bellwork 1.why did the rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.why didn’t the u.s. intervene in the rebellions?...

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BELLWORK 1. 1. Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2. 2. Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3. 3. Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4. 4. Describe the importance of George Etienne Cartier. Describe the importance of George Etienne Cartier. 5. 5. List 4 reasons the Canadians distrusted the U.S. List 4 reasons the Canadians distrusted the U.S. 6. 6. THINKER: Analyze Canada’s national motto: THINKER: Analyze Canada’s national motto: A mari A mari usque ad mare. usque ad mare. What does this mean? How does it What does this mean? How does it relate to Canada’s path to nationhood? How does it relate to Canada’s path to nationhood? How does it relate to the U.S. concept of Manifest Destiny? relate to the U.S. concept of Manifest Destiny?

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Page 1: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

BELLWORK

1.1. Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail?Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail?2.2. Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions?Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions?3.3. Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald.4.4. Describe the importance of George Etienne Cartier. Describe the importance of George Etienne Cartier. 5.5. List 4 reasons the Canadians distrusted the U.S.List 4 reasons the Canadians distrusted the U.S.6.6. THINKER: Analyze Canada’s national motto: THINKER: Analyze Canada’s national motto: A mari A mari

usque ad mare.usque ad mare. What does this mean? How does it What does this mean? How does it relate to Canada’s path to nationhood? How does it relate to Canada’s path to nationhood? How does it relate to the U.S. concept of Manifest Destiny?relate to the U.S. concept of Manifest Destiny?

Page 2: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Similarities • Shared a common constitution based on the principle of a “mixed

monarchy” (combination of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy)• Advocated “responsible government” • Angered at non-elected Legislative Councils who were dominated by local

oligarchies that controlled local trade and the institutions of state and religion – Chateau Clique (Lower) & Family Compact (Upper)

• The economy was thrown into recession and farmers barely survived debt & crop failures

• Both provinces organized radical, democratic, political unions (Papineau & MacKenzie) – Formulated boycotts, protests, and eventually, revolt!

• Both rebellions failed b/c of disorganization

Page 3: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Differences• Rebellion in Lower Canada revolved around tensions between English and

French; conflict considered "'racial”• In Lower Canada the wealthy and ultra-conservative Catholic clergy

supported the continuation of a feudalistic, agrarian society– discouraged economic and political liberalization, which upset the rising French-

Canadian middle-class who were fighting for reform.

• Lower Canada rebellion was widely supported by the population, resulting in mass actions over an extended period of time, such as boycotts, strikes and sabotage. – Drew harsh response from government troops and militias (concentrated in

Lower Canada to deal with the crisis); burned entire villages

• In contrast, the Upper Canada Rebellion was not as broadly supported by local populations to begin with, was quickly quelled by relatively small numbers of pro-government militias and volunteers, and so was consequently less widespread and brutal in comparison.

Page 4: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

U.S.-Canadian Relations• Despite the benefits of the Reciprocity Treaty (move towards free

trade), the British North Americans did not trust the United States……

• War of 1812

• Issues raised by the Civil War (support of slavery)

• Mexican-American War and annexation of territories

• Claims of Manifest Destiny

• Potential spread of republican ideals

• Eventual cancellation of Reciprocity Treaty

• Purchase of Alaska

• Fenian Raids

Page 5: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Group Re-Teach and Review • Now that you read about Canada’s final steps towards

Confederation, you are going to work with a group to re-teach your concept to the class.

• Make sure you address why this event is important in establishing Confederation! You can also include problems that remained.

• Everyone in your group must contribute. • Durham Report• Act of Union• Reciprocity Treaty• Charlottetown Conference• Quebec Conference• London Conference

Page 6: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Lord Durham• Rebellions were a huge nuisance to

Britain• In 1838, Queen Victoria came to power

and in February she ordered the governor to rule without any elected representatives

• Even though she took power away from the people, she wanted to stabilize Canada

• Lord Durham’s job was to go to Canada and listen to all those involved in the rebellion, discover the causes and make a recommendation to Britain about what could be done.

Page 7: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Lord Durham • John George Lambton,

Lord Durham, was from the upper class, but believed in radical ideas

• Common man should have the vote

• Education should be available to everyone

• Middle class was important

• Catholics should have the same rights and privileges of Protestants.

