwill be appointed by the owner from a register,using the statutory form of appointment in theRegulations to inspect the works and ensurecompliance with Regulations.
3. Certificate of Compliance on Completion: On completion of the project, the assignedcertifier and the builder will each certify ondifferent parts of the Certificate of Compliancethat a finished building complies with therequirements of the Regulation.
According to the legislation, these mandatoryCertificates of Compliance are intended to be“clear, unambiguous statements on statutoryforms stating that each of the key parties to aproject certifies that the works comply with thebuilding regulations and they accept legalresponsibility for their work”.
The Building Control Department in each localauthority has a monitoring and enforcement rolein relation to Building Control Regulationscompliance.
The National Disability StrategyImplementation Plan 2013-2015, linked to theDisability Act (2005), calls to action individuals,organisations, and local and national Government.It asks them to think positively about disability. Itaddresses accessible transport, buildings andstreets as key factors in enabling people withdisabilities to participate in work, as well ascultural and social activities.
The National Positive Aging Strategy (2013)was launched by Kathleen Lynch TD, Minister ofState for Disability, Equality, Mental Health andOlder People, on 23rd April 2013. It provides theblueprint for planning – for what we can and mustdo, individually and collectively – to make Irelanda good country in which to grow older. Thisstrategy seeks to highlight that ageing is not just ahealth issue – it requires a whole of Governmentresponse to address a range of interconnectedsocial, economic and environmental factors thataffect health and wellbeing.
The Department of the Environment,Community and Local Government’s ‘NationalHousing Strategy for People with a Disability2011-2016’ and its associated NationalImplementation Framework sets out the housingand related support needs of people withdisabilities and strategically plans for an integratedresponse to those needs. The strategy places aparticular emphasis on the circumstances of peoplewith disabilities who are living in congregatedsettings and people with mental health illness.
The Building Regulations, Part M ‘Access andUse’ (2010) and Part B ‘Fire Safety’ (2006), withaccompanying Technical Guidance Documents,set out the statutory minimum design featuresrequired in making provision for access to andegress from a building for all people, includingthose with a disability. These regulations arereviewed periodically. A Disability Access
3 Policy and Legislative Background
3. Policy and Legislative Background
20 Introduction20
Certificate (DAC) is required to show compliancewith Part M, ‘Access and Use’ (2010).
Towards 2016, the social partnership agreement,sets out a vision for a society in which people withdisabilities have the opportunity to work and tolive a full life with family and as part of theircommunity. The agreement suggests that thisshould be achieved through a long-term goal ofensuring access to public spaces, buildings,transport, information, advocacy and other publicservices, and appropriate housing.
The Roads Acts (1993 and 2010) require roadauthorities to consider the needs of all road userswhen constructing and maintaining public roads.People with disabilities require specificconsideration and provision to ensure they are notdisadvantaged by road schemes and that theirrequirements are planned for.
The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work(General Application) Regulations (2007)contain many of the provisions that apply toalmost all workplaces. Included are regulationsdealing with the physical environment at theplace of work, welfare facilities, and suitability ofworkplaces for employees with disabilities, as wellas regulations requiring that employers considerspecific risk groups when assessing certain tasks.
The United Nations Convention on the Rightsof Persons with Disabilities (2007), to whichIreland has signed up but has not yet ratified, aimsto ensure that persons with disabilities enjoyhuman rights on an equal basis to others.
The Housing Act (1966) is the principallegislation on local authority housing. It has beenamended on numerous occasions and a numberof other relevant Acts have been passed. The mostrecent legislation, the Housing (MiscellaneousProvisions) Act (2009) amends or replaces sectionsof a large number of Acts as well as introducingtotally new provisions. This Act also amends the
Residential Tenancies Act (2004) which sets outthe rules in relation to the private rental sector.
The Disability Act (2005) is part of a frameworkof Government legislative measures whichpromote and support equality and social inclusionof people with disabilities. The Act requires sixnamed Government Departments to createequitable and integrated access to all premisesand services within their remit. The stated aims,objectives and accompanying work plans are setout within Departmental Sectoral Plans.
The Department of the Environment,Community and Local Government’s SectoralPlan under the Disability Act (2005), aims topromote and pro-actively encourage equalopportunities for persons with disabilities toparticipate in the economic, social and cultural lifeof the community.
The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act(2005) places responsibility for occupationalhealth and safety on all stakeholders. The Actdevelops the role of employers, employees andGovernment in framing and implementingoccupational safety and health policy in Ireland.
The Equal Status Act (2000) prohibitsdiscrimination on nine specific grounds andrequires service providers to provide reasonableaccommodation of people with disabilities in theprovision of goods and services.
The Barcelona Declaration (1995) supports theright of people with disabilities to participate asequal citizens and was endorsed by many localauthorities with accompanying consultationprocedures and implementation plans.
3. Policy and Legislative Background
21
Accessible Parking
4.1.1 Background People with limited mobility who travel tobuildings by car need to be able to park, havesufficient space to enter and leave their vehicle, onoccasion move to the rear of their vehicle, thenwalk or travel in a wheelchair to the mainentrance. Accessible car parking involves theappropriate designation and location of both carand multi-purpose vehicle parking bays and theprovision of set-down/pick-up bays.
If people need to obtain tickets for pay anddisplay parking, the ticket dispensing machinesshould be located in a way that allows a person ina wheelchair to gain close access to the machineand reach the payment and ticket dispensingfunctions.
4.1.2 Design CriteriaParking bays designated for people with limitedmobility should be provided as close as possibleto the building entrance, with a maximum traveldistance of 25m. The bays should be clearlysignposted with an upright sign sited out of thecirculation space. The signage should be designedusing a white international symbol of accessibilityon a blue background. The bays should be on firmand level surfaces with a maximum crossfall of1:50. Avoid the use of inappropriate materials suchas gravel, sand, cobbles, etc.
The design of the parking bay should also plan forthe safe transfer (dished kerbs, level approachroutes, adequate lighting, etc) from the bay to theaccess route to the building without undue effort,barriers to wheelchair users, or hazards that couldcause tripping.
The size of the bay should allow for the safetransfer of a passenger or driver to a wheelchair,including a space allowance or accessibility zonefor the use of a transfer hoist or ramp which maybe attached to some vehicles.
4.1.2.1 Surface and Markings
The surface of the bay and adjacent accessibilityzone should be firm, durable and slip-resistant.Examples of inappropriate materials are loosesand, cobbles or gravel.
The colouring used for accessible parking baysshould be white markings on a slip-resistant bluesurface. The adjacent accessibility zone should becross-hatched in yellow.
The accessible parking bay should be indicated bya vertical sign with its lower edge at 1000mm fromthe ground and located out of the access zone.This sign should display a white wheelchairsymbol on a blue background.
See Figure 3 on page 22 and Figure 4 on page 23
4.1
4 The External Environment and Building Approach
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
22 Introduction22 4. The External Environment and Building Approach
4800mm
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Figure 3 – Accessible parking showing different size bays
23
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Figure 4 – Accessible parking showing shared access zone
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
24 Introduction24 4. The External Environment and Building Approach
7800
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Figure 5 – Accessible parallel parking bay
25
4.1.2.2 Accessible Car Parking Bays
The recommended dimensions of the designatedparking bays for cars and small vans are 4800mmwidth x 6000mm length, which includes a1200mm hatched accessibility zone to both sidesand at the end of designated parking bays. Thereshould be adjacent dished access to the footpath.The kerb dish should have a slip-resistant surfacewith a minimum width of 1200mm and minimumgradient of 1:12.
4.1.2.3 Accessible Multi-Purpose Vehicle Bays
The recommended dimensions of designatedparking bays for larger vans and multi-purposevehicles with an attached hoist/lift/ramp are5400mm in width x 7800mm in length. This sizeincludes a 3000mm accessibility zone to one sideand to the rear of the vehicle for the use ofhoist/lift/ramp. A bay of this size is designed toaccommodate adapted personal use vans or smalleight seater adapted vehicles. These multi-purposevehicle bays are not designed for bus parking.
4.1.2.4 On-Street Parallel Parking
The recommended dimensions for an on-streetparallel parking bay are 3600mm width x7800mm length including a standard 1200mmaccess zone to the side and a 3000mm accesszone to the rear. This bay is suitable for adaptedcars, adapted personal use vans and small eight-seater adapted vehicles. The carriageway shouldbe ‘cut in’ to facilitate the required bay width. Adished kerb should be provided to facilitateaccess to the footpath. Blister-type tactile pavingis not required on the dish as this is not adesignated crossing point.
4.1.3 Number of Accessible Car ParkingBays RequiredWhere public parking is provided, eg on streetsand at shopping areas, recreation and leisurefacilities, hospitals and public transport parkingfacilities, a minimum of one, and then one in 15spaces should be designated for drivers andpassengers with disabilities. Of these designatedspaces, one in four should be designed toaccommodate large multi-purpose vehicles. Therecommendation is that these 1:4 bays would beof the largest size (5400mm x 7800mm) toaccommodate vehicles using all entry/exit optionsie hoist/lift/ramp.
For example, where 60 parking spaces areprovided, three spaces should be designated forstandard cars used by disabled drivers/passengersand one space designated for larger multi-purpose vehicle use. Premises with high usage bypeople with disability may require a larger thanaverage number of designated spaces.
In addition to the above provision, spaces shouldbe provided for employees who require accessibleparking.
Separate spaces should accommodate womenwho are pregnant and parents with youngchildren. All spaces are to be clearly designatedwith the appropriate signage.
4.1.4 Location of Car and Multi-PurposeVehicle BaysThe designated accessible parking spaces shouldbe located at the same level as and no more than25m from the principal entrance to the building orbuildings served by the car park. Approach routesto the building should be level and accessible intheir design with dished kerbs and adequatelighting. In multi-storey car parks, the route toaccessible parking bays should be signposted atthe entrance and on all levels. Ideally accessiblebays should be at the same level as the principalentrance. A suitable passenger lift or ramp shouldbe installed to facilitate access from the parkedvehicle to any level where facilities are located.
See Figure 3 and Figure 4 on pages 22 and 23
See Figure 3 on page 22
See Figure 5 on page 24
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
26 Introduction
4.1.5 Controlled Parking FacilitiesControlled car parks must include appropriatelylocated and well-designed parking bays with allthe accessibility features required to ensure safepassage from the car to the entrance of thebuilding. In addition, particular attention must begiven to the height clearance of the car park andticket machine systems used to give entry and exitto the premises and for automatic paymentmachines.
4.1.5.1 Height Clearance
To ensure access to all vehicles, a public car parkshould consistently provide a height clearance of2600mm. This height clearance should bemaintained from the vehicular entrance to the carpark, to any designated accessible parking spacesand to the vehicular exit from the car park. Theheight designation should be clearly displayed atthe entrance.
4.1.5.2 Ticket Entry System
On entering and exiting a car parking facility, theticket entry/exit system should incorporate a voiceor proximity activation control which can be usedif the person cannot stretch to manually take theticket dispensed.
4.1.5.3 Payment Machines
Car parking payment machines should beadjacent to designated disabled parking bays. Thecontrols on the payment machine should bebetween 750mm and 1200mm above groundlevel. The plinth or base should not project in frontof the face of the machine in a way that preventsits convenient use or causes an obstacle forpeople with vision impairment. The approachaisles to the machines should have a width of notless than 1500mm. The immediate space in frontof the machine should be level and unobstructed
for not less than 1850mm x 2100mm to give awheelchair user clear side access to the machineand room to turn. The provision of hazard-warningtactile paving may be necessary in certaincircumstances but, ideally, the machines shouldbe located off circulation routes so that they arenot hazardous to people who are blind or have avisual impairment.
4.1.6 Design of Setting-Down and Picking-Up PointsIn addition to the public parking, ‘setting down’and ‘picking up’ points should be providedadjacent to high use public buildings and placesof interest such as bus/train terminals, hospitals,busy shopping areas and tourists sites, etc. Theseshould be clearly sign-posted and should belocated on firm and level ground. The setting-down point should be as close aspracticable and within sight line of the principalbuilding entrance. The surface of the setting-down point should be level with thecarriageway or provide dished access (gradient nosteeper than1:12) to the adjacent path. This willallow for convenient access to and from thebuilding entrance for people with walkingdifficulties or people using a wheelchair. Seatingand shelter should be provided within the setting-down point. A level access route which is weatherprotected should be provided from the setting-down area to the main building entrance.
The setting-down point should include both sideand rear access zones with provision for the use ofpassenger lift/hoist/ramp at the rear and to theside of all vehicles. The required additional rearand side space for the use of passengerhoist/lift/ramp is 3000mm.
Wherever a kerb adjacent to a drop-off bay isdished in the direct line of pedestrian travelallowing flush access between footpath and road,corduroy-type tactile paving (hazard warning)must be installed for the safety of people who areblind or have a visual impairment.
For more guidance on public access terminals,see the National Disability Authority’s ‘ITAccessibility Guidelines ‘ at www.universaldesign.ie/it-accessibleguidelines
26 4. The External Environment and Building Approach
27
Pavements, Crossings andApproach Routes
4.2.1 Background Pavements and approach routes to buildingsshould be designed to give easy and safe access toall. The pathway should be sufficiently wide for allusers to move freely and to pass each other. Thesurface of the pathway should be level, smoothand slip-resistant, with no obstacles located withinthe circulation route.
4.2.2 Pavement Widths and GradientsThe recommended clear pavement width is2000mm. This width will allow two wheelchairusers to safely pass each other going in oppositedirections. Where this pathway width is notpossible, the pathway or approach route shouldhave a clear minimum width of 1500mm withpassing places provided at intervals for wheelchairusers. A width of 1500mm will accommodate awheelchair user and a person walking alongside.
The surface of the pavement should be smoothand slip-resistant. Loose surface finishes are to beavoided, eg sand or gravel. A gap of any morethan 10mm in the surfacing of the pathway is notacceptable.
The direction of any ridges or drainage grills in thepathway should be set at right angles to thedirection of travel. Gaps between drainage grillsshould be no wider than 10mm.
If a gradient is needed, eg for drainage of surfacewater, it should be equal to or less than 1:50. Ifdrainage grills are present and are dished, a flat
plate should be installed across the drainagechannel.
4.2.2.1 Dished Kerbs
Dished kerbs should be provided at pedestriancrossing points and at designated parking bays.These dished kerbs should be paintedwhite/yellow for the benefit of people with visionimpairment. The central kerb dishing should beflush with the road/carriageway and have a widthof 1200mm. The gradient on the dished kerbshould be no steeper that 1:12. The kerb dishingshould be located away from corners and always atopposing sides of the street. The dished crossingshould also be located away from any drainagegratings/manholes. The colour and layout of tactilepaving at dished kerbs is determined by whetherthe crossing is controlled or uncontrolled. Thecorrect tactile paving must be laid along the fullwidth of any dished kerb. The depth of the tactilepaving into the footpath will depend on whetherthe crossing is in line with the pedestrian travelroute or not.
4.2.2.2 Tactile Paving
The colour and layout of tactile paving isdetermined by the type of crossing or to give ahazard warning. Red coloured blister paving is onlyused at controlled crossings where the pedestriancan establish priority over vehicular traffic, ie trafficsignal junctions, zebra crossings and pelicancrossings. Buff, yellow or grey coloured blisterpaving is used at uncontrolled crossings.
Corduroy paving, which consists of round barsrunning transversely across the direction of travel,
See Figure 1 on page 17 For further information please visit The National Council for the Blind of Ireland(NCBI)’s website: www.ncbi.ie
4.2
What is the point in having wider footpaths when they are blocked?– IWA member, Co Cork
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
28 Introduction28
is used (with the exception of pedestrian crossings)to warn people who are blind or have visualimpairment of any approaching hazard. Thecorduroy paving should be in a contrasting colourto the surrounding pavement, but not in red whichis only used at controlled crossings. Partiallysighted people will be assisted by a strong colourcontrast which can be enhanced by marking thekerb edge white.
Tactile paving should contrast as strongly aspossible with the background pavement. Thereforered brick paving should not surround the redtactile paving used at light-controlled roadcrossings, and grey tactile paving should not beinstalled on grey pavements.
Smooth, shiny metal tactile paving is not acceptable,as it is slippery when wet. People with visionimpairment also report that in bright sunlight shinymetal paving creates a very unhelpful dazzling effect
.
4.2.2.3 Passing Spaces
Passing spaces that allow two wheelchair users topass each other should be provided on routes thatare less than 2000mm in width and where theoverall route length is greater than 25m. Passingspaces in the external environment should be2000mm in depth and 2000mm in width andlocated within direct sight of another passing place.
4.2.2.4 Clear Headroom
The circulation route of any pathway and buildingapproach should not present any headroomhazards. A door or window should not open ontoa main thoroughfare. A clear headroom height ofat least 2300mm must be maintained throughoutthe circulation route.
4.2.2.5 Street Furniture
The careful positioning of street furniture providesgood access and reduces potential hazards. Street
furniture and signage should always be locatedeither close to, or recessed into, the innershoreline (that is, a wall, fence or building), oralternatively, on the kerb edge, leaving the middleof the pavement clear. A clear path width ofpreferably 2000mm should be maintained alongthe circulation route. Temporary street furnitureon pavements, such as shop displays, sandwichboards and utility bins should be placed out of theway of the pedestrian route and maintained inthat position.
If freestanding posts or columns are unavoidablylocated within access routes these shouldincorporate a band of contrasting colour at aheight of 1500–1650mm. An additional band at aheight of 850–1000mm is recommended.However, as a continuous clear path width of2000mm is required, this situation ought not tooccur. Cycle parking must be kept clear ofpedestrian routes.
4.2.2.6 Hazard Protection
The swing of doors, windows and the location ofvending machines, public telephones, etc shouldnot extend into any access route. If this intrusion isunavoidable, then hazard protection should beprovided where objects project more than100mm into an access route and their lower edgeis more than 300mm above ground. Hazardprotection on the ground can be provided by asolid kerb or fixed element between 100–300mmabove floor level under the protruding obstacle sothat it is detectable by a cane. The hazardprotection should not extend beyond the frontedge of the object, nor should it be set back morethan 100mm from its front edge.
4.2.2.7 Seating
Seating should be located within sheltered areas.Seats should be placed 600mm back from the lineof movement so that the pathway is not blocked.The surface on which the seating is located shouldbe firm, stable and flush with the surroundingpath level. A clear level space on firm paving of
For further information please visit NCBI’swebsite: www.ncbi.ie
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
29
1400mm in depth and 900mm in width should beprovided beside a seat to allow a wheelchairuser/buggy to position adjacent to the seat. Theseat height should be no less than 450mm, with aminimum of 450mm depth and with a heel spaceof 100mm to allow for easier rising from the seat.Back and arm rests are useful to provide additionalsupport. Seating should be provided at regularintervals on long and sloping routes, no morethan 25m apart. Signage should be provided toindicate distance to next seating area.
4.2.2.8 Bollards
Bollards should only be installed where absolutelynecessary, eg to prevent cars parking onpavements. Bollards, if used, should be aminimum of 1000mm in height, 250mm in widthand contrast in colour and tone with thebackground. Adjacent bollards should not belinked with a chain or rope, and should be aminimum of 1200mm apart.
4.2.2.9 Route Finding
Clearly defined logical routes can be identifiedwith the use of colour contrasts and texturalchanges in paving. Planting can assist in definingroutes or identifying hazards through scent andcolour, but should not obstruct or present anoverhead hazard.
4.2.3 Controlled and UncontrolledCrossingsAll kerbs at pedestrian crossings should be flushwith the roadway and have appropriate tactilepaving in place.
At controlled crossings the pedestrian signalsmust allow adequate time for all pedestrians to
cross safely. The minimum recommended time is20 seconds. On a wide and/or busy roadway, alonger crossing period will be required. Thepedestrian signals should be both audible andpulsating, and located at a height of 900–1000mm. Road markings at crossings shouldprevent vehicles from blocking sight lines andfrom blocking dished kerbing.
4.2.4 Shared Space, Shared Surfaces‘Shared Space, Shared Surfaces’ is a developingEuropean urban design approach which seeks toestablish pedestrian priority within the urbanenvironment. This design approach reduces thetraditional demarcation between pedestrians andtraffic by removing or limiting features such askerbs, crossing points, traffic signs etc. Such anapproach can be used to regenerate urban/towncentres by seeking to reduce the dominance ofvehicles in discouraging and slowing the passageof vehicular traffic. A 2012 report carried out bythe NDA reviewed this approach and noted thatpeople with disabilities experienced concernabout the uncertainty created by this approachand recommended the provision of ‘ComfortZones’ within the Shared Spaces, Shared Surfacesapproach ie designated pedestrian routes andcrossing points. Clearly, the inclusion of a SharedSpace, Shared Surfaces approach in an urbandesign project requires careful consultation withpeople with disabilities and their representativeorganisations to ensure that the environment issafely and confidently usable by everyone.
For more detailed design information see theLocal Government Management ServicesBoard’s ‘Good Practice Guidelines onAccessibility of Streetscapes’. Website:www.lgmsb.ie/ga/node/26
For more information please see Section 4.2.2.2. on page 27
Cobbled areas in the town are hard to access for wheelchairs.– IWA member, Co Clare
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
30 Introduction30
4.2.5 Building Approach The route to the principal entrance of a building,from all areas, including the car parking area,should be clearly identified and well-lit with non-glare minimum illumination of 150 lux.
The danger of inadvertently walking into avehicular access route should be minimised byproviding a separate pedestrian route which is atleast 1500mm in width (2000mm where theapproach is a busy thoroughfare). Where there isan uncontrolled crossing point across thevehicular route, this crossing point should beidentified by coloured blister surfacing. This blistersurfacing should contrast strongly with thebackground pavement. Red blister paving shouldnot be used at crossings which are not signal-controlled.
The approach to the main building entrance froman adjacent road, car park or other area accessibleto motor vehicles should be level and have asmooth, non-slip surface. Where it is not possibleto provide a level approach, ie where there is agradient of more than 1:50, both steps and rampsshould be provided. The steps and ramps shouldbe as close as possible to each other.
External Ramps
4.3.1 Background Ramps are necessary for wheelchair users andbeneficial for people pushing prams, pushchairsand bicycles. Gradients should be as shallow aspracticable. Steep gradients create difficulties forsome wheelchair users who lack the strength topropel themselves up a slope or have difficulty in
slowing down or stopping when descending.However, there may be circumstances, eg inretrofits, where a steeper gradient than theminimum recommended may be necessary for ashort distance.
Ramps should always be accompanied by stepswhere the rise of the ramp is greater than 300mmand by alternative means of access eg a lift, whenthe total rise is greater than 2m.
4.3.2 GradientIf site constraints necessitate an approach of 1:20or steeper, an approach incorporating rampedaccess must be provided. The preferred gradientof a ramp is 1:20 and the length of individualsections should be no more than 10m with amaximum rise of 500mm. Intermediate landingsshould be provided after each 10m slope.
In very exceptional circumstances, where siteconstraints require it, slopes no steeper than 1:12may be provided. Individual sections in thesecircumstances should be no longer than 2m.These measurements change with the differentramp gradients as follows:
• When the ramp gradient is 1:20, thereshould be a maximum rise of 500mm and amaximum length of 10m between landings.
• When the ramp gradient is 1:15, thereshould be a maximum rise of 333mm and amaximum length of 5m between landings.
• When the ramp gradient is 1:12, thereshould be a maximum rise of 166mm and amaximum length of 2m between landings.
4.3.3 Widths of Flights and LandingsFlights and landings should have a clearunobstructed width of at least 1500mm. Where itis expected that there will be high usage of the
4.3
See Figure 6 on page 33
For more information see ‘Shared Space, SharedSurfaces and Home Zones from a UniversalDesign Approach for the Urban Environment inIreland’ on the NDA’s website: www.nda.ie
3
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
Lux is the measurement of intensity of light on a surface. An illumination of 250 lux is suitable for reading purposes.3
31
ramp, provision of a wider ramp should beconsidered. Intermediate landings, whereprovided, should have a minimum length of1800mm. If there is a change of direction in theramp and no clear view of the top/bottom of theramp possible, there should be a largerintermediate landing.
A clear flat unobstructed turning circle of 1800mmdiameter is required at the top and at the bottomlandings of a ramp. Where a door opens onto thelanding, additional space is required, so that thedoor swing does not compromise the turningcircle.
Unless the ramp is under cover, there should be across fall of 1:50 to aid drainage.
4.3.4 Tactile ProvisionsIt is not recommended to use tactile warnings toindicate ramps, as these are properly used toindicate the start of a flight of steps or stairs.
4.3.5 Surface FinishThe approach to the ramp should be highlightedby the use of colour contrast, tone and texturechange, to facilitate use by people with visionimpairment.
The surface of the ramp should be non-slip.Rainwater lodgement must be avoided byensuring appropriate drainage cross-fall of 1:50.The floor surface of the ramp should be flush atthe top and bottom of the ramp where the levelbegins to change. Where there are differentmaterials along the access route, they must havesimilar frictional characteristics.
The difference in level at joints between pavingunits should be no greater than 5mm and the gapbetween paving units should be no wider than10mm, with the joins filled flush. If unfilled thenthe gap should be no wider than 5mm.
4.3.6 Edge Protection
In addition to the handrails, a raised kerb of atleast 150mm in height should be provided on anyopen side of a ramp.
For information on handrails see Section 4.5. on page 32
4.3.7 LightingLighting for ramps should come from the sides toavoid shadow. Lighting should be consistentalong the length of the ramp and have non-glareillumination of 200 lux.
External Steps
4.4.1 BackgroundRamps are not necessarily safe and convenient forambulant disabled people. For example, somepeople who can walk but have restricted mobilityfind it more difficult to negotiate a ramp than astaircase or steps. In addition, adverse weatherconditions can increase the risk of slipping on aramp. It is therefore necessary to have stepsprovided as well as a ramp.
The width of the stairways should be determinedby the nature and use of the building. Flights andlandings of stairways should preferably have anunobstructed width of 1500mm. This width of1500mm is recommended to facilitate the assistedegress and evacuation of people with disabilitiesand to accommodate contra flow in circulationspaces during emergency evacuation. Where astairway is a secondary egress route a minimumunobstructed stair width of 1200mm isacceptable.
A central handrail should be provided when thewidth of the stairs exceeds 2000mm.
4.4
I had to go back home as there are no ramps.– IWA member, Co Wexford
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
32 Introduction32
4.4.2 External Step and Stair DesignLevel landings with at least a 1500mm length freefrom any door swings should be provided at thetop and bottom of each flight of steps. Singlesteps should be avoided as they present a trippinghazard even if there is visual contrast provided.
In the design of stairs, the rise of each step shouldbe consistent and between 150–180mm. Thegoing of each step should be consistent andbetween 300–450mm. Tapered treads and openrisers should not be used.
Nosings should be integral with the step anddistinguishable in tone and colour. Projectingnosings should be avoided. The surface material ofthe steps should be non-slip.
The outer edges of all steps in each flight mustprovide a permanent visual contrast with the restof the steps, known as ‘edge stair marking’. Theedge stair marking should be 50–65mm on thetread and 30–55mm is recommended on the riser,running the entire width of the step.
4.4.3 Tactile ProvisionsTop and bottom landings should be provided witha corduroy-type hazard-warning tactile surface ina ridged pattern to give advanced tactile warningof the change in level. This tactile surface shouldcomprise rounded bars running transversely tothe direction of pedestrian travel. The bars shouldbe 6mm (+/− 0.5 mm) in height, 20mm in width,and spaced 50mm from the centre of one bar tothe centre of the next.
This ridged surface should extend the full width ofthe stairs at both the top and bottom of the flight.This surface should be of a contrasting colour tothe surrounding area, but should not be red.
The ridged surface should start 400mm from thefirst step nosing, where possible. When steps are
in the direct line of travel, a depth of 800mm forthe tactile surface is needed. This depth can bereduced to 400mm if a pedestrian has to make aconscious turn to encounter the stairs.
Where one flight of stairs is followed immediatelyby a second flight, there is no need for additionaltactile surface areas, as the handrails should givewarning of another flight. However, if the stairsare accessed by a landing, then tactile warningwill also be required on that level.
4.4.4 Headroom ProvisionWhere the headroom on the underside of thestairs is less than 2100mm, this area should beguarded to eliminate hazard. This could be doneby fencing the area off with railings, building asolid wall, or creating an area of planting.
4.4.5 LightingLighting for steps should come from the sides toavoid shadow. Lighting should be consistentalong the full flight and adjoining landings andhave non-glare minimum illumination of 200 lux.
Handrails to Ramped andStepped Access Routes
4.5.1 Background People using wheelchairs do not normally usehandrails while using ramps but they may findhandrails useful to steady themselves on along/steep ramp. People with disability who areambulant and people who have visualimpairment find it easier to negotiate steps andramps with a handrail. Therefore handrails shouldbe provided on both sides of every ramped andstepped access route.
4.5
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
My social life can be neglected as I can’t get into places.– IWA member, Co Galway
33
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Figure 6 – Ramp and steps
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
34 Introduction34
4.5.2 Location of HandrailsThere should be a continuous handrail on eachside of the ramp and steps including landings. Thetop of the handrail should be 900–1000mm abovethe pitch line of the stair flight/ramp and900–1100mm above the surface of any landings.To accommodate people of different stature,provision of a second handrail should beconsidered on each side at 600mm height fromthe pitch line of steps/ramp surface. Bothhandrails should extend at least 300mm beyondthe outer edge of the top and bottom steps/ramp,and terminate in a closed end which does notproject into a route of travel.
