Basic References Analytical Scale SFC/SFE

Books and Journals

Lee ML, Markides KE (1990) Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction. Chromatography Conferences Inc Provo, Utah

Yoshioka M, Parvez S, Miazaki T, Parvez H (1989) Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Micro-HPLC Progress in HPLC. VSP, Utrecht

Smith RM (1988) Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. RSC Chromatography Monographs White CM (ed) (1988) Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Chromatographic Meth­

ods. Dr. Alfred Hiithig Verlag, Heidelberg Charpentier BA, Sevenants MR (1988) Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatography,

Techniques and Applications. ACS Symposium Series 406 Stahl E, Quirin KW, Gerard D (1987) Verdichtete Gase zur Extraktion und Raffination.

Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York

Introductory Journals

Angewandte Chemie intern eng edit 1978, 10, whole issue

General Journals

Analytical Chemistry Fresenius J Anal Chern

Chromatography and Extraction Journals

J Chromatogr J High Res Chrom Chromatographia J Microcolulll,n Sep J Supercritical Fluids

Theoretical Journals

Ber Bunsenges Phys Chern Fluid Phase Equilibria J Chern Eng Data J Chern Thermodynamics J Solution Chemistry

204 Basic References Analytical Scale SFC/SFE

Reviews

SFE

Hawthorne SB (1990) Analytical-scale supercritical fluid extraction. Anal Chern 62:633A Vannoort RW, Chervet JP, Lingeman H, Dejong GJ, Brinkman UATh (1990) Coupling of

supercritical fluid extraction with chromatographic techniques. J Chromatography 505:45

SFC

Janssen HG, Cramers CA (1990) Some aspects of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatography 505:19

Klesper E, Schmitz FP (1988) Gradient Methods in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Supercritical Fluids 1 :45

Applications and Proceedings

McHugh M (ed) (1991) 2nd International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids McHugh M (1991) Dept of Chern Eng, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218. Inter­

national Symposium on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extractions, Abstracts. Park City, Utah

Markides KE (ed) (1991) European Symposium on Analytical SFC and SFE. Wiesbaden, De­cember 4-5

Perrut M (1988) International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, Tome 1+2. Societe fran­<;aise de chimie, october 17 -19, Nice

SFC Applications (1988) Workshop, Park City, Utah SFC Applications (1989) Workshop, Snow Bird, Utah

Instrumentation

Kohler J, Rose A, Schomburg G (1988) Instrumentation for SFC Systems: Different Sampling and Restriction Designs. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography & Chromatography Communications 11:191

Injection

Tuominen JP, Markides KE, Lee ML (1991) Optimization of Internal Valve Injection in Open Tubular Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Microcol 3:229

Lee ML, Xu B, Huang EC, Djordjevic NM, Chang HCK, Markides KE (1989) Liquid Sample Introduction Methods in Capillary Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Microcolumn 1:7

Basic References Analytical Scale SFC/SFE 205

Detection

Webster GK, Carnahan JW (1992) Atomic Emission Detection for Supercritical Fluid Chro­matography Using a Moderate-Power Helium Microwave-Induced Plasma. Anal Chern 64:50

Luffer DR, Novotny MV (1991) Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Micro­wave-Induced Plasma Detection of Cyclic Boronate Esters of Hydroxy Compounds. J Microcol 3:39

Munder A, Christensen RG, Wise StA (1991) Microanalysis of Explosives and Propellants by On-Line Supercritical Fluid Extraction/Chromatography with Triple Detection. J Micro­col 3:127

Howard AL, Taylor LT (1991) Ozone-Based Sulfur Chemiluminescence Detection: Its Ap­plicability to Gas. Supercritical Fluid, and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14:785

Huang MX, Markides KE, Lee ML (1991) Evaluation of an Ion Mobility Detector for Super­critical Fluid Chromatography with Solvent-Modified Carbon Dioxide Mobile Phases. Chromatographia 31: 163

Fields StM, Grolimund K (1989) Evaluation of supercritical Hexafluoride as a mobile phase for polar and non-polar compounds. J Chromatography 472:197

