basic concepts electrical circuits

7/25/2019 Basic Concepts Electrical Circuits

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The Main difference between Neutral, Ground and Earth?

Neutral

Neutralis return path for an AC circuit which is supposed to carry current in normal condition.

This current may be because of many reasons, primarily because of phase current imbalance andsome time because 3rd and 5th harmonics also.

Also read: What is the difference between Real Ground and Virtual Ground?

There may be others reasons too but the magnitude of this current is in fraction of phase current

and in few case it can be even double of phase current. So Neutral wire is always assumed to becharged in active circuit!. This neutral wire is given to ground by grounding! to ma"e the

second terminal of neutral wire at #ero potential.

Earth or Ground

Earth or Groundis for safety concerns against lea"age or residual currents on the system vialeast resistance path. $hile phase and neutral is connected to main power wiring, earth may be

connected to body of e%uipment or to any system which in normal condition doesn&t carry

current but in case of some insulation failure, is supposed to carry some minor current.

Also read: The purpose of Earth or Ground wire in over-Head Transmission lines

This current is not directly coming from live or phase wire, but is from secondary lin"s which

was not in touch with live system in normal condition. This current is usually much lesser thanmain line current or phase current and mostly is in order of mA. 'ut this lea"age current is good

enough to "ill someone or may ris" fire. Such current are being provided a low resistance path

and sent to earth via earth wire.

'ecause of the difference in application we never mi( grounding of neutral and earth. )owever

both are made grounded of*course the process may be different!. +f both will be mi(ed then the

earth wire which is not supposed to carry any current in normal condition , may have some

charges across and will become ha#ardous.

Why Parallel Connection is Mostly Preferred

over Series Connection?
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lectrical Technology -3-/0-15 'asic Concepts,lectrical $iring 'asic for )ome!,

2uestionsAnswers lectrical!,esistors4 Comments4/,351 iews

Table of Contents 6)ide7

o

+ntroduction to Series 8 9arallel Connections

o S+S C+C:+T

o :ses 8 Application of Series Connection

o 9AA;;; C+C:+T

o :ses 8 Application of 9arallel Connection

A? 9AA;;; C+C:+T C>NNCT+>N > S+S C+C:+T

C>NNCT+>N.

Introduction to Series Parallel Connections

The use, application and importance of series and parallel circuit connection today cannot be

over emphasi#ed. The application of series and parallel circuitconnection can be evidently seen

in our homes, school halls and in our street lights. $ith the press of a button, all the 'obs in oursitting rooms are turned on. some refer that the bobs in their homes should have different

switches.

$ell, it&s not a magic when more than three electric bobs or loads are controlled by one switch. A

load is anything i.e. it could be an appliances, electric bobs or even ceiling fans that consumes

electrical energy when connected to a power supply. The electric bobs, televisions, refrigeratorsetc can all be referred to as a load. The bobs convert electrical energy into light and heat form of

energy. ?ans convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy.
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The type of connection done to our ceiling fans, electric bobs will determine if they will have a

common switch or not. Series circuit connection gives us the opportunity to connect more than

two loads to a common switch. Street lights are a very good e(ample of this. 9arallel circuitconnection ma"es it possible for us to connect loads to their individual switch. 'oth series and

parallel circuit connection are good but one is mostly preferred over the other for one reason or

the other. 'efore we tal" about the reason why parallel circuit connection is preferred over seriesconnection, let&s recall what series and parallel connections are first.

SE!IES CI!C"IT

A series circuit is a circuit in which resistors or loads are connected end to end so that the circuit

will have only one path through which electric current flows. Thus, when a number of resistorsare connected in series, the effective resistance total resistance in the circuit! is gotten by adding

the individual resistance algebraically. That is to say, if we have resistors with resistance 1, 0,

3 @n connected in series, then

!eff# !T# !$% !&% !'% (!n)

+n series connections, the same current flows across all the branches of the circuits, but differentvoltage across it thus ma"ing the resistors to have different voltage across them. ach resistor or

load will e(perience a voltage drop. The applied voltage is e%ual to the sum of the voltage drop

across the different parts of the circuit. oltage drop is proportional to the resistance currentbeing the same throughout the circuit. $hen loads are connected in series, the loads will tend to

have a common switch. This "ind of connection is employed in school halls, street lights.