Handrails on intermediate landings should becontinuous, to guide people who are blind or havea visual impairment.
When the width of the steps/ramps exceeds2000mm, a central handrail should be provided.This allows users to be within easy reach of asupport especially when many people are using awide ramp/steps.
4.5.3 Design of HandrailsThe handrail should follow the exact pitch line orcontour of the steps/ramp. In this way,information about the steps/level change iscommunicated through the person’s hand.Handrails should be distinguished from thebackground environment in contrasting colourand/or tone.
A round or oval profile of handrail is preferred.Round handrails should be 32–45mm in diameter,and oval handrails should be 38mm in depth and50mm in width. Any wall-mounted handrailshould have a clearance of 60–75mm from thewall. A support connection located at the bottomof the handrail permits uninterrupted use.
The materials used for the handrail can includewood and nylon-sleeved steel tubing and shouldhave a smooth finish with no sharp edges.
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
35
4 Locate as close as possible to main entrance –maximum distance 25m. Signage for easyidentification.
4 Minimum one accessible bay, then one accessiblebay for every 15 parking bays.
4 Firm level surface with white markings on bluebackground. Dished kerb to access pavements.
4 Size of standard accessible bays should be 4800 x6000mm. This includes 1200mm wide access zoneon both side and rear.
4 Size of bay for multi-purpose vehicles should be5400 x 7800mm. This includes 3000mm access zoneto one side and rear.
4 On-street parallel parking bay should be 3600 x7800mm. This includes an access zone of 1200mmto one side and 3000mm to the rear.
4 Minimum 2600mm height clearance to bemaintained throughout.
Accessible Parking
4 A 2000mm pavement width allows two wheelchairusers to pass each other safely.
4 Create a firm and level surface, with no gaps of morethan 10mm and paired dishing at all pedestriancrossing points.
4 Provide 2300mm headroom clearance.
4 Use tactile paving as follows: red blister-type forcontrolled crossings; buff, yellow or grey blister-typefor uncontrolled crossings; and corduroy type forhazard warning.
4 Provide seats for long and sloping routes. Circulationroute must be kept clear of any shop displays, bins,seats, etc.
Pavements, Crossings and Approach Routes
4 Shallowest possible gradient for any slopedapproach.
4 Gradient 1:20, maximum rise 500mm and maximumlength 10m.
4 Ramp width 1500mm, with a1800 x 1800mm levellanding at top and bottom.
4 Non-slip surface, with 1:50 cross-fall to ensuredrainage, and 150mm high edge protection.
4 Provide a continuous handrail on both sides at aheight between 900–1000mm, extending 300mmbeyond the ramp and terminating in a close end.
External Ramps
4 Steps should be provided in conjunction with aramp. Avoid single steps.
4 1500mm stairway width recommended. Taperedtreads and open risers to be avoided.
4 Consistent step design is critical. Risers to bebetween 150–180mm and goings between 300–450mm.
4 Provide corduroy tactile warning on top and atbottom of the staircase running across full widthof steps.
4 Provide a continuous handrail on both sides, at aheight between 900–1000mm, extending 300mmbeyond the last step and terminating in a close end.Central handrail required when stair width morethan 2000mm.
4 Step edges should contrast with the rest of thesurface. Provide adequate lighting. Avoid confusingshadows.
External Steps
Quick Summary of: 4. The External Environment and Building Approach
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
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37
Main Entrance Doors
5.1.1 BackgroundThe main entrance design to a building shouldgive accessible entry to all people includingwheelchair users, people with limited mobility,people who are blind, people with a visual orhearing impairment and people pushing prams.The entrance to a building should be easy tolocate, safe and convenient to use. The lightinglevel at the main entrance to a building should be150 lux.
The main building entrance/s should contrast withthe surroundings, have level access, be clearlysignposted and preferably have self-activatingdoors. The method and direction of opening ofthe main entrance door/s should be clearlyindicated.
In order to provide shelter for those having topause before entering a building, the mainentrance should incorporate some form ofweather protection.
5.1.2 Door Dimensions and DesignMain entrance doorways should provide aminimum clear opening width of not less than1000mm. Double doors should include at leastone leaf which provides a minimum clear openingof 1000mm.
Doors opening into a building should be hung sothat they open against an adjoining wall. A nib ofwall at the door hinge allows the door to openbeyond 90˚ which will increase the effective clearwidth. There should be an unobstructed space ofat least 500mm on the side next to the leading
edge of a single leaf door. This space will allow awheelchair user to reach the door handle easilyand keep clear of the door swing. The entrancethreshold should be level, which may requireinnovative design. To give level access, flushthresholds should be used. Door saddles or lipsare not acceptable.
In front of the door opening into the buildingthere should be a minimum clear and levelmanoeuvring space of at least 1800mm x1800mm. All outward opening doors, eg escapedoors should not project into circulation areas andshould have an unimpeded area outside of at least1800mm x 2300mm.
5.1.2.1 Door Frames and Glazed Panels
Except where it is necessary to maintain securityor privacy, an entrance door should be designedto permit visual awareness of the layout of thebuilding immediately beyond. Each door leafshould incorporate a glazed vision panelextending from 500mm to 1500mm above thefinished floor level.
If a door requires an intermediate horizontalsection for strength or to accommodate doorfurniture, the door should have two vision panels,one between 500–800mm from the floor and theother between 1150–1500mm from the floor. Theglazed vision panels should be flush with the doorso as not to compromise use of the door handles.
5.1
See Figure 7 on page 39
See Figure 8 on page 40
See Figure 9 on page 41
5 Access to and Circulation Within a Building
It really annoys me to have to ask people to open doors for me.– IWA member, Co Kilkenny
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
3838
5.1.2.2 Door Furniture
Door ironmongery which is situated between900–1000mm from floor level should have apush/pull down lever-type handle and be clearlyidentifiable by use of contrasting materials, colourand/or design. The handle/door lock should beeasily used and manipulated by all includingsomeone with restricted hand movement and/orlimited strength.
If the door handle is vertical, then it should bemore than 300mm long with the lower end sitedbetween 700–1000mm from the floor and the topbetween 900–1300mm from the floor.
Self-closing devices on manually operated non-powered swing doors are a disadvantage for manypeople who have limited upper body strength, arepushing prams, or are carrying heavy objects. Ifself-closing devices are unavoidable, the openingforce of the door should be as low as possible andno greater than 20 newton at the leading edge ofthe door.
5.1.2.3 Pull Handles
Doors that do not have a self-closing deviceshould have a 300mm pull handle located on thepush side. This pull handle will assist a wheelchairuser in pulling the door closed behind them. Theupper end of the pull handle should be centred onthe door at 900mm from floor level with the lowerend sloped towards the hinged side of the door at800mm from floor level.
5.1.2.4 Kick Plates
Kick plates to protect the door surface should beprovided on the base of the door. The kick plateshould extend across the full width of the base ofthe door to a height of 400mm. Typically, a kickplate would be made of aluminum sheet.
5.1.2.5 Glass Door Design
A glass door that is adjacent to or is incorporatedwithin a fully glazed wall should be clearlydifferentiated from the wall, with the door moreprominent. Any single-pane fully glazed door or
fixed panels should be marked permanently at850–1000mm and 1400–1600mm above floorlevel. The markings should contrast visually withthe background when seen through the doorfrom both directions, in all lighting conditions,and at all times of day.
5.1.3 Revolving DoorsRevolving doors of any size are not suitable for useby all people, eg parents with prams or buggiesand people with limited mobility. An alternativeaccessible entrance must be provided adjacent toa revolving door.
5.1.4 Powered and Automatic DoorsAutomated door systems are generallyrecommended for ease of use rather thanmanually operated doors. Clear instructions forany door fitted with a self-closing and opening orpush button device are required in visual andtactile format.
A change of floor surface texture should beprovided at the approach to self-activating doors.Automatic doors should take at least threeseconds to fully open from a closed position andshould remain open for at least five seconds toallow safe entry and exit. Doors shouldincorporate a safety stop which is activated ifdoors start to close as a person is passing through.Doors should revert to manual control or failsafein the open position in the event of a powerfailure. Automatic doors should ideally slide aside(like lift doors) rather than swing in or out.
With doors that swing open towards the user,both audible and visual warnings should be given.When in an open position, doors should notproject into any adjacent access route. A door lockrelease should be situated at a height of between900−1000mm and be clearly identifiable.
Entrance devices, eg push pads and card swipes, forautomatic doors, should be located 900−1050mmabove the finished floor level. Provision of anadditional foot-activated push pad will facilitatepeople with restricted hand functions.
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
39
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Figure 7 – Building entrance (plan view)
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
40 Introduction40
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5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
41
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Figure 9 – Entrance with intermediate horizontal section
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
4242
These low level pads can be operated byfoot/wheelchair foot rests and should be mountedwith the centre of the pad at 200mm height fromfloor level.
Where the control pad and door are located onthe same wall, the controls should be clearlyidentified on the latch side and placed within200mm of the door. Where the control pad isplaced on the return wall, it should be located atleast 1400mm from the leading edge of the doorso as to avoid collision with the door on opening.The door operating controls should be clearlydistinguishable from the background in tone andcolour contrast.
5.1.5 Intercom SystemsAny intercom/door entry system should beprovided at a height between 900 and 1050 mmfrom the floor level and located at least 500mmfrom any corner. Where the intercom/entry systemand the door are located on the same wall, theyshould be placed at 200 mm from the latch side ofthe door. Where the intercom system is placed onthe return wall, it should be located 1400mm fromthe door. The system provided should have avisual display to facilitate people who are deaf orhard of hearing. The door release indicator shouldbe both visual and audible.
Entrance Foyers
5.2.1 BackgroundEntrance foyers and lobbies should be designedand constructed in such a way that there issufficient space to enable all people, including awheelchair user and a person assisting thewheelchair user, to move clear of one door beforeusing the next door. In addition, there should be asufficient space allowance for a person to pass inthe opposite direction.
5.2.2 Lobby Design The minimum clear door widths leading into andfrom a lobby/foyer area should be 900mm, with aclear space of preferably 500mm, but a minimumof 300mm, next to the leading edge side of thedoor. The clear space enclosed by a lobby areamust be at least 1700mm in depth x 900mm inwidth, free of door swing into that space.
The overall size of the lobby/foyer area will then bedetermined by the size of the door/s opening intoand from the lobby area and by whether any doorsare opening in the same or opposite directions.The recommended lobby width is 1800mm; theminimum acceptable lobby width is 1500mm.
5.2.3 Internal DoorsInternal doors should provide a minimum clearopening width of 900mm. Doors opening into aroom should be hung so that they open againstan adjoining wall. A nib of wall at the door hingeallows the door to open beyond 90˚ which willincrease the effective clear width. Double doorsshould include one leaf that provides a clearminimum opening of 900mm. Ideally there shouldbe an unobstructed space of 500mm on the sidenext to the leading edge of the door. A minimumacceptable space on the side next to the leadingedge is 300mm.
The doors should open inwards from circulationareas and from busy to less busy areas. Internaldoors should be designed and constructed in sucha way that the doors and frames are clearlyidentified by colour and tonal contrast from theadjacent walls.
See Section 5.1.2.2 on page 38 regarding door furniture
5.2
See Figure 10 and Figure 11 on pages 44 and 45
Many doors in public buildings are not wide enough for powered chairs.– IWA member, Tralee, Co Kerry
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
43
5.2.3.1 Glazed Vision Panels
Each leaf of a door should incorporate a glazedvision panel extending at least from 500mm to1500mm above the finished floor level. If a doorrequires an intermediate horizontal section forstrength or to accommodate door furniture, thedoor should have two viewing panels: one500−800mm from the floor and the other1150−1500mm from the floor. The glazed visionpanels should be flush with the door so as not tocompromise use of the door handles.
Any single pane fully glazed door leaf or fixedpanel should have a permanent marking as ameans of identifying the glass at heights of850−1000mm and 1400−1600mm. This mustcontrast visually with the background and bevisible through the door in all lighting conditionsand at all times of day.
Corridor Design
5.3.1 BackgroundCorridor design should facilitate safe andconvenient circulation through a building. Acorridor must give easy access to rooms locatedwithin the corridor as well as space to turn andretrace a route. With careful and considered use ofsignage and colour, a corridor route can assist ingiving a sense of location within a building bysignposting and tracing travel routes.
5.3.2 General Design of CorridorsThe line of travel in a corridor should be clear anddistinctive. Careful use of colour can aidnavigation. Floor surfaces should not be reflectiveand should avoid busy patterns. The lighting levelalong the length of a corridor should be 150 luxand located where it does not create glare orsilhouettes.
Ideally, a corridor or passageway should have aclear unobstructed width of 1800mm along itslength. Any corridors less than 1800mm in widthshould have a turning space of 1800mm x 1800mm
at the end of the corridor and at corridorjunctions. This turning space should be repeatedat intervals of 25 metres as the length of thecorridor continues. Any corners on a corridorshould be rounded.
A minimum acceptable clear unobstructedcorridor width is 1500mm, with a width of1200mm acceptable only when there is noalternative possible.
To facilitate horizontal movement in emergencyevacuation, designated escape routes shouldalways have minimum corridor widths of1800mm.
The provision of seating areas and handrailsshould be considered in corridors which are 20metres or longer.
5.3.2.1 Doors in Corridors
All doors that open outward into a corridor shouldbe recessed. If it is not possible to recess doors,then the corridor width should allow a minimumclear space of 1500mm within the corridor at thedoor opening points. The doors should open inthe direction of the escape route.
5.3.2.2 Objects Fitted to Walls Along CirculationRoutes
Wall-mounted objects within a corridor spaceshould be recessed so as not to protrude into thecirculation space. If it is not possible to recess wall-mounted objects, these objects should then befixed at 700mm or more above the floor level andprovision should be made to warn people who areblind or have a visual impairment of the presenceof such obstacles by providing hazard protection.Hazard protection can include guardrails,provision of a solid kerb, hazard warning flooringor an audible warning signal of some kind.
5.3.3 Floor LevelsFloors within a building should be level orpredominantly level. Where minor changes offloor levels occur, these should be graded nosteeper than 1:60. Where grading occurs, the floor
5.3
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
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Figure 10 – Internal lobbies with doors opening in the same direction
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
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Figure 11 – Internal lobbies with doors opening in the opposite direction
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
46 Introduction46
should have a maximum rise of 500mm without alevel landing rest. A landing rest should be1800mm in length. Any changes of floor levelshould be accented with texture and highlightedwith colour.
Signage and Wayfinding
5.4.1 BackgroundSignage is a way of giving information about abuilding and facilities as well as aiding navigationaround a building. Signage should be easilydetectable, readily understandable and easy touse for all people.
5.4.2 Signage Lettering and CharacterStyleDirectional signage should only be placed on fixedparts of the building such as walls, posts andfloors. In spaces where signs would not be visible,for example where there may be large crowds,they should be projected or suspended from theceiling. Signs that are projected or suspendedfrom the ceiling must be positioned at a height toallow for a 2300mm clearance from floor level.
Character or letter heights of minimum 150mmare suitable for long-distance reading, eg buildingsigns; 50−100mm for medium-distance reading,eg directional signs; and 15−25 mm for short-distance reading, eg room signs.
Characters on all signs should be raised by 1.5mm.Text and symbols should be consistent in designand use conventional colours and symbols.Legibility should be ensured by using acontrasting coloured background. In general,white lettering on a dark background gives goodlegibility. A matt finish should be used. San seriftypefaces are more easily legible eg Ariel, Verdana,Gill sans MT, etc. A mixture of both capital andlower case letters that are aligned to the left isrecommended.
The use of easily recognised symbols, pictogramsand directional arrows can simplify theinterpretation of signage and also aid wayfinding.
Signs that are to be read from a relatively shortdistance should be sited with the centreline of thesign located at 1400mm from floor level. Safetyinstruction signage, which requires readingdetailed instructions, should be duplicated at1000mm−1100mm and 1600mm−1700mm to suitpeople at a range of eye levels.
5.4.3 WayfindingCareful consideration must be given to the visualaccess of facilities in a building and to wayfinding.All routes leading from the reception area shouldincorporate a wayfinding system and be clearlysigned and unobstructed. Long distancesbetween frequently used services should beavoided. The easiest access route to services andfacilities should be clearly signposted. All publicbuildings should have an integrated system ofwayfinding, public address and hearingenhancement.
Wayfinding can be achieved by the careful andconsidered use of pictorial signage and colour toindicate travel routes. Information on wayfindingshould be visual and tactile and low enough totouch. Detectable directional indicators may beused to highlight information points and accessroutes. Contrasting coloured floor covering incirculation and movement areas aids orientationand wayfinding.
All buildings should be equipped with awheelchair if long distances need to be travelled.
5.4
For further information refer to the ‘Sign Design Guide’ (2004), published by JMUAccess Partnership/The Sign Design Societyand the Royal National Institute of BlindPeople (RNIB)
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
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Internal Changes in Floor Level
5.5.1 BackgroundVertical circulation or changes in floor levels canpose challenges to both designers and users of abuilding. Changes of levels are usuallyaccommodated by the provision of stairs, ramps,escalators, travelators, platform and car lifts. Theprovisions made must ensure safety, ease of useand access for all people to all levels above andbelow the entrance level of the building.
Where steps are provided, these should beaccompanied by an adjacent ramp. Ramps andstairs can be effective means of moving verticallywithin a building. However a ramp slope that istoo steep or a ramp that is too long can createdifficulties for potential users. Equally, spiralstairways and stairways with open and/or taperedthreads are potentially hazardous.
Car and platform lifts and, very occasionally stairlifts can provide access where ramps andstairways are not practicable. The design of theapproach route, the lift car and the lift controlsmust accommodate all potential users.
Travelators and escalators are not suitable for useby wheelchair users. Wherever an escalator orpassenger conveyor is installed between floors,clearly signed alternative access by lift should alsobe provided.
The number of stairwells, ramps, escalators, carand platform lifts will be determined by the userprofile and the services available within thebuilding.
5.5.2 Internal Step and Stair DesignIn general, single steps should be avoided as theycan be hazardous.
Straight flights are easier to negotiate thancurved.
Ideally, flights and landings of stairways shouldhave an unobstructed width of at least 1500mm.
This stair width is recommended to facilitate theassisted evacuation of people with disabilities andaccommodate contra-flow traffic in circulationspaces and to facilitate egress and evacuation inthe event of an emergency. If the desirable widthof 1500m cannot be achieved, a minimumacceptable width is 1200mm on a stairs that is notpart of an evacuation route.
A central handrail should be provided when thewidth of the stairs exceeds 2000m. Lightingshould be even and consistent along the flightand should not cause anyone to negotiate stairs intheir own shadow. A lighting level of 200 lux isrecommended at the top and bottom landingsand along the length of the stairs.
5.5.2.1 Step Profile and Design
The rise of each step on a flight of stairs should beconsistent, and between 150–180mm. The goingof each step should be consistent and between300–450mm. Nosings should be integral with thestep and distinguishable in colour and tone.Nosings should be used on the front face and thetop of each step so as to be visible whileascending or descending the stairs.
Flights should contain no more than 12 risersbetween landings. The number of risers insuccessive flights should be uniform. Open risersshould not be used.
Tactile hazard warning surfaces should beinstalled at the top and the bottom of each flightto assist people who are blind or have a visualimpairment , as well as at intermediate landingswhere there is access onto a landing other thanfrom the steps themselves.
For more information see Section 4.4.3 on page 32
Where it may not be possible to use a tactilehazard warning surface indoors (which can beproblematic with different frictional qualities ofindoor surfaces) then floor finishes that contrastvisually and in texture and sound should be usedto highlight and to warn of the top and bottom ofthe stairs.
5.5
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
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Level landings of at least 1500mm in lengthshould be provided at the top and bottom of eachflight of stairs, and this space must be free of anydoor swing across it.
5.5.2.2 Handrails
Handrails should be provided in conjunction withchanges in floor level, flights of stairs, ramps orsteps. The height of handrails should be 900mmabove floor level.
Handrails should continue without interruptionacross flights and landings and should be easilydistinguishable from the background withoutbeing highly reflective.
Consideration should be given to the provision ofa second handrail set at 600mm above the pitchline on stairs, especially in buildings used bychildren. Handrails should be available on bothsides of a flight of stairs to facilitate people whofavour the use of left/right hand.
Each handrail should extend 300mm beyond thefirst and last nosing and be rounded at the end.The surface of a handrail should be covered witheasy-grip non-slip material.
For more information see Section 4.5 on page 32
5.5.3 Internal Ramp DesignRamps can be an effective way of moving fromstorey to storey within a building. However, asinternal ramps require considerable space, theyare normally only used in buildings with largeopen spaces. It is more common to use liftsinternally to move from one storey to another.
The use of internal ramps is most likely to arisewithin an existing building where accessprovisions are being retrofitted. In new buildingdesign, changes of level within a storey should notoccur and therefore short ramps should not berequired. Wherever ramps are provided, theremust also be the adjacent provision of steps
and/or a lift as an alternative. A lighting level of200 lux is recommended at top and bottomlandings and along the length of the ramp.
The design of an internal ramp will be the same asthat of an external ramp.
For more information see Section 4.3 on page 30
5.5.4 Passenger Lift Internal passenger lifts are the usual means ofmoving from one storey to another within abuilding. Single door lifts should ideally providesufficient internal cabin space to accommodate aturning circle with a diameter of 1800mm.
In smaller buildings, it may not be possible toprovide a lift with the above internal dimensions.In such situations, a Class 3 lift, 2000mm in depthand 1400mm in width, is recommended in orderto comfortably accommodate a wheelchair userand another person.
In lifts where an alternative exit door is locateddirectly opposite the entry door, an internalturning circle with a diameter of 1800mm is notnecessary. In this situation, a minimum clearspace of 1700mm in depth and 1200mm in widthwithin the lift car is required.
Where a lift car is not square it is alwayspreferable that it be deeper (rather than wider)to facilitate the entrance and exit of mobilityscooters.
5.5.4.1 Lift Use for Emergency Evacuation
Lifts in new buildings should be fire protected andcapable of being used for evacuation purposes;this is the most effective means of emergencyevacuation for people with disabilities. Existinglifts can be upgraded to be usable as the means ofemergency evacuation.
See Figure 6 on page 33
Also see Figure 6 on page 33
See Figure 12 on page 51
48 5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
49
The use of evacuation chairs require planning andtraining and are not an option for everyone.
For more information see Section 8 on page 107
5.5.4.2 Lift Door Design
The lift door or doors should preferably have aminimum clear opening width of 900mm. The liftdoors should be clearly distinguishable from thebackground by tone and colour contrast. Theyshould be fitted with a reacting device whichrelies on infrared or photo-eye systems to ensureno person can become trapped in the doors. Liftdoors should stay open for a minimum of eightseconds. A control button to keep the door/sopen should be situated on both the inside andoutside of the lift. Both visual and auditorywarning should be given before the lift doorsopen and close.
5.5.4.3 Lift Controls, Fixtures and Fittings
In the lift, the controls should be situated on theside wall with the centre line of the control panelat a height of 1000mm and 500mm from thecorner. Control pad buttons should be tactile, wellspread and accessible to wheelchair users byparallel approach. Audible and visual notificationof the floor level, and notice of dooropening/closing, should be provided at each liftlanding. Braille identification of control buttonsshould also be present and, ideally, be situated asclose as possible to each button, rather than on it.If situated on the button, a person with visionimpairment might accidentally push the buttonwhile trying to read the Braille information. Brailleand control pad buttons should contrast with thebackground design of the lift car. In larger lifts ie2000mm wide x 1400mm deep and above, aduplicate set of controls should be provided onthe opposite side of the lift car.
The internal lighting within the lift car should beuniformly distributed at approximately 150 lux atfloor level. The internal walls of the lift car shouldbe covered with a non-reflective matt material.
Light coloured walls should provide contrast witha darker floor shade. The floor should havefrictional qualities similar to, or higher than, thefloor of the landing. A rounded handrail should besituated 900mm above floor level and along boththe side and back walls of the lift car.
In lifts with one entry/exit door, a mirror at the rearof the lift cabin is required to assist wheelchairusers reversing out of the lift. This mirror shouldnot extend the full height of the cabin but start at900mm above floor level and extend to the top ofthe lift car, to avoid causing confusion to peoplewith visual impairment.
5.5.4.4 Lift Landings
Lifts should be conveniently located in relation tothe entrance/lobby area and be clearlysignposted. There should be a clear unobstructedspace of 1800mm x 1800mm in front of the liftentrance and this area should be well lit with aminimum illumination of 200 lux. A change offloor surface and texture should be present toindicate the approach to the lift. Lift call controlsat each landing should be tactile, contrast incolour/tone with their background and besituated at a height of not less than 900mm andnot more than 1100mm. Braille identification ofcontrol buttons should also be present and ideallybe situated as close as possible beside eachbutton, rather than on it.
Audible and visual notification of the floor levelreached, and notice of door opening/closing,should be provided at each lift landing.
If a stairwell is situated in proximity to the lift cardoor, the distance to the stairwell should be atleast two metres to allow for safe manoeuvring.
5.5.4.5 Lift Emergency Service Notification
Passenger lifts should be fitted with emergencyinstructions in visual and tactile format at a heightbetween 900mm and 1100mm. A push buttoncontrol with tactile indicator should activate anemergency communication system situated
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
50 Introduction50
within the lift car. A visual and auditory responseindicator should also be fitted. The function ofthis response indicator is to confirm receipt of anemergency call, to detail the expected responseaction and time, and to allow ongoingcommunication. The communication systemshould incorporate an induction coupler for thebenefit of people who use hearing aids, andsignage alerting people to the presence of theinduction coupler should be displayed.
5.5.5 Platform LiftsPlatform lifts are used by wheelchair users andpeople with limited mobility to transfer on aguarded platform from one level to another.Platform lifts should be designed for independentuse with clear instructions given for their use, andthey should also be fitted with an emergencyalarm system. Non-enclosed platform lifts shouldrise no more than 2000mm. Where the verticaltravel distance is more than 2000mm, or the liftpenetrates a floor, there should be a lift enclosure.
The entry and exit to the platform lift should beflush with the surrounding surface and flooringshould be non-slip. The preferred size of aplatform lift is 1100mm x 1400mm, with a cleardoor opening width of 900mm.
The lift controls should be conveniently locatedfor independent use at a height of 800–1050mm,and controls should be designed to preventunauthorised use. The minimum illuminationlevel within the platform lift and surroundingareas should be 150 lux.
5.5.6 Platform Stair LiftsPlatform stair lifts can accommodate awheelchair user but are not recommended andshould not be installed in new public buildings.They should only be used as a last resort in anexisting situation where no other solution isfeasible. The platform stair lift, when folded andout of use, must not impact on the clear stairwidth and must not present any hazards topeople using the stairs.
Platform stair lifts are not to be confused withseated stair lifts which are intended for use only indomestic circumstances, and which accommodatepeople who can transfer to sit on the lift seat.
5.5.7 Conveyors and EscalatorsTravelators and escalators are not suitable for useby wheelchair users. Where a passengerescalator/conveyor is within a pedestrian accessroute, guarding should be provided along and atboth ends of the conveyor for the safety of peoplewho are blind or have a visual impairment.
Handrails should be provided, contrast in colourand luminance with the surroundings for thebenefit of people who are visually impaired.Clearly highlighted alternative accessible routesshould be provided.
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
51
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Figure 12 – Passenger lift
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
52 Introduction52 5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
4 Main entrance should be easily identifiable and wellsignposted. Revolving doors not suitable.
4 Provide 1800 x 1800mm level manoeuvring spaceoutside the main entrance, with weather protection.
4 Minimum clear door width 1000mm for mainentrance, 900mm for all other doors.
4 500mm clear space on leading edge of single leafdoor. Heavy door springs not recommended.
4 Vision panels extending between 500–1500mm.Door handles between 900–1000mm from floor.
4 Fully glazed panels marked between 850–1000mmand between 1400-1600mm from floor.
Entrance/Doors
4 Overall size of lobby should be determined bylocation and opening direction of the lobby doors.
4 Lobby size should allow 1700 x 900mm clear spacewithin a lobby free from any door swing.
4 Door widths to be minimum 900mm, with 500mmclear space on leading edge side of the door.
4 Recommended lobby width 1800mm.
Foyers/Lobbies
4 Recommended corridor width 1800mm. Wall-mounted objects should not cause obstruction.
4 Doors opening into a corridor should be recessed.
4 Design and colour scheme should aid wayfinding.
4 Magnetic catches should be used to hold the doorsin the open position to facilitate accessibility.
Corridors
4 Signage should be easily detectable, consistent andreadily understandable.
4 Suspended signs to allow minimum 2300mm heightclearance.
4 Close distance signs should be mounted withcentreline at 1400mm height from floor. Safetyinstruction signage to be duplicated at heightbetween 1000–1100mm and between 1600–1700mm.
4 Use san serif typefaces, white lettering on darkbackground, recognised symbols and pictograms.
4 Suitable letter height is a minimum of 150mm forlong distance signs, 50–10mm for medium distancesigns, and 15–25mm for short distance signs.
Signage
4 Ideally, new buildings should have lifts that can beused for emergency evacuation.
4 Lift car to preferably accommodate 1800mm turningdiameter. For smaller buildings 2000mm deep x1400mm width is acceptable.
