behavioral and cognitive- behavioral psychotherapies

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Behavioral and Cognitive- Behavioral Psychotherapies

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Behavioral and Cognitive- Behavioral Psychotherapies. Behavior Therapy. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Behavioral and Cognitive- Behavioral Psychotherapies 

Page 2: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Behavior Therapy

Behavior therapy is not a single method but rather a large collection of techniques designed to address people’s psychological problems.Behavioral techniques are used by theorists from a wide spectrum of clinical orientations to treat both children and adults.

Page 3: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Theoretical Foundations 

The key assumptions underlying behavioural approaches to therapy is that the behaviours seen in psychological problems develop through the same laws of learning that influence the development of other behaviours. So behaviorist see personality, problems in personality development, and most behaviour disorders not as “things” that people have but as reflections of how the laws of learning has emerged from research on classical and operant conditioning as well as on observational learning

Page 4: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Assessment in Behavior Therapy

Behavior therapy assessment is intended to identify a client’s problematic behaviours, the environmental circumstances under which those behaviours occurs, and the reinforcers and other consequences that maintain them. The behavioural assessment process does not typically employ projective personality tests, diagnostic labels, or other traditional methods. Instead, behaviour therapists perform a functional analysis or a functional assessment which examines four key areas:stimulus, organism, response, and consequence.

Page 5: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Behavior therapists are especially likely to use objectively scored quantitative assessment methods such as structured interviews, objective psychological tests, and a variety of behavioural rating forms. These measures are used partly to establish the precise nature of a client's problems and also to establish an empirical baseline level of maladaptive responding . As therapy progresses, the same measures may be administered again in order to asses and document client progress. Especially, if required for insurance purposes, behavioral clinicians may assign a DSM diagnosis to their clients, but DSM diagnosis is generally not the focus behavioral assesment

Page 6: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Because behavioral treatments developed within an empirical tradition,there is a strong commitment to research among behavioral practitioners. Behavior therapists believe that therapy methods should be guided by the results of research on learning. They also place a high value on the evaluation of treatment techniques. Behavioral therapists are particularly likely to employ assesment instruments and treatment technique whose efficacy has been estabilshed by the results of controlled research.

 

Page 7: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

The Role of The Therapist

Behavior therapists recognize the importance of the therapeutic relationship, so they are empathic and supportive in response to clients' feelings of anxiety, shame,hopelessness, distress, or confusion. However, in contrast to humanistic therapists, behavior therapists believe that the client-therapist relationship merely provides the context in which specific techniques can operate to create change. Therapeutic benefits occur when clients make changes in their environments(e.g., by reducing exposure to triggers), internal responses(e.g.,by learning relaxation to lower levels of arousal), and overt behaviors (e.g., by practicing conversational skills) Accordingly, nehavior therapists focus on these factors in therapy. They also play educational role, explaining the theory behind what they do in ways the client can understand.

Page 8: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

The Goals of Behavior Therapy

The primary goal of the behaviour therapists is to help the client modify maladaptive overt behaviour as well as the cognitions, physical changes, and emotions that accompany those behaviours.

Page 9: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Clinical Applications

Behavior therapy is applied in a wide variety of treatment packages, each tailored to address particular sets of problamtic behaviors. the following sections are the most prominent and widely used examples

Page 10: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Relaxation Training

One of the basic techniques behavior therapists use with anxious clients is progressive relaxation training (PRT).PRT involves training and then releasing various groups of muscles while focusing on the sensations of relaxation that follow.

 

Page 11: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Systematic Dissensitization 

The antianxiety treatment known as systematic desensitization (SD) was developed in 1958 by Joseph Wolpe, a South African psychiatrist. According to Wolpe (1958) “If a respone antagonistic to anxiety can be made to occur in the presence of anxiety-evoking stimuli so that it is accompanied by a complete or partial suppression of the anxiety responses, the bond between these stimuli and the anxiety responses will be weakend.

 

Page 12: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Virtual Reality Exposure

In virtual reality (VR) exposure treatments, clients can be exposed to carefully monitored levels of almost any stimulus situation. VR technology has recently been used to help persons with substance abuse problems reduce their responsiveness to external cues or triggers that lead to craving.

