bespoke nationalism

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Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of London [email protected]

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Bespoke Nationalism. How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of London [email protected]. Complexity. Complexity Theory. Order from chaos - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Bespoke Nationalism

 Bespoke Nationalism

How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together

Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of [email protected]

Page 2: Bespoke Nationalism

Complexity

Page 3: Bespoke Nationalism

Complexity Theory

• Order from chaos• Higher level coordination emerges from uncoordinated lower-level actions

• Feedback loops• Small changes big effects and vice-versa, i.e. tipping points

• System adapts to new environments• Multiple equilibria• Examples: market, forest, city

Page 4: Bespoke Nationalism

Al Qaeda • Coordinated from Afghanistan or uncoordinated cells inspired by the brand?

• As Self-organizing network (Bousquet 2009)

• Feedback loop from symbolic attacks which inspire others

• Different interpretations • Adapts to local circumstance and information

• Hard to defeat• Gangs and crime syndicates similar (Klein and Maxson 2006; Williams 2001)

Page 5: Bespoke Nationalism

Complexity and Nationalism

Order from chaos/Higher level coordination emerges from uncoordinated lower-level actions

• State makes the nation from top down and centre out?

• Production only? Or do consumers shape the product• Gradual diffusion or sudden shifts?• At best, Hroch’s A-B-C trajectory plus some sense of Smith’s ‘popular resonance’ 

Page 6: Bespoke Nationalism

What about market, associations, families?

• ‘Everyday nationalism’ (Deloye)• ‘banal nationalism’ (Billig) • popular nationalism (Sidel on Philippines; Kammen/O’Leary on USA)

• Role of locale: ‘Heimat’ version of nation (Confino, Applegate, Zimmer)

Page 7: Bespoke Nationalism

What of the birds themselves?

• Lenses of nationhood (Kaufmann 2008; Zimmer 2003; Hutchinson 2005)

Page 8: Bespoke Nationalism

Other Aspects of CAS

• Feedbacks: State to public/market/associations, and back. Not a structure, a growth

• Network effects: some innovations pertaining to national identity can spread ‘virally’ from below, but with isolated pockets

• Response to environment, adaptation: individuals and groups, not just state. Local versions of the nation

Page 9: Bespoke Nationalism

Tipping Points in Nationalism 

Page 10: Bespoke Nationalism

Role of rumour and spontaneity in nationalist violence

Page 11: Bespoke Nationalism

Political Theory of Nationalism

• Multiculturalism (Kymlicka, Taylor, Modood)• Individualism (Rawls, Nozick)• Liberal Nationalism (Tamir, Miller)

Page 12: Bespoke Nationalism

Localism

• Idea of localism seen as an answer to the problems of complexity

• Notion of market / ‘wisdom of crowds’• Resource Mobilisation Theory: parties or social movements which are branch/constituency-based more adaptable

• Federalism, devolution, subsidiarity in policy

Page 13: Bespoke Nationalism

Multiculturalism as National Identity

• MC has symbolic, political, economic implications 

• MC in Europe – few political group rights, economic quotas

• Mainly a symbolic issue

Page 14: Bespoke Nationalism

Constructive Ambiguity

• Agreement wording is ambiguous

• Sold differently to each side

• Leaders allow each side to believe the deal favours them

Page 15: Bespoke Nationalism

Bespoke Nationalism

• Current vogue for integrationist civic nationalism alienates multiculturalists, individualists, ethno-nationalists

• Can we placate all?• Tailor-made nationalism• Wide range of lenses on the nation tolerated and validated

• Ambiguity from leaders