Bornhop DJ, Schmidt St, Porter NL (1988) Use of simultaneous detectors in capillary super­critical fluid chromatography. J Chromatography 459:193

Later DW, Bornhop DJ, Lee ED, Henion JD, Wieboldt RC (1987) Detection techniques for capillary supercritical Fluid chromatography. LC GC 9:804

Eatherton RL, Morrissey MA, Siems WF, Hill HH (1986) Ion Mobility Detection after Super­critical Fluid Chromatography. J High Res Chromatogr & Chromatogr Comm 9:154

Novotny M (1986) New Detection Strategies Through Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J High Res Chromatogr & Chomatogr Comm 9:137

Johnson CC, Jordan JW, Taylor LT (1985) On-Line Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometric Detection Employing Packed Columns and a High Pressure Lightpipe Flow Cell. Chromatographia 20:717

Fjeldsted JC, Richter BE, Jackson WP, Lee ML (1983) Scanning Fluorescence Detection in Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Chromatography 279:423

Mobile/Stationary Phases

Malik A, Jinno K (1991) Retention Behaviour of Aromatic Compounds in Liquid Chromatog­raphy and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Coarse-Particles of Bonded p­Cyclodextrin Stationary Phase. Chromatographia 31 :561

Roder W, Ruffing F-J, Schomburg G, Pirkle WH (1987) Chiral SFC-Separations Using Polymer-Coated Open Tubular Fused Silica Columns Comparison of Enantiomeric Selec­tivity in SFC and LC Using the Same Stationary Phase of the Pirkle Type. J HRCC 10:665

Mourier P, Sassiat M, Caude M, Rosset R (1986) Retention and Selectivity in Carbon Dioxide Supercritica~ Fluid Chromatography with Various Stationary Phases. J Chromatography 353:61

Leren E, Landmark KE, Greibrokk T (1991) Sulphur Dioxide as a Mobile Phase in Super­critical Fluid Chromatography. Chromatographia 31:535

Berger TA, Deye JF (1991) Efficiency in Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Using a Modified Mobile Phase. Chromatographia 31 :519

Crow JA, Foley JP (1991) Formic Acid Modified Carbon Dioxide as a Mobile Phase in Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Microcol Sep 3:47 - 57

Lochmiiller CH, Mink LP (1990) Comparison of supercritical carbon dioxide and supercritical propane as mobile phases in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatography 505:119

206 Basic References Analytical Scale SFC/SFE

Raynor MW, Shilstone GF, Clifford AA, Bartle KD, Cleary M, Cook BW (1991) Xenon as a Mobile Phase in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Microcol Sep 3:337

Ong ChP, Lee HE, Yau Li SF (1990) Chlorodifluoromethane as the Mobile Phase in Super­critical Fluid Chromatography of Selected Phenols. Anal Chern 62:1389

Geiser FO, Yocklovich SG, Lurcott SM, Guthrie JW, Levy EJ (1988) Water as a stationary phase modifier in packed column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatography 459:173

Kuel JC, Markides KE, Lee ML (1987) Supercritical Ammonia as Mobile Phase in Capillary Chromatography. JHRCC 10:257

Yonker CR, Smith RD (1986) Studies of Retention Processes in Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Binary Fluid Mobile Phases. J Chromatography 361:25

Recommended Literature

SFC 1992

Verillon F, Heems D, Pichon B, Coleman K, Robert JC (1992) Supercritical fluid chromatogra­phy - With independent programming of mobile- phase pressure, composition and flow rate. International Laboratory, July/Aug., 29

Jagota NK, Stewart JT (1992) Separation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents using supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr 604:255

Zhang X, Martire DE (1992) Characterization of a supercritical fluid chromatographic reten­tion process with a large pressure drop by the temporal average density. J Chromatogr 603:193

Giddings LD, Okesik SV, Pekay LA (1992) Retention characteristics of high-molecular-weight compounds in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr 603:205

Pasch H, Kriiger H, Much H (1992) Analysis of benzyloxy-terminated poly(1,3,6-trioxocane)s by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr 589:295