Page 13: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Exposure and Response Prevention Techniques

Exposure treatments entail direct exposure to frightening stimuli so that anxiety occurs and continues until it eventually disappears through the learning process known as extinction.

Page 14: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Social Skills Training 

Social skills training encompasses many techniques, from teaching persons how to shake hands and make eye contact to ordering food in a restaurant and engaging in conversations.

Page 15: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Modeling known in clinical psychology as modeling or

observational learning, is a very important mechanism in the development of human behavior

Behavioral rehearsal and homework – to help clients develop, solidify, and gain confidence

in the new skills they are learning in behavior therapy Aversion therapy punishment – is a set of learning

based techniques in which painful or unpleasant stimuli are used to decrease the probability unwanted behaviors such as drug abuse, over eating, alcoholism

Page 16: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Sampling behavior therapy techniques

Progressive Relaxation traning Systemaic Desentation Exposure and response prevention Virtual reality exposure Social skills training Aversion conditioning and punishment Shaping and graded task assignments Contingency contracting

Page 17: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Cognitive mediation

the most basic notion in cognitive therapy is that normal and abnormal behavior is triggered by our cognitive interpretations of the events

Page 18: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Schema

a cognitive framework consisting of a number of organized ideas

The role of automatic thoughts – the cognitive approach strongly emphasizes the habitual nature of some thoughts, including many maladaptive thoughts

Page 19: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Beck’s cognitive therapy-

Aaron beck’s approach to the treatment of depression is based on the assumption that depression and other emotions are determined largely by the way people think about their experiences

Beck says that depressive symptoms result from logical errors and distortions that clients make about the events in their lives. For example, they draw conclusions about themselves on the basis of insufficient or irrelevant information

e.g. When a woman believes she is worthless because she was not invited to

a partyThey also exaggerate the importance of trivial events, As when a man decides that his vintage record collection is ruined

because one record has a scratch on it.And they minimize the significance of positive events,As when a student believes that a good test score was the result of luck,

not intelligence or hard work

Page 20: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

He proposed that depressed individuals show a characteristics pattern of negative perceptions and conclusions about (cognitive triad)

Themselves Their world Their future

Page 21: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

REBTrational emotive behavior therapyThe therapist task in REBT is to attack,

irrational, unrealistic, self-defeating belief and to instruct clients in more rational or logical thinking patterns that will not upset them

 

Page 22: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Assessment in cognitive therapy.- assessment In cognitive therapy is similar to that in behavior therapy, they are particularly interested in developing detailed understanding of the chronicity, intensity, and extent of the client’s automatic cognitive distortions

Page 23: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

The role of the therapist – who tries to help clients identify and alter the maladaptive and often automatic hypothesis, thoughts, and attributions they hold about themselves and their worlds. Their success in doing so depends in part on having a productive and collaborative alliance

Page 24: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

The goals of cognitive therapy

Educate the client about the role of maladaptive thoughts in behavior and experience.

Help clients learn to recognize when they engage in those thoughts.

Arm them with skills for challenging maladaptive thoughts and for replacing them with more accurate and adaptive ones.

Page 25: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Clinical applicationsPsychoeducation- early in therapy the

cognitive therapist begins educating the client about the role of cognitions in disorders; education may involve mini-lectures on several topics symptoms, realistic goal setting, and behavioral activation. The self “socialization” into treatment is important in all forms of therapy, but it can be especially crucial in cognitive therapy.

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Sarcastic questioning – named after Socrates, Socratic questions is a style of discourse in which the therapist pursues a line of questioning until the clients fundamental beliefs and assumptions are laid bare and open to analysis. Judith beck has identified types of questions that are commonly asked by therapist and clients as cognitive therapy proceeds

Page 27: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

1. What is the evidence2. Is there an alternative explanation?3. What is the worst that could happen? Could you/I

live with it? What is the best that could happen? What is most realistic outcome?

4. What is the effect of your/my believing the automatic thought? What could be the effect of changing your/my thinking?

5. What should you/I do about it6. What would you/I tell _____________[e.g., a friend]

if he or she was in the same situation?

Page 28: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Therapist use a number of variations on these questions, and they also model ways of thinking that provide rational alternative responses. They might also engage in deliberate exaggeration of a clients maladaptive beliefs. Cognitive therapists commonly ask clients to quantify their statements by rating scale from 0 to 100. For example, some experience or emotion. So if a clients states says that he is “the biggest loser in the world”

Page 29: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Therapist: really? In the whole world?