"ses *++lication of Series Connection

Some people connect security lights in their homes in series which will ma"e them to havecommon switch. The problem with this "ind of connection is that when a load develops a

problem, the other connected system will fail. +t&s an all or none type of circuit connection. Till a

load gets energy before it delivers it to the other and the one to deliver fails, there will be a blac"

out.

Series circuit connections are common and greatly employed in electrical e%uipments. The tube

filaments in small radios are usually in series. Current controlling devices are always connected

in series with the device that they protect. ?usesare connected in series with the device theyprotect, Automatic house*heating e%uipment has a thermostat, electromagnetic coils, and safety

cut*outs connected in series with avoltage sourceetc.

P*!*E CI!C"IT

esistors, loads are said to be connected in parallel when the end of each of the resistors or loads

have a common point or Bunction and the other ends are also connected to a common point orBunction. Such circuits are "nown as parallel circuits.
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$hen a fuse

gets burnt for instance due to high current, then the appliance it protects will not be damaged

because current will no longer reach it. $hile series connection is an all or none, parallel circuitconnection gives you the opportunity to give the loads and the appliances their individual switch.

9arallel connection offers resistance to the flow of current compared to series connection.

A 1-- ohms and a 15- ohms resistors connected in parallel will have less effect on electric

current compared to 5- ohms and 4- ohms resistors connected in series. +n electronic devices,parallel connection is paramount. The cells in a power ban" are all connected in parallel. 9arallel

connection ma"es electrical energy to last longer. The cells themselves have their internal

resistance, so if they were connected in series, some of the energy will be lost overcoming theinternal resistance since it&s effect is high when in series than when in parallel.


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!esistor Ty+es of !esistors 2 Cate3ori4e via 1i5ed, /ariable, inear Non6

inear !esistors

Table of Contents 6)ide7

esistor 8 Types of esistors D Categori#e via ?i(ed, ariable, ;inear 8 Non*;inear

esistors

o esistanceE

o esistor

o Symbols of


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o 1.0.0! heostats

o $hat is the main ,

Those components and devices which are specially designed to have a certain amount of

resistance and used to oppose or limit the electric current are called resistors.
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Good to :now7esistance of a resistor depends on their length l!, resistivity J! and its cross

sectional area a! which is also "nown as laws of resistance@ H J la! .

Sy8bols of .ifferent Ty+es of !esistors) IEEE IEC sy8bols of !esistors

esistors and Symbols of


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Types of Fixed resistors)

1. Carbon Co8+osition !esistors

0. Wire Wound !esistors

3. Thin 1il8 !esistors

4. Thic: 1il8 !esistors

$) $) $; Carbon Co8+osition !esistors

A typical fi(ed resistor is made from the mi(ture of granulated or powdered carbon or graphite,

insulation filler, or a resin binder. The ratio of the insulation material determines the actual

resistance of the resistor. The insulating powder binder! made in the shape of rods and there aretwo metal caps on the both ends of the rod.

There are two conductor wires on the both ends of the resistor for easy connectivity in the circuit

via soldering. A plastic coat covers the rods with different color codes printed! which denote theresistance value. They are available in 1 ohm to 05 mega ohms and in power rating from K watt

to up to 5 $atts.

Carbon Composition

esistors.Construction and $attage ating


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Characteristic of 1i5ed !esistors

=enerally, they are very cheap and small in si#e, hence, occupy less space. They are reliable and

available in different ohmic and power ratings. Also, fi(ed resistor can be easily connected to thecircuit and withstand for more voltage.

