1

Basic ofRADIATION & Diagnostic X’ ray

JONATHAN LALRINMAWIADEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICSGOVT ZIRTIRI RESIDENTIAL SCIENCE COLLEGE

7-03-2016

2

Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.

Example- Visible light- X-Rays- UV- Airport security scanners- Heat from our body7-03-2016

Fig: Remote Control emitting IR rays

3

CLASSIFICATION OF RADIATION

Ionising Radiation & Non-ionising Radiation

7-03-2016 Fig: ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

4

NON-IONISING RADIATION“any type of EM that does not carry enough energy to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule”

 - Lower UV (EM)- Visible light - IR- Microwaves & - Radio waves7-03-2016

5

IONISING RADIATION“radiation that carries enough energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules”

1. Gamma rays 2. X-rays3. Higher UV (EM)4. Neutron5. Alpha6. Beta7-03-2016

6

DIRECT VS INDIRECT IONISATION

Direct ionising - Charged particles (alpha, beta) directly causes ionization and excitation of atoms.

Indirect ionising - During interaction with matter, uncharged particle (neutrons, photon) can transfer energy to charged particles.

7-03-2016

7

• X-rays were first discovered in 1895 by the German physicist William Roentgen.

• He called them ‘x’ rays, ‘x’ for ‘unknown’.

Energy 100 eV to 100 keV

W C ROENTGEN

7-03-2016

8

X’ RAY PRODUCTION

7-03-2016

9

DIAGNOSTIC X RAY TUBE

7-03-2016

10

1. Due to their penetrating ability, X-rays are widely used to image the inside of objects, e.g., in medical radiography, fluoroscopy, airport security, X-ray crystallography etc.

2. Diagnostic X-rays are the largest man-made source of radiation exposure to the general population, contributing about 14% of the total annual exposure worldwide from all sources.

7-03-2016

11

3. High radiation dose in short period of time causes radiation sickness, skin burn etc., while lower doses can give an increased risk of radiation-induced cancer, speed aging, gene mutation etc.

“In medical imaging this increased health

risk is generally outweighed by the benefits of the examination”

ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable

7-03-2016

12

AERB• Atomic Energy Regulatory Board was

constituted on Nov. 15, 1983 by President of India to ensure the use of ionising radiation and nuclear energy in India doesn’t cause undue risk to health, safety and the environment.

• H & FW Dep., GOM and AERB, GOI signed MOU on setting up of Radiation Safety Agency (RSA) in Mizoram on 25th March, 2010

7-03-2016

13

e-LORA (e-Licensing Of Radiation applications)

- QA

8 diagnostic x ray & 2 CT Scan Licensed13 institutions registered by RSA to AERB

7-03-2016

QA Pet division(Kulikawn)

14

REFERENCE1. Protection of the patient in diagnostic radiology,

GOI, AERB, Bombay2. IARC (31 May 2011). "IARC Classifies

Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields As Possibly Carcinogenic To Humans" (PDF). Press Release (Press release).

3.. Kwan-Hoong Ng (20–22 October 2003). "Non-Ionizing Radiations – Sources, Biological Effects, Emissions and Exposures" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Conference on Non-Ionizing Radiation at UNITEN ICNIR2003 Electromagnetic Fields and Our Health.

7-03-2016

15

4.  "Ionizing & Non-Ionizing Radiation".5. John E. Moulder. "Static Electric and

Magnetic Fields and Human Health".WHO/IARC Classifies Electromagnetic Fields as Possibly Carcingenic to Humans

6. Helv. Chim. Acta vol. 83 (2000), pp. 17667. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences,

2004, 3, 337-340, doi:10.1039/b316210a8. "UW EH&S Hazards of Ultraviolet Light".

7-03-2016