Client: practically. I feel like the biggest loser.

T: okay. I understand. You feel pretty incompetent compared with other people.

C: yeah.

T: in your view, where would you say you fall on a scale of 0 is absolutely the biggest loser.

And 100 is the most competent person. Where

C: oh, I don’t know, pretty low, maybe 8.

T: can you think of people who would be near 0?

C: no job, in jail, child molester, no friends, alcoholic, ignorant

T: ok let’s look at your situation. How far away from the 0 are you in reality

C: well, I still have a job, a family, and some friends. I’m not a child molester

T: and what would someone, say, at about 20 to be like? Or 50? Do you have anything in common with them?  In this example, the therapist has encouraged the client to be more explicit about his belief that he is a loser, to quantify it, and

then uses Socratic questioning.

Page 30: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Refuting and replacing maladaptive thoughts – to help clients overcome this tendency, cognitive therapists ask them to repeatedly practice challenging maladaptive beliefs. So depressed clients whose negative attributional style leads them to interpret events in the most negative way are pushed to consider alternate attributions. This reattribution training is illustrated in the following example 44 year old client with an elderly mother living alone in the same town:

Page 31: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

T: what went through your mind when your mother said she was unhappy?  C: that is was my fault, that I don’t do enough to help her.

T: and what does that thought mean about you?

C: that I should do more, that I’m lazy an uncaring person. I should take her out more. It’s my fault she’s unhappy.

T: I understand that you fell concerned when your mother says she’s having a bad day, and I understand your empathy for her. But do you think that you caused her to have a bad day. Is there any other reason she might have a bad day?

C: well, her arthritis has been active lately

T: anything else?

C: it’s getting close to the time my father died; she always goes through a bad time in February

T: ok , maybe you are the cause of her bad day, but it’s also possible there could be other causes outside

Page 32: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

 COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY

Cognitive behavior therapy combines the theories and techniques of behavior therapy and cognitive therapy. It is a systematic approach tested methods. The behavioral and cognitive approaches have merged over the last several years, resulting in cognitive behavior therapy or CBT. This merger happened because behaviorally oriented clinicians recognized the importance of cognitions in various disorders. Behavioral and cognitive approaches come primarily from the empirical tradition in clinical psychology. Many of the

Page 33: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

techniques used were originally conceived and develop in research settings. Clinicians share a strong belief that clinicians should use methods that have been shown to be effective in carefully controlled research settings. Both Approaches also emphasize ongoing collection of data during therapy to track therapeutic effectiveness. Both emphasize client’s symptoms in which they are occur and deemphasize historical factors or global personality.

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Theoretical foundation

The theoretical foundations of the CBT are essentially those of the behavioral and cognitive approaches. Most who adopt CBT think that the addition of cognitive principles and practices to the behaviorist theoretical framework that leads to a clear description of how normal and abnormal behavior can be changed

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Clinical Applications

The combination of these two psychotherapy means that cognitive behavior therapists have at their disposal the full array of interventions that have been developed behaviorally and cognitively oriented clinicians. The used of interventions depends on their clients.

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Two methods of CBT1. Relapsed Prevention – is a cognitive-behavioral

intervention designed to help clients who are trying to overcome alcoholism or other substance use disorders. Relapse intervention is to teach clients to monitor risky cognitions and to replace with different thinking strategies. Alan Marlatt and Judith Gordon believe that relapse is most likely when clients engaged in thoughts (such as “I owe myself a drink”) that lead to relapse. Once a relapse episode occurs , guilt and shame tend to generate negative self evaluations. (“I’ve let my family down”; I’m a complete failure”) which increases probability of continued drinking, an outcome also known as abstinence violation effect.

Page 37: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

2.Dialectal Behavior Therapy – it is a form of cognitive behavior therapy used to help clients who display the impulsive behavior, mood swings, and fragile self image. Many of these clients are adolescents who display multiple disorders

Page 38: Behavioral  and Cognitive-  Behavioral  Psychotherapies

Prepared by:

Karen CarmesisJulius Caesar GajasanGeorge Bryan Dayaon Margareth Zabay

Presented to:Dr. Ryan Coroña