Laintz KE, Shieh GM, Wai CM (1992) Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic and Antimony Species in Environmental Samples using Bis(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate Chelation and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Chromatographic Science 30:120

Janssen HG, Snijders H, Cramers C, Schoenmakers P (1992) Compressibility Effects in Pack­ed and Open Tubular Gas and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. JHRC 15:458

Thomson JS, Rynaski AF (1992) Simulated Distillation of Wax Samples Using Supercritical Fluid and High Temperature Gas Chromatography. JHRC 15:227

Jones BA, Shaw TJ, Clark J (1992) The Effect of Temperature on Selectivity in Capillary SFC. J Microcol Sep 4:215

Injection

Koski 11, Markides KE, Richter BE, Lee ML (1992) Microliter Sample Introduction for Open Tubular Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Using a Packed Capillary for Solute Focusing. Anal Chern 64:1669

Oudsema JW, Poole CF (1992) Some Practical Experiences in the Use of a Solventless Injec­tion System for Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. JHRC 15:65

Cortes HJ, Campbell RM, Himes RP, Pfeiffer CD (1992) On-Line Coupled Liquid Chroma­tography and Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Large-Volume Injection Sys­tem for Capillary SFC. J Microcol Sep 4:239

Berg BE, Flaaten AM, Paus J, Greibrokk T (1992) Extended Use of Solvent Venting Injection Techniques for Large Sample Volumes and Coupled Capillary Columns in SFC. J Microcol Sep 4:227

Stationary/Mobile Phases

Berger TA, Deye JF (1992) Correlation between column surface area and retention of polar solutes in packed- column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr 594:291

Johnson DF, Bradshaw JS, Eguchi M, Rossiter BE, Lee ML (1992) Synthesis of (1R-trans)­N,N'-1,2-cycIohexylenebisbenzamideoligodimethylsiioxane copolymers for use as chiral stationary phases for capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr 594:283

208 Recommended Literature

Petersson P, Markides KE, Johnson DJ, Rossiter BE, Bradshaw JS, Lee ML (1992) Chromato­graphic Evaluation of Chiral (1R-trans)-N,N'-I,2- Cyclohexylenebisbenzamide­oligodimethylsiloxane Copolymeric Stationary Phases for Capillary Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J Microcol Sep 4:155

Page StH, Sumpter SR, Lee ML (1992) Fluid Phase Equilibria in Supercritical Fluid Chroma­tography with C02-Based Mixed Mobile Phases: A Review. J Microcol Sep 4:91

Detection

Pinkston JD, Delaney TE, Morand KL, Cooks RO (1992) Supercritical Fluid Chromatogra­phy/Mass Spectrometry Using a Quadrupole Mass Filter/Quadrupole Ion Trap Hybrid Mass Spectrometer with External Ion Source. Anal Chern 64:1571

Webster OK, Carnahan JW (1992) Atomic Emission Detection for Supercritical Fluid Chro­matography Using a Moderate-Power Helium Microwave-Induced Plasma. Anal Chern 64:50

Sye WF, Zhao ZX, Lee ML (1992) Comparative Application of Sulfur Chemiluminescence De­tection in Oas and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chromatographia 33:507

Upnmoor D, Brunner 0 (1992) Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Light-Scattering Detection. II. Retention Behavior of Squalane and Olucose with Mixed Mobile Phases. Chromatographia 33:261

Upnmoor D, Brunner 0 (1992) Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Light-Scattering Detection. I. Optimization of Parameters with a Carbon Dioxide / Meth­anol Mobile Phase. Chromatographia 33:255

Ashraf-Khorassani M, Levy JM (1992) Evaluation of thermionic detector for packed capillary supercritical fluid chromatography of nitrogen-containing compounds. Fresenius J Anal Chern 342:688

Yang Y, Baumann W (1992) Chromatography with dense gases - I. On the sensitivity of a flame ionisation detector in a supercritical fluid chromatograph. Fresenius J Anal Chern 342:684

