Basic Oleochemicaland its Derivative

- Theories-Process Involves

NURUL AFIFAH BINTI MOHD YUSOFF

EH110 4A

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Production of fatty acids & glycerine starting from vegetable & animal oil and fats

Hydrolysis is the basic production step, the fats and oils are split into crude glycerine and a mixture of crude fatty acids, under the combined action of water, temperature and pressure.

The temperature exceeds 200°C and the products are kept under pressure for more than 20 minutes..

Fats & oils crude glycerine + crude fatty acids + water

• A process for the esterification of a triglyceride.

• The process comprises forming a single phase solution of said triglyceride in an alcohol selected from methanol and ethanol, the ratio of alcohol to triglyceride being 15:1 to 35:1.

• The solution further comprises a co-solvent in an amount to effect formation the single phase and a base catalyst for the esterification reaction.

• After a period of time, ester is recovered from the solution.

• Esterification is rapid and proceeds essentially to completion.

• The esters may be used as biofuel or biodiesel

Glycerine (also called glycerin or glycerol) is an alcohol which is used as a moisturizer in soaps and lotions.

Glycerine has a sweet taste, and it can be used as a food preservative and a non-sugar sweetener.

Glycerine

Lubricants (jet engine,

refrigeration)

Plasticizer for Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB)

Explosives

Polyurethane Foam

Examples of Derivative

Process involves

1. A fatty acid or fatty acid mixture is esterified in a column reactor.

4. As the liquid flows down the trays it encounters progressively drier lower alkanol.

5. The ester product recovered from the bottom of the reactor has an ester content of at least 99 mole % (calculated on a lower alkanol free basis).

2. Relatively dry lower alkanolvapour (water content not more than 5 mole %) is injected into the bottom of the column reactor.

3. Water of esterification is removed from the top of the column reactor in the vapour stream, whilst ester product is recovered from the sump of the reactor.

7. The resulting mixture contains, in addition to at least about 0.5 mole % up to about 5 mole % of unreacted ester, product fatty alcohol or alcohols and lower alkanol, there being no need to separate the lower alkanol from the ester if the lower alkanol is methanol.

6. This ester product is then subjected to vapour phase hydrogenation, using typically a reduced copper oxide-zinc oxide catalyst.

8. This is distilled to yield a fatty alcohol fraction which contains a minor amount of a lower alkyl (e.g. methyl) fatty acid ester or esters.

9. The fatty alcohol fraction is subjected to transesterificationto convert substantially all of any lower alkyl ester present to wax ester or esters.

Process Derivatives of Fatty Alcohol

This process is unique with respect to a conversion of

high free fatty acid oil to oil with less than 10% free

fatty acids by weight in a single step.

The present invention includes a process for producing

esters from a feedstock that includes a fat or an oil.

The process includes mixing the feedstock with an

alcohol and a catalyst to form a reaction mixture.

The catalyst includes a mixture of calcium acetate

and barium acetate.

The reaction mixture is heated to a temperature

effective for making esters.

Methyl Ester 165 is a low viscosity fatty ester that offers superior metal wetting characteristics and boundary lubricity compared to conventional animal-based fatty additives

Methyl Ester 165 is recommended for use in precision operations such as drilling, tapping, form grinding, and Swiss-Type Automatics. The treat levels for these applications would be 5-15%, depending on the severity.

Methyl esters can be produced from either natural oils (coconut, palm kernel, tallow) or from fatty acids.

Today, most esters are produced directly from the oils. The process involves reacting the oils with methanol (wood alcohol) in

the presence of an acid or base catalyst. As we saw earlier, oils like coconut oil are composed of chemicals called

triglycerides which themselves are compounds of fatty acids and glycerol (another alcohol).

In the ester making process, the fatty acids attached to the glycerol are released and become attached to the methanol.

This results in a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (sometimes abbreviated to FAME) with the glycerol (glycerine) freed.

The crude, whole-cut methyl esters have the catalyst neutralised with acids or alkalis, depending on which catalyst was chosen for use, and excess methanol removed by distillation.

The methanol is returned to the process to produce more methyl esters.

Derivatives of Methyl Ester

1. An oil/fat is transesterified(a reaction between ester and alcohol ) with methanol to produce methyl esters.

2. The methyl esters are then saponified with sodium hydroxide to produce soap with methanol as by-product.

3. The soap base and additive are mixed in a primary blend with a scroll type mixer for 4 to 6 minutes.

4. The mixture is passed through a series of rollers to homogenize it. A thin sheet of soap is produced.

5. Under high pressure , the mixture is churned along the length of the screw and extruded through a perforate dend palte. Several thin layers of soap are produced.

6. The homogenized soap is compressed by a large worm screw extruder or plodder. A single large continuos bar of soap Is produced, the diameter of which is adjusted to fit the dimensions of the final product.

7. The continuos bar of extruded soap is cut and stamped into the final soap bars.

8. The soap bars are individually wrapped for the market.

Process Involves

1. Fatty acid reacts with ammonia to form ammonium soap, which then dehydrates to the corresponding fatty amide at temperatures above 423K.

4. Secondary fatty amines can be prepared directly from primary amines by the removal of ammonia at reduced pressure, passing the hydrogen through the reaction mixture, and using suitable catalysts ( nickel or copper based) at temperature between 423K and 493K.

2. At 523K, this fatty amide dehydrates again, in the presence of suitable catalyst(eg, ZnO for a continuos process and bauxite for a batch process), to form the fatty nitrile.

3. Hydrogenation of the nitrile at high pressures and temperatures between 323K and 473K, again by using suitable catalysts, for example, based on nickel or noble metals, provides the primary fatty amines.

• Ethoxylates are made through ethoxylation process. In this process, glycerol, fatty acids and amines such as fatty amines, tallow amines, coco amine, oleyl amine and stearyl amine are made to react with ethylene oxide. The ethoxylation process occurs in the presence of potassium hydroxide catalysts which increases the speed of the reaction.

• Fatty amines are prepared by distilling fatty acids and are nitrogen derivatives of fatty acids. Amines can also be prepared by reacting ammonia with fatty alcohols.

• Gyclerine ethoxylate products are manufactured by reacting glycerin with ethylene oxide.

• The amount of ethylene oxide added to amines and other compounds affect the chemical properties such as emulsification, surface tension and ability to dissolve in other solvents. The ability to control most of the properties makes ethoxylate compounds applicable in many industrial processes.

Examples Of Derivatives

• Fatty amine ethoxylates are nonionic surfactants used as wetting and dispersing agents, stabilizers, sanitizers and defoaming agents in various industries like textile, paper, drilling, chemical, paint, metal etc.

• The fatty amine ethoxylates are used as emulsifiers and can also be employed in formulation of emulsifier blends.

• They play an important role as emulsifiers in agrochemical industries, cleaners in industrial processes especially in metal industry, oil field chemicals, fabric softeners, petroleum additives and for applications in textile and leather processing, paper de-inking, mining & drilling.

https://www.google.com.my/search?q=process+of+production+fatty+acids+and+glycerine&num=30&espv=2&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=F5_pVNiHFMrv8gWvrYLYAQ&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667#imgdii=_

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http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_jwzEb3tcs7U/TN6pBHvvYNI/AAAAAAAAALE/MncIJS8UxOg/s1600/fatty+acid+mb.jpg

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https://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FGerardBHawkins%2Ffatty-amines-a-commercial-overview&ei=EM7pVK3VLpfn8AW09YCoAw&psig=AFQjCNFo7s-9KxCKR12yJn3fh8B4WBThuA&ust=1424695096694771

THANK YOU ^_^

That’s All