WHAT IS FIRST AID? FIRST AID IS THE MEDICAL EMERGENCY CARE OF

THE SICK OR INJURED PERSON UNTIL MEDICAL

ARRIVES.

A person does not need a certificate to perform first aid

Remember that each situation is different and if

resuscitation is needed, then any attempt is

better than none at all.

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF

A FIRST AIDER:

Agreement with the employer and fellow

employees to assist them when necessary

GOOD SAMARITAN

WHAT IS EXPECTED OF YOU

AS A FIRST AIDER: Act within the limits of your ability at all times

Privacy of the casualty is important. You should

not talk about the incident giving information

that can identify the casualty.

In control of the First Aid Kit

Completed Incident / Accident Report

INCIDENT REPORTING

An incident report should contain:

NAME OF CASUALTY

TIME OF THE INCIDENT

HISTORY OF INCIDENT

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

ACTION TAKEN

NAME AND CONTACT DETAILS OF THE FIRST AIDER

NAME AND CONTACT DETAILS OF ANY WITNESS TO

INCIDENT

PRIORITIES IN AN EMERGENCY First priority is your SAFETY.

Assess the situation quickly

Ensure the safety of the first aider, casualty &

bystanders

Call for help

Commence appropriate treatment- ABC

(Airway, Breathing, Circulation)

5B’s for Prioritizing Incident:

•BREATHING

•BLEEDING

•BURNS

•BONES

•BITES

SIGN- is something that the first aider can see.

Ex: pale, shaking, uncoordinated

SYMPTOM- is something that the casualty feels.

Ex: headache, nausea, dizziness

VITAL SIGNS: PULSE RATE – 60 to 100 beats per minute

RESPIRATIONS – 10 to 20 breaths per minute

TEMPERATURE – 37 degree Celsius

BLOOD PRESSURE – 110/70 – 120/80 mmHg

What to look for?

Skin Colour

Hydration

Level of Consciousness

Level of Consciousness

1.) FULLY CONSCIOUS – the casualty responds

normally to questions

2.) SEMI- CONSCIOUS – confused, disoriented,

slurred speech

3.) UNCONSCIOUS – the casualty is unrousable

and unresponsive

Treatment for ABDOMINAL

PAINCall 117 if:

You have pain & tenderness to the touch in the lower right abdomen with fever and/or vomiting.These may be signs of appendicitis.

For heartburn from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), take an over the counter antacid or acid reducer

For constipation, take a mild stool softener or laxative

For pain, take acetaminophen.

BLEEDING CUTS OR

WOUNDS

Call 177 if:

Bleeding is severe

You suspect internal bleeding

There is an abdominal or chest wound

Bleeding can’t be stopped after 10minutes of firm

& steady pressure

Blood spurts out of wound

to STOP BLEEDING Apply direct pressure on the cut or wound with

a clean cloth, tissue, or piece of gauze until

bleeding stops

If blood soaks through the material, don’t

remove it. Put more cloth or gauze on top of it

and continue to apply pressure.

If the wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb

above the heart to help slow bleeding

Wash your hands again after giving first aid and

before cleaning and dressing the wound

BROKEN ARM Treatment

Call 117 if:

The person is seriously injured

You suspect an injury to the person’s head, neck,

or back

Bone is sticking out of the skin

Bleeding doesn’t stop after several minutes of firm

pressure

Blood spurts from the wound

BROKEN ARM Treatment

1.) Stop the Bleeding if Necessary

• Apply firm pressure to the wound area with a

clean cloth until bleeding stops

• If bone is pushing through skin, do not touch it or

try to put it back in place

BROKEN ARM Treatment

2.) Reduce Swelling

• Apply ice

• Elevate the arm above the heart, if possible

3.) Immobilize Arm

THERMAL BURNS

Call 117 if:

Burn penetrates all layers of skin

Skin is leathery or charred looking, with white,

brown, or black patches

Burn blister is larger than two inches or oozes

Hands, feet, face, or genitals are burned

The person is an infant or a senior

For All Burns STOP BURNING IMMEDIATELY

Put out fire or stop the person’s contact with hot liquid, steam, or other material

Help the person “stop, drop, and roll” to smother flames

Remove smoldering material from the person

Remove hot or burned clothing. If clothing sticks to skin, cut or tear around it.