Morin-Allory L, Berbreteau B (1992) High-performance liquid chromatography and super­critical fluid chromatography of monosaccharides and polyols using light-scattering detec­tion. J Chromatogr 590:203

Hill HH, St Louis RH, Morrissey MA, Shumate CB, Siems WF, McMinn DO (1992) A Detec­tion Method for Unified Chromatography: Ion Mobility Monitoring. JHRC 15:417

Lafosse M, Elfakir C, Morin-Allory L, Dreux M (1992) The Advantages of Evaporative Light Scattering Detection in Pharmaceutical Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatog­raphy and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. JHRC 15:312

SFE 1992

Hawthorpe StB, Langenfeld n, Miller OJ, Burford MD (1992) Comparison of Supercritical CHCIF2, N20, and C02 for the Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Anal Chern 64:1614

Thomson CA, Chesney DJ (1992) Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of 2,4-Dichlorophenol from Food Crop Tissues. Anal Chern 64:846

Hawthorne StB, Miller OJ, Nivens DE, White DC (1992) Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Po­lar Analytes Using in Situ Chemical Derivatization. Anal Chern 64:405

Alexanddrou N, Lawrence MJ, Pawliszyn J (1992) Cleanup of Complex Organic Mixtures Us­ing Supercritical Fluids and Selective Adsorbents. Anal Chern 64:301

Kiippers St (1992) The Use of Temperature Variation in Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Poly­mers for the Selective Extraction of Low Molecular Weight Components from Poly (Ethyl­ene Terephthalate). Chromatographia 33:434

Recommended Literature 209

King JW, Hopper ML (1992) Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction: Current Trends and Future Vistas. Journal of AOAC International, 75:375

Smith RM, Burford MD (1992) Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of volatile con­stituents from a model plant matrix. J Chromatogr 600:175

Lee H-B, Peart TE (1992) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of resin and fatty acids from sediments at pulp mill sites. J Chromatogr 594:309

Langenfeld JJ, Burford MD, Hawthorne StB, Miller DJ (1992) Effects of collection solvent pa­rameters and extraction cell geometry on supercritical fluid extraction efficiencies. J Chromatogr 594:297

Messer DC, Taylor LT (1992) Development of Analytical SFE of a Polar Drug from an Animal Food Matrix. JHRC, 15:238

Slack GC, McNair HM, Wasserzug L (1992) Characterization of Semtex by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Off-Line GC-ECD and GC-MS. JHRC 15:102

Liu Z, Farnsworth PB, Lee ML (1992) High-Speed, Thermally Modulated SFE/GC for the Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Solid Matrices. J Microcol Sep 4:199

King JW, List GR, Johnson JH (1992) Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Spent Bleaching Clays. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 5:38

Maxwell RJ, Hampson JW, Cygnarowicz-Provost (1992) Comparison of the Solubility in Supercritical Fluids of the Polycyclic Ether Antibiotics: Lasalocid, Monensin, Narasin, and Salinomycin. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:31

Cygnarowicz-Provost M, O'Brien DJ, Maxwell RJ, Hampson JW (1992) Supercritical-Fluid Extraction of Fungal Lipids Using Mixed Solvents: Experiment and Modeling. J of Super­critical Fluids 5:24

Raghuram GV, Srinivas P, Sastry SVGK, Mukhopadhyay M (1992) Modeling Solute-Co-sol­vent Interactions for Supercritical-Fluid Extraction of Fragrances. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:19

Bulley NR, Labay L, Arntfield SD (1992) Extraction/Fractionation of Egg Yolk Using Super­critical C02 and Alcohol Entrainers. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:13

Li S, Hartland St (1992) Influence of Co-Solvents on Solubility and Selectivity in Extraction of Xanthines and Cocoa Butter from Cocoa Beans with Supercritical C02. J of Super­critical Fluids 5:7

Jennings DW, Deutsch HM, Zalkow LH, Teja AS (1992) Supercriticai Extraction of Taxol from the Bark of Taxus Brevifolia. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:1