4 Lift door clear opening width of 900mm. Doorshould stay open for at least eight seconds.
4 Provide 1800 x 1800mm clear space in front of lift oneach landing. Lift call button should be between900–1100mm.
4 In the lift car, centreline of lift control panel to be at1000mm height. Lighting level 150 lux.
4 Provide audible and visual notification of the floorlevel and notice of door opening/closing.
Lifts
Quick Summary of: 5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
53
Facilities, Fixtures and Fittings
6.1.1 BackgroundFrom the reception area, right through all parts ofthe building, all services and facilities should beeasily identifiable and readily available to allpotential users. The range of services and facilitiesincludes reception areas, WC facilities, lighting,window coverings, telephones, fire equipment,counter tops, public access terminals, cash desks,etc. The internal design of a building, signage,lighting and acoustic properties should allcombine to enable users to identify and interpretthe space and facilities within the building.
6.1.2 Reception AreasThe reception area should be strategically locatedto minimise external and internal noise. It shouldbe easily identifiable from the main buildingentrance, with a direct and unobstructedapproach.
The lighting between the entrance and receptionareas must be evenly dispersed, with minimumrecommended illumination of 150 lux. Thelighting level at reception counter top level shouldbe 250 lux.
Reception areas should facilitate all users.Reception counter areas should provide sufficientspace and access on both sides to facilitateemployees and members of the public, includingwheelchair users. A minimum 1800mm diameterof clear manoeuvring space should be providedon both sides of the reception area.
A section of the reception counter should be aminimum of 700mm deep, a minimum of1500mm (preferably 1800mm) long, and 760mmhigh from the floor level. This will accommodatewheelchair users on both sides of the counter.There should be knee clearance height of 700mm
underneath the counter with a minimum kneedepth of 650mm to facilitate wheelchair users.This provision is in addition to the conventionalcounter section at a height of 1050mm to suitpeople who are standing.
Where a counter or hatch is used, it should be ofan open design to give optimum acoustics andview. If a screen has to be used, it should be a clearglass screen with non-glare properties. Loopsystems and text phones should be installed andclearly identified at reception areas.
6.1.2.1 Queuing Systems
Where queuing systems are provided they shouldbe suitable for all users. The controls on ticketmachines should be positioned 750–1200mmabove the floor, with a clear approach aisle of notless than 1500mm. The base of the machineshould not protrude in front of the face of themachine. The immediate space in front of themachine should be level and unobstructed for notless than 1850mm x 2100mm, to give a wheelchairuser clear side access to the machine and room toturn.
Careful consideration should be given to the useof queuing barriers in terms of location andheight. If not correctly located and designed, theycan be a hazard to people who are blind andpeople with visual impairment.
6.1.2.2 Information Provision
Information at reception areas and other locationsshould be available in a variety of formats toaccommodate the needs of as wide a range ofusers as possible. The variety of formats requiredinclude: all written documents available in large orclear print and Braille (on request); information onemail or audiotape; accessible websites; audiodescription services; touch facilities; a facility for
See Figure 13 on page 55
6.1
6 Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
54 Introduction54
exchanging written notes; verbatim speech-to-text transcription service; induction loopsystems, including portable loop systems; signinterpretation (on request); informationdisplayed on a computer screen; text phones;telephone amplifiers; minicom; inductivecouplers; lip speaking interpretation; and faxmachine and text facility.
6.1.2.3 Seating
Seating should be provided in reception areas,and along routes and where waiting is likely.Seating provided should be stable, some with andsome without arm rests, and at a height between450–520 mm. Minimum backrest height of455mm should be provided on all seating.
Perch seats at 650–800mm in height can beprovided for long routes or short stay areas.
The seating provided should include suitablespaces for wheelchair users to position themselvesalongside the seating. Waiting areas shouldprovide a minimum of two spaces for wheelchairusers to sit side by side, or for a wheelchair user toposition him/herself beside a companion. Thisspace should be a minimum of 900mm in width
by 1400mm in depth, with clear access from theapproach routes.
A space should be provided for a guide dog to rest.
6.1.2.4 Switches and Controls
Switches, sockets, TV points and all controlsshould be located at heights of 400–1000mm.Electrical wall sockets should be located at aminimum of 400mm above floor level. Socketoutlets that are in frequent use should be placedhigher, between 750–1000mm. Light switchesshould be placed between 750–1000mm.
Switch and socket outlets should clearly indicatewhether they are on or off.
Tactile buttons, where used, should be embossedrather than engraved. Flushed or recessed controlsshould be avoided. All switches and control padsshould be operational with the use of one hand.
Switches or controls should be located at aminimum of 500mm from a corner.
For further information, please refer to TheNational Council for the Blind of Ireland (NCBI) atwww.ncbi.ie and Deaf Hear at www.deafhear.ie
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
55
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Figure 13 – Reception desk
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
56 Introduction
Interior Design
6.2.1 BackgroundConsistent design throughout a building isessential to support people in understanding thebuilding layout, to aid orientation, and to enableaccess to facilities. Colour and lighting schemescan assist in differentiating utilities and areaswithin a building. The choice of surface type andcolour with regards to floor surfaces can give easeof movement and guidance throughout abuilding.
6.2.2 Environmental Colour and TonalContrastA combination of colour, tonal and texturalcontrast helps people who are blind or have avisual impairment to distinguish betweendoorways, surfaces or objects placed on surfaces(eg light switches). Tonal contrast is moreimportant than colour contrast as some peoplemay have difficulty distinguishing colours.
6.2.3 Surface FinishesShiny surfaces and large repeating patternsshould be avoided in the design ofreception/enquiry desks or speaker rostrums, asthey can create glare and reflections. Designswhich cause excessive shadow on walls and floorsshould also be avoided.
6.2.3.1 Floor Surfaces
Appropriate selection of floor surfaces can aidorientation, acoustic conditions and ease ofpassage for wheelchair users. Floor surfacesshould be firm and non-directional to allow foreasy passage. Floor surfaces should be slip-resistant and not cause reflection or glare.Large repeat floor patterns should be avoided.
For example, polished floorboards or tiles areeasier for wheelchair users to negotiate than deeppile carpets. Carpets, where used, should be ofshallow dense pile. Thresholds and junctions
between surfaces should be flush, so as not tocreate a hazard for wheelchair users and peoplewho are blind or have a visual impairment.
Floor areas that may become wet, such as inside amain entrance door, should not be of a type thatbecomes slippery. Consideration should be givento the safe provision of mats which should berecessed into the floor.
6.2.4 WindowsWindows should be positioned to distribute lightevenly. The window sills should be positioned at aheight of 850mm. No transoms should be placedbetween 850–1200mm to allow a clear viewthrough the window.
The window opening device should be easy tooperate and be located in an accessible position.For manually operated windows, lever handlesshould be used as they require less dexterity.
The use of automated window openers caneliminate the need to reach. Any window openinghandle/switch should be located at a heightbetween 750–1000mm.They should contrast incolour and tone with the surroundingbackground, so as to be easily identifiable.
Avoid having windows located at the end of acorridor as this can cause glare. In existingbuildings, where windows are located at the endof corridors, they can be fitted with curtainsand/or blinds to control strong daylight.
6.2.5 LightingAll lighting within a building, including naturallight, should be controllable and adjustable.Lighting should not cause reflections or glare, andflash lighting should be avoided. Lighting levelsshould be stronger at task areas and along stairsand ramps.
Lighting controls should be accessible to all withrocker-type switches placed at a height between750–1000mm and at a minimum of 500mm fromany corner.
6.2
56 6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
57
6.2.5.1 Variations in Lighting Levels
Even lighting levels should be present throughouta building, with task lighting available where it islikely to be needed, for instance, at desks wherepeople may wish to read or write. Task arealighting should be 250 lux. General lightingshould be 150 lux, with an increase to 200 lux onstairs and ramps. An illumination of 250 lux issuitable for reading purposes. (Lux is themeasurement of intensity of light on a surface.)
6.2.5.2 Glare Shadows and Reflections
Good balanced lighting, combined with the use ofmatt finishes on surfaces, will prevent glare andshadows occurring.
Where there are large areas of glass, care shouldbe taken with the positioning of mirrors and inhow lighting is provided. This prevents confusingand disorientating reflections for people withvision impairment.
For further information on lighting levels, refer to NCBI’s website: www.ncbi.ie
6.2.6 Hearing and Visual EnhancementSystemsCommunication points such as reception desksshould be located away from potentially noisyareas. Adequate sound insulation shouldminimise any external noise. Considerationshould be given to minimisation of magneticfields which can be generated by the installationof systems such as heating units, air conditioningunits, extractor fans, and the main power supplycable to the building.
Enhancement systems for people with ahearing/visual impairment should be installed asstandard in spaces designed for activities such asmeetings, lectures, performances, films andspectator sports. Enhancement systems include:
• Loop or infra-red hearing systems whichtransmit sound to hearing aids and cochlearimplants to enhance hearing for people whouse these devices.
• Captioned performance and speech-to-text subtitles and on-screen display to givepeople who are deaf or hard of hearingaccess to a live performance or presentation.The speaker’s words appear on display unitsplaced within a set or next to a stage, at thesame time as they are spoken or sung.
• Audio Described Performances whichprovide a verbal commentary that tells aperson who is visually impaired what ishappening on a stage during the parts of theperformance where there is no dialogue.Visually impaired audience members areequipped with a headset or earpiece to hearthe information.
• Irish Sign Language (ISL) interpretation forindividual or group settings can be madeavailable on request.
The availability of these facilities should be clearlysignposted, with procedures in place fordistribution and reclamation of audio descriptionand portable loop packs.
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
58 Introduction58
Public Facilities
6.3.1 BackgroundFacilities that are provided and available to thegeneral public should be universally accessible.The design, location and access to facilitiesrequires careful consideration to ensure that allpeople can independently avail of all facilitiesprovided. In some circumstances, there may be arequirement for alternative provisions and/orsupports in using facilities, where meeting allneeds within the one provision is not possible.
6.3.2 Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)and other Public Access TerminalsThe approach aisles to ATM machines and otherpublic access terminals should have a minimumwidth of 1200mm. Externally located machinesshould have a protective canopy extending notless than 1200mm and should be recessed intothe building line or set into the grass verge. Theimmediate space in front of the machine shouldbe level and unobstructed for not less than1800mm x 1800mm. This area should be a clearlyidentified privacy space. To provide foot-restclearance for a wheelchair user, a clear space witha minimum of 300mm in height and 200mm indepth should be provided.
An ATM and any public access terminal should besituated no more than 1200mm above floor levelwith the key pad at a height of 900mm. The screenand keypad should be tilted towards the user.There should be a small raised dot on the figurefive on the key pad, to aid people who are blind orhave a visual impairment. A privacy flap should beprovided over the ATM key pad.
The area surrounding an ATM should be well-lit,with an illumination of at least 200 lux in theinteractive area and 50 lux at background level,with non-glare properties. An ATM can be
hearing-enabled with a provision made forheadphone connections and use. This will be ofassistance to people who are blind and peoplewith visual impairment.
Public access terminals other than external ATMs,such as information kiosks, interactive panels, self-service points, and weigh scales, should providethe knee clearance space of 700mm high and500mm deep. Immediate space in front of thesepublic access terminals should be level andunobstructed for not less than 1800mm x1800mm.
6.3.3 Public TelephonesWhere there are public telephones, at least oneaccessible phone should be provided. Anaccessible telephone should be positioned withthe telephone controls between 750–1000mmabove a level, unobstructed floor space of1800mm x 1800mm, with a clear knee recess of700mm in height x 500mm in depth.
A fold-down seat, 450–520mm in height, or perchseat, 650–800mm in height, should be providedadjacent to the phone. Clear written instructionsfor the use of the phone should be provided at aheight 750–1000mm.
All telephones should have an induction couplerin the handset and a text display. The volumecontrol should be adjustable to provide sound 12–18dB (A) above normal.
Phones situated in lifts or emergency refugesshould be run in protective trunking. The phoneshould be of a contrasting colour to thebackground and be connected to the mainentrance or switchboard operator.
6.3
See Figure 14 on page 59
See Figure 15 on page 60
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
ATMs are often too high for wheelchair users.– IWA member, Co Carlow
59
Externally located machines to have a protective canopy extending not less than 1200mm from the wall
The area surrounding an ATM should be well lit and have an illumination of at least 200 lux at floor level with non-glare properties
ATM located no more than 1200mm above floor level
Key pad to be located no more than 900mm above the floor. Key pad cover flap recommended
Headphone connection point
Minimum 300mm high and 200mm deep footrest clearance space for wheelchair users
The immediate space in front of the machine to be level and unobstructed for not less than 1800mm x 1800mm. This area should be a clearly identified privacy space
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Figure 14 – ATM
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
60 Introduction60 6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
750-
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Controls and instructions between 750-1000mm
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Level unobstructed floor space of 1800mm x 1800mm
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Figure 15 – Public telephone
61
6.3.4 Storage LockersWhere storage facilities are available for use by thegeneral public, provision should also be includedfor fully accessible storage units. Some storageunits should include knee access space to allowthe option of either frontal or side access from aseated position for a wheelchair user.
Accessible lockers should be a minimum of300mm in width and not more than 600mm indepth. Storage accessible from the front, from aseated position, is best placed with the bottomend height no lower than 750mm and the top endheight no higher than 1250mm. The bottom endheight of 750 mm allows for a half locker withknee recess of 700 mm high, so a wheelchair usercan gain frontal access to the locker.
Storage accessible from the side, from a seatedposition, should have the bottom end height ofthe locker no lower than 665mm and the top endheight no higher than 1060mm.
Accessible storage units should have a 900mm x1400mm clear floor area to the front. The distancebetween opposing banks of storage lockersshould be 1800mm.
Provide seating adjacent to lockers for use bypeople with restricted mobility.
6.3.5 Communal Kitchen Facilities A kitchen area should have an unobstructedminimum floor space of at least 1800mm x1800mm between units and facing walls.
6.3.5.1 Work Surfaces
The depth of a kitchen work surface should be aminimum of 600mm. Key task areas such as hobs,sinks and food preparation areas should haveknee clearance provided below them. Thedimensions required for knee clearance are aheight of 700mm and a width of 800mm.
Work surfaces should be continuous and designedto minimise travel. Dual height work surfaces maybe considered for kitchens servicing both peoplewho are ambulant and wheelchair users. In thissituation, work surfaces, sinks and hobs should beprovided at different levels as follows:
• 900mm for people standing
• 760mm for wheelchair users
An electronically height-adjustable worktopavoids compromise and facilitates a range of usersincluding wheelchair users and people of differentheights.
Consideration should be given to the use of drop-down baskets in wall-mounted storage pressesand easy-access pull-out baskets/carousels inlower storage units.
6.3.5.2 Cooker
The controls of a cooker and hob should bepositioned to the front of the appliance andshould not require reaching across burners tooperate. The controls should be no higher than1050mm and no lower than 700mm. The hobshould be situated preferably within the worktopat a height of 760mm and with an insulated clearknee space of 700mm in height beneath.
A ceramic hob is preferable as heavy pots can bemoved by sliding them across the hob. Thehob/cooker top should have an adjacent worksurface of minimum 600mm in width.
The oven should be located so that the level of thedrop-down door or the pull-out oven board is at760mm in height.
The oven door can be side-hung or drop-downtype. Where a side-hung door is used, a pull-outboard minimum 250mm in depth should beprovided directly beneath the oven. This pull-outboard should be strong enough to support aheavy cooking vessel.
A side-hung door must open away from theapproach route.
See Figure 16 on page 62
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
62 Introduction62 6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
700mm
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Figure 16 – Kitchen
63
6.3.5.3 Fixtures, Fittings and Appliances
Sinks should be fitted with a swivel-head tap,operational by one hand and with clear indicationsof hot and cold. Sinks should be no more than150mm deep to maximise reach.
Appliances such as washing machines, dishwashersand refrigerators should be installed on a 200mmhigh plinth. Refrigerators and freezers of ‘over andunder type’ are difficult to access for wheelchairusers. Consideration should be given to the use ofseparate refrigerator and freezer units fitted on a200mm high plinth.
Where knee recess is provided, switches andcontrols should be positioned on the back wall ofthe worktop at 1000mm in height. Where no kneespace is provided beneath worktops, controlsshould be positioned on the return wall at the endof the work top. These should be positioned 150mmback from the front edge of the worktop and within100mm in height from the worktop surface.
Hot surfaces such as exposed pipes and theunderside of hobs should be insulated to preventburning and injury.
WC Provisions
6.4.1 BackgroundThe design of WC facilities should incorporateease of access and use for all people. If sanitaryconveniences are provided in a building, provisionshould be made for universal access, and sofacilitate the needs of as wide a range of users aspossible. A correctly designed wheelchairaccessible WC requires adequate turning space toaccommodate a wheelchair user, and space for anassistant and a hoist, as required. Particularattention to the correct location of fixtures andfittings is also required.
6.4.2 Provision of Accessible WCs – Typeand NumberThe number and location of toilet facilitiesrequired in a building should be determined bythe size and usage of the building.
6.4.2.1 Minimum ProvisionThe minimum recommended provision of WCs toaccommodate people with disabilities is asfollows:
Ambulant WC Cubicle In each male and femaletoilet block, there should be one WC for peoplewith a disability who are ambulant. This WC is notdesigned to accommodate a wheelchair user. Thesize of this WC should be 1500mm x 900mm, withthe door opening outward.
Enlarged WC Cubicle Where four or more WCcubicles are provided, there should be at least oneenlarged WC cubicle in each male and femaletoilet block. Enlarged cubicle size should be1500mm length x 1200mm wide, with the dooropening outwards. This WC cubicle is designed toaccommodate people with assistance dogs,people carrying luggage and parents withchildren.
Urinals In each male toilet block, there should beone or more urinals positioned at a lower height,with the lower edge of the urinal at 380mm. Therim of the urinal should be tapered, elongated andprotrude at least 360mm from the wall, so that thefoot plates of a wheelchair will fit beneath. Thereshould be no steps up to urinals. There should bea clear area of 900mm in width x 1400mm indepth in front of the urinal. A pair of vertical grabrails (600mm long) should be placed at a height of800mm from floor level on both sides and at450mm from the centreline of the urinal. Provisionof a horizontal grab rail just above the urinal isrecommended.
6.4
See Figure 17 on page 67
See Figure 18 on page 68
See Figure 20 on page 70
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
64 Introduction64
For standard height urinals, it is recommendedthat at least one urinal should have a pair ofvertical grab rails placed at a height of 800mmfrom floor level on both sides and at 380mm fromthe centreline of the urinal. Also a horizontal grabrail above the urinal is recommended.
Unisex Accessible WCs One unisex accessible WCshould be provided wherever sanitaryconveniences are located and on each floor towhich there is public access. In addition, wherethere is a WC provision for employees, this shouldinclude an unisex accessible WC. The unisexaccessible WC provides for independent use by awheelchair user. The size of the WC cubicle shouldbe 1800mm x 2500mm with the door openingoutwards, or 1800mm x 2800mm when the dooropens inwards. These sizes will enable awheelchair user, including a powerchair user, tomanoeuvre and to turn the wheelchair. Wherethere is more than one WC of this type, the WCbowls should be located on alternate sides of thecubicles to allow a choice of transfer side.
If there is only one WC in a building, it should besufficiently large to accommodate all usersincluding wheelchair users. This can be achievedby increasing the width of the accessible WC sizeto 2300mm and including an additional standingheight wash-hand basin (no pedestal) with a rimheight of 780–800mm above floor level.
Note: Baby changing facilities should not belocated in an accessible WC.
6.4.2.2 Best Practice
In addition to the minimum WC provisions, bestpractice in large public facilities would alsoinclude the provision of:
One Accessible WC Both the male and femaletoilet blocks should include an accessible WC,sized 1800mm x 2500mm with the door openingoutwards, or 1800mm x 2800mm when the dooropens inwards.
One ‘Changing Places’ WC In large publicfacilities such as airports, shopping centres, busstations, recreational facilities, etc, there shouldalso be a minimum of one unisex WC with apeninsular WC layout designed for assisted use, inaddition to the provision of unisex accessible WCs.In a peninsular WC layout, the WC pan is placed atthe centre of the back wall.
This WC cubicle should incorporate an adultchanging bench facility. It should provide sufficientspace for personal assistance and the use of a hoistwhile using the WC and/or the changing bench.The size of this unisex WC with a changing benchfacility should be 2500mm in depth x 3500mm inwidth to allow for use of both a tracking hoist andattendant-operated mobile hoist.
A height-adjustable wall-mounted or freestanding changing bench should be providedwith clear space beneath. The changing benchfacility should be 1000mm in width and 1950mmin length, with a height-adjustable range between450–900mm. For hygiene purposes a wide tear-offpaper towel roll should be provided over thechanging bench.
This facility would include the provision of either atracking hoist, which is attached to the ceiling andoperated electronically, or alternatively a mobilehoist would be available on site. The ceiling shouldbe reinforced to accommodate a ceiling hoist anda power point provision for the hoist to recharge.
For further information on hoistssee Section 6.4.11 on page 73
See Figure 19 on page 69See Figure 21 on page 71
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
It drives me crazy when I cannot turn my chair in the toilet.– IWA member, Co Kilkenny
65
The inclusion of a shower facility within theChanging Places WC may be required.
Consultation on the user profile should inform thedetail design of the room.
For additional information on Changing PlacesWCs, please visit: www.changing-places.org
6.4.3 Location of WCsThe shortest accessible route to WC facilitiesshould be clearly signposted. The travel distancefrom anywhere in the building to the nearestaccessible WC should be no more than 25m.
Clearly distinguishable tactile signs on acontrasting background should be provided toindicate ladies, gents, etc. These tactile signsshould be used on the door, where they will belocated by people with vision impairment. As wellas tactile lettering, Braille should be provided.
For further information please refer to NCBI: www.ncbi.ie
In large establishments, such as hotels andshopping centres, accessible toilets should beconveniently located and close to restaurant/barareas.
6.4.4 Doors to WCsWhere the approach route to the accessible WC isthrough a lobby area, the lobby should enclosean area that provides a 1800mm turning space,free of any door swing. This space will allow awheelchair user to turn around or two wheelchairusers to pass each other.
Doors to wheelchair accessible WCs should have aclear opening width of 900mm. Doors toChanging Places WCs should have a clearopening width of 1000mm. WC signage to beplaced on the WC door with the centreline of thesign 1400mm from floor level.
Doors should open outwards wherever possible. Ifthe door opens inwards, the door configuration
should be arranged according to the location ofthe WC bowl (eg if the WC bowl is located at thebottom left of the cubicle, then the door shouldbe located on the top right). A single entrancedoor is preferable to two doors in a series.
The door handle and lock should be a lever-operated type for ease of use. Bolts used shouldbe of a large and light-action type. A pull handleshould also be provided on the door to facilitateclosing.
A spring on the WC door will also facilitate closing,but this should not be heavily sprung. Theopening force at the leading edge of the doorshould not be more than 20 newton.
The door locking system and hinges should allowthe door to be opened/removed in an emergencysituation.
6.4.5 WC Cistern and Pan – Location andDesignFor unisex accessible WCs, the centreline of thetoilet cistern or pan should be situated at 500mmfrom the adjacent side wall. A clear unobstructedspace of 900mm is required on the transfer sideof the WC bowl. This space should not becompromised by either open or boxed-in piping.
A distance of 750mm from the back wall to thefront of the WC bowl is required. The height ofthe toilet seat should be between 460–480mmfrom floor level. The toilet seat should be strong,fitted with stabilisers, and fixed rigidly to thebowl. The cistern should have a fixed lid. If thecistern is high, then a back rest should beprovided. If the cistern is low level andcomfortable to lean against, a backrest may notbe required.
In WCs with a changing room facility, the WCbowl should be situated in the centre of the backwall. In this situation, a clear transfer space of900mm is required on either side of the bowl.
See Figure 28 on page 91
For further information on door furniture seeSections 5.1.2.2 and 5.1.2.3 on page 38
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
66 Introduction66
6.4.5.1 WC Fixtures and Fittings
The flush handle on the WC should be spatula-shaped and should be located on the side near tothe person, ie the transfer side. The location andtype of economic flush, if provided, must beconvenient and easy to use for a person withlimited hand function and strength, for example, alarge push pad. Toilets with automatic flushersshould provide sufficient time to preventpremature activation while the toilet is still in use.Toilet roll dispensers should be located withineasy reach of the WC (seated position), and thisshould preferably be an automatic paperdispenser operated by proximity control.
6.4.5.2 WC Grab Rails
All grab rails should be 35mm in diameter and600mm in length. The distance between the grabrail and wall should be between 50–60 mm. Thegrab rails should be located on solid or reinforcedwalls and should be installed to resist a force of atleast 1.3 kN from any direction. All grab railsshould contrast in colour against the backgroundand should be slip-resistant. The grab rails arelocated within the different WC cubicles asfollows:
Ambulant WC cubicle A pair of horizontal and apair of vertical grab rails should be provided onboth side walls. Horizontal grab rails should be ata height of 700mm, and be positioned so that thenear end of the grab rail is protruding 150mmfrom the front edge of the WC bowl. The lowerend of the vertical grab rails should be at 800mmfrom floor level and should be placed at 150mmfrom the front edge of WC bowl.
Enlarged WC cubicle On the wall adjacent to theWC bowl, a horizontal and a vertical grab railshould be provided. Location of these should besimilar to the Ambulant WC cubicle grab rails. Onthe rear walls, there should be an additional grab
rail placed on the open side at 470mm from theWC centreline, with its lower end mounted at700mm in height from floor level.
Unisex Accessible WC On the transfer side of therear wall, a drop-down horizontal grab rail and avertical grab rail should be provided at a 320mmand 470mm distance respectively from thecentreline of the toilet bowl, both at 700mmabove the floor level. Two grab rails should also beprovided on the side wall. The first rail should behorizontal, 700mm above the floor level, andpositioned so that the near end of the grab rail is150mm forward from the front edge of the WCbowl. The other should be vertical, with its lowerend at 800mm above the floor level and placed at150mm from the front edge of the WC bowl.
Changing Places WC Two drop-down grab railsshould be provided on both sides of the WC bowl.They should be placed on the back wall of the WCcubicle at 320mm from the centreline of the WCbowl and at 700mm in height. In addition, thereshould be two vertical grab rails placed at 470mmfrom the centreline of the WC bowl with the lowerends at 700mm in height. There should be a grabrail placed at the changing bench. This should bevertical, with its lower end at 800mm high fromfloor level, and positioned at 150mm from thefront edge of the changing bench on the availableside wall.
See Figures 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 on pages 67,68, 69, 70 and 71
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
“In most buildings, the toilets are too small to facilitate a wheelchair user and a PA.– IWA member, Co Donegal
67
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Figure 17 – Ambulant WC Cubicle
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
68 Introduction68
1500mm
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Figure 18 – Enlarged Ambulant WC Cubicle
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
69
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Figure 19 – Unisex Accessible WC
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
70 Introduction70 6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
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Figure 20 – Urinals
71
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Mirror1 Paper towel dispenser4 Height-adjustable changing bench52 Hand dryer 3 Soap dispenser
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Figure 21 – Changing Places WC
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
72 Introduction72
6.4.6 Wash-Hand Basin The top rim of the wash-hand basin should besituated at a height of 800mm from floor level. Thebasin edge should be 250mm from the leadingedge of the WC bowl in the wheelchair accessibletoilet for independent use. The basin shouldprovide a clear internal basin space of 450mm inlength x 300mm in depth, with no surplus spaceon the basin surround. (A ‘finger basin’ is notsuitable). The edges on the wash-hand basinshould be rounded. The basin should be fixed tothe wall with no pedestal.
Lever-type mixer taps or automatically controlledtaps should be used on basins. The mixer tapshould be located on the side of the basin close tothe WC bowl.
Vertical grab rails, set at 100mm from the basinedges, should be situated on both sides of thebasin with their lower ends at a height of 800mm.
Wash-hand basins provided in the male andfemale area of the toilet block should include atleast one basin with the rim height at 800mmabove floor and knee clearance of 700mmunderneath.
The lower edge of the paper towel/soap dispenserand hand dryer should be located between 900–1000mm from floor level. Where an electrichand dryer is provided, it should operate bymovement rather than a push button.
6.4.7 Mirrors, Hooks, Shelving andSwitchesMirrors should be situated away from a wash basinto allow access to hand dryers and papertowel/soap dispensers. A mirror should be at least400mm wide and should be positioned with itslower edge at 600mm from the floor, extending to1800mm from floor level. There must be aminimum gap of 300mm between the mirror andthe corner of the room. Careful placing of themirror should be considered to avoid glare forpeople with a visual impairment.
Coat hooks should be provided at both at1200mm and 1700mm above the floor level.
Where a high or low level cistern is used, acolostomy changing shelf (125mm deep x 400mmwide) should be located close to the WC bowl at950mm above floor level. Additional shelvingshould be provided for personal belongings at aheight of 800mm.
6.4.8 Disposal BinsSlim-line easy-to-operate push-button (not pedal)rubbish and sanitary disposal bins that have largeopenings to accommodate disposable itemsshould be provided. In a Changing Places WC, alarge disposal bin is required. These bins shouldbe located out of the transfer space and notbeside the WC bowl.
6.4.9 Surface Finish in WCsThe general finish of all surfaces in WCs should bematt. Floors should be non-slip with anti-slipgrading of R11 (DIN) or equivalent. WC pans,basins, and other fixtures should have colour andtonal contrast with the surrounding wall and floorsurfaces.