Page 8: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Lord Durham• British government promised he could make any changes he wanted

• Upon his arrival to Canada in May 1838, he found himself in a bad situation.

• People had already been executed so he knew he had to act quick!

• Arrested top 8 ringleaders

• Told leaders who escaped to U.S. not to come back! Or else…… DEATH!

• Criticized members of Chateau Clique and Family Compact

• People in Canada were happy, but his own party in England was not.

• Upon his return to England, he resigned from politics, but still wrote his report.

Page 9: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Durham’s Report, 1839• Unite Upper and Lower Canada into one province

– If they were combined, the French-Canadian people would have to adopt British ways

• Separate British affairs from local Canadian affairs– Allow Canadians to run local affairs, and Britain would

continue to control colony’s constitution• Grant Responsible Government

– Executive Council members should be chosen from the party that had the most seats in the Assembly. Gave the assembly more power than before and limited the power of the governor and Executive council.

Page 10: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Discussion

• In your opinion, why do Canadian historians consider Durham’s report

controversial?

Page 11: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Post-Rebellions (1840-1860)• After the rebellions, the business/government elite advocated a union of

Upper and Lower Canada.• The Union Act combined Quebec & Ontario to create one new colony:

The Province of Canada• There were four reasons for this:

1. The Province of Canada changed governments often; difficult to make decisions

2. Would help make the economy stronger

3. Prevent possible threat of the United States

4. Create a railroad across the country• Political instability and underrepresented majority will create the push for

confederation………

Page 12: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe
Page 13: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Reciprocity Treaty (1855)• Post-Rebellions, Canada went through a time of rapid growth

and economic development.

• Population boom!

• Establishment of resource-based economy

• Relied on exports to England…..this all changed with the Reciprocity Treaty!

• The treaty, signed in 1855, established free trade with the U.S. more economic growth and prosperity!

• Showed Canada acting more independent

• Relationship with Britain changed from dependence to self-assurance

Page 14: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Conferences leading to ConfederationCharlottetown Quebec London

Where/ when

Charlottetown, P.E.I – Sep 1864

Quebec City – October 1864

London – December 1866

Decisions -Goal was to unite Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and PEI to reduce costs-MacDonald proposes total union-Maritime Union was dropped; total union considered

-Delegates prepared to develop plan for confederation-72 Resolutions-Adoption of bi- cameral parliament-House of Commons was popularly elected (population)-Senate would rep. provinces & selected by Governor

-Resolutions formed the British North America Act-Dominion of Canada was born: 4 prov.-Federal system of powers-Division btwn. national/provincial gov.-Structure was federal-Gov. was parliamentary-Prov. Single elected leg. House w/ no senate-Fr/Eng language, Ottawa is capital, MacDonald is P.M.

Effects Scheduled a second conference to work out the details of a complete union

-Further discussion on splitting the Canadas to preserve French-speaking province-Catholic church approved-Colonies approve the plan except PEI/Newfoun.

-Set out to build transcontinental R.R.-Negotiated powers of federal gov first, then granted self-gov under Act-Another 70 years before total independence

Page 15: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe
Page 16: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Canadian Confederation: 18671. Created Dominion of Canada under British North

America Act2. Divided government between Provincial & National

governments3. Provincial governments were comprised of an

elected legislative house (responsible government!)4. Government structure was federal, but form was

parliamentary5. Ottawa became capital & Macdonald became PM6. Britain maintained control of foreign affairs

Page 17: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe
Page 18: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Clarification• The Constitutional Act of 1791 (original British

N.A. Act) – divided Canada into Upper and Lower; established the colonial government

• British North America Act of 1867: Created the Dominion of Canada; established division of powers between national and provincial legislatures; created the capital at Ottawa; gave Canada domestic rights

Page 19: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Review

• Why is Canada’s path to independence considered

“evolutionary not revolutionary?”

Page 20: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Canadian History Project!

Page 21: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Durham Report; 1839

Page 22: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Act of Union; 1840

Page 23: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Reciprocity Treaty; 1855

Page 24: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Charlottetown Conference; 1864

Page 25: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

Quebec Conference;1864

Page 26: BELLWORK 1.Why did the Rebellions of 1837 fail? 2.Why didn’t the U.S. intervene in the rebellions? 3.Describe the importance of John A. Macdonald. 4.Describe

London Conference; 1866