Others

Sin CH, Linford MR, Goates StR (1992) Supercritical Fluid/Supersonic Jet Spectroscopy with a Sheath-Flow Nozzle. Anal Chern 64:233

Dahl S, Dunalewicz A, Fredenslund A, Rasmussen P (1992) The MHV2 Model: Prediction of Phase Equilibria at Sub- and Supercritical Conditions. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:42

Betts TA, Zagrobelny JA, Bright FV (1992) Investigation of Solute-Fluid Interactions in Super­critical CF3H: A Multifrequency Phase and Modulation Fluorescence Study. J of Super­critical Fluids 5 :48

Hamdi RM, Bpcquet JF, Chhor K, Pommier C (1992) Solubility and Decomposition Studies on Metal Chelates in Supercritical Fluids for Ceramic Precursor Powders Synthesis. J of Supercritical Fluids 4:55

Warzinski RP, Lee CH, Holder GD (1992) Supercritical-Fluid Solubilization of Catalyst Pre­cursors: The Solubility and Phase Behavior Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Application to the Direct Liquefaction of Coal. J of Supercritical Flu­ids 5:60

Killilea WR, Swallow KC, Hong GT (1992) The Fate of Nitrogen in Supercritical-Water Oxida­tion. J of Supercritical Fluids 5:72

De Haan AB, De Graauw J (1992) Separation of Alkanes and Aromatics with Supercritical C2H6, C02, CCIF3, and CHF3. Sep Sci and Technol 27:43

Subject Index

adsorption 90 monolayer 90 multilayer 90

adsorption isotherms 84, 89 APS (aminopropyl) columns 81

backpressure device 85 binary system 15, 21

critical curve 15, 21

capacity ratio 9, 26, 27, 28, 76 capillary column 82

diameters 83 carbon dioxide 36

dipole moment 36 chemical ionization 155

negative CI 155 positive CI 155

chiral phases 127 chiral resolution 138 chromatographic peak 9

peak position 9 peak profile 9, 10

column 116 conditioning 125 density drop 91 inlet pressure 92 outlet pressure 92 overloading 102 packings 116 pressure drop 91, 93

complexation chromatography 146 compressibility 11 contamination 70 cosolvent 32, 37, 38, 46

entrainers 37 moderator~ 37

critical point 10, 38

Darcy's law 91 density 2, 12

focusing 103 program 87

derivatization 134 off column 134

detector 5, 178 atomic emission 178

electron capture 178 flame ionization 5, 178 flame photometric 178 fluorescence detection 178 Fourier Transform infrared 178 mass spectrometry 178 nuclear magnetic resonance 178 thermionic 178 ultraviolet 5, 178

diffusion coefficient 2, 12, 28, 55 dipole moment 11 dynamic extraction 101

elutropic strength 116 enantiomer analysis 134 enantiomer separation 135 enantioselectivity 143 endcapping 119 equation of state (EOS) 23, 24, 25, 92

Redlich-Kwong equation 24, 26 Carnahan-Starling-Redlich-Kwong 24

extraction efficiency 50 extraction cells 47

Fermi resonance 178 FT-IR 178, 183, 187

COz-windows 183, 178 matrix isolation 184 modifiers 183, secondary detector 187

Gibbs energy 25 Gibbs-Helmholtz relationship 135 Gram-Schmidt chromatograms 179 Guldberg's rule 2

HETP 28,29 Hildebrand solubility 3, 85 injection 104, 105, 109, 111

delayed split 109 gas purging 111 internal standard 105 open split 104 postinjection solvent venting 111 purged splitless 111 time 101 timed split 105