6.4.10 Emergency AlarmsEmergency cords should be provided in accessibleWCs and should be easily distinguishable, eg witha bold triangle/bell/ball attached to a red pullcord. It is recommended that two red bangles besited on the cord. One should be set at the bottomof the cord, and the other at 800–1000mm abovefloor level. The emergency cord should be situatedso that it can be reached from the WC bowl andfrom the floor. The cord should extend 100mmfrom finished floor level. A clearly marked resetbutton, installed between 750–100mm, should bereachable from the WC bowl and from a seatedposition in a wheelchair. A reset button cancels anactivated alarm.
Cords must have a connection to a security deskor information point. Alarms should have a visual
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
73
and auditory alert system that shows the alarmhas been activated. Considerations should begiven to the location of the activated alarm(outside the WC cubicle) to ensure that it can beseen and heard by the people who will providethe assistance.
Both visual and audible fire alarms should beinstalled in an accessible WC, with clearly writtenprocedures should the alarm be activated.
6.4.11 Hoists and SlingsHoists are mechanical lifting devices designed tomove an individual from one position to another.These eliminate the need to lift a person manually,thereby minimising the risk of injury to the personor the assistant.
An overhead tracking hoist, preferably with fullroom cover, should be provided where possible asthese are easy to charge, maximize transfer space,and reduce the need for an extra assistant.
A mobile hoist should only be used where it is notpossible to install an overhead tracking hoist. Amobile hoist is a moveable piece of equipmentdesigned to transfer a person between two pointsusing fabric slings. The lifting mechanism isusually battery operated; however, moving thehoist with the person – for example, across theroom between a changing bench and toilet –requires manual effort.
Clear and concise instructions on proper use of thisequipment, including instructions to leave the hoistcharging when the task is completed, should beprovided. These instructions should be prominentlydisplayed for all users. Through various means ofinformation (signage, website, etc) potential usersshould be clearly advised to bring their own slingsfor health and safety reasons.
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
Business owners are of the opinion that once thereare hand rails in toilets they are accessible. – IWA member, Navan, Co Meath
74 Introduction74
4 Reception area should be easily identifiable from themain building entrance, with a direct andunobstructed approach.
4 Provide 1800mm diameter clear turning space onboth sides of reception counter.
4 Lower section counter height should be 760mm,with 700mm high clear space underneath. Highersection 1050mm.
4 Lighting level 250 lux. Install loop system andsignage to indicate its presence.
4 Seating should allow suitable wheelchair spacesalongside fixed seating.
4 Information should be available in alternativeformats (large print, Braille on request, audiotape,sign interpreter on request, accessible website, etc).
4 Light switches and commonly used sockets to bemounted between 750–1000mm.
Reception Area – Fixtures/Fittings
4 Create colour, tonal and textural contrast betweensurfaces (flooring, doorways, light switches, etc).
4 Avoid shiny surfaces to minimise glare andreflection. Create good lighting levels, and avoidshadows.
4 Floor surfaces should be non-slip. Avoid deep pilecarpet flooring. No door saddles or thresholds.
4 Window sills 850mm. No transoms between 850–1200mm. Window opening mechanism between750–1000mm.
Interior Design
4 ATM/Public access terminal control to be between900–1200mm high, with a 1800 x 1800mm space infront.
4 Accessible public telephone controls between 750–1000mm. Induction coupler and text display.
4 Storage locker height between 750–1250mm, with a900 x 1400mm clear area in front.
4 Split worktop in a communal kitchen: 760mm highfor seated users; 900mm for standing users; 700mmhigh ‘knee clearance’ under preparation area, sinketc, and accessible storage options.
Public Facilities
4 In each male and female block, provide at least oneAmbulant WC Cubicle, size 1500 x 900mm.
4 In male and female blocks with four or morecubicles, provide at least one Enlarged WC Cubicle,size 1500 x 1200mm.
4 In male block, provide low urinal at 380mm height,with clear space in front and grab rails on the wall.
4 Provide at least one Unisex Accessible WC, size 1800x 2500mm with door opening out.
4 In large public facilities, provide at least oneChanging Places WC with hoist and adult changingbench.
4 Toilet seat height between 460–480mm, with900mm clear transfer space beside toilet bowl.Spatula-shaped flush handle on the transfer side.
4 Wash-hand basin height 800mm. ‘Finger Rinse Basin’not recommended. Lever-type mixer tap.
4 Anti-slip flooring – Grading R11 (DIN)recommended.
4 Install a mirror at least 400mm wide, extendingbetween 600–1800mm height. Provide dual heightcoat hooks.
4 Emergency alarm system to be installed andconnected to the security desk or information point.
Toilet Provision
Quick Summary of: 6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
75
The instructions given in this section cover thecritical access dimensions specific to the namedbuilding and site types not covered in the earliersections of this document. In some instances, theinformation given is general – intended asguidance only – and further research andconsultation is advised. There will be no repetitionof instruction for parking, reception areas, internalcirculation and design, acoustics, WCs, etc. Forinformation on these and other areas, please referback to earlier sections of this book.
Hotels
7.1.1 BackgroundAccommodation in hotels and guest housesshould be universally accessible to all potentialguests. Ideally, all guest rooms should follow theprinciples of universal design, ie doors with a900mm clear opening and 1800mm diameterturning spaces in bedrooms and bathrooms. Inthe absence of universal design principles, anumber of rooms should be designed toaccommodate the differing access requirementsof guests who have limited mobility and who arewheelchair users.
7.1.2 Provision of Accessible RoomsThe bedroom provision in hotel and other guestfacilities should accommodate both use by anindividual wheelchair user and assisted use wherethe individual requires personal assistance withthe tasks of daily living. Accessible guest roomsshould be located close to the lift and receptionareas to minimise the travel distance and thenumber of doors to be negotiated in order toreach the rooms.
7.1.3 Independent Use Bedroom One guest bedroom/bathroom in every 15 guestbedrooms should be suitable in size, layout andfacilities for independent use by a wheelchair user.The space within the bedroom should incorporatea 900mm access zone around the bed and two1800mm diameter turning circles, one adjacent tothe bedside. A clear space of 300mm height isrequired under the bed to allow space forwheelchair footrests and hoist feet.
Sufficient storage space should be provided forequipment, eg wheelchairs, shower chairs,walkers, etc.
7.1.3.1 Shower/Bathroom Provision
The shower/bathroom dimensions in independentuse bedrooms should be a minimum of 2500mm x2500mm with a level deck shower, or 2700mm x3000mm with a bath tub.
7.1.4 Assisted Use Bedroom One guestroom out of every 20 should be suitablefor a guest receiving personal assistance and forthe use of lifting equipment, if required. Thisassisted use room should be fitted with a ceilingtracking hoist which runs in a line from the guestbedroom to the shower/bath area. The spacewithin the bedroom should incorporate a 900mmaccess zone around the bed and two turningcircles, one 1800mm turning circle adjacent to thebed and one larger turning circle of 2300mm. Thislarger size turning circle will also allow the use of amanual hoist, if preferred.
7.1
See Figure 22 and Figure 23 on pages 77 and 78
See Figure 24 and Figure 25 on pages 79 and 80
7 Specific Building and Site Types
7. Specific Building and Site Types
76 Introduction76
A clear space of 300mm is required beneath allbeds to allow space for hoist feet and/orwheelchair footrests.
Sufficient storage space should be provided forequipment, eg wheelchairs, shower chairs,commode, walkers, etc.
This room should interconnect with an adjoiningroom which could be available to a personalassistant, if required. A portable intercom systemshould be available between the rooms.
7.1.4.1 Shower/Bathroom Provision
The size of the bathroom in an assisted usebedroom should be 2700mm x 3000mm. Thereshould be a tracking ceiling hoist fitted, givingaccess from the bedroom into the bathroom andover the toilet bowl and bath/shower. This largersize shower/bathroom will also allow a 2300mmturning circle for an attendant-operated mobilehoist if that is the guest’s preference.
A 150mm clear gap is required under the bath tubto accommodate the hoist feet.
See Figure 24 and Figure 25 on pages 79 and 80
7. Specific Building and Site Types
Many hotels advertise themselves as accessible, but inreality they are far from it! The general social areas maybe accessible, however the bedrooms are often adisappointment. – IWA member, Co Waterford
777. Specific Building and Site Types
500mm1500mm600mm200mm
2500mm470mm320mm
Doors with 900mm clear opening. An1800mm diameter turning space in the bedroom area and in the bathroom
Shower
The front of the toilet bowl 750mm from the back wall
Provide coat hooks both at 1200mm and 1700mm over floor level
Pull-cord with two red rings placed at 100mm and 900mm over floor level. It should be activated in the event of emergency
Space in the bedroom to incorporate 900mm access zone around the bed and 1800mm turning circle on each side of the bed
1 7
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Windows to be easily opened with one hand and with the lower end between 800mm and 1000mm
Bed height to be between 450mm and 500mm and a clearance of 300mm beneath all beds. At least one sleeping area shall provide a clear floor space of 900mm x 1400mm positioned for parallel approach to the side of the bed
Wardrobe
Work desk
Clear space of preferably 500mm (minimum 300mm) on the leading edge of the door
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Figure 22 – Hotel room with toilet and shower for independent use
78 Introduction78 7. Specific Building and Site Types
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Doors with 900mm clear opening. An 1800mm diameter turning space in the bedroom area and in the bathroom
Bath tub height to be 480mm
The front of the toilet bowl 750mm from the back wall
Provide coat hooks both at 1200mm and 1700mm over floor level
Pull-cord with two red rings placed at 100mm and 900mm over floor level. It should be activated in the event of emergency
Space in the bedroom to incorporate 900mm access zone around the bed and 1800mm turning circle on each side of the bed
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Windows to be easily opened with one hand and with the lower end between 800mm and 1000mm
Bed height to be between 450mm and 500mm and a clearance of 300mm beneath all beds. At least one sleeping area shall provide a clear floor space of 900mm x 1400mm positioned for parallel approach to the side of the bed
Wardrobe
Work desk
Clear space of preferably 500mm (minimum 300mm) on the leading edge of the door
2
Figure 23 – Hotel room with toilet and bath for independent use
797. Specific Building and Site Types
Ø230
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Doors with 900mm clear opening. An 1800mm diameter turning space in the bedroom area and in the bathroom
Shower
The front of the toilet bowl 750mm from the back wall
On the rear wall, a folding horizontal grab rail and a vertical grab rail, 320mm and 470mm respectively from the centreline of the toilet bowl, both at 700mm from floor level should be provided
Provide coat hooks both at 1200mm and 1700mm over floor level
Pull-cord with two red rings placed at 100mm and 900mm over floor level. It should be activated in the event of emergency
Space in the bedroom to incorporate 900mm access zone around the bed and 1800mm turning circle on each side of the bed
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Windows to be easily opened with one hand and lower end between 800mm and 1000mm
Bed height to be between 450mm and 500mm and a clearance of 300mm beneath all beds. At least one sleeping area shall provide a clear floor space of 900mm x 1400mm positioned for parallel approach to the side of the bed
Wardrobe
Work desk
Hoist
Clear space of preferably 500mm (minimum 300mm) on the leading edge of the door
Figure 24 – Hotel room with toilet and shower for assisted use
80 Introduction80 7. Specific Building and Site Types
Ø230
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Doors with 900mm clear opening. An 1800mm diameter turning space in the bedroom area and in the bathroom
Height of bath tub 480mm
Hoist
The front of the toilet bowl 750mm from the back wall
On the rear wall, a folding horizontal grab rail and a vertical grab rail, 320mm and 470mm respectively from the centreline of the toilet bowl, both at 700mm from floor level should be provided
Provide coat hooks both at 1200mm and 1700mm over floor level
Pull-cord with two red rings placed at 100mm and 900mm over floor level. It should be activated in the event of emergency
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Space in the bedroom to incorporate 900mm access zone around the bed and 1800mm turning circle on each side of the bed
Windows to be easily opened with one hand and with lower end between 800mm and 1000mm
Bed height to be between 450mm and 500mm and a clearance of 300mm beneath all beds. At least one sleeping area shall provide a clear floor space of 900mm x 1400mm positioned for parallel approach to the side of the bed
Wardrobe
Work desk
Clear space of preferably 500mm (minimum 300mm) on the leading edge of the door
900mm1
4
Figure 25 – Hotel room with toilet and bath for assisted use
81
7.1.5 Shower Room and Bathroom –Common Provisions
In all new or substantially renovated hotels andguest houses, there should be provision of anequal number of ensuite shower rooms andensuite bathrooms installed in the accessibleguestrooms.
7.1.5.1 Shower Fixtures and Fittings
The shower floor area should have minimumdimensions of 1500mm x 1500mm. The slope ofthe floor in the shower recess should have agradient of between 1:50 and 1:60. The outsidearea of the shower floor should have a gradientbetween 1:70 and 1:80, draining into the showerrecess. Transition into the shower recess should belevel without a step down, a raised step or kerb atthe entry to the recess. The waste outlet should belocated in the corner.
The shower head should be adjustable anddetatchable and within the height range of 1200–2200mm above the floor level. A flexible hose,1500mm long, is required for the shower head.Lever controls for temperature and flow shouldbe placed at 900mm from the floor. The showerhead and controls should be placed at 500mmfrom the corner.
A flip-up seat should be located on the walladjoining the wall with the shower controls. Thewidth of this seat should be 500mm, finishing at aheight of 480mm from the floor level. Thecentreline of the seat should be 500mm from thecorner and the front edge of the seat should be650mm from the back wall.
A drop-down grab bar should be placed at320mm from the centreline of the seat at a heightof 700mm from the floor on the open side of theseat. On the side wall, where the shower controlsare located, a 600mm long horizontal grab railshould be located, starting at 200mm from thecorner and at a height of 700mm. A 600mm longvertical grab rail should be placed at 800mm fromthe corner with its lower end fixed at 800mmheight from floor level.
7.1.5.2 Bath Fixtures and Fittings
The height of the bath tub should be 480mm. Thebathtub should maintain a lip on the side adjacentto the wall to facilitate the use of a bath seat. A400mm ledge at the end of the bath should alsobe provided. The taps used on the bath should belever-type and easy to operate for people withlimited dexterity and strength. If a bath isprovided in the assisted use bathroom, thereshould be a space allowance of 150mm to allowfor a clear gap under the bath tub toaccommodate the hoist feet.
There should be a 35mm diameter horizontal grabrail fitted at 100mm height from the top level ofthe bath. It should start at 200mm from thecorner, and should continue 250mm beyond thehead end of the bath. In addition to this, thereshould be a 600mm long vertical grab rail placedat 600mm from the corner, with its lower end at200mm from the top level of the bath.
7.1.5.3 Flooring
Flooring material in the bathrooms should benon-slip and should have anti-slip grading of R11(DIN) or equivalent. A slope in the flooring shouldfacilitate effective drainage of water and shouldallow no accumulation.
7.1.5.4 WC Fixtures and Fittings
The toilet seat should finish between 460–480mm in height from floor level.
A clear space of 900mm is required on one sideadjacent to the toilet bowl to accommodate thewheelchair space for transfers. The front of thetoilet bowl should be 750mm from the back wall.The centreline of the toilet bowl should be500mm from the side wall.
A spatula-shaped flush handle should be placedon the transfer side of the toilet bowl. A toiletpaper dispenser should be within easy reach whilesitting on the toilet seat.
7. Specific Building and Site Types
82 Introduction
7.1.5.5 WC Grab Rails
All grab rails should be 35mm in diameter and600mm in length. The distance between the grabrail and wall should be between 50–60mm. Thegrab rails should be located on a solid orreinforced walls and should be installed to resist aforce of at least 1.3 kN from any direction.
On the rear wall, a drop-down horizontal grab railand a vertical grab rail should be provided on thetransfer side of the WC. These should bepositioned at 320mm and 470mm respectivelyfrom the centreline of the toilet bowl, both at700mm from floor level.
Two grab rails should also be provided on the sidewall. The first one should be horizontal, 700mmabove the floor level, with its near edgeprotruding 150mm from the front edge of the WCbowl. The other should be vertical, with its lowerend at 800mm above floor level and placed at150mm from the front edge of the WC bowl.
7.1.5.6 Wash-Hand Basins
The wash-hand basin should be located on thewall adjacent to the door opening. The wash-handbasin should be of a standard size with roundededges and with knee clearance space beneath.The taps should be lever-type and easily operatedwith minimum dexterity and strength.
The wash basin height should be 800mm fromfloor to wash basin rim. A pedestal-style washbasin is not acceptable.
Vertical grab rails, at 100mm from the wash basinedges, should be situated on both sides of thewash basin with their lower ends situated at aheight of 800mm.
The wall mirror should start at 600mm and finishat 1800mm above floor level.
7.1.5.7 Emergency Alarms
Emergency cords should be provided inaccessible bathrooms and should be easilydistinguishable, with a bold triangle/bell/ballattached to a red pull-cord. It is recommended
that two red bangles be sited on the cord, one setat the bottom of the cord and the other at 800–1000mm above floor level. The emergency cordshould be situated so that it can be reached fromthe WC bowl and from the floor. The cord shouldextend 100mm from finished floor level. A clearlymarked reset button should be reachable fromthe WC bowl and from a seated position in awheelchair.
Cords must have a connection to a security deskor information point. Alarms should have a visualand auditory alert system that shows the alarmhas been activated. Considerations should begiven to the location of the activated alarm(outside the guest room) to ensure that it can beseen and heard by the people who will providethe assistance.
Both visual and audible fire alarms (with vibratingalarms also available to guests) should beinstalled in accessible guest rooms with clearlywritten procedures should the alarm be activated.
7.1.6 Guest Rooms – Common Provision
7.1.6.1 Signage
Room numbers, signs and names should be raised1.5mm and consistently placed at a height of1400mm, 25mm from the door frame on the wallnearest the door handle. Signs should contrast incolour with the background and have tactileinformation.
7.1.6.2 Door Entry
The door entry to the room should provide a cleardoor width of 900mm, with 500mm (minimum300mm) clear space on the leading edge of thedoor. Powered opening of entrance doors isdesirable. Door locking should be operated by keyor card device. A key card holder, which activatesthe door lock and electricity, should be installedbetween 800–1050 mm above floor level. If thereis a door bell or intercom system that is connectedto a security release door opener, there should bea visual and audible signal at the entrance toindicate ‘go ahead’.
82 7. Specific Building and Site Types
83
Where wide angle viewers are provided in theentrance door, these should be situated at1050mm and 1500mm above the floor level toenable viewing by persons in a seated or standingposition.
7.1.6.3 Fixtures and Fittings
All door handles should be easily gripped andvisually contrasting with the door surface. Thewindows in the guest rooms should be easilyopened with one hand and with the lower sillssited at 850mm in height.
The telephone and television should be situatedat a height of between 400–1000mm. Tofacilitate the use of a minicom, telephonesshould be served by an electrical outlet locatedwithin 1200mm of the telephone. Extra electricalpoints should be provided close to the bed onboth sides to facilitate charging battery-powered wheelchairs.
Permanently wired electrical equipment shouldbe situated at a height of between 400–1200mm.Switches and power points in frequent useshould contrast with the background and belocated at a height of between 750–1000mm and500mm from any corner.
Two-way switches are recommended so that onedoes not have to cross the room in the dark toturn the light on or off. Night lights should beprovided in circulation areas. Rooms shouldhave visual indication of telephone ringing, doorknocking, etc.
Bedroom heating, ventilation, light, curtains, TV,radio controls are all to be situated at a height of750–1000mm, and 500mm from any corner.Controls should contrast with the background intone and colour.
7.1.6.4 Furnishings and Floor Coverings
Clothing and storage closets provided shouldhave an 800mm x 1300mm clear floor area to thefront. The height of a clothes rail in a closet shouldnot be more than 1200mm from floor level. A
drop-down powered clothes rail is recommended.Sliding doors on wardrobes and storage pressesare recommended. Alternatively, swing doors thatopen through 180 degrees can also be used onwardrobes and storage presses.
The bed/mattress height should be between450mm and 500mm, with a firm mattress surface.A clear space of 300mm is required beneath allbeds. Carpets, where used, should be of a shallowand dense pile to facilitate a wheelchair usermoving throughout the room.
7.1.6.5 Support Services
Support services should be available to guests onrequest. Suggested services include:
• Text phone
• Induction loop coupler system for all phones
• Video caption reader
• Visual auditory and vibrating alert system foremergency notification
• Self-propelling shower chair, as preferred bysome wheelchair users
• Mobile hoist, if a tracking hoist is notinstalled in the assisted use bedroom
• A choice of bed size and heights
• Information on facilities in rooms in guesthouses and hotels should be available inboth written and auditory format.
Shops
7.2.1 BackgroundThe design of retail outlets should provide for easeof use by all people as customers or as staff. Thecounter design, the aisle widths, the positioningand maintaining of merchandise, the use and typeof display cabinets, and the customer facilitiesprovided should accommodate all users includingthose with limited mobility.
7.2
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84 Introduction
7.2.2 Counter ProvisionCounter provisions should accommodate bothpeople who are standing and also wheelchairusers. A section of counter 900mm deep by900mm long at a height of 760mm from the floorwith a clearance of 700mm underneath isnecessary to facilitate wheelchair users. Thisshould be provided in addition to theconventional shop counter height at 1050 mm, tosuit people who are standing. The counter shouldhave a clear approach route of at least 1200mmand an 1800mm diameter clear turning circle onboth sides of the counter. Consider including aninduction loop system at the sales counter, tofacilitate customers who are hard of hearing.
7.2.3 Access to ProductsA vertical stacking approach to displaying goods,whereby a proportion of every item for sale isplaced on a number of shelves at differentheights, is desirable. Supermarket aisles should beat least 1800mm in width. In supermarkets, onecheckout with a 900mm wide aisle should beplaced close to the exit.
Self-service weighing facilities should be situatedat a height of 760mm and be 750mm wide x400mm deep with underside knee clearance of700mm to facilitate access. Key pads should haveboth tactile and visual symbols.
Freezer and fridge units with front door openingsprovide better access than chest-type units.
7.2.4 Changing RoomsIn clothes shops, there should be a minimum ofone designated changing room with dimensionsof 2000mm in width and 2500mm in depth, withthe door opening out. The changing room shouldhave a seat with armrests that can be raised at480mm in height from floor level, with itscentreline 500mm from the corner. The seat shouldproject 650mm from the wall.
On the rear wall, a drop-down horizontal grab railand a vertical grab rail should be provided on thetransfer side of the changing seat at 320mm and470mm respectively from the centreline of thechanging seat, both at a height of 700mm fromfloor level.
Two grab rails should also be provided on the sidewall. The first should be horizontal, 700mm abovethe floor level, starting 200mm from the rear wall.The second should be vertical, with its lower end at800mm above the floor level and placed at 150mmfrom the front edge of the seat. All grab rails shouldbe 35mm in diameter, 600mm long, slip-resistantand contrast in colour against the background.
Clothes hooks should be situated at heights of1400mm and 1050mm from floor level.
A mirror should be placed on the wall opposite tothe changing seat with its top and bottom end at1800mm and 450mm respectively.
Restaurants
7.3.1 BackgroundRestaurant types include cafes, snack bars,canteens, etc. The access provided shouldaccommodate all people, and particular attentionshould be given to the type and layout of seatingused, as well as to access routes to the facilitiesprovided.
7.3.2 SeatingChoice of seating areas should be provided inorder to give full accessibility in all refreshmentand dining areas frequented by the general public.Fixed seating can be difficult to access, and whereused it should not impede access to services withina building. Where seating is provided on differentlevels, ideally it should be accessible to allcustomers. This access can be achieved by meansof a ramp or platform lift. Where access to all levelscannot be achieved, there must be a level accesssection of seating with full access to all facilities iecounter area and WCs.
See also Section 6.1.2 on page 53
7.3
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An area free of fixed seating should always beprovided with a table height of 760mm and aknee space clearance of 700mm to enable accessfor wheelchair users.
A minimum clear access route of 900mm shouldbe maintained throughout all seating areas, givingclear access to individual tables and to facilities,such as WCs and the pay point.
Where counter provisions are made for eatingpurposes, a section of counter 900mm in depth, ata height of 760mm from floor level, with a kneeheight clearance of 700mm, is required.
7.3.3 Self-Service Counters Wheelchair access should be provided the fulllength of all self-service counters at a height of850mm, with 700mm knee height clearance fromthe floor along the length of the counter. Thisheight of 850mm is a compromise height suited toboth a seated and a standing person. Clear spaceon the countertop should be maintained to allowthe customer slide their tray the full length of thecounter. Queuing lines at self-service countersshould be at least 1200mm wide.
7.3.4 Outdoor Smoking AreaWhere provided, outdoor smoking areas shouldhave level access, clear door width of 900mm anda clear manoeuvring space of 1800 x 1800mm.
Auditorium and StadiumFacilities
7.4.1 BackgroundProvision should be made for all people to avail ofperformance, audience and spectator facilities asperformers and/or as audience members. Asaudience members, everyone should have achoice of seating location. Consideration shouldbe given at the design stage to the different needsof people with disabilities. A choice of wheelchair-accessible seating should be provided on all levelsand at all vantage points where standard seatingis provided. This should include access to andwithin private boxes, where these are provided.
Front row seating is often considered a suitablelocation for wheelchair users. However this is notthe case as front row positioning is problematicand generally uncomfortable for all, includingwheelchair users.
7.4.2 Number of Spaces RequiredThe number of wheelchair spaces providedshould be:
• At least 10 or one for every 50 spaces of theseating capacity (whichever is the greater),where the seating capacity is not more than1,000.
• At least 40 or one for every 100 spaces,(whichever is the greater), where the seatingcapacity is more than 1,000.
• Where a building contains several auditoria,eg a multi-screen cinema, the minimumrequirement applies to each auditorium.
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7. Specific Building and Site Types
Counter heights in shops are a real problem, as well as internalramps and toilets which do not meet the criteria for good access.
– IWA member, Roscrea, Co Tipperary
86 Introduction86
7.4.3 Dimensions of Seating SpaceRequired by a Wheelchair UserWheelchair spaces should always be provided ona level surface. A wheelchair space must have aminimum dimension of 900mm in width x1400mm in depth, with clear unobstructed accessfrom the aisle or access route that is a minimum of1200mm in width. The use of fixed but removableseating allows for wheelchair spaces that can beeither permanent or created as required.Designated wheelchair spaces should be paired toallow a wheelchair user be accompanied byanother wheelchair user. Spaces should also belocated next to standard seating to allow acompanion who is not a wheelchair user to sitbeside a wheelchair user.
Seating with removable armrests and increasedleg room should be provided at the edge of aislesto accommodate ambulant disabled people andto allow wheelchair users the choice to transferfrom their wheelchair to the seat provided.
Space beside some seats should be large enoughto accommodate an assistance dog seated awayfrom the main access route.
The use of stepped or raked floors can impede fullaccess by wheelchair users. Where stepped orraked floors are unavoidable, wheelchair spacesshould have handrails and a crash-bar located at achange of level if no other barrier is provided. Theheight of the guardrail should be 700mm fromfloor level. Steps and changes in level should behighlighted by the use of colour contrast andillumination at floor level. Where retractableseating is provided in a theatre, the seating shouldincorporate a ‘built in’ recess to create anaccessible space or spaces in the front row.
7.4.3.1 Entry Point to Accessible Seating
Where there are internal steps within theauditorium/cinema/hall, the entry point to theaccessible seating should be located away fromthe stairs/raked floor. This will minimise the risk ofthe front wheels of a wheelchair accidentallytipping over the edge of the steps while theperson is manoeuvring the wheelchair into thedesignated space.
7.4.4 Sight Lines Special consideration should be given to sightlines for wheelchair users. People standing duringan event should not obstruct the clear view of awheelchair user, nor should pillars or columnsobstruct clear sight lines. Staggered seating offersmore opportunity for positions with better sightlines.
Wheelchair seating areas should be designed sothat wheelchair users have a clear line of sightwhen situated behind standing accommodationor where people in front may stand up. During aconcert or a sports event, people may remainseated for the majority of the event, but stand upduring exciting times, eg when a goal is beingscored, and thereby block the sight lines of thewheelchair users.
7.4.5 Acoustic and Audio ProvisionsFor people with hearing and sight loss, theseenhancement systems should be considered:
• Loop or infra-red hearing systems whichtransmit sound to hearing aids and cochlearimplants to enhance hearing for people whouse these devices.
See Figure 26 on page 87
See Figure 27 on page 88
7. Specific Building and Site Types
Some churches have no loop system for those with hearing difficulties.– IWA member, Co Limerick
877. Specific Building and Site Types
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Figure 26 – Wheelchair spaces in spectator facility
88 Introduction88 7. Specific Building and Site Types
Figure 27 – Sight lines in stadium facility
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• Captioned performance and speech-to-text subtitles and on-screen display to givepeople who are deaf or hard of hearingaccess to a live performance or presentation.The speaker’s words appear on display unitsplaced within a set or next to a stage, at thesame time as they are spoken or sung.
• Audio Described Performances whichprovide a verbal commentary that tells aperson who is visually impaired what ishappening on a stage during the parts of theperformance where there is no dialogue.Visually impaired audience members areequipped with a headset or earpiece to hearthe information.
• Irish Sign Language (ISL) interpretation forindividual or group settings can be madeavailable on request.
The availability of these facilities should be clearlysignposted with procedures in place fordistribution and reclamation of audio descriptionand portable loop packs.