REMOVE CONSTRICTIVE CLOTHING IMMEDIATELY

Take off jewelry, belts, and tight clothing. Burns can swell quickly.

for FIRST DEGREE BURNS

(affecting TOP LAYER of the

skin)Cool BurnHold burned skin under cool (not cold) running water

or immerse in cool until pain subsides

Use compresses if running water isn’t available

Protect Burn Cover with sterile, non adhesive bandage or clean

cloth

Do not apply butter or ointments, w/c can cause infection

Treat Pain Give the over-the-counter pain reliever such as

Ibuprofen

For SECOND DEGREE BURNS

(affecting top 2 layers of skin)COOL BURN

Immerse in cool water for 10 or 15 minutes

Use compress if running water isn’t available

Don’t apply ice. It can lower body temperature

and cause further damage

Don’t break blisters or apply butter or ointments,

which can cause infection

For SECOND DEGREE BURNS

(affecting top 2 layers of skin)PROTECT BURN

Cover loosely with sterile, nonstick bandage and

secure in place with gauze or tape

PREVENT SHOCK

Lay the person flat

Elevate feet about 12 inches

Elevate burn area above heart level, if possible

Cover the person with coat or blanket

for THIRD DEGREE BURNS Call 117

PROTECT BURN AREA

Cover loosely with sterile, nonstick bandage or,

for large areas, a sheet or other material that

won’t leave lint in wound

Separate burned toes & fingers with dry, sterile

dressing

Do not soak burn in water or apply ointments or

butter, which can cause infection

for THIRD DEGREE BURNS PREVENT SHOCK

(unless the person has a head, neck, or leg injury

or it would cause discomfort)

Lay the person flat

Elevate feet about 12 inches

Elevate burn area above heart level, if possible

Cover the person with coat or blanket

For an airway burn, do not place pillow under the

person’s head when the person is lying down.

Have a person with facial burn sit up

CHOKING TreatmentCall 117 if:

The person is choking

The person is unconscious

While waiting for 117 ..

CHOKING Treatment If the person is CONSCIOUS but NOT ABLE TO

BREATHE OR TALK:

1.) Give BACK BLOWS

Give up to 5 blows between the shoulder blades

with the heel of your hand

If the person is still choking, do THRUSTS

CHOKING TreatmentDo THRUSTS:

Stand behind the person and wrap your arms around the waist

Place your clenched fist just above the person’s navel. Grab your fist with your other hand

Quickly pull inward and upward

Continue cycles of 5 back blows & 5 abdominal thrusts until the object is coughed up or the person starts to breathe or cough

Take the object out of his mouth only if you can see it. Never do a finger sweep unless you can see the object in the person’s mouth

CHOKING Treatment

Give CPR, if necessary

(if the obstruction comes out, but the person is not

breathing or if the person becomes unconscious)

CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary

Resuscitation)

Check Responsiveness

Tap the person’s shoulder and shout, “Are you

OK?”

Look for normal breathing. Call 117 if there is no

response.

CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary

Resuscitation)Do Chest Compression

Place the heel of your hand on the center of the

person’s chest

Place the heel of your hand on top of your first hand,

lacing fingers together

Keep arms straight and your shoulders directly over

your hands

Push hard & fast, compressing chest at least 2 inches

Let chest rise completely before pushing down again

Compress at least 100 times per minute

CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary

Resuscitation)STOP only if…

The person starts breathing normally

A trained responder or emergency help takes

over

You are too exhausted to continue

There is an automated defibrillator (AED) to use

CUTS or LACERATIONS

TreatmentCall 117 if:

A cut is bleeding severely

Blood is spurting out

Bleeding can’t be stopped after 10 minutes of

firm and steady pressure

CUTS or LACERATIONS

Treatment1.) STOP THE BLEEDING

apply direct pressure on the area

2.) CLEAN AND PROTECT

clean the area with warm water & gentle soap

apply an antibiotic ointment

put a sterile bandage on the area.

3.) CALL A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER

if: the cut is deep

the cut is from human or animal bite

DIZZINESS TreatmentCall 117 if:

a change in vision or speech

chest pain

shortness of breath

rapid, irregular, or very slow heart beat

convulsions or ongoing vomiting

dizziness that comes after a head injury

double vision

fainting or loss of consciousness

inability to move an arm or leg

slurred speech

numbness or tingling

DIZZINESS Treatment1.) TREAT SYMPTOMS

The person should sit down or lie still

If the person gets light-headed when standing,

the person should stand up slowly

Avoid sudden changes in position

If the person is thirsty, have him or her drink

fluids

Avoid bright lights

DIZZINESS Treatment2.) Call a Health Care Professional

if:

This is the first time the person has been dizzy

The dizziness is different than before or

doesn’t go away quickly

EYE BURNSCall 117 if:

Eyeball looks cloudy

The person notices a sudden change in

vision

EYE BURNS1.) FLUSH EYES

Fill a sink or dishpan with cool water

Have the person put his/her face in water

The person should open and close eyes to

get water to all parts of eye

EYE INJURYCall 117 if:

An object such as piece of glass or metal is

sticking out of the eye

1.) Chemical Exposure

2.) Blow to the eye

3.) Foreign particle in eye

EYE INJURYFOR CHEMICAL EXPOSURE

Don’t rub eyes

Immediately wash out the eye with lots of water.