212 Subject Index

injector 101, 114, 132 leak 114 solventless 132 temperature 101

interdiffusion coefficients 74

Joule-Thompson cooling 153 Joule-Thomson expansion 48

laser induced fluorescence 192

Mach number 191, 192 Mass spectrometry 151, 164

interfaces 151 open tubular column 151 packed-column 151 plasma desorption 164 secondary ion 164

minimum identification limit 183 miscibility 21 mobile phase 84, 89

adsorption 89 sorption 84

moderator 21 modifier 124, 138, 154

flame ionization detector 124 UV detection 124

multidimensional chromatography 89

ODS (C-18) columns 81

p(T) phase diagrams 15 of CO2 + alkane systems 15

p(x) diagrams 21 isothermal 21

packing reactions 123 packings 127, 130

Alumina 127 liquid organic salts 130 polymeric 127

partition coefficient 10, 26 peak distortion 106 peak shoulder 106 peak splitting 106

phase diagram 1, 10, 11, 21, 22 isothermal p(x) and p( c) 22 mole fractions 21

phase ratio focusing 103 polarisation 11 precolumn 107, 108, 113

partitioning mechanism 107 partitioning 113

pressure diagrams 23 pressure gradient 83 pressure program 87 pTx phase diagrams 13

pump 4,46 diaphragm compressor 46 gas booster pumps 46 high pressure 46 piston pump 4, 5 reciprocating piston 46 syringe pumps 4, 47

quadrupole ion trap 161 quadrupole mass spectrometer 157 quaternary system 19

resolution 76, 82, 128, 137 maximum 82

resonant two-photon ionization 192 restrictor 6, 71, 85, 153

frit restrictor 6 Guthrie restrictor 6, plugging 71 tapered restrictor 6 temperature 153

retention gap 102

sample matrix 51 sample preparation 32 saturator column 125, sector mass spectrometer 158 selectivity focusing 103 separation factor 37, 38, 136 separation number 138 SFC 139

enantioselectivity 139 SFC 44, 74, 76, 97

diffusion 44 gradients 74, 76 optimum linear velocity 97 physicochemical data 44 virial coefficient 44

SFC/FT-IR 185 sampling techniques 185

SFC/MS 153 flow restrictor 153

SFC/MS 152, 155, 165, 171 charge exchange 155 chemical ionization 154 direct fluid injection direct liquid introduction 165 effluent splitting 166 electron ionization 155 flow rates 162 interface 152 Moving Belt Interface 162 off-line 164 packed column 163 Particle Beam Interface 163 post-expansion splitting 165-167

post-ionization splitting 171 quadrupole 152 thermospray 162

SFE 33, 61, 163 additives in plastics 54 anthracene oil 65 collection device 47 effect of moisture 52 efficiency 52 engineering applications 33 experimental factors 55 extraction model 53 flow rates 66 off-line 46, on-line 46 on-line SFC/MS/MS 163 pesticide 33, 56 rate of mass transport 53 sample size 70 sediment 65 selectivity 41 setup 7 standards 67 terpenoid 65 toxicants 33 trapping 62

SFI/MS 173· calibration 173 tuning 173 two-photon ionization 173

sheath-flow nozzle 85 solid phase extraction 32 solubility 34, 85

crossover region 37 lipids 36 opium alkaloids 35 parameter 42 rules 36 sterols 38 theory 42 triglycerides 36

solubility 37 solubilization 33 solubilizing power 74 solute 43

miscibility pressure 43

Subject Index 213

solvation effects 11 solvent power 12, 22 solvent strength 3, 124 Soxhlet extraction 33 Spectroscopy 190

line narrowing' techniques 190 selectivity 190

speed of analysis 136 splitter assembly 104 static extraction 101 stationary phase 84, 119

Alumina 120 bonded phases 117 chiral 134 graphic carbon 120 physical and chemical interactions 124 polymer encapsulated 119 polymeric 84 polymers 120 silica 117 surface 117 swelling 120 zirconia 120

supercritical fluid 3, 34, 54 chemical effect 34 critical constants 35 physical parameters 3 solvent power 35, 54 solvent properties 34

supersonic expansion 190, 191 Supersonic Jet Spectroscopy 199

direct expansion nozzle 199 sheath-flow nozzle 199

temperature gradients 79 negative 79 positive 79

temperature program 77 negative 77, 80 positive 81

ternary system 16, 21 ternary critical curve 18

triple point 10

van Deemter plot 94, 96 viscosity 2, 12