7.4.6 Stage Access
Access to a raised stage should be consideredearly in the design process as this may require aninnovative design or installation of a platform lift.
The stage should be accessible from both theauditorium and backstage, to accommodate bothperformers and audience members.
All backstage facilities, such as circulation areas,dressing rooms and WCs, should be fullyaccessible to all people.
7.4.7 Speaker Facilities Speaker facilities should accommodate peoplestanding and seated. Lecterns should have aheight-adjustable inclined reading surface with arange between 800–1100mm at the speaker side.
A table for laptops and overhead projectors shouldbe no higher than 760mm from the floor with 700mm height clearance underneath the table.
7.4.8 Additional ReadingFor further information on performance, audienceand spectator facilities, refer to:Accessible Stadia − Sports Ground and Stadia GuideNo1 (2003), The Football Stadia ImprovementFund and Football Licensing Authority.
The Green Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds (1979-2008), Football Licensing Authority and the UKDepartment of Culture, Media and Sport.
Accessible Sports Facility Design Guide (2010), SportEngland.
For further information on sports and leisurefacilities please refer to Accessible Sports Facilities(2012), published by Sport England and availableon its website: www.sportengland.org
Sports and Leisure Facilities
7.5.1 Background‘Disabled people need to be able to access anduse sports related buildings, whether large orsmall, as participants, coaches, officials or part ofa management team’.
Everyone can benefit from physical activity andrecreation, either as participants or asspectators. In order to provide equalopportunity for people with disabilities to takepart in sporting and recreational activities,sports and leisure facilities must have policiesand practices in place that create and developopportunities for everyone to participate at theirlevel of choice. The design of sports and leisurefacilities should give particular attention to thesize of sports wheelchairs, some of which requirea clear door width of 1200mm.
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90 Introduction90
7.5.2 Shower ProvisionPeople with disability have different access needswith regard to showering facilities. To ensureshower access for all potential users of a leisurefacility, the provision of the following type ofshower facilities is recommended:
Assisted Use WC/Shower Room A minimum ofone unisex wheelchair accessible WC cum showerroom with a changing bench facility and atracking hoist should be provided. The size of anassisted use WC cum shower room should be3500mm in width x 3000mm in depth. This sizeroom will also allow for the use of a mobile ortracking hoist. The changing bench facility shouldbe 1000mm in width and 1950mm in length, witha height-adjustable range between 450–900mm.The changing bench should be wall-mounted orfree-standing with free space underneath. Thereshould be a vertical grab rail placed close to thechanging bench with its lower end at 800mm inheight from floor level, placed at 150mm from thefront edge of the changing bench on the availableside wall.
Independent Use Shower Cubicle One in fourcubicles within the shower cubicle run should bedesigned to accommodate a wheelchair user or aperson with limited mobility. The shower cubiclesize should be at least 1000mm deep x 1500mmwide, with a 1200mm x 1500mm clear area formanoeuvring right in front of the cubicle. Thiscubicle should be planned in such a way that thismanoeuvring space does not interfere with thecirculation route.
These dimensions are suitable for the use ofshower curtains. If shower doors are installed, abigger cubicle area would be required.
Communal Shower Bank The showers at either
end of the row within the shower bank shouldhave flip-up shower seats installed.
7.5.2.1 Dimensions of a Shower Area
The shower area should be designed so that awheelchair user can transfer to a seat within thewet area, without getting the wheelchair wet, andso that the wheelchair remains within reach.Consider the use of a shower curtain to enclosethe shower area for privacy and also for watercontainment.
The shower area should have minimumdimensions of 1500mm x 1500mm. The slope ofthe floor in the shower recess should have agradient of between 1:50 and 1:60. The outsidearea of the shower floor should have a gradientbetween 1:70 and 1:80, draining into the showerrecess. Transition into the shower recess should belevel without a step down, a raised step, or kerb atthe entry to the recess. The waste outlet should belocated in the corner.
7.5.2.2 Floor Covering
Flooring material in the shower room should benon-slip and should have anti-slip grading of R11(DIN) or equivalent. The slope in the flooringshould facilitate effective drainage of water andshould allow no accumulation.
7.5.2.3 Shower Fixtures and Fittings
The shower head should be detachable andadjustable within the height range of 1200–2200mm from the floor level. A 1500mm longflexible hose is required for the shower head. Thelever controls for temperature and flow should besituated at 900mm from the floor level on the walladjacent to the shower seat. The watertemperature should not exceed 40˚ Celsius.
A flip-up seat, 500mm x 500mm in size, should besituated on the wall adjoining the wall where the
See Figure 28 on page 91
See Figure 29 on page 92
See Figure 30 on page 93
7. Specific Building and Site Types
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Figure 28 – Wheelchair accessible toilet with shower and changing facility
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92 Introduction92 7. Specific Building and Site Types
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shower controls are positioned. The height of theshower seat should be 480mm from floor level.The centreline of the seat should be 500mm fromthe corner and the front edge of the seat shouldbe 650mm from the back wall.
Drop-down grab rails should be placed at 320mmfrom the centreline of the seat at a height of700mm from the floor on the open side of theseat. On the side wall, where the shower fixturesare located, a 600mm-long horizontal grab barshould be placed, starting at 200mm from thecorner and at a height of 700mm. A second600mm long vertical grab rail should be placed at800mm from the corner with its lower end fixed ata height of 800mm from floor level.
7.5.3 Changing FacilitiesPeople with disability have different changingroom needs depending upon their individualsituation. Changing facilities provided in leisure andsporting facilities should accommodate peoplewith disabilities in using communal areas and alsoprovide privacy within a designated WC cumshower changing room as recommended above.
7.5.3.1 Communal Changing Areas
All communal changing areas must be designedso that people with disability can easily movearound the area, safely use the changing benchand access storage facilities.
At least one changing bench should be aminimum 1950mm in length and 600mm indepth, with a waterproof cushion provided.
Within the designated WC cum shower changingroom some people will require use of a hoist.
See Section 6.4.11 on page 73
7.5.3.2 Lockers
Where storage facilities are available for use by the
general public, provision should also be includedfor fully accessible storage units. Some storageunits should include knee access space to alloweither frontal or side access from a seated positionfor a wheelchair user.
Lockers should be provided close to the toilets,shower and changing facilities.
Accessible lockers should be a minimum of300mm in width and not more than 600mm indepth. Storage units accessible from the frontfrom a seated position are best positioned withtheir bottom end height no lower than 750mmand their top end height no more than 1250mm.This bottom end height of 750mm allows for ahalf locker with knee recess provided at a heightof 700mm so a wheelchair user can gain frontalaccess to the locker.
Storage accessible from the side from a seatedposition should have the bottom end height ofthe locker no lower than 665mm and the topend height of the locker no more than 1060mm.
There should also be at least four full-heightlockers provided for storing crutches, calipers,artificial limbs, etc.
Accessible storage units should have a 900mm x1400mm clear floor area to the front.
Aisle width between lockers should be aminimum of 1200mm.
Provide seating adjacent to the lockers for useby people with restricted mobility.
7.5.4 Swimming PoolsThere should be level access from changingareas to the pool side. If doors into theswimming pool area are present, electronicdoors with a touch button control located onthe adjacent wall are recommended. If thedoors are manual, push-bars or lever-typehandles are recommended on the doors. Thedoor width should provide a minimum of900mm clear entrance.
See Figure 28 on page 91
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95
Handrails should be provided between thechanging rooms and the pool side to assistambulant disabled people and people who areblind or have a visual impairment.
The width of the walkway around the pool shouldbe no less than 3000mm and be distinguished incolour and tone from the surrounding areas. Wetfloor areas should have a non-slip surface.
7.5.4.1 Access into the Swimming Pool
Whatever the type and scale of the swimmingpool, there should be a variety of means of accessto the water to accommodate all users. Access tothe water can be provided by means of ramp,steps, ladder, portable slide and hoist. A commonmisconception is that a shelving ‘beach’, oftenincorporated in leisure pools, is the best solution.This arrangement means that the swimmer has towade into the pool for a considerable distancewithout the support of the water. As a result, someusers will require assistance, although for others ahandrail will suffice.
A fully integrated ramp and steps can providegood access to the water. The gradient of theramp should be no steeper than 1:15.
Steps should be fitted with handrails with goodgrip. The maximum height of the risers should be140mm and the treads should be a minimum of300mm deep. The steps should be located at theshallow end of the pool with high definition at theedge of steps to facilitate people who are blind orhave a visual impairment.
Poolside hoists must be available to provideaccess to the water at various depths in the pooland also to the Jacuzzi.
A minimum of two waterproof self-propellingwheelchairs (suitable for pre and post swimshowering) should be provided.
7.5.5 Sauna/Steam RoomIf a sauna/steam room is provided in a sports andleisure facility, consideration should be given toincluding access for wheelchair users.
The sauna/steam room should have level accessand it should be large enough to have a 1800mmdiameter clear floor area, with additional space tofold and store a wheelchair. Potentially therewould also be sufficient space for a wheelchairuser to remain seated in an appropriatewheelchair. This could be achieved by providing acut out area of 900 x 1400mm within the lowerlevel seating. The layout of the seating benchshould be designed in such a way that it facilitatestransfer from a wheelchair to the seat. The heightof the lowest level seat in the sauna room shouldbe between 450–500mm. The seat depth shouldbe a minimum of 500mm. Consideration shouldbe given for a two-way communication systembetween the sauna room and reception area.
7.5.6 Fitness/Gym SuiteDesigners and gym operators are encouraged toselect dual-purpose exercise equipment thatprovides fitness opportunities that can be usedby all people.
Gym equipment should be placed evenly aroundthe gym area. A clear aisle width of minimum1200mm is required to provide access routes foreasy circulation between pieces of gymequipment. Colour contrast should be providedbetween the access routes and the equipmentareas.
A clear floor space must be positioned adjacentto pieces of gym equipment to allow a person totransfer from a wheelchair or to use theequipment while seated in a wheelchair. Forexample, to make a shoulder press accessible,the clear floor space should be next to the seat.However, the clear floor space for a bench pressdesigned for use by a person using a wheelchairwould be centered on the operatingmechanisms. This is because with dual purposeequipment the person remains seated in theirwheelchair while using this piece of equipment.
Clear floor spaces for more than one piece ofequipment may overlap. For example, wheredifferent types of exercise equipment and
7. Specific Building and Site Types
96 Introduction
machines are located next to other pieces ofequipment, the clear space may be shared.
7.5.7 Bowling LanesAt least five percent of each type of bowling lane,but not less than one lane, must be accessible forall users, including wheelchair users. There shouldbe accessible routes from the reception andcommunal areas to the accessible bowling lanes.Spectator seating in bowling facilities will requirewheelchair spaces, companion seating, anddesignated aisle seats. The rolling ball equipmentpreferred by some wheelchair users should beeasily available on site.
7.5.8 Additional Reading
For further information on sports and leisurefacilities please refer to Accessible Sports Facilities(2012), published by Sport England and availableon its website: www.sportengland.org
Health Facilities and Treatment Rooms
7.6.1 BackgroundPeople with disabilities represent a large sector ofthe population requiring healthcare services (TheCensus 2011 recorded 13 percent of thepopulation as having a disability). Everyone,regardless of ability, benefits from universaldesign. Meeting the needs of people withdisabilities means the provision of enhancedfacilities and services for all. It is often the casethat healthcare facilities are not accessible or donot have the equipment needed to serve peoplewith disabilities. Good access includes accessibleparking, set-down facilites, weather-protectedlevel entry, accessible paths of travel into andthroughout the building, open-plan waiting andtreatment areas with sufficient space for awheelchair user to position and turn with ease, aswell as the availability of any required equipmentto effect a successful consultation.
7.6.2 Treatment Rooms and EquipmentTreatment rooms should be of sufficient size toaccommodate the use of a lifting hoist. This hoistwould be used by an individual wheelchair userand personal assistant to transfer a person from awheelchair to a treatment table or examinationchair. The space required for the use of a hoist is aclear turning circle area of 2300mm adjacent tothe treatment table. An automated height-adjustable barrier-free treatment and examinationtable located centrally is recommended in order toaccommodate access from either the right or leftsides. A movable screen can accommodateindividual space requirements while affordingprivacy.
Height-adjustable equipment is recommended sothat examinations may be carried out on people ina seated position as well as in a standing position.Scales with handgrips are recommended toaccommodate those who need support whilestanding, as well as scales that allow individuals tobe weighed while seated in a wheelchair.
The provision of differing height chairs in waitingand treatment rooms that may be used bychildren and adults is recommended. Some chairsshould have arm rests to accommodate those whorequire them.
The ability to produce key documents in differentformats, if required by people with visual andother impairments, should be available.
7.6.2.1 Dental Practices and Equipment
Access to dental care can be especially difficult forwheelchair users and consequently is often anarea of health care that is neglected. Difficultiesassociated with treating individuals seated inwheelchairs can be overcome through the use ofspecialised adapted chair equipment which holdsand appropriately positions an individual whilethey remain seated in their wheelchair. Theseadapted dental chairs are mobile and eliminate allmanual handling, lifting and hoisting.
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An adapted dental chair allows the dentist toattain the correct working position while ensuringa more dignified experience for the patient, and itcan be used alongside traditional dental chairs,sharing equipment and supplies. The chairs can bestored when not in use, and can be used inexisting surgeries without the need forrefurbishment work.
A number of models of adapted chair are availableand individual practices are advised to researchthe type of dental chair that would most suit theirpatients’ needs.
7.6.3 Dressing Room ProvisionsDressing room provisions in health and treatmentfacilities should include at least one room that isaccessible to wheelchair users and people withlimited mobility. This designated changing roomshould have a clear door width of 900mm withdimensions of 2000mm in width by 2500mm indepth, with the door opening outwards. Thechanging room should have a seat at 480mm inheight, with its centreline 500mm from the corner.The seat should project 650mm from the wall.
On the rear wall, a drop-down horizontal grab railand a vertical grab rail should be provided on thetransfer side of the changing seat at 320mm and470mm respectively from the centreline of thechanging seat, both at 700mm in height abovethe floor level.
Two grab rails should also be provided on the sidewall. The first should be horizontal, 700mm abovethe floor level, starting 200mm from the rear wall;
the other, vertical, with its lower end at 800mmabove the floor level and placed at 150mm fromthe front edge of the changing seat. All grab railsshould be 35mm in diameter, 600mm long, slip-resistant and contrast in colour with thebackground.
Clothes hooks should be situated at 1200 mm and1700mm from the floor level. A mirror should beplaced on the wall opposite to the changing seatwith its top and bottom end at 1800mm and450mm respectively.
There was no changing bench in swimming pool area - it madeit impossible for me to participate.
– IWA member, Dublin Youth Group
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98 Introduction98 7. Specific Building and Site Types
Back support minimum 455mm
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Outdoor Environments
7.7.1 BackgroundConsider safety and access for all potential visitorswith different level of abilities.
7.7.2 Entry to Parks, Gardens andPlaygrounds The access gates and entrances to parks, gardensand playgrounds should provide a clear entryroute of 1000mm. The use of ‘kissing gates’ is notrecommended as they can be complicated tonegotiate for people with limited mobility.However, if used, the design should allow accessfor people using mobility scooters.
Accessible routes from the entry/car parking areato various locations and facilities should be clearlysignposted at the appropriate levels.
For information on signage please see Section 5.4 on page 46
An information map should include details indifferent formats of optional routes, details ofpathway surfacing, widths, gradients, cross slopes,locations of bench/picnic facilities and accessibletoilets. Clear visibility of signs and walkways,especially from overhanging vegetation, must bemaintained, with a clear headroom height of2300mm.
7.7.3 Picnic AreasPicnic benches and resting areas should beadjacent to accessible routes with access fromthese routes to the picnic/resting areas.
The picnic table/bench should be located on afirm and level surface and have a clear, smoothnon-slip accessibility zone of 1800mm around allsides of the table/bench unit. Unsuitable surfacessuch as cobbles or loose gravel should be avoided.The height of the picnic table should be between750–800mm with a clear knee space area of700mm in height, 800mm in width and 480mm indepth. Cantilevered ends on tables facilitatewheelchair users.
The seat height should be within 460-480mmfrom the ground level and the minimum depth ofthe seat should be 450mm. The seating areasshould provide a mix of seating options, eg somewith back rests, some with arm rests and somewith both. The back support of the seat should bea minimum 455mm in height.
7.7.4 Pathways Paths and pavements in a park should havesmooth, regular, firm, non-slip surfaces. Loosegravel is difficult to navigate for a wheelchair user.A 75mm raised edge helps to keep the path clearfrom soil wash-off. It also guides people who areblind or have a visual impairment, when using acane, and prevents wheelchair users from goingoff the path. Level surface and guard rails shouldbe provided at viewing points. Where viewingequipment/telescopes are provided, at least oneshould be provided at a height of 1100mm fromthe surface level.
Recommended pathway widths area as follows:
• 1200mm pathway accommodates awheelchair user
• 1500mm pathway accommodates awheelchair user and a person walkingalongside
• 2000mm pathway accommodates twowheelchair users passing safely in anexternal environment.
For information on pathways, routes, seating andcrossings see Section 4.2 on page 27
7.7.5 Play Areas Playgrounds provide all children with anopportunity to engage in safe risk-taking. Thechallenge and thrill factor of playgroundexperience is crucial for motivating all children,including children with disability.
7.7
See Figure 31 on page 98
See Figure 1 on page 17
7. Specific Building and Site Types
100 Introduction
Playground equipment should be chosen withdue regard to children with different abilities andshould provide various options of swinging,climbing, rocking, sliding and balancing as well assensory activities. Supported swing seats withharnesses, wheelchair accessible roundabouts,wide/embankment slides, basket hoops, sand andwater tables, etc are some good examples of waysin which a playground can be made inclusive forchildren with different abilities.
The surface of the playground must be softenough to limit injury from falls, but firm andstable enough for a wheelchair user or personusing a walking aid to manoeuvre. A minimumaccess zone of 900mm in width is required tomove around any playground structure.
Recommended reach ranges for a person seatedin a wheelchair are:
• 500–910mm for 3–4 year-olds
• 460–1010mm for 5–8 year-olds
• 400–1115mm for 9-12 year-olds
Outdoor Events and Festivals
7.8.1 BackgroundThis section covers unique, one-off entertainmentevents, such as concerts, festivals, fairs, markets,shows, etc. These are events taking place at atemporary location such as parklands, sportsstadia, public and private parks.
7.8.2 Arriving at the Event
People with limited mobility who travel to eventsand festivals by car need to be able to park, havesufficient space to enter and leave their vehicle, onoccasions move to the rear of their vehicle, thenwalk or travel in a wheelchair to the mainentrance. Accessible car parking involves theappropriate designation and location of both carand multi-purpose vehicle parking bays and theprovision of set-down/pick-up points.
The design of the parking bay should also plan forthe safe transfer (dished kerbs, level approachroutes, adequate lighting, etc) from the bay to theaccess route to the event without undue effort,barriers to wheelchairs or hazards that couldcause tripping. The size of the bay should allow forthe safe transfer of a passenger or driver to awheelchair, including a space allowance oraccessibility zone for the use of a transfer hoist orramp which may be attached to some vehicles.
If using a temporary car park area, the bays shouldbe clearly signposted with an upright sign sitedout of the circulation space. It is important thatthe car park attendants responsible for this areareceive disability awareness training andunderstand the importancce of maintainingadequate space between cars. The accessibleroute from the car park to the outdoor eventshould be clearly marked.
Set-down points should be positioned as close aspossible to the main entrances and should beclearly identified an online Accessibility Guide to
For further information please refer to:‘Accessibility Guidelines for Playgrounds’(2010), published by the United StatesAccess Board and available on its website: www.access-board.gov/play Refer also to ‘Manual of Best Practice –A Guide to including Disabled Children inChildcare and Play Settings’, published by the Disability Equality Specialist SupportAgency and available on its website:www.dessa.ie
7.8
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any event. If it is not possible to provide a set-down/pick-up point within close proximity to themain entrance then accessible transport shouldbe provided to ‘ferry’ people with limited mobilityfrom this point to the main entrance.
Provision should also be made for people withlimited mobility arriving by public transport. Pleasecheck with your local transport provider to ensurethat accessible transport is available on this route(eg Dublin Bus). This information should beincluded in an online an Accessibility Guide.
7.8.3 Wayfinding and Signage at the EventAccessible routes from the entry/car parking areato various locations and facilities should beclearly signposted at the appropriate levels.Clearly defined logical routes can be identifiedwith the use of colour contrasts and texturalchanges in paving. Planting can assist in definingroutes or identifying hazards through scent andcolour, but should not obstruct or present anoverhead hazard.
An information map should include details indifferent formats of optional routes; pathwaysurfacing, widths, gradients and cross slopes;locations of bench/picnic facilities; and accessibletoilets. This information should be included in anonline Accessibility Guide for the event. Clearvisibility of signs and walkways, especially fromoverhanging vegetation, must be maintained,with a clear headroom height of 2300mm.
7.8.4 Circulation at the EventPavements and approach routes to the main eventareas should be designed to give easy and safeaccess to all. The pathway should be sufficientlywide for all users to move freely and to pass eachother. The surface of the pathway should be level,smooth and slip-resistant, with no obstacleslocated within the circulation route. Werecommend providing a tracking route throughoutthe site that can be independently used by awheelchair user. This route should provide a flushsurface with no breaks or joins to pathways andramps leading to marquees and service areas.
All of the major routes to the entertainment, food,and services areas should be linked with a levelpathway.
7.8.5 Marquees and Exhibition TentsMarquees and tents are used for a variety ofpurposes at outdoor events. We recommend thefollowing:
• Marquees and tents should be sited at lowerlevels
• Ramps into marquees and tents should havegentle slopes
• There should be no upstands at the end oframps where ramps transition to anothersurface
• There should be handrails on ramps
• Doors into marquees and tents should beheld open to provide level landing platforms
• Metal ramps can be slippery when wet;providing a covering on ramps works well
• Level flooring should be provided inside themarquees.
7.8.6 Raised PlatformsOften at outdoor concerts, a temporary raisedplatform is constructed in the main ‘standing’spectator area. Great care must be taken in thepositioning of this platform. It should be placed ata reasonable and safe distance from the mainstage and should be at a height that allows anuninterupted view. Special consideration shouldbe given to sight lines for wheelchair users. Peoplestanding during an event should not obstruct theclear view of a wheelchair user, nor should pillarsor columns obstruct clear sightlines. Staggeredseating offers more opportunity for positions withbetter sight lines.
It is recommended that at least onecompanion/personal assistant should be allowedto sit beside the person with limited mobility anda chair should be provided for them.
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7.8.7 Facilities – Toilets, Showers and CampingAccessible WC cubicles should be provided.Where portaloos are required, they should be ofthe larger size to accommodate a 1800mmdiameter turning space. There should be anaccessible toilet provided at all toilet locations. Anaccessible toilet should be provided within closeproximity to the main wheelchair spectator standif one is provided.
For events and festivals where overnight campingfacilities are provided, there should also beaccessible showering facilities. We recommend asize of 2500 mm x 2500 mm for WC and showerroom combined.
A designated area should be reserved for peoplewith limited mobility who are camping. It isrecommended that this area should be locatedclose to the services area. A level pathway shouldlink this area with the main entrance, all theservices areas and the entertainment stages andvenues.
7.8.8 Departing from the EventIn the case of a large concert where theentertainment finishes at a scheduled time, it maybe advisable to request people with limitedmobility to wait until the main part of theaudience has departed to allow for a safer exit.
7.8.9 Disability Awareness and StaffTrainingDisability Awareness training for staff should becarried out for any outdoor event.
A Disability Liaison Officer should be appointed tothe event. Prior to the event the Event Promotershould conduct an audit to determine theaccessibility requirements.
7.8.10 Accessibility Guide for the EventAn Accessibility Guide to the event, in both aprinted version and an online version should bemade available. This should include informationabout the following:
• Pre-event ticket sales, including informationon concessionary pricing
• Choice of seating areas and tickets prices• Travelling to the event• Set-down and pick-up areas• Accessible entrances• Parking facilities• Services map• Accessible routes• Accessible toilets• Accessible services• Disabilty Liasison contact information• Accessible showers• Accessible camping• Departing from the event• Contact telephone numbers and emails for
queries and for on-site support staff andservices.
Built and Natural Heritage Sites
7.9.1 Background The Irish Government made a commitment in theDisability Act (2005) to make built and naturalheritage sites visitable with ease and dignity bypeople with disabilities. While the goal ofimproving access to the built and naturalenvironments is to give independent access to all,there is an innate tension to be managed betweenimproving access and maintaining the essentialand unique fabric of a heritage site and/orbuilding. The policy of universal, equal andintegrated access for all has to be balanced withthe conservation and preservation policyrequiring minimum intervention and reversiblesolutions. An ideal solution would give physicalaccess while minimising any adaptation or
7.9
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7. Specific Building and Site Types
Under the Disability Act (2005) the Government aims to“ensure that heritage sites in its ownership are, as far aspracticable, accessible to people with disabilities, subject tothe National Monuments Act and in compliance with theterms of Part V of the Planning and Development Act” .
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alteration to the original structure. Within thiscontext, and in order to devise a solution whichmeets minimum intervention policy whileimproving physical access, bespoke solutions arerequired for each individual situation. Suchsolutions would typically be developed throughin-depth consultation between conservationists,heritage architects, access consultants and peoplewith disabilities.
The National Disability Authority has developed aCode of Practice to provide access to built andnatural heritage sites. Compliance with this NDACode of Practice implies compliance with theDisability Act (2005). Refer also to the Department ofEnvironment, Community and Local Government’sguidance document ‘Access Improving theAccessibility of Historic Building and Places’.
7.9.2 Devising Access SolutionsAccess solutions should be devised throughaccess auditing, consultation with people withdisabilities and access planning. Ideally, a bespokesolution to providing full and easy access for all toa historic building or site would commence withpre-visitor information at the site entrance. Itwould then progress to create greater access tothe building, within the building, and to anypublic facilities provided. Where architecturalbarriers to equal and integrated access areidentified, the principles of removal, alteration,addition, avoidance or alternative provisions willapply as appropriate. In developing plans toprovide access, the ability of the building and siteto incorporate the required access provisions withminimum intervention to the historic fabric mustbe carefully considered. Solutions that are inkeeping with the existing design, incorporatedwithin existing structures, or reversible are ideal;though permanent integrated adaptations oradditions of a sympathetic design are alsopossible. Each individual aspect of accessprovision may require its own considered andunique solution.
7.9.2.1 Pre-Visit Information
Pre-visit information should be provided inalternative formats, ie brochure, webpage, audioetc. The information given should include specificson the level of access provisions throughout thevisiting experience and any areas where access isnot possible for people with differentimpairments. Contact numbers for informationand assistance in planning a visit should be easilyavailable.
7.9.2.2 Car Parking
Ideally, public car parking should be provided at alocation adjacent to the main site/buildingentrance. If this is not possible due to the characterand setting of a protected structure, it isrecommended that there should be dedicatedparking for drivers and passengers with disabilitiesclose to the entrance. If this is also not possible,set-down areas or accessible mini-bus transportfrom the main car park area may be a solution.
For further information on car parking pleaserefer to Section 4.1 on page 21
7.9.2.3 Walkways
Walkways must avoid surfaces which are difficultto walk on or impede wheelchair movement. Slip-resistant hard surfaces such as brick or stonepaving are more suitable than gravel, chippings,cobbles and decking. Careful consideration isrequired to ensure that the surface is in keepingwith the colour and texture of the site.
7.9.2.4 Building Entrance
The principal entrance should be accessible toeveryone. If a barrier exists, solutions can bedevised involving the use of:
• Well-designed ramps, steps andhandrails, which respect the existingambience of the building, can be used at the
6
For further information on paths, routesand seating please refer to Section 4.2 onpage 27 and Section 7.7.4 on page 99
NDA Code of Practice on Accessible Heritage Sites.6
7. Specific Building and Site Types
104 Introduction104
main entrance. Ramps which use existingground slopes and planting can be lessobtrusive. New walls should be constructedwith materials that harmonise with theexisting walls and buildings.
• Platform lifts, which when positioned at themain entrance may sometimes beincorporated within an existing porch and inthis way be visually less intrusive.
• Temporary ramps, where all other optionshave failed. Though not compatible withindependent access, temporary ramps canoccasionally be a necessary solution.
• Alternative entrances, where a ramp orplatform lift is not an option. It may bepossible to create an alternative entrance byreorganisation of the internal space. It isimportant that this new point of entry isavailable to all, and not exclusive to visitorswith limited mobility.
• Doors which, where heavy, are fitted withautomatic door-opening devices.
7.9.2.5 Vertical Internal Circulation
Access to changes of level within a historicbuilding must be managed sensitively and thesolutions must be in keeping with the historicfabric of the building. Minor changes of level canbe overcome by sensitive design in the location ofsteps, ramps and handrails. Other solutionsinclude:
• Platform Lifts. Positioned in a sensitivemanner with minimal structural disturbance,platforms lifts can be a solution where thelevel change is relatively large or where aramp is not possible. Consideration shouldbe given to the use of platform lifts that arebuilt into steps to maintain the character of abuilding.
• Passenger Lifts. The installation of apassenger lift provides the most effectivemeans of vertical movement. The installationof internal lifts that meet evacuation
standards is recommended, ie with fire-resistant properties and suitable for use in anemergency evacuation. These lifts reducereliance on assisted evacuation for peoplewith disabilities.