Get medical help while you are doing this, of after 15 to 20 minutes of continuous flushing

Don’t bandage the eye

EYE INJURYFOR A BLOW TO THE EYE

Apply a cold compress, but don’t put

pressure on the eye

Take over-the-counter medicine for pain

If there is bruising, bleeding, change in

vision, or it hurts when your eye moves,

see a doctor right away

EYE INJURYFOR A FOREIGN PARTICLE IN EYE

Don’t rub the eye

Pull the upper lid down & blink repeatedly

If particle is still there, rinse with eyewash

If rinsing doesn’t help, close eye, bandage it

lightly and see a doctor

FAINTING TreatmentCall 117 if:

Has blue lips or face

An irregular or slow heartbeat

Chest pain

Difficulty breathing

Is difficult to awaken

Acts confused

FAINTING Treatment1.) Make the person safe

Lay the person flat on his or her back

Elevate the person’s leg to restore blood

flow to the brain

Loosen tight clothing

FAINTING Treatment

2.) Try to Revive the Person

Shake the person vigorously, tap briskly, or yell

If the person doesn’t stop, call 117 immediately

Stay with the person until he or she is fully recovered.

ELECTRIC SHOCK TreatmentCall 117 if:

The person has been injured by an electrical

shock

Electrical Shock always need emergency medical

attention – even if the person seems to be fine

afterward.

ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment1.) SEPARATE THE PERSON FROM CURRENT’S

SOURCE

-Turn Off Power

Unplug an appliance if plug is undamaged

or shut off power via circuit breaker,

fuse box, or outside switch

ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment

-If you Can’t turn off power

Stand on something dry and non-conductive,

such as dry newspaper, telephone book, or

wooden board

Try to separate the person from current using

non-conductive object such as wooden or

plastic broom handle, chair, or rubber doormat

ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment

-if HIGH VOLTAGE LINES are involved:

The local power company must shut them off

Do not try to separate the person from current if

you feel a tingling sensation in your legs and

lower body. Hop on one foot to a safe place

where you can wait for lines to be

disconnected

ELECTRIC SHOCK Treatment2.) Do CPR, if Necessary

When you can safely touch the person, do CPR if the person is NOT BREATHING or does not have a PULSE

3.) Check for other Injuries

If the person is bleeding, apply pressure and elevate the wound if it’s in an arm or leg

There may be a fracture if the shock caused the person to fall

HEART ATTACK Treatment1.) Know Heart Attack Symptoms

Chest discomfort that may last more than a few minutes or go away come back.

Pain or discomfort in the upper body, including arm, left shoulder, back, neck, jaw, or below the breastbone

Difficulty of breathing or shortness of breath

Sweating or “cold sweat”

Indigestion, heartburn, nausea, or vomiting

Light-headedness, dizziness, or extreme weakness

Anxiety or rapid or irregular heartbeats

HEAT STROKE TreatmentCall 117 if:

Body temperature above 103 degree F

Rapid pulse

Reduced Sweating

Disorientation

Unconsciousness

Seizure

Warm, red, dry skin

HEAT STROKE Treatment2.) Lower Body Temperature quickly while waiting for

Emergency Services to Arrive

Get the person into air conditioning if possible

or out of the sun

Spray the person with cool water, or apply cold

wet cloths or ice packs to the armpits,

neck, and groin

Fan air across the person to increase cooling

Do not give the person anything to drink if the

person is not alert

HEAT STROKE Treatment3.) Treat Symptoms

If the person experiences seizures, keep him

or her safe from injury

If the person vomits, turn the person on his or

her side to keep the airway open

NOSEBLEEDS Treatment1.) Stop the Bleeding

Have the person sit up straight and lean forward

slightly. Don’t have person lie down or tilt the

head backward

With thumb and index finger, firmly pinch the

nose just below the bone up against the face

Apply pressure for 5 minutes.

If bleeding continues after 5 minutes, repeat the

process

Apply ________ pressure on the cut or wound with

a clean cloth, tissue, or piece of gauze until

bleeding stops

If blood soaks through material, ___________.

If the wound is on arm or leg, _________ limb

______ heart to help slow bleeding

Wash your hands again _______ giving first aid and

______ before cleaning and dressing the wound