• Platform Stair Lifts. Where the installationof a passenger lift is not possible, theinstallation of a platform stair lift on asecondary staircase may be an option.
The location of a lift shaft will require specialindividual consideration. Options include:
• Locating the lift shaft in an existing structurewithin the building
• Locating the lift shaft externally on thebuilding
• Using a hydraulic lift which can provide asolution where it is not possible to use aconventional lift. Hydraulic lifts do notrequire the location of lift gears above theroof line, which is often a problem in historicbuildings.
7.9.2.6 Alternative Experiences Where it is genuinely impossible to provide accessto all or some parts of a building or site due tospecial historic features, an alternative experienceof that part of the site or building should beprovided. Alternative experiences could include:
• Audio visual presentation
• Viewing points
• Reconstructions
• Virtual representative tours, mock-ups, etc.
All presentations and experiential mock-upsshould be accessible to all people.
7.9.2.7 Access to Public Facilities
Access to public facilities includes access toreception areas and desks, WCs, restaurant andshop facilities, etc. Preferably, these facilitiesshould be located close to the mainthoroughfare of the site/building. See therelevant sections on WCs and use of restaurantand other public facilities in the earlier sectionsof this book.
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105
4 Provision of one in every 15 guest bedrooms forindependent use and one in every 20 for assisteduse by a wheelchair user.
4 Doors should have a clear opening width of 900mmwith 1800mm diameter turning space in bedrooms.
4 Bedroom to incorporate 900mm access zone aroundbed.
4 Clear space of 300mm required underneath bed forfootrests and hoist feet.
4 Level deck shower room dimensions are 2500mm x2500mm (for independent use).
4 Assisted bedroom should have a turning circle of2300mm adjacent to bed.
4 Bathroom for assisted use should be 2700mm x3000mm.
4 Clear space of 900mm required on transfer side ofWC.
Hotels
4 Seating provided on different levels should beaccessible to all.
4 Table height of 760mm with knee clearance of700mm.
4 Clear access route of 900mm maintainedthroughout all seating areas.
4 Access to self-service counters should be 850mmhigh, with 700mm knee clearance.
4 Queuing lines should be at least 1200mm wide.
Restaurants
4 A choice of wheelchair accessible seating on alllevels and vantage points.
4 One in every 50 spaces should be provided forwheelchair users where a capacity is not more than1000.
4 Dimensions for a wheelchair space are 900mm wideby 1400mm deep.
4 Access aisles/routes should have a minimum widthof 1200mm.
4 Entry point to accessible seating should be locatedaway from stairs/raked floor.
4 Acoustic and audio systems should be provided.
4 Consideration should be given to sight lines forwheelchair users.
Auditoriums and Stadiums
4 Assisted use WC cum shower room should be3500mm wide by 3000mm deep and include aheight-adjustable changing bench, 1000mm wide x1950mm long.
4 One in four shower cubicles (open type cubicle withno door) should be 1000mm deep x 1500mm wideto accommodate a wheelchair user.
4 Floor material in shower area should be non-slipwith anti-slip grading of R11 (DIN).
4 Width of walkway around a swimming pool areashould be no less than 3000mm.
4 Sauna/Steam room should have a clear floor area of1800mm in diameter.
4 Dual purpose exercise equipment should beprovided with a clear access route of 1200mmbetween each piece of equipment.
Sports and Leisure Facilities
Quick Summary of: 7. Specific Building and Site Types
7. Specific Building and Site Types
106 Introduction106 7. Specific Building and Site Types
4 Treatment rooms should be of sufficient size toaccommodate the use of a hoist with a clear turningcircle area of 2300mm.
4 A height-adjustable examination table should beprovided.
4 Provide at least one accessible dressing room,2000mm wide x 2500mm deep, and with a doorwidth of 900mm.
Health Facilities and Treatment Rooms
4 All event accessibility information to be availableboth in print and online.
4 Accessible car parking, setting-down points andpublic transport options should be available forarrival at the event.
4 Level pathways to all event facilities. Accessiblemarquees and exhibition tents.
4 Provide large size accessible WC cubicles(sized1800mm x 2500mm with door opening out).
4 Provide raised viewing platforms.
4 Disability awareness training should be provided forstaff and volunteers.
Outdoor Events
4 Car parking should be provided adjacent to themain site/building entrance.
4 Ramps or platform lifts should be in place if theprincipal entrance is not accessible.
4 Doors that are heavy should be fitted withautomatic door opening devices.
4 Where access to a building is not possible, analternative experience such as audio visualpresentation, viewing points or virtual tours shouldbe provided.
4 Access to public facilities such as reception, WCs,restaurant, and shop should be provided.
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The Requirements
8.1.1 BackgroundThe matter of building evacuation is a key elementto be addressed in any organisational health andsafety management plan. Organisations using andmanaging a building are required by variouspieces of Irish legislation to ensure that allusers of a building, including people withdisabilities, can escape safely from the building inthe event of an emergency.
Part B of the Irish Building Regulations requiresthat,
“a building shall be so designed andconstructed that there are adequatemeans of escape in case of fire from thebuilding to a place of safety outside thebuilding, capable of being safely andeffectively used”.
The design provisions set out in the BuildingRegulations (2006) Technical Guidance DocumentPart B are provided as a guide to minimumstandards required for compliance with theseregulations. They are largely based on theassumption that all people evacuating from thebuilding will be fit and well, moving at the samespeed and independently of each other. Theguidance in Part B in relation to the safeevacuation of people with disabilities is extremelylimited, and refers the reader to a British Standardsdocument BS: 9999 for further guidance. ThisBritish Standards document considers theconcepts of horizontal and vertical escape. Itadvises that people with disabilities escape, eitherindependently or with assistance to a place ofsafety outside the building, or by moving to a
designated fire protected ‘refuge space’ on thesame level. This refuge space should be on, orclose to, the escape stairs on any level of thebuilding where the egress is not level with theexternal environment. The person can then beevacuated vertically from this designated refugespace. Escape assistance can be provided either bydesignated staff or others, as outlined in thebuilding emergency evacuation plan, developedby the management of the building.
The achievement of an effective emergencyevacuation plan from a building for people withdisabilities requires planning, management andregular review as part of an overall evacuationpolicy and plan. Good practice would dictate thatan evacuation policy and plan be developed thatincludes consideration of both structural andmanagement provisions.
8.1.2 Structural ProvisionsAt the design stage of the building, structural andfire-resistant decisions will have been made thatdetermine or influence the evacuation strategy forthat building.
Principal evacuation strategies include:
• Total Evacuation – When everyone in abuilding leaves at the same time.
• Phased Evacuation – When a pre-alarmstage in remote areas of a building isactivated shortly before a general alarm.
• Zoned Evacuation – When the building isevacuated progressively as the emergencydevelops and people are movedprogressively away from the area of danger.
8.1
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1989 Workplace Directive, 89/654; EEC Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act (2005/2007); Fire Services Act (1981); The Building Regulations (2000); Indoor Events Act (2003); The Equal Status Acts (2000–2004); Employment Equality Act (1998/2004);Disability Act (2005).
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8 Emergency Evacuation
8. Emergency Evacuation
108 Introduction108
Knowledge of the structural and fire-resistantproperties of a particular building, including thoseof any internal lifts, and the ensuing evacuationstrategies will be essential in developing anyevacuation plan. This knowledge can be obtainedby consultation with the designers andmanagement of a particular building.
8.1.2.1 Evacuation Plans
At lobbies and reception areas on all floors of abuilding, location plans showing the direct routefor exit should be replicated at heights of 1000–1100mm, and 1600–1700mm from the floor. Theplans should be colour contrasted with thebackground and include Braille. It should also beprovided in the form of a tactile map, which iscapable of being read by touch by people whoare blind or have a visual impairment, but are notBraille readers.
These plans should be accompanied byoperational procedures for fire safety evacuation,including details of refuge spaces andsignposting of their locations. Alongside text,consideration should be given to the use ofpictograms which can give information in asimple, coherent and consistent manner.Pictograms should include clear informationrelating to people with disabilities.
8.1.2.2 Provision of Fire Alarms
It is important that people who have a visual orhearing impairment or who are blind, can bealerted in case of emergency. Fire alarmstherefore need to be in both visual and auditoryformat. Visual alarms which use strobe lightingshould operate at a frequency of 2-4 hertz andshould be placed so that the signal is visiblethroughout the enclosed space. Visual alarmsshould also be installed in washrooms wheresomeone who has a hearing impairment may bealone. Consideration should also be given tovibrating pager systems as a means of alertingpeople who have a hearing impairment,particularly in buildings where there is sleeping
accommodation and/or where people areisolated or remote from others.
8.1.2.3 Signage and Wayfinding
The presence of suitable escape and refugesignage and aids to wayfinding, is essential to thequick and safe evacuation of a building.Evacuation routes should have consistent layoutsand be easy to locate and follow intuitively.
Signage needs to be simple, short, consistent andeasily understood. Alongside text, considerationshould be given to the use of pictograms whichgive information in a simple, coherent andconsistent manner. Pictograms should includeclear information relating to people withdisabilities. Additional wayfinding aids oncorridors and staircases can include the use ofcolour contrasted handrails on horizontalcirculation routes, emergency escape lighting andthe use of photo-luminescent wayfindingguidance systems which become visible in lowlight conditions.
For further information on signage please see Section 5.4 on page 46
8.1.2.4 Doors and Door Fittings
The total force required to open a door in apressurised escape route should not exceed 1.6kgat the handle. All doors for use as exits in case ofemergency should open outwards. Internal firedoors should have magnets which usually holdthe doors open and are connected to the firealarm system. When the alarm is activated thesemagnets should automatically release the doors.
8.1.2.5 Internal Corridor Dimensions
To facilitate horizontal movement, escape routesshould have minimum corridor widths of1800mm. Ramps, if required, should comply withrecommendations.
For further information on corridor design pleasesee Section 5.3 on page 43
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Fire exits should have level thresholds to theoutside and outward-opening doors. Final fire exitdoors should be easy and intuitive to operate. Thepavement outside the fire door should be levelwith the surrounding area or dished to give accessdown from the pavement.
8.1.2.6 Stairwell Design
Flights and landings of stairways should have anunobstructed minimum width of 1500mm. Acentral handrail should be provided when thewidth of the stairs exceeds two metres.
This stair width of 1500mm is recommended tofacilitate the assisted escape of people withdisabilities and accommodate contra flow incirculation spaces during emergency evacuation.
For further information please see Section 4.4 on page 31
8.1.2.7 Refuges or Areas of Rescue Assistance
Many people with disabilities cannot use stairsunassisted, so it is necessary to ensure that theycan remain in a place of relative safety until helparrives. This provision must be forward-plannedand provided. One solution is to provide a refugespace or area of rescue assistance. The refugespace should be provided within a designatedfire-protected area of a building, on any floorwhere the egress from the building is not levelwith the external environment.
A refuge area as a minimum requirement shouldbe constructed as indicated in the BuildingRegulations (2006) Technical Guidance DocumentPart B.
“Refuge areas are within a building,separated by fire resisting constructionand provided with a safe route to a storey exit where people with disabilities can await assistance for evacuation. Refugeareas may be within the enclosure of an escape stairway, within a protected lobby or corridor leading to an escape stairway or in a compartmented part of a storey which contains an escape stairway.”
The refuge area/s should:
• Be clearly and consistently signposted.
• Be sized 900mm x 1400mm for a singlerefuge space and be situated clear of theescape route.
• Be located either within, or be a space withdirect access to, each protected stairway orinternal fire-protected lift provided formeans of escape.
• Be equipped with a two-waycommunications system linked to amanagement control point and situated900–1100mm above floor level.
• Contain instructions as to the procedures tobe followed in the event of an emergencyand the expected response.
• Contain a manually operated evacuationlift/chair to assist in the egress of people forwhom such a lift/chair is advised. As mostevacuation equipment requires a wheelchairuser to transfer from their wheelchair, theremust be another wheelchair available in thearea to where the person is evacuated.
The number of refuge spaces required in abuilding will be determined by an assessment ofthe number of people likely to require the use ofsuch a space. A minimum of two spaces on eachlevel in any building is desirable.
See Figure 32 on page 111
8. Emergency Evacuation
110 Introduction110 8. Emergency Evacuation
8.1.2.8 Lifts
The installation of internal lifts that meetevacuation standards is recommended, ie withfire-resistant properties and suitable for use in anemergency evacuation. Existing lifts can beupgraded to be usable for evacuation purposes.Fire-protected lifts reduce reliance on assistedevacuation from the building for people withdisabilities and are the most effective means ofevacuation. Manual handling of wheelchair usersin a fire evacuation staircase, even with training, ishazardous for the person in the wheelchair and forthose people giving assistance.
Where lifts with fire-resistant properties areinstalled, there is still the need for manualevacuation equipment to be present in the eventof internal lift failure.
8.1.3 Evacuation Aids/EquipmentAt each refuge location there should be manualevacuation equipment conveniently located withclear instruction as to its use. Evacuationequipment is used to transport people withlimited mobility up/down the stairwell by peoplewho are trained in its use and in manual handlingtechniques. Not all evacuation equipment can goboth up and down stairs. Careful research andconsultation is required to ensure the choice ofthe most effective equipment for a particularsituation.
As most evacuation equipment requires awheelchair user to transfer from their wheelchair,there must be another wheelchair available in thearea to where the person is escaping.
Not all wheelchair users will be able to transfer orbe transferred onto standard evacuationequipment in order for the building to beevacuated. If it is not possible to evacuate a
person from a building using standard evacuationequipment, then careful research is required todetermine alternative provisions. There is manualevacuation equipment available onto which awheelchair user can manoeuvre while remainingseated in their wheelchair. The use of this type ofequipment may have design implications andshould be considered at planning stage. However,reliance on self-evacuation from a building using afire-protected lift is by far preferable.
Where a fire-protected lift is installed there is stillthe requirement for manually operatedevacuation equipment to be present in the eventof unforeseen difficulty with, or failure of, the lift.
Management Provisions
8.2.1 BackgroundIt is the responsibility of the buildingmanagement to ensure that in the event ofemergency all people can safely escape to adesignated place of safety. Good managementprocedures, staff knowledge and training areessential for the safe evacuation of a building inthe event of an emergency. Building managementshould develop an egress policy and action planwhich is recorded in a building evacuationhandbook.
8.2.2 Evacuation PlanThe development of a building evacuation planfor both users and visitors to a building isessential to the safe evacuation of all people inthe event of an emergency. The needs of allpeople will have to be anticipated in planning foremergencies. Consultation with disabilityorganisations is advised in relation to the needsof people with disabilities. Where appropriate,
8.2
Unless a person can get out of a building in an emergency,then it is not truly accessessible at all.
– IWA member, Dublin
111
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Figure 32 – Refuge area
8. Emergency Evacuation
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signing in and out procedures for visitors arerecommeded. The essential elements of anevacuation plan are as follows:
• Knowledge of the fire safety features of abuilding and the ensuing evacuationstrategy indicated.
• The identification of staff members withresponsibility for ensuring the safeevacuation of all from the building,including one single person with ultimateresponsibility.
• Regular staff training in: manual handling;fire safety and evacuation procedures (egtotal, phased or zoned, horizontal andvertical); and the use of any equipmentprovided eg evacuation lift/chair.
• The identification of persons regularlyusing the building and requiring assistanceto evacuate from the building in the eventof an emergency.
• The development of Personal EmergencyEvacuation Plans (PEEPs), with persons whoare regularly using the building andrequiring assistance to escape.
• The identification of persons using thebuilding and requiring the use of vibratingpager/alarm systems, and the developmentof a distribution and return system.
• The development of a system to ensurethat, in the event of an emergency, shouldsome people not have been able to escapeor be evacuated from the building, there isa system to ensure immediate and clearidentification to the fire services of thelocations and numbers of these people.
• Clear communication of the emergencyevacuation plan to all those who have arole to play, including outside agencies egthe fire services.
• Regular practice and review of theemergency evacuation plan andprocedure.
• Regular maintenance and goodmanagement of fire-resistant buildingproperties, equipment and egress areas ofthe building.
8.2.2.1 PEEPs – Personal Emergency EvacuationPlans
It is essential to develop Personal EmergencyEvacuation Plans (PEEPs), in consultation withregular users of a building who have animpairment that would impede their egress(either horizontally or vertically), from thebuilding. The PEEP essentially matches the needsof the person with a disability to the capabilities ofthe egress design and should be regularlyreviewed and updated. A PEEP may involve:
• The use of a buddy system, whereby otherstaff members will, moving horizontally,accompany the individual to the outside.
• Where vertical or horizontal movementposes a difficulty, accompanying the personto a refuge area.
• Using a lift/chair evacuation system totransport the person vertically to theoutside.
• Staying with the person within a refuge areauntil the fire services have been alerted andarrive to lift the person to safety.
In all of the above matters, consultation withrelevant local authority fire officers, fireconsultants, users of a building and disabilityorganisations is critical to the development andimplementation of an evacuation policy and planthat is effective and gives confidence to the usersof a building.
8.2.3 Additional ReadingFor further information please refer to SafeEvacuation for All, published by the NationalDisability Authority and available on its website:www.nda.ie. Refer also to the Building Regulations(2006), Technical Guidance Document Part B – FireSafety, published by the Department of theEnvironment, Community and Local Government.
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‘Technical Guidance Document Part B 2006 - FireSafety’, Departement of Environment. 4 Building evacuation is a key element in any
organisational health and safety management plan.
4 Part B of the Irish Building Regulations and BritishStandards BS: 9999 relate to the safe evacuation ofpeople with disabilities.
4 Principal evacuation strategies include: TotalEvacuation, Phased Evacuation and ZonedEvacuation.
4 Evacuation plans should be displayed at heights of1000–1100mm and 1600–1700mm from floor level.
4 Fire alarms should be both visual and audible.
4 Suitable escape and refuge signage is essential tosafe evacuation of a building.
4 Signage should be easily understood and use ofpictograms can be helpful.
4 Escape routes should have minimum corridor widthsof 1800mm.
4 All doors for use as emergency exits should openoutwards.
4 Stair width of 1500mm is recommended to facilitatethe assisted evacuation of people with disabilities.
4 Refuge areas should be clearly signposted, and sized900mm x 1400mm for a single refuge space.
4 A refuge area should be located within a protectedstairway, equipped with a two-way communicationssystem with controls at 900–1100mm from floorlevel, and contain an evacuation chair.
4 Internal lifts should be fire-resistant. Existing lifts canbe upgraded to be usable in an emergencyevacuation.
4 Good management procedures and staff training areessential for safe evacuation of a building in anemergency.
4 Develop an Egress Policy and Action Plan which isrecorded in a building evacuation handbook.
4 Develop a Personal Emergency Evacuation Plan(PEEP) for people needing assistance to evacuatethe building.
4 Identify trained staff members with responsibility forensuring the safe evacuation of all.
4 Regular practice and review of emergencyevacuation plan is required.
4 Maintenance of fire equipment and egress areas ofthe building is essential.
Quick Summary of: 8. Emergency Evacuation
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Maintaining High Levels of Access
9.1.1 BackgroundAccess to the built environment and to servicesand facilities cannot be guaranteed by gooddesign alone. An integral part of ensuring goodaccess for all involves the constant and ongoingmaintenance and management of the building,the surrounding areas and the services andfacilities provided within.
In order to achieve good practice in maintaininghigh levels of access, both management andmaintenance issues should be addressed.
9.1.2 Access Management ProgrammeAn effective management programme will:
• Provide regular staff training in all matterspertaining to understanding accessprovisions, and in maintaining high levels ofaccess.
• Establish and manage the provision of ahigh standard and efficient maintenanceprogramme.
• Ensure that any refit/refurbishment doesnot diminish existing levels of access, butbuilds on what is present, and improvesaccess for all.
• Plan strategically, whereby regular reviewsof access provisions take place inconsultation with people with disabilities.These reviews should identify areas whereaccess may be poor, and whereopportunities exist for change andimprovement.
9.1.2.1 Access Audits
An access audit is a useful way of taking stock ofaccess provisions within the built environment at
a point in time. An access audit rates the accessprovided against given access standards. Anaccess audit will review and comment on thelevels of access provided and any upgradingrequired to bring access provisions up to therequired legislative and/or design standards. Anaccess audit should also include assessment ofissues such as communications, information,customer service and staff training. An accessaudit should be carried out by a trained accessconsultant prior to any building work beingundertaken. It is recommended that people withdisabilities be directly involved in any accessauditing process.
9.1.2.2 Building Manual
It is recommended that the management andoccupiers of a building develop and maintain aBuilding Manual which would combineinformation handbooks containing the requiredinformation on pertinent areas, ie evacuation,health and safety and access provisions.
A Building Manual is a simple way of listing andexplaining the features and facilities of a building,which must be maintained in order to ensureproper access, evacuation and safety foreveryone. It should include a set of plans of thebuilding, indicating all the locations where cleardimensions and equipment must be maintainedfor access, evacuation and safety purposes. Themanual should be readily available to staff and bepromoted through training within theorganisation.
9.1.2.3 Alternative Provision of Service
An easily available and alternative method ofservice provision should be in place in situationswhere self-service is the usual operational mode.This provision should be clearly signposted withinstruction as to how this service can beaccessed.
9.1
9 Building Management and Maintenance
9. Building Management and Maintenance
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9.1.3 Access Maintenance ProgrammeAn efficient and high standard maintenanceprogramme will establish procedures to addressthe following issues on a regular basis:
• The regular maintenance of parking baysand approach routes to ensure that they areunobstructed, free of debris and that non-disabled drivers do not occupy disabledparking bays.
• Keeping circulation areas within buildingsclear of all obstruction and, where there ismovable furniture, as inrestaurants/refreshment areas, maintainingthe required width of an access route.
• The regular maintenance of doors and doorentry systems, including intercom facilities,to ensure that they remain in good workingorder and that the opening force at theleading edge of a door remains no morethan 20 newton.
• Ensuring that WCs, refuge areas and lifts arenever used as storage areas for supplies orfurniture, and that transfer spaces adjacentto the toilet are kept clear of refuse bins.
• Ensuring that all facilities are kept clean andwell stocked, as in the case of WCs.
• Maintaining alarm systems regularly toensure systems in WCs, lifts, etc, are always inworking order.
• Ensuring regularly that the required alarmresponse is provided swiftly, as outlined inthe building emergency protocol document.
• Maintaining floor surfaces that are level,unobstructed and not made slippery by theuse of unsuitable cleaning and polishingproducts.
• Ensure that redecoration of a building, orpart of a building, does not compromise ordiminish a colour scheme designed to assistpeople with a visual impairment to orientthemselves and identify fixtures and fittings.
• The swift replacement of blown light bulbs,at the appropriate lux or illuminations level,along circulation routes, in lobbies, in WCcompartments, etc.
• Signage replacement that ensures newsignage is consistent with accessspecifications, that it integrates with existingsignage, and that signs are replacedcorrectly following removal.
• Regular review of the efficiency of thesystems in place to distribute and recall anyequipment available to users of the building,eg vibrating fire alarms, audio descriptionunits, hoists, etc.
• The clear advertisement of the availability ofcommunication enhancement equipmentwithin the building, eg loop systems, textphone, etc.
• The clear advertisement of the availabilityof supports to users of a building inrelation to access to the building andservices and facilities within, eg use of amobility aids, personal assistance to andfrom the car parking facilities, signlanguage interpreter, etc.
9.1.4 Additional ReadingFor further information please refer to theNational Disability Authority Guidelines for AccessAuditing of the Built Environment, available atwww.nda.ie
Refer also to the Building Regulations (2006),Technical Guidance Document Part B – Fire Safety,published by Department of the Environment,Community and Local Government.
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4 Constant maintenance of buildings and approachareas is required.
4 Provide regular staff training regarding accessprovision.
4 Maintain high levels of accessibility.
4 Any refurbishment/refit should not reduce existingaccess levels.
4 Carry out access reviews in consultation with peoplewith disabilities.
Access Management
4 An access audit rates access provision against statedaccess standards.
4 Access audits review and provide suggestions onupgrades needed to meet legislation and bestpractice.
4 An access audit also includes assessment of issuessuch as communications, information, customerservice and staff training.
4 Access audits should be carried out by a trainedaccess consultant prior to any building work beingundertaken.
Access Audits
4 Ensure regular maintenance of parking bays andapproach routes.
4 Keep circulation areas within the building clear ofobstruction and maintain clear access routes.
4 Ensure regular maintenance of all fittings andequipment throughout the building.
4 Ensure WCs are not used for storage and are free ofclutter.
4 Maintain alarm systems.
4 Keep all floor surfaces clean and ensure they arenon-slip.
4 All signage should be consistent throughout thebuilding.
4 There should be clear advertisement of theavailability of communication enhancementequipment within the building.
Access Maintenance Programme
Quick Summary of: 9. Building Management and Maintenance
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IWA Housing Support Services
Irish Wheelchair Association (IWA) regards theavailability of accommodation of a suitable designand type, in a fitting location, with the requiredpersonal supports, as a basic right. The availabilityof such accommodation directly supports peoplewith a disability to participate in and to contributeto the life of the community in which they live.
The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons withDisabilities states that people with disabilitiesshould have the opportunity to choose their placeof residence and where and with whom they liveon an equal basis with others, and not be obligedto live in a particular living arrangement. Inaddition, people with disabilities should haveaccess to a range of in-home, residential and othercommunity support services, including thepersonal assistance necessary to support them tolive and be included in their community, and toprevent their isolation or segregation from thecommunity (United Nations, 2008).
This section of the IWA Best Practice AccessGuidelines publication describes the varioushousing supports that IWA has developed tosupport people towards independent living,including a section on housing design. The sectionon housing design sets out requirements for both‘Wheelchair Accessible Housing’ and ‘Life TimeAdaptable Housing’.
10.1.1 BackgroundPeople with disabilities often have very specifichousing and accommodation requirements andcan find it difficult to gain access to their preferredliving situation. Irish Wheelchair Associationrepresents the specific housing interests of itsmembers through a range of initiatives which
include direct provision of housing, informationand advice, lobbying, advocacy and individualsupport to members.
The housing needs of people with disabilities caninclude housing adaptation, independent living,supported housing, and transitional housing. IWAresponds to these housing needs through anumber of initiatives.
10.1.1.1 IWA Operation Sign-Up
‘Operation Sign-Up’ is an IWA initiative, whichencourages and supports people with disabilitieswho wish to live in their own homes, but areunable to do so from their own resources, to applyfor social housing through local authorities. Beingregistered on a local authority social housing listcan act as a gateway to a variety of social housingopportunities. By hosting events in partnershipwith local authorities, through various local andnational media outlets, by viral email, throughcommunity and youth groups, in IWA’s SpokeOutmagazine, and in various other ways, IWA haspublicised Operation Sign-Up and encouragedpeople with disabilities to make contact with theHousing Department of their local authority.Operation Sign-Up supports people withdisabilities through the process of a social housingapplication with online information and personalsupport if required, with the aim of achieving asuccessful housing outcome.
10.1.1.2 Information and Advice
The IWA Operation Sign-Up initiative includes ahousing website www.iwa.ie/house which providesa step-by-step guide to applying for socialhousing. IWA has broken down the ten stepsinvolved in the housing application process andhas also listed on the website all the relevanthousing-related information an individual will
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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol.8
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require during and subsequent to the applicationprocess. This includes contact details for localauthorities, information links to local healthcentres, information on housing adaptation grantsand also details of all local IWA centres. Staff inlocal IWA Resource and Outreach Centres can beavailable to support people through a socialhousing application or in seeking to resolve otherhousing-related matters.
10.1.1.3 Lobbying and Advocacy
IWA actively lobbies and works with theDepartment of the Environment, local authorities,other disability representative groups andvoluntary housing providers to promote goodwheelchair accessible design and the delivery of asupply of accessible housing suitable to therequirements of IWA members. IWA is a memberof Housing Advisory Groups in the Department ofthe Environment, the Disability Federation ofIreland and the Irish Council for Social Housing.
10.1.1.4 IWA as a Voluntary HousingAssociation
Driven by its mission to support and promoteindependence, dignity and enhanced quality oflife for people with disabilities, Irish WheelchairAssociation (IWA) provides accessible andaffordable housing units to its members in variouslocations throughout Ireland. Approved HousingBody (AHB) Status was granted to IWA by theDepartment of the Environment on 17th
September 1984 under Section 12 of the HousingAct (1966). As an Approved Housing Body the IWAcan avail of funding, when available, from theDepartment of the Environment to provide socialhousing. The majority of IWA’s housing units arepurchased through the Department of theEnvironment, Community and Local GovernmentCapital Assistance Scheme (CAS) which currentlyprovides AHB’s with 100% funding to eitherpurchase existing properties or build newproperties, depending on the conditions of thefunding from year to year.
IWA has a long history of delivering qualityhousing and services to people with physical andsensory disabilities. Currently IWA provides arange of accessible and affordable social housingunits to people who cannot afford to build orpurchase a house of their own from their personalresources. Tenants lease the housing units ataffordable rates, relative to the private rentalmarket. In many cases the houses are designed oradapted to meet the varying and complex needsof individual tenants to support them to live moreindependent lives in their local community. Theinstallation of specific aids and appliances atdesign stage supports the tenant’s independence.
As of 2014, IWA has a housing stock ofapproximately 60 accessible and affordable oneand two bedroom housing units available to itsmembers.
IWA’s Accessible Housing models include:
• Transitional Housing These units provide a level of on-siteassistance and support to tenants who wishto take the first steps towards independentliving and to gain the confidence and skillsto progress to their own long term housingin the community of their choice.
This model supports individuals and theirfamilies in addressing the natural anxietiesand fears associated with livingindependently for the first time and to takethe steps towards a more independentlifestyle.
This is usually a time limited tenancy with anindependent living skills development planwhich links with and avails of existingcommunity resources such as Money Advice& Budgeting Service (MABS), IWA drivinglessons, Home Help, Personal Assistance,Training and Employment opportunities,public transport, and other personaldevelopment opportunities.
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• Independent Living Housing Tenants in these housing units may or maynot require formal or informal supports inorder to live independently in thecommunity. The units do not providepersonal assistance supports, however manytenants avail of visiting services specific totheir needs and delivered on an agreed basiseither by the IWA or other service providers.Services may include Personal Assistance,HSE Home Help, Public Health Nursingand/or informal personal supports likefamily and friends.
• Supported Independent Living Housing This model of service facilitates individualswho wish to live independently in thecommunity and require a higher level ofsupport to do so. Tenants, supported bystaff, maximise their independence and liveactive and participative lives in their localcommunity. Support services vary according to theneeds of tenants and may include personalassistance, meals and other supports.
These different housing models offer individualswith disabilities a greater range of support optionsas they progress to independent living.
Design Guidelines forWheelchair Accessible Housing
10.2.1 BackgroundWheelchair accessible houses are purpose-designed considering the specific space andaccess requirements of a person using awheelchair. These houses are larger in floor areathan standard housing to provide sufficientcirculation space and to accommodate personalassistance if required. Every area of the house, the
household facilities, and the equipment therein,is specifically designed to be accessible for thewheelchair user. Forward planning whichconsiders internal design and also the siting ofwheelchair accessible units both within adevelopment and within an apartment building iscritical to a successful outcome for the occupant.
The housing design guidelines in this document,while informed by many recent publications,have been devised by IWA to meet the accessrequirements of its members. The room sizesrequired will depend on the accessible spacerequirements, in conjunction with the furnishingsto be placed within the room. The guidancespecifications given in this document relate toaccessible space requirements. Thesespecifications are general and intended toaccommodate the majority of wheelchair users.
The space requirements and interior design of aunit of accommodation may need to becustomised to the individual home occupant’sneeds. When the individual housing occupant isknown then his/her specific access requirementsmust be designed into the plans from the outset.This inclusive design process is generallyachieved by direct consultation with the personwith a disability, their advising access consultant,(often an occupational therapist), and thearchitect.
IWA recommends that four percent of houses innew housing developments should be fullywheelchair accessible.
The guidance given in this section concerning‘Wheelchair Accessible Housing’ is for bothapartments and for individual houses. Theguidance for the approach to, for car parking, forentry and circulation to apartment buildings andto individual houses is dealt with under theseseparate headings.
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Wheelchair Homes Design Guidelines (The South East London Housing Partnership); Wheelchair Accessible Housing – Best PracticeGuidelines (Mayor of London); The UK Housing Standards Review; BS 9266:2013 ‘Design of Accessible and Adaptable General NeedsHousing – Code of Practice’; Universal Design Guidelines for Homes in Ireland NDA/CEUD.
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To achieve good wheelchair accessibility the design of approach routes, entry points andinternal circulation is as critical as the interiordesign of the living space.
10.2.2 Apartment Buildings
10.2.2.1 Approach Route to an ApartmentBuilding
Any external call buttons/intercom systemssituated on approach routes and at the apartmentbuilding entry gates at the public path/roadway,should have both auditory and visual displays andbe situated at a height between 900-1050mmabove ground level and at least 500mm from anycorner.
The connection points between the publicpath/roadway and the environs of the apartmentbuilding should be seamless, with level accessjoining these connections points. Any approachroute to an apartment building from a publicpath/roadway, from a boundary wall, from a set-down location, or from a car parking areashould be sufficiently wide and be on firm, levelnon-slip ground to give ease of access to all. Anyexternal gates, doorways, or openings on theapproach route should have a clear width of1000mm, with 500mm clear space to the leadingedge side of the gate/doorway. Any latches oropening mechanisms on the gate/doorwayshould be easily usable with minimum strengthand dexterity, preferably using only one hand in aclosed fist position. The latch or openingmechanism should be no higher that 1000mmfrom ground level.
All approach routes should be level or have aslope of not more than 1:50. Where the plotgradient does not allow a level approach, bothstepped and ramp access must be provided. Aramp should be gently sloping with a gradient notexceeding 1:20 (1:15 is a minimum acceptableslope in exceptional circumstances).
A stepped approach should be suitable for use byambulant disabled persons.
All pedestrian approach routes/footpaths shouldbe free of projecting hazards and preferably havea clear width of 2000mm. Localised obstructionsshould be set back so that they do not narrow theroute or occur within 1200mm either side of adoorway or change of direction. In exceptionalcircumstances where there is known to be lowusage of the footpath, a minimum acceptableapproach route width is 1500mm. Where thepathway reduces to 1500mm in width, passingspaces of 2000mm in depth x 2000mm in widthshould be provided at intervals of 25m.
Where there are road crossing points on theapproach routes/footpaths, these should bedished flush with the roadway, always onopposing sides, and the appropriate tactile pavingshould be provided at the crossing points.
Sensory activated lighting should be provided onapproach routes, at car parking areas and at theentry points to the apartment building. Theillumination should be 150 lux on the generalgrounds and 200 lux on ramps/ steps.
10.2.2.2 Car Parking and Setting Down Points –Apartment Buildings
Where car parking for both residents and visitorsis provided, it should include a proportion ofaccessible parking bays.
For further information on external rampsand steps see Section 4.3 on page 30 andSection 4.4 on page 31
For further information on tactile paving seeSection 4.2.2.2 on page 27
For design guidance, dimensions andrecommended number of accessible parkingbays, see Section 4.1 on page 21
See also Figures 3 and 4 on pages 22 and 23
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As the demand for accessible parking fromresidents in apartment buildings is likely tochange over time the management companyshould devise a system of monitoring need andallocating accessible bays as the demand changes.Each wheelchair accessible house should have theoption of a designated accessible parking bay. Inaddition, there should also be a priority accessibleparking bay allocation given to holders ofdisabled parking badges. The design of standardparking bays could include the future option ofsome standard bays being increased in size,should additional accessible parking bays berequired.
Accessible parking bays should be situated closeto the apartment building entry points, preferablywithin a distance of 25m. Access from the carparking areas to approach routes and to buildingentry points should be level and seamless andshould comply with the general guidance onapproach routes in the referenced sections above.
If parking is provided within an enclosed areathere is a height requirement of 2.6m toaccommodate high top adapted vehicles andvehicles with roof-top boxes that store awheelchair.
A drop-off or setting-down point should beprovided close to the communal entrance to anapartment building.
For design of setting-down points see Section 4.1.6 on page 26
10.2.2.3 Main Entrance to Apartment Buildings
There should be sensor-activated lighting andlevel entry at all apartment building entry points.The entrance should have a level external landing
area of 1800x1800 that is weather protected.Weather protection can be achieved either byenclosing the space within a recessed area or bythe provision of a canopy or a combination ofboth. Any canopy should extend 700mm eitherside of the entrance.
The main entrance door to an apartment buildingshould provide a1000mm clear width with500mm clear space to the leading edge side of thedoor. The main entry door should have a door-release intercom communication system andpower-assisted or automated doors. The entry andlocking system on the main door should be usablewith minimum strength and dexterity. Lever-typehandles are recommended and should be placedat a height of 900–1000mm from the floor level.Doors that are automated can have a choice ofentry systems including use of a coded key pad,push pad and proximity card/fob.
The door call/entry systems should be located onthe latch side of the door on the adjacent wall at aheight between 900mm and 1050 from floor level.The system provided should contain an LED (LightEmitting Diode) display to facilitate people whoare deaf or hard of hearing. The communicationsystem and door release indicator should be bothvisual and audible.
There should be a level space of 1800x1800mminside the entrance door that is clear of the doorswing.
10.2.2.4 Lobbies and Internal Doors withinApartment Buildings
Lobbies within apartment buildings should bedesigned and constructed so there is sufficientspace to enable a wheelchair user and a personassisting the wheelchair user to move clear of one
I built my house in 1988 and never noticed the steps atthe back door until I got sick.
– IWA member, Co Mayo
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door before using the next door, while alsoallowing space for a person to pass in the oppositedirection.
The minimum clear door widths leading into andfrom a lobby/foyer area and throughout theapartment building should be 900mm, withpreferably 500mm (min 300mm) clear space to theleading edge side of the door. The size of thelobby/foyer area will be determined by the size ofthe door opening into and from the lobby area,and by whether the doors are opening in thesame or opposite directions. The clear spaceenclosed by the lobby area must be maintained ata clear internal footprint of 900mm in width x1700mm in depth. This area must remain free ofdoor swing. Ideally the recommended lobbywidth is 1800mm; however, a minimum lobbywidth of 1500mm is acceptable.
Negotiation of heavy doors presents a barrier tomany people (wheelchair users, people carryingparcels, people with buggies, etc.) Doors leadinginto and from lobbies and all internal doors withincommunal areas of an apartment building shouldbe power-assisted or automated. Fire doorsshould be held open with a magnetised releasesystem that will automatically close the doors inthe event of a fire alarm.
At the entrance doors to individual apartmentsthere should be a clear external space of1800x1800mm. The individual apartmentnumber/name should be large, in strong contrastwith the background and located in a prominentplace for ease of identification.
The entry and locking system on the individualapartment door should be usable with minimumstrength and dexterity. Lever-type handles arerecommended and should be placed at a heightof 900–1000mm from the floor level.
A view of callers for all people, including childrenand people in a seated position, can be achievedfrom within the apartment with the use of wideangle viewers located in the door. Where wideangle viewers are provided in the entrance door,
these should be situated at 1050mm and 1500mmabove floor level to enable viewing by persons in aseated or standing position.
10.2.2.5 Communal Corridors
Communal corridors should ideally have a clearunobstructed width of 1800mm. Any corridorsless than 1800mm in width should have a turningspace of 1800mm x 1800mm at the end of thecorridor and at corridor junctions. This turningspace should be repeated at intervals of 25 metresas the length of the corridor continues. Anycorners on a corridor should be rounded.
The minimum acceptable clear unobstructedcorridor width is 1500mm. Where the communalcorridor is reduced in width to 1500mm thereshould be a clear space of 1800x1800mmprovided external to each individual apartmententry point. To facilitate horizontal movement inemergency evacuation, designated escape routesshould always have minimum corridor widths of1800mm.
10.2.2.6 Vertical Circulation within ApartmentBuildings – Stairs
Straight flights of stairs are recommended as theyare easier to negotiate than curved ones. Ideally,the unobstructed width of the flights of stepsshould be no less than 1500mm. A stair width of1200mm is acceptable where the stairs is not partof an evacuation route. Handrails should becontinuous and provided at a height of 900mmfrom the pitch line on both sides of the steps, andthey should extend 300mm beyond the top andbottom step and finish in a closed end. Thehandrail should contrast with the background intone and colour. Flights should contain no morethan 12 risers between landings and the numberof risers in successive flights should be uniform.Level landings, at least 1500mm in length and freeof cross door swings, should be provided.
When the stairs forms part of an evacuationroute the unobstructed clear width shouldalways be 1500mm.
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10.2.2.6.1 Steps
The rise of each step should be consistent andbetween 150–180mm. The going of each stepshould be consistent and between 300mm–450mm. Nosings should be integral with the step,and distinguishable in colour and tone. Nosingsshould be used on the front face and the top ofeach step so as to be visible while ascending ordescending.
Open risers should not be used and single stepsare also to be avoided.
10.2.2.6.2 Tactile Surfaces
Top and bottom landings should be provided witha tactile surface in a ridged pattern to giveadvanced tactile warning of the change in level.This tactile surface should comprise of roundedbars running transversely to the direction ofpedestrian travel. The ridged surface should start400mm from the nosing of the first step. Whensteps are in the direct line of travel, a depth of800mm is required for the tactile surface. Thetactile bars should be 6mm (+/− 0.5 mm) high,20mm wide and spaced 50mm from the centre ofone bar to the centre of the next.
Hazard warning surfaces must also be installed atintermediate landings where there is access ontothe landing other than from the steps themselves.
Where it may not be possible to use a tactilehazard warning surface indoors – which can beproblematic with different frictional qualities ofindoor surfaces – then floor finishes that contrastvisually and in texture and sound should be usedto highlight and to warn of the top and bottom ofthe stairs.
10.2.2.6.3 Lighting
Lighting should be even and consistent along the
flight of stairs and should not cause anyone tonegotiate the stairs in their own shadow, with anon-glare minimum illuminate of 200 lux.
10.2.2.7 Vertical Circulation within ApartmentBuildings – Lifts
Lift access is required in all apartment buildings.Lifts should be conveniently located in relation tothe lobby, be clearly signposted and be seen fromthe entrance. The landing in front of a lift shouldbe a minimum of 1800mm x 1800mm.
Where wheelchair accessible units are aboveground floor these should ideally be accessed bytwo lifts in different locations to create alternativeevacuation routes.
As the use of lifts is the most effective means ofevacuation for people with disabilities, all lifts inapartment buildings should be fire-protected andcapable of being used for evacuation purposes.
For further information on evacuation see Section 8 on page 107
10.2.2.7.1 Lift Landings
There should be a clear unobstructed space of1800mm x 1800mm in front of the lift entrance,and this area should be well lit with a minimumillumination of 150 lux. A change of floor surfaceand texture should be present to indicate theapproach to the lift. Lift controls at each landingshould be embossed to enable tactile reading aswell as visual, and at a height of not less than900mm and not more than 1100mm. The controlsshould be visually contrasting with the colour ofthe surrounding face plate.
10.2.2.7.2 Lift Door Design
The lift doors should have a minimum clearopening width of 900mm. The lift doors should beclearly distinguishable from the background bytone and colour contrast. The lift doors should befitted with a reacting device which relies on infra-red or photo-eye systems to ensure no person canbecome trapped in the doors. The lift door should
For further information on the design of external and internal steps and stairs see Section 4.4 on page 31 and Section 5.5 on page 47
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stay open for a minimum of 20 seconds. A controlbutton to keep the doors open should be situatedon both the inside and outside of the lift. Bothvisual and auditory warning should be given,before the lift doors open and close.
10.2.2.7.3 Lift Car Design
Single door lifts should provide sufficient internalcabin space to accommodate a turning circle of1800mm x 1800mm. In lifts where a front-onalternative exit door is present, an internal turningcircle of 1800mm x 1800mm is not necessary. Inthis situation, a minimum clear space of 1200mmin width and 1700mm in depth within the lift car isrequired.
In smaller buildings it may not be possible toprovide a lift with the above internal dimensions.In such situations, a Class 3 lift, 1400mm in width x2000mm in depth, is recommended in order tocomfortably accommodate a wheelchair user andother person.
Where a lift car is not square, it is alwayspreferable that the lift car be deeper rather thanwider, to facilitate the entrance and exit ofmobility scooters.
10.2.2.7.4 Lift Controls and Fixtures and Fittings
In the lift, the control pad should be situated at aheight of between 900–1100mm and located750mm from the door opening. Control padbuttons should be well spread, and accessible towheelchair users by parallel approach. Lift controlbuttons should not be flush with the surroundingpanel. Control buttons should contrast intone/colour with their background. It is helpful forpeople with vision impairment if buttons light upwhen pushed. Braille as well as tactileletters/numbers should be provided beside eachof the control buttons, to enable people withimpaired vision to identify them. Tactile indicatorsshould contrast with the background design ofthe lift car.
Audible, visual and tactile notification of the floorlevel reached and notice of door opening/closingshould be provided at each lift landing.
The internal lighting within the lift car should beuniformly distributed at approx. 150 lux at floorlevel. The internal walls of the lift car should becovered with a non-reflective matt material. Lightcoloured walls provide contrast with a darker floorshade. The floor should have frictional qualitiessimilar to or higher than the floor of the landing. Ahandrail should be situated at a height of 900mmabove the floor level, and along both the side andback walls.
In lifts with one door, a mirror at the rear of the liftcabin is required to assist wheelchair users toreverse out of the lift. To avoid causing confusionto people with a visual impairment, this mirrorshould not extend the full height of the cabin butshould start at 900mm above floor level andcontinue to the top of the lift car.
10.2.2.7.5 Lift Emergency Service Notification
Passenger lifts should be fitted with emergencyinstructions in visual and tactile format at a heightbetween 900–1100mm. A push-button controlwith tactile indicator should activate anemergency communication system situatedwithin the lift car. A visual and auditory responseindicator should also be fitted. The function of thisresponse indicator is to confirm receipt of anemergency call, to detail the expected responseaction and time, and to allow on-goingcommunication. The communication systemshould incorporate an induction coupler for thebenefit of people who use hearing aids.
10.2.2.7.6 Refuge Areas in Apartment Buildings
As many people with a disability cannot use stairsunassisted it is necessary to ensure that peoplecan remain in a place of relative safety until helparrives. One solution is to provide a refuge spaceor area of rescue assistance. The refuge space orspaces should be provided within a designatedfire protected area and on any above or below
See Figure 12 on page 51
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ground floor level where there is not level accessto an external place of safety. The refuge areashould contain a two-way communication systemlinked with a management control point, clearinstructions on procedures to be followed, andevacuation equipment.
For more information please see Section 8 on page 107
10.2.3 Houses
10.2.3.1 Approach to the House
At least one point of access at the boundary of thehouse site should have a minimum clear openingwidth of 1000mm.
The approach to the main house entrance fromthe site boundary and from the car parking spaceshould have a clear unobstructed minimum widthof 1200mm and have a firm surface, suitable forwheelchair users, which minimises the risk ofslipping.
Both the approach from the exterior pathway tothe site boundary access point and the approachto the house entrance from the plot boundaryshould be level or have a slope of not more than1:50. Where the plot gradient does not allow alevel approach, both stepped and ramped accessmust be provided. A ramp should be gentlysloping with a gradient not exceeding 1:20.
A stepped approach should be suitable for use byambulant disabled persons.
10.2.3.2 Car Parking
A car parking space should be provided adjacentto or within the boundaries of the house, andshould be 3600mm in width and 6000mm inlength. This size will allow a 1200mm ‘Access Zone’to the rear and to one side of the vehicle. The carparking space will need to be larger if a multi-
purpose vehicle is to be accommodated. The carparking space should be on level and firm groundand preferably have covered access to the mainhouse entry.
Where car parking is required for a high topadapted vehicle or a vehicle with a roof-top boxused for storing a wheelchair, a clear height of2600mm is required.
For more information on accessible car parkingsee also Section 4.1 on page 21
10.2.3.3 Main Entrance
There should be level entry to the house. The mainhouse entrance should have an inward openingdoor with a clear width of 900mm and with anunobstructed space of at least 500mm on the sidenext to the leading edge of the door. The entranceshould be protected by the provision of a canopyor recess. The recessed area or area enclosed bythe canopy should be a minimum size of 1800mmx 1800mm, extending beyond the door on thelock side by 550mm, with a maximum height of2300mm.
Lighting should be provided to/from the entranceand along the route to/from the car parking space.Passive Infra-Red (PIR) sensor and internalswitching is recommended.
Ideally, there should be no thresholds at anydoors. This may require innovative design. A placeto put packages while opening the main entrancedoor is useful. This could be provided by the use ofa built-in shelf, bench or table with knee spacebelow, located preferably on the leading edgeside of the door.
An additional level access entrance/exit shouldbe provided at the rear of a ground level house –consideration should also be given here to apatio entrance/exit door within the ground levelaccessible bedroom. Where the house is locatedabove ground level the access to anoutside/external location can be achieved withthe provision of balcony space.
For further information on external ramps and steps see Section 4.3 on page 30 andSection 4.4 on page 31
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10.2.3.3.1 Door Fixtures
The house number/name should be large, instrong contrast with the background, and locatedin a prominent place for ease of identification.
The entry and locking system on the main doorshould be usable with minimum strength anddexterity. Lever-type handles are recommendedand should be placed at a height of 900–1000mmfrom the floor level.
Where the main entrance door has a letter box fordelivering letters, the letter box should be situatedbetween 700–1200mm from the floor level. Thedoor design should be such that if a letter catchbasket is used on the rear of the door, it shouldnot affect the clear door opening width of900mm.
10.2.3.3.2 Door Entry System
The doorbell or intercom system, if connected to asecurity release door opener, should have a visualand audible signal at the entrance to indicate thatthe door has opened. In addition, the doorbellshould have a visual indicator inside each area ofthe house. The various provisions for visitors tocommunicate with residents, such as a lighteddoorbell, an intercom with portable telephone link,and/or a hardwired intercom should all be situatedat a height between 900–1000mm. A view ofcallers for all people, including children and peoplein a seated position, can be achieved with the useof wide angle viewers, TV monitors, windows indoors, and/or windows placed nearby. Where wideangle viewers are provided in the entrance door,these should be situated at 1050mm and 1500mmabove floor level to enable viewing by persons in aseated or standing position.
Automated or power-assisted doors arerecommended. A push and go power assist doorwill swing fully open from a closed position whenthe user begins opening it, taking at least threeseconds to open and remaining open for aminimum of five seconds. Automated doors areoperated by a variety of means including a codedkey pad, a push pad and proximity card or fob.
10.2.3.3.3 Smart Homes and EnvironmentalControls
Environmental controls can enable a person to livemore independently and safely by using technologyto manage and control activities and equipmentwithin the home environment. Technology can bewired into living spaces and used to control andmanage such activities as: opening and closingdoors/windows/curtains, and turning on andcontrolling TV, radio, music systems, heating, etc.
In the design of a new wheelchair accessible houseit is advisable to install any necessary wiring to allowfor present or future use of such home technologies.While these technologies can be retrofitted into ahouse it is preferable to forward plan for sucheventualities when a new house is being designed.For full information on the range of SMART hometechnology, a consultation with an expert in thearea is recommended. Such expertise can beaccessed in consultation with an occupationaltherapist or other accessible design advisory service.
10.2.3.4 Interior Circulation and Design ofHouses and Apartments
An open-plan interior design that minimises halland doorways while maximising sight lines isrecommended. Corridors, passageways and doorsto habitable rooms, on every level, should besufficiently wide and free of any stepped changesso as to allow for convenient circulation by all.Consideration should be given to the provision ofstorage space for additional equipment such asexercise equipment, an additional wheelchair, apowered wheelchair charging location, etc. Onelarge storage area capable of being accessed by awheelchair user is preferable to several smaller areas.
A space of 1100mmx1700mm in length, outside ofany access route and supplied with power sockets,is required for a wheelchair charging location. Thisspace should be fire-protected and could beincorporated into the hallway or providedelsewhere within the house.
See Figure 33 on page 131
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An 1800mm clear turning circle is required in thehallway. The minimum acceptable hall width is1200mm with an 1800mm turning circle at boththe main entrance door, and at the far end of along hallway.
Where two doors are positioned on adjacent wallsin an internal corner situation, the combined lengthof the two nibs between doors should be at least800mm to allow for turning from room to room.
10.2.3.5 Internal Doors
The doors to all rooms should have a minimumclear opening width of 900mm, and anunobstructed space of 500mm on the side nextto the leading edge of a single leaf door. All doorhandles should be easily gripped, and visuallycontrast with door surfaces. Lever-type doorhandles that are easy to use, requiring littlestrength and flexibility, are recommended.Doors should open into a room and against theinternal wall.
Consideration should be given to the use ofelectronically operated or internal swing doorswhich can be useful to persons who have limitedmanual dexterity.
The use of pull handles and kick plates could beconsidered, depending on individual need andpreference.
For more information please see Section 5.1.2.3 and 5.1.2.4 page 38
10.2.3.6 Windows
Window glazing should begin at 800mm fromfloor level and should have lever-type low levelcatches and handles that are easy to operate withone hand and with limited strength. Windowcatches or handles should be situated at or below1000mm from floor level.
No transoms should be placed between850−1200mm to allow a clear view through thewindow. Environmental control devices to operatewindows, curtains, blinds and doors may be usefulfor some individuals. Relevant professional advice
should be sought beforehand, as the installationof these controls may have design implications.
10.2.3.7 Living Room Design
Circulation space within each room should belarge enough to accommodate access to allfacilities in that room when furnished. At least twoturning circles of 1800mm diameter should beprovided in all living areas. These turning circlesshould not be overlapping. There should be aclear access route at least 900mm wide from thedoor to the windows.
There should be space provision for a work stationwithin the living areas, placed at a height of760mm from the floor level, with a clear kneespace underneath of 700mm in height and800mm in width. There should be electrical pointsserving this area.
Plug sockets should be located between 400–1000mm above floor level. Plug sockets that are infrequent use and large rocker-type light switchesshould be situated between 750–1000mm. Easyvisual identification of switches, power points andheating or other controls should be achieved byhaving a visual contrast with the background andsurroundings.
See Figure 33 on page 131
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10.2.3.8 Kitchens
Kitchens should have a minimum unobstructedfloor space of 1800mm x 1800mm between facingunits and between any units and an opposingwall. All appliances, work surfaces and electricalsockets should be easily accessible to thewheelchair user. A split level oven and hob isrecommended. A knee clearance space of 700mmin height and 800mm in width, under the sink,hob and preparation areas allows easy access froma seated position. The sink and hob should beinsulated on the underside to avoid the possibilityof a burn injury.
A 600mm work top depth is recommended. Theworktop height should be 760mm from floor level.A height-adjustable worktop area incorporatingthe sink, hob and preparation area can alsoaccommodate different users over the life time ofthe house.
Note: When the individual housing occupant isknown, his/her needs must be incorporated intothe kitchen plans from the outset. An inclusivedesign process is generally achieved by directconsultation with the occupant with a disability,the architect, and an access consultant, eg anOccupational Therapist (OT).
10.2.3.8.1 Cooker
The controls of the cooker and hob should bepositioned to the front of the appliance andshould not require over reaching across burners tooperate. The controls should be no higher than1050mm and no lower than 700mm. The hobshould be situated preferably within the worktopat a height of 760mm and with an insulated clearknee space of 700mm beneath.
A ceramic hob is preferable as heavy pots can bemoved by sliding them across the hob. Thehob/cooker top should have an adjacent worksurface of at least 400mm wide.
The oven should be located so that the level of the
drop-down door or the pull-out oven board is at760mm in height. There should be a worktop areaadjacent to the oven.
The oven door can be side-hung or drop-downtype. Where a side-hung door is used, a pull-outboard of a minimum 250mm in depth should beprovided directly beneath the oven. This pull-outboard should be strong enough to support aheavy cooking vessel. The side-hung door mustopen away from the approach route.
10.2.3.8.2 Storage Presses
The depth of the shelves in storage presses shouldnot be more than 250mm. Any shelving above theworktop should be no higher than 1150mm fromfloor level. Pull-out and drop-down wire basketsor preferably drop-down shelving units serve awide range of users. Consideration should begiven to the use of deep drawers for storage andcarousels, to access goods stored in cornerpresses.
Additional storage can be achieved with the useof portable trolleys on wheels that are storedbeneath open work top surfaces and they can bemoved around as required.
10.2.3.8.3 Kitchen Appliances
Dishwashers and washing machines should beinstalled on a plinth with their base set at 200mmfrom floor level.
Refrigerators and freezers of ‘over and under type’are difficult to access for wheelchair users.Separate refrigerator and freezer units should befitted on a 200mm high plinth. The doors of therefrigerators and freezers must open away fromthe approach route.
10.2.3.8.4 Location of Electrical Sockets andSwitches
All switches and sockets, including those forappliances, (ie cooker hoods, kettles), should beaccessible for a wheelchair user, and placedbetween 900–1000mm from the floor level. Where
See Figure 34 page 132
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Ø2300mm
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750mm: distance of front of WC bowl from back wall
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Work station
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Figure 33 – Floor plan for a typical wheelchair accessible dwelling
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Figure 34 – Kitchen
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a clear space is provided under the worktop,switches and sockets should be on the wall at theback of the worktop at 1000mm from floor leveland positioned 500mm from any corner. Wherethere is no clear space under the worktop,switches should be positioned on a return wall atthe end of the worktop, at 100mm above and150mm back from the front edge of the worktop.
10.2.3.8.5 Kitchen Sinks
Sinks should be fitted with a swivel neck mixer tapthat can be used by one hand. Sinks should have700mm in height for knee clearance, should notbe more than 150mm deep, and should have heatprotection on the underside.
Note: Windows positioned above worktops shouldbe fitted with remote control window openers.
10.2.3.9 Bedroom Design
The bedroom design should incorporate an en-suite bathroom. The bedroom size should be largeenough to accommodate parking spaces for anyequipment used eg wheelchairs, shower chairs,hoist, walkers, etc. There should be an 1800mmdiameter clear manoeuvring space within thebedroom clear of the door swing, a 900mm clearaccess zone around the bed, and a clear accessroute at least 900mm wide from the door to thewindow.
If a manual hoist is to be used within thebedroom, then the turning circle on one side ofthe bed, most likely the bathroom side, will needto be 2300mm.
The ceiling of the bed room should be sufficientlystrong to hold a ceiling hoist, if presently required,or to allow for future installation.
10.2.3.9.1 Fixtures and Fittings
Extra electrical points may need to be providedclose to the bed for charging a battery-poweredwheelchair. In addition, light, heating,ventilation, TV, internet, phone, door entry,curtain and all other controls, could be grouped
and situatied adjacent ot the bed head at aheight of 900mm. The controls should contrastwith the background colour.
Storage closets should have an 800mm x 1300mmclear floor area in front of them. Use pull handles(not knobs) on drawers and cabinet doors. Sliding-type doors are recommended for the wardrobes,as they save space within a room. Power-operatedor pull-down clothing carousels are alsorecommended.
10.2.3.10 Bathrooms
There should be a wheelchair accessible toilet andshower room on the level used by the wheelchairuser, and preferably en suite to their bedroom. Theprovision of a second bathroom or WC for otherfamily members, visitors or personal assistantsmay require consideration.
The ceiling in the bathroom should be sufficientlystrong to hold a ceiling hoist if presently required,or to allow for future installation. The walls in thebathroom should be capable of holdingadaptations, such as grab rails and shower seats.Where walls are not solid the wall reinforcementsfor grab rails should be located between 300–1500mm from the floor level. Flooring material inthe bathroom should be non-slip with R 11 (DIN)anti-slip rating.
Note: When the individual housing occupant isknown, his/her needs must be incorporated intothe bathroom plans from the outset. An inclusivedesign process is generally achieved by directconsultation with the occupant with a disability,the architect, and an access consultant, egOccupational Therapist (OT).
10.2.3.10.1 Room Size
The size of toilet/shower room should be aminimum of 2500mm x 2500mm. If a bath isprovided, the room size should be 2700mm x3000mm. These dimensions will allow for an1800mm turning circle.
See Figure 35 and Figure 36 on pages 134 and 135
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Figure 35 – Accessible shower room with toilet for independent use
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Figure 36 – Accessible bathroom with toilet for independent use
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If the person uses an assistant-operated mobilehoist for transfers, then the bath/shower room sizeshould be 2700mm x 3000mm, which will allowfor a 2300mm turning circle. This size will alsoaccommodate the use of a shower trolley.
10.2.3.10.2 Shower Area
The shower area should have minimum floor areadimensions of 1500mm x 1500mm. The slope ofthe floor in the shower recess should have agradient of between 1:50−1:60. The outside areaof the shower floor should have a gradient ofbetween 1:70–1:80, draining into the showerrecess. Transition into the shower recess should belevel without a step down, a raised step or kerb atthe entry to the recess. The waste outlet should belocated in the corner.
The shower head should be detachable andadjustable within the height range of 1200–2200mm above the floor level. A 1500mm longflexible hose is required for the shower head.Lever controls for temperature and flow should beplaced at 900mm from the floor.
Consideration should be given to the use of a flip-up seat (with legs), located on the shower wall, orthe use of a self-propelling shower chair,depending on individual preference.
If a flip-up seat is to be used, it should be locatedon the wall adjoining the wall with the showercontrols. The width of this seat should be 500mm,finishing at a height of 480mm from the floorlevel. The centreline of the seat should be 500mmfrom the corner, and the front edge of the seatshould be 650mm from the back wall.
A drop-down grab rail should be placed at 320mmfrom the centreline of the seat, at a height of700mm from the floor on the open side of theseat. On the side wall, where the shower controlsare located, a 600mm long horizontal grab railshould be located, starting at 200mm from thecorner and at a height of 700mm. A second600mm long vertical grab rail should be placed at800mm from the corner with its lower end fixed at800mm in height from floor level.
10.2.3.10.3 Bath Provision
When a bath is the preferred option, the height ofthe bath tub should be 480mm. The bathtubshould maintain a lip on the side adjacent to thewall to facilitate the use of a bath seat. A 400mmledge at the end of the bath should also bemaintained. The taps used on the bath should belever-type and easy to operate for people withlimited dexterity and strength. In order to facilitatethe use of a hoist, a space allowance of 150mmunder the bath tub is required.
10.2.3.10.4 WC Provision
The centreline of the toilet bowl should be500mm from the adjacent side wall and finish atbetween 460mm to 480mm height from thefloor level. The height should be suited to theindividual user and will require discussion. Thefront of the toilet bowl should be 750mm fromthe back wall.
A clear space of 900mm is required on thetransfer side of the toilet bowl to accommodatespace for the wheelchair to be positioned. Thedecision as to whether this transfer space will beto the right or the left will require discussion asindividual users may have a preference.
A spatula-shaped flush handle should be placedon the transfer side of the toilet bowl. A toiletpaper dispenser should be within easy reachwhile sitting on the toilet seat.
The need for grab rails may be specific to theindividual and will require individualconsultation with the existing or intendedresident. There may not be the need for theusual grab rails that are commonly seen inpublic WCs.
Individual consultation with the occupant andtheir advising access consultant is advisedregarding the type and location of any grab rails.
Note: It is not correct to use the ‘DOC M Kit’within the home environment. This kit, whichcontains a high toilet bowl, finger rinse basinand grab rails, is used by many buildingprofessionals while fitting public WCs.
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10.2.3.10.5 Wash-Hand Basin
The wash basin should be fixed to the wall with nopedestal underneath. The rim of the wash basinshould be 800mm from floor level. The wash basinshould be of the usual domestic type. The washbasin does not need to be located in closeproximity to the WC bowl. The wash-hand basinshould be situated on the wall adjacent to thedoor opening or adjacent to the level-floorshower, so long as it does not block access to theshower or WC transfer areas. The tap/s should belever type and easily operated with minimumdexterity and strength.
A bathroom mirror should start at a height of600mm and finish at 1800mm above floor level.
10.2.3.11 Vertical Circulation Within a House
Handrails should be provided on both sides of thestairs at a height of 900mm from the pitch line. Aminimum 900mm clear distance should bemaintained between the stair wall and the edge ofthe opposite handrail, to allow for thepresent/future installation of a stair lift.
In a two-storey house, the design should also giveconsideration to the provision of a stair lift orthrough-floor lift as an alternative to ground floorbed/bathroom accommodation. The through-floor lift would go from ground floor to a bedroomon the first floor, with an adjacent ensuitebathroom.
10.2.3.12 Outdoor Spaces
There should be level access provided to and fromall outdoor spaces including balconies, gardensand refuse collection points. A balcony shouldincorporate a 1800mm x 1800mm turning spacethat is clear of any door swing. Door swing oughtnot to obstruct the general approach to entry/exitpoints. Turning spaces of 1800mm x 1800mmshould be located at internal and external entrypoints and at the endings of any pathways. A patioarea 2m deep and not less than 8m2 will suffice asa seating area. Pathways should be minimum1200mm in width with protected edges. All gates
and entrances should provide 900mm clearopening width with 500mm (min 300mm) clearspace to the leading edge side, and be easilyoperated with limited strength and dexterity.
Lifetime Adaptable Housing
10.3.1 BackgroundThe concept of Lifetime Adaptable Housingdesign is about making the home environmentmore suited to the needs of a wide range ofpeople. It is also about making the home morereadily adaptable to the changing needs of itsresidents over the lifetime of the house. When ahouse is designed with level access, wide hallways,good door widths, a generously sized mainbathroom and expandable space adjacent to theground floor WC, then the house will be able toaccommodate many of the accessibilityrequirements that occur as people age andacquire some level of mobility impairment.
A Lifetime Adaptable House can safely and easilyaccommodate or potentially accommodate thespace, access and bathroom requirements of avariety of people including young children,people with short-term limited mobility, elderlypeople with age-related limited mobility, andsome people with a minimal long-term limitedmobility.
Lifetime adaptable houses are designed andconstructed so that all people, including some,but not all wheelchair users, can:
• Safely and conveniently approach a house
• Gain access to and use the rooms providedat entry level
• Safely use the WC provided at entry level
• Safely use the main bathroom
• Whether provided at entry level or on astorey above entry level, have adaptationsdone to increase access and space atminimum cost and with minimumdisruption.
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Significant home adaptation and extension willonly be required in a minority of situations. Thedesign and layout of a Lifetime Adaptable homewill be capable of accommodating the changingspace and access requirements of a majority ofpeople over their lifetimes.
The design guidelines given here have beeninformed by other guidance documents,particularly the Lifetime Homes Standards of theJoseph Rowntree Foundation, the UK HousingStandards Review and the BS: 9266:2013 ‘Design ofAccessible and Adaptable General Needs Housing –Code of Practice’. However given the increasedprevalence of apartment living, where space is notexpandable, IWA has expanded somewhat on theJoseph Rowntree Standards, particularly regardingbathroom provision.
To provide the full diversity of space and accessrequirements, as required by people with varyinglevels of limited mobility, IWA recommends that 4%of all houses should be built to be fully wheelchairaccessible, while the remaining 96% of new housesshould be designed and constructed so that theyfollow and apply Lifetime Adaptable design criteria.
10.3.2 Lifetime Adaptable Housing CriteriaLifetime Adaptable Housing design asrecommended by IWA will incorporate thefollowing 14 design criteria:
1 Car Parking
Where there is car parking adjacent to the home, itshould be capable of enlargement to attain3600mm x 6000mm. This size will allow a 1200mmaccess zone to the rear and to one side of vehicle.The distance from the car parking space to thehome should be kept to a minimum, and it shouldbe level or gently sloping, and preferably covered.
2 Approach and Entrance
The approach to the main house entrance shouldbe level or gently sloping, with a slope of notmore than 1:50 gradient. The provision of a level
approach and level threshold access eliminatesthe need for any ramp provision.
Where the plot gradient does not allow a levelapproach, both stepped and ramped access mustbe provided. A ramp gradient should be gentlysloping with a gradient not exceeding 1:20. Astepped approach should be suitable for use byambulant disabled persons.
All entrances should provide a minimum clearentrance width of 900mm. There should be anunobstructed space of 300mm to the side of theleading edge of the door. The entrance should beilluminated, covered, and have level access acrossthe threshold.
3 Communal Approach Routes, Car Parking,Entrances and Circulation within ApartmentBuildings
All approach routes to apartment buildings,communal car parking, entrances to apartmentbuildings, internal doors, and circulation withinapartment buildings should comply with theguidance set out in Section 10.2.2.1 of this book.
4 Communal Lifts and Stairs within ApartmentBuildingsWhere homes are above ground level, lift access inaddition to communal stairs should be provided.The stairs and lift should provide safe and easyaccess to all homes above ground level. All liftsshould be fire-protected and capable of beingused for evacuation purposes.
For further information see Section 10.2.2.6 onpage 124 and Section 10.2.2.7 on page 125
5 Internal Hallways
Inside the house, the minimum hall/corridor widthshould be 1200mm with clear door widths of
For information on external ramps and stepsfor detail see Section 4.3 on page 30 andSection 4.4 on page 31
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850mm where the door is approached head on, or900mm clear door width when the door isapproached side on. There should be 300mm clearspace on the leading edge side of any door.
6 Interior Design
Open plan type interior design layouts provideeasy circulation and are easy to modify. The living,kitchen, bathroom and bedroom layout should allbe sufficiently large to accommodate a minimumof one 1500mm turning circle. The bedroomdesign should preferably allow for a direct accessroute for the future use of a ceiling hoist from thebedroom to any en-suite bathroom. Where allbedrooms are situated above ground floor levelthere should be an identifiable bed space on theground floor. In houses of two or more storeys, theliving room should be on the entrance level.
7 Windows
Livingroom window glazing should begin at800mm or lower, and the windows should be easyto open and operate. The controls for opening thewindows should be located at or below 1000mmfrom ground level.
8 Door Ironmongery
Door handles and fittings should be lever-type,easily used and manipulated by all, includingsomeone with restricted hand movement and/orlimited strength.
9 Switches and Plug Sockets
All plug sockets should be located at a minimumof 400mm above floor level. All frequently usedplug sockets, switches, fuse boxes and otherelectrical controls should be placed at a heightbetween 750–1000mm from the floor level, and aminimum of 500mm from internal corners.
10 Ground Floor WC
There should be a drainage provision in place in theground floor toilet room for the future installation ofa shower. The entry level WC room should be
1500mm x 2000mm with an outward opening door.The WC room should be adjacent to the requiredspace to expand the room to a full shower room sizeof 2500mm x 2500mm size. This space could serveas valuable storage until required.
11 WC and Bathroom Wall Reinforcement
Where walls are not solid, wall reinforcementsshould be placed in both the ground floor WC andmain bathroom, between 300mm and 1500mmfrom the floor, giving an option to place grab railsat desired heights in the future.
12 Vertical Circulation
A minimum clear distance of 900mm between thestair wall and the edge of the opposite handrailshould be maintained to allow for the futureinstallation of a stair lift.
The house design should also make provision forthe future installation of a through-floor lift fromthe ground floor to an en-suite bedroom on thefirst floor.
13 Main Bathroom The main bathroom should be en suite oradjacent to the main bedroom, with possibly asecond entrance door from the hallway if ensuite.The en suite door to the bathroom should be inline with the positioning of the bed to allow forthe possible future use of a tracking hoist.
The bathroom size should be a minimum of2500mm x 2500mm and designed to incorporateease of access to the bath/shower, WC and wash-hand basin. The bathroom should be plumbed forboth shower and bath.
14 External Access to Bins and Drying FacilitiesExternal access to bins and drying facilities shouldbe accessible through a level threshold doorwaythat is not obstructed by door swing and with aminimum 1500mmx1500mm turning space at theend of any pathway.
10. Housing
140 Introduction140 10. Housing
4 IWA is a Voluntary Housing Association with 60housing units across the country.
4 IWA housing tenancies can be shortterm/transitional or long term.
4 Operation Sign-Up sets out a ten-step guide toapplying for social housing. For further informationvisit: www.iwa.ie/house.
4 Staff in local IWA centres will support people withsocial housing applications.
4 IWA is a member of Housing Advisory groupsincluding: Disability Federation of Ireland (DFI); Irish Council for Social Housing (ICSH); and theDepartment of the Environment, Community andLocal Government.
IWA Housing Support Services
4 When the person who will live in the house isknown, the best design will be worked out betweenthe person, the architect and the access advisor(often an Occupational Therapist).
4 Design for both the present and future needs.
4 Provide 500mm clear space to the leading edge sideof any door.
4 Ensure clear door widths of 900mm.
4 Provide 1800mm turning space at both ends of anyhallway. Minimum hall width is 1200mm.
4 Minimum shower room size is 2500 x 2500mm.
4 Provide sufficient accessible storage for mobilityaids, including a charging point for powerchairs.
4 Consider including SMART technologies or wiringfor their future installation.
4 The parking, approach routes, entrances, internaldoors, lifts and circulation routes in apartmentbuildings should all be designed to be accessible towheelchair users.
Wheelchair Accessible Housing
4 Lifetime Adaptable Housing is designed to suitmany needs.
4 The interior is designed so it can be altered as accessrequirements change.
4 IWA sets out 14 design criteria for LifetimeAdaptable Housing.
4 It is potentially suitable for some but not allwheelchair users.
Lifetime Adaptable Housing
Quick Summary of: 10. Housing
141
Additional Information
For further information or enquiries please contact the IWA Access Team
Tel: 01 818 6400 Email: [email protected]
www.iwa.ie
142142
143
Editorial TeamChris Hoey Director, Community Supports Directorate (Chairperson)
Bridget Boyle Service Coordinator, Cavan
Dolores Murphy Housing Support Officer, Clontarf, Dublin
Vijoy Chakraborty Senior Occupational Therapist, Clontarf, Dublin
ContributorsCarol Marnell IWA Access Group Member
Gerry Sharvin IWA Access Group Member
John Graham Customer Care & Information Services, Clontarf, Dublin
Liam O’Rourke Finance Manager, Cuisle and National Fundraising Coordinator
Mairéad Farquharson Customer Care Manager, Clontarf, Dublin
Mark Barry Sports Development Officer, Clontarf, Dublin
Martin Kelly Training, Management and Staff Development, Clontarf, Dublin
Mary McGrenra Service Coordinator, Donegal
Nicky Hamill Director of Sports, Clontarf, Dublin
Nicky O’Brien Service Coordinator, Arklow
Ursula Jermyn Service Coordinator, Cork
Joanna Marsden Editor, SpokeOut/Editorial Adviser
Colette Molloy Editorial Support
Anita Matthews Public Relations and Media Support
DesignGarreth Greene Senior Graphic and Web Designer
Donny Keane Finished Artwork
In the preparing of this document IWA acknowledges the input of IWA members and staff in 40 of ourResource and Outreach Centres across the country, including members of the IWA Youth Service. We thankeveryone involved for taking the time to share their experiences and opinions.
IWA also acknowledges the work of the following, who contributed to this and previous editions of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines.
List of Contributors11
Oliver Murphy Founding Member of IWA Ronnie Conlon (RIP)Hugh FarrellJoe SargentDaragh KennedyLinda CollinsBronagh LeeMichelle AbbottJohn O’Grady
IWA ICT TeamAndré NegriNoel ClarkeBetty LawlerZoe EgnerClaire Crehan DowdallAnne LowryRita DoyleSinéad Foskin
11. List of Contributors
144 12. References and Further Information
Building for Everyone – A Universal Design Approach(2012), National Disability Authority.
Review of the Effectiveness of Part M of the BuildingRegulations (2005), National Disability Authority.
Building Regulations, Technical GuidanceDocuments Part M – Access and Use (2010),Department of the Environment, Community andLocal Government.
Proposed Amendments to Technical GuidanceDocument, Part M, to give Universal Access to theBuilt Environment (August 2006), Irish WheelchairAssociation.
Approved Document M: Access to and Use ofBuildings (2013), HM Government.
Step-by-Step Guide to New Building Regulations andto Lifetime Homes (1999), Joseph RowntreeFoundation.
Towards an Access Standard for Housing Within theBuilding Code of Australia (March 2003), AustralianAccessible/Adaptable Housing National Network.
Best Practice, Wheelchair Accessible Housing(Sept 2007), Greater London Authority.
Housing Design Guidelines for OccupationalTherapists (2007), Association of OccupationalTherapists Ireland.
Wheelchair Homes Design Guidelines(Revised 2011), South East London HousingPartnership.
Building Regulations Technical Guidance Document,Part B – Fire Safety (2006), Department of theEnvironment, Community and Local Government.
Safe Evacuation for All (2011), National DisabilityAuthority.
Designing for Accessibility (2004), The Centre forAccessible Environments and RIBA Enterprises.
International Best Practices in Universal Design –A Global Review (Revised Aug 2007), CanadianHuman Rights Commission.
Design of Buildings and their Approaches (2010),British Standards 8300:2001 and BS 8300:2009+A1:2010.
Good Loo Design (2004), The Centre for AccessibleEnvironments.
Removing Barriers to Health Care – A Guide forHealth Professionals (2007), The Center forUniversal Design and the North Carolina Office onDisability and Health.
Architectural Heritage Protection, Guidelines forPlanning Authorities (2011), Department of theArts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
Access: Improving the Accessibility of HistoricBuildings and Places (2011), Department of theArts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht with the supportof the National Disability Authority.
‘Disability Access Provisions for Historic Buildings’,article by Robin Kent reproduced from TheBuilding Conservation Directory (1998).
Disability Rights Section – Code of Practice, USDepartment of Justice, Civil Rights Division,Disability Rights Section.
Changing Places (Revised June 2013), ChangingPlaces Consortium.
144
References and Further Information12
145
Accessible Stadia – Sports Ground and Stadia GuideNo.1 (2003), The Football Stadia ImprovementFund and the Football Licensing Authority.
The Green Guide – The Guide to Safety at SportsGrounds (1973–2008), written by The FootballLicensing Authority and published by the UKDepartment of Culture, Media and Sport.
Irish National IT Accessibility Guidelines, NationalDisability Authority, Centre for Exellence andDesign.
Access Handbook Template, a tool to help manageaccessibility of the Built Environment (Sept 2005),National Disability Authority.
Road and Street Design for All (2009), KildareCounty Council.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) AccessibilityGuidelines for Buildings and Facilities; ArchitecturalBarriers Act (ABA) Accessibility Guidelines (RevisedAct 2002), Architectural and TransportationBarriers Compliance Board.
Building Construction – Accessibility and Usability ofthe Built Environment, (ISO/TC 59/SC 16N) (March2011) International Organisation forStandardisation.
Access Sports Facilities (2012), Sport EnglandDesign and Guidance Notes.
NDA Access Officers Conference (2008 FingalExperience), Fingal County Council.
Childcare Inclusive Policy and Practice, ChildcareInclusion Programme (2006-2007), DisabilityEquality Specialist Support Agency (DESSA).
Accessibility Guidelines for Playgrounds (2010),United States Access Board.
Guide to the Design of Accessible Angling Stands(July 2011), Inland Fisheries Ireland.
Sign Design Guide, A Guide to Inclusive Signage(March 2004), JMU Access Partnership, publishedjointly by Sign Design Guide (SDS) and the RoyalNational Institute of Blind People (RNIB).
Shared Space, Shared Surfaces and Home Zonesfrom a Universal Design Approach for the UrbanEnvironment in Ireland (2012), TrinityHaus, TrinityCollege Dublin, contracted by the NationalDisability Authority.
Housing Standards Review, (March 2014), UKDepartment for Communities and LocalGovernment.
Design of Accessible and Adaptable General NeedsHousing, Code of Practice (July 2013), BritishStandards BS 9266:2013.
Wheelchair Housing Design Guide (2006), HabintegHousing Association.
Universal Design Guidelines for Homes in Ireland(2013), Centre for Excellence in Universal Design,National Disabiltiy Authority.
12. References and Further Information
146
Irish Wheelchair Association, www.iwa.ie
National Disability Authority, www.nda.ie
National Council for the Blind, www.ncbi.ie
Deaf Hear, www.deafhear.ie
IT Accessibility Guidelines, www.universaldesign.ie/it-accessibleguidelines
Accessible Stadia – Sports Grounds and Stadia Guide,www.levelplayingfield.org.uk
Access for Disabled People, Sport England DesignGuidance Notes, www.sportengland.org
ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Playgrounds,www.access-board.gov/play
Disability Equality Specialist Support Agency (DESSA),www.dessa.ie
Safe Evacuation for All, National Disability Authority,www.nda.ie/egress
The Central and Regional Fisheries Board,www.fishingireland.info
Building for Everyone, National Disability Authority,www.universaldesign.ie/buildingfor everyone
Changing Places Consortium, www.changing-places.org
146 13. Useful Links
Useful Links13
147
List of Figures in the IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines14
Figure No: PageFigure 1: Space requirements.........................................................................................................................................17
Figure 2: Common reach zone.......................................................................................................................................18
Figure 3: Accessible parking showing different size bays ....................................................................................22
Figure 4: Accessible parking showing shared access zone..................................................................................23
Figure 5: Accessible parallel parking bay ...................................................................................................................24
Figure 6: Ramp and steps.................................................................................................................................................33
Figure 7: Building entrance (plan view) ......................................................................................................................39
Figure 8: Entrance with single vision panel...............................................................................................................40
Figure 9: Entrance with intermediate horizontal section.....................................................................................41
Figure 10: Internal lobbies with doors opening in the same direction .............................................................44
Figure 11: Internal lobbies with doors opening in the opposite direction ......................................................45
Figure 12: Passenger lift ......................................................................................................................................................51
Figure 13: Reception desk..................................................................................................................................................55
Figure 14: ATM........................................................................................................................................................................59
Figure 15: Public telephone ..............................................................................................................................................60
Figure 16: Kitchen .................................................................................................................................................................62
Figure 17: Ambulant WC Cubicle ....................................................................................................................................67
Figure 18: Enlarged Ambulant WC Cubicle..................................................................................................................68
Figure 19: Unisex Accessible WC......................................................................................................................................69
Figure 20: Urinals...................................................................................................................................................................70
Figure 21: Changing Places WC .......................................................................................................................................71
Figure 22: Hotel room with toilet and shower for independent use ..................................................................77
Figure 23: Hotel room with toilet and bath for independent use .......................................................................78
Figure 24: Hotel room with toilet and shower for assisted use ............................................................................79
Figure 25: Hotel room with toilet and bath for assisted use..................................................................................80
Figure 26: Wheelchair spaces in spectator facility ....................................................................................................87
Figure 27: Sight lines in stadium facility .......................................................................................................................88
Figure 28: Wheelchair accessible toilet with shower and changing facility ...................................................91
Figure 29: Accessible shower cubicle.............................................................................................................................92
Figure 30: Wheelchair accessible shower bank..................................................................................................................................................93
Figure 31: Picnic area ...........................................................................................................................................................98
Figure 32: Refuge area ......................................................................................................................................................111
Figure 33: Floor plan for a typical wheelchair accessible dwelling...................................................................131
Figure 34: Kitchen...............................................................................................................................................................132
Figure 35: Accessible shower room with toilet for independent use ..............................................................134
Figure 36: Accessible bathroom with toilet for independent use.....................................................................135
14. List of Figures in the IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines
148 15. Glossary
Access:Ability to approach, enter, use any facilitiesprovided, and safely leave a building.
Accessible: Able to be used by people with disability.
Cantilever:A horizontal structure which is supported only atone end. This design allows for overhangingsurfaces without any supporting structurebeneath. Cantilevered tables allow wheelchairusers to get closer to the table easily without anyobstruction caused by structures underneath.
Clear opening door width:Available width measured at 90º to the plane ofthe door-way for passage through a door opening,clear of all obstructions such as door handles, pullhandles and weather boards on the face of ahinged door, when a door is opened through 90ºor more, or when a sliding or folding door isopened to its fullest extent. It is NOT the distancebetween two sides of the door frame.
Cross fall:The gradient across the width of the ramp,perpendicular to the usual direction of travel.
DIN:German standard (DIN 51130: 2004) to test anti-slip properties of a floor covering. This is used bymany European flooring manufacturers for anti-slip rating.
Disability Access Certificate (DAC): A certificate of compliance issued by the BuildingControl section of local authorities with respect torequirements under Part M of the BuildingRegulations.
Dished kerbs:Lowered road side kerbs which bring pedestrianway down to the same height as carriage way,
with a view to providing easy access to peopleusing wheelchairs, prams and bicycles.
Flight:Ramp or a continuous series of steps between twolandings.
Going:Horizontal distance between two consecutivenosings of a step measured on the walk-line, orthe horizontal distance between the start andfinish of a flight of a ramp.
Handrail:Component of stairs, steps or ramps that providesguidance and support at hand level.
Kissing gates: Half-round, rectangular, trapezial or V-shapedenclosure with a hinged gate trapped between itsarms. The gate can be pushed to give access to thesmall enclosure, then moved in the oppositedirection to close the first opening and allow exitfrom the enclosure to the other side.
Landings:Platform or part of a floor structure at the end of aflight or ramp, or to give access to a lift.
Leading edge of door:The edge of a swing door which is away from thedoor hinges and nearer to the door handle/doorlock side.
Lux:Unit of measurement of the intensity of light. It isequal to the illumination of a surface one metreaway from a single candle or equal to one lumenper square metre.
Newton:Unit of force which is equal to the force thatproduces an acceleration of one metre per secondon a mass of one kilogram.
148
Glossary15
149
Nib wall:A short section of a wall jutting out at 90º anddesigned like a pillar that sticks out of a wall.
Nosing:Projecting front edge of a tread or landing thatmay be rounded, chamfered or otherwise shaped.
Minicom:An electronic device for text communication overa line. This is designed to be used by persons withhearing or speech difficulties. This is also known asTeletypewriter (TTY) or Textphone.
Pitch line:The notional line connecting the nosings of alltreads in a flight of stairs.
Platform lift:Lift with a platform and low walls, which travelsvertically between two levels, and is intended foruse standing up or seated on a chair or awheelchair.
Platform stair lift: Lift with a horizontal platform whichaccommodates a wheelchair user and travels fromone level to another along a line parallel with thepitch line of the stair.
Ramp:Construction, in the form of an inclined plane 1:20or steeper from the horizontal, or a series of suchplanes and an intermediate landing orintermediate landings, that makes it possible topass from one level to another withoutencountering a step.
Rise:Vertical distance between the upper horizontalsurface of two consecutive treads, or of a landingand the next tread above or below it, or of a flightbetween two consecutive landings.
Riser:Vertical component of a step between tread orlanding above or below it.
Tactile paving:Surface/paving material with specific tactileproperties which can warn, guide or inform aperson with visual impairment about theimmediate environment.
Transoms:A transverse horizontal beam or bar in a windowframe.
Tread:Horizontal component of a step.
Unisex:A facility designed for use by a person of eithersex, with or without an assistant of either sex.
15. Glossary
150 Notes150
Notes
151
Notes
Notes
152 Notes
Notes
IrishW
heelchair Association
Best Practice Access G
uidelines | DESIG
NIN
G A
CCESSIBLE EN
VIRON
MEN
TS
Áras Chúchulainn
Blackheath Drive
Clontarf, Dublin 3
Tel: 01 818 6400
Fax: 01 833 3873
Email: [email protected]
www.iwa.ie Registered Charity No CHY 5393 I.W.A. Limited Company Registration No 352483
I.W.A. Limited, trading as Irish Wheelchair Association, is a company limited
by guarantee and not having a share capital.
700m
m
700m
m
200m
m
Carousel corner unit
Ø1800mm
4800mm 6000m
m
1200mm
Dished access to footpath
1400mm
Vertical sign post to identifyaccessible parking
1200mm
2400mm
4800mm
1200mm1200mm
Min. door opening 900mm
1800mm 1800mm
Clear manoeuvring space
Ø1800mm
500mm 900m
m 1000
mm
900-
1100
mm
Hand rail
Mirror
Access to Independence
GuidelinesBest Practice
Designing Accessible Environments
Access
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