+n other hand, they are less stable means their temperature coefficient is very high. Also, theyma"e a slight noise as compared to other types of resistors.

$) $) &; Wire wound !esistors

$ire wound resistor is made from the insulating core or rod by wrapping around a resistive wire.

The resistance wire is generally Tungsten, manganin, Nichrome or nic"el or nic"el chromiumalloy and the insulating core is made of porcelain, 'a"elite, press bond paper or ceramic clay

material.

The manganin wire wound resistors are very costly and used with the sensitive test e%uipments

e.g. $heatstone bridge, etc. They are available in the range of 0 watts up to 1-- watt powerrating or more. The ohmic value of these types of resistors is 1 ohm up to 0--" ohms or more

and can be operated safely up to 35-LC.

in addition, the power rating of a high power wire wound resistor is 5-- $atts and the available

resistance value of these resistors are is -.1 ohm M 1--" >hms.

Construction of $ire wound esistors


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*dvanta3es and .isadvanta3e of Wire wound !esistors

$ire wound resistors ma"e lower noise than carbon composition resistors. Their performance is

well in overload conditions. They are reliable and fle(ible and can be used with


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etal film resistors are same in construction li"e Carbon film resistors, but the main difference is

that there is metal or a mi(ture of the metal o(ides, Nic"el Chromium or mi(ture of metals and

glass which is called metal gla#e which is used as resistive film! instead of carbon. etal filmresistors are very tiny, cheap and reliable in operation. Their temperature coefficient is very low

0 ppmLC! and used where stability and low noise level is important.

etal ?ilm esistor. Construction

and name of internal parts.

$)$)


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temperature.

Cermet ?ilm esistor Networ" Construction

$)$)


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9otentiometer is a three terminal device which is used for controlling the level of voltage in the

circuit. The resistance between two e(ternal terminals is constant while the third terminal is

connected with moving contact $iper! which is variable. The value of resistance can bechanged by rotating the wiper which is connected to the control shaft.

9ot

entiometer Construction

This way, 9otentiometers can be used as a voltage divider and these resistors are called variable

composition resistors. They are available up to 1- ega >hms.


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Types of heostats resistor and

construction of Screw


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9otentiometer!.

Construction of Tapped heostatariable wire wound resistors are available in the range of 1 ohm up to 15- >hms. The available

power rating of these resistors is 3 to 0-- $atts. $hile the most used heostats according to

power rating is between 5 to 5- $atts.

$irewound heostat

Construction


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Good to =now7

What is the 8ain .ifference between Potentio8eter and !heostats?

'asically, there is no difference between 9otentiometer and heostat. 'oth are variable resistors.The main difference is the use and circuit operation, i.e. for which purpose we use that variable

resistorF

?or e(ample, if we connect a circuit between resistor element terminals where one terminal is a

general end of the resistor element while the other one is sliding contact or wiper! as a variable

resistor for controlling the circuit current, then it is !heostats.

+n the other hand, if we do the same as mentioned above for controlling the level of voltage, then

this variable resistor would be called a +otentio8eter. That&s it.

$)&)'; Tri88ers

There is an additional screw with 9otentiometer or variable resistors for better efficiency andoperation and they are "nown as Trimmers. The value of resistance can be changed by changing

the position of screw to rotate by a small screwdriver.


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Construction of

hms up to 5 mega ohms. The power rating of Trimmers potentiometers are from13 to O $atts.

&) Non inear !esistors

$e "now that, nonlinear resistors are those resistors, where the current flowing through it does

not change according to >hm&s ;aw but, changes with change in temperature or applied voltage.

+n addition, if the flowing current through a resistor changes with change in body temperature,

then these "inds of resistors are called Thermisters. +f the flowing current through a resistor


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change with the applied voltages, then it is called a aristors or /.!;

aristers are voltage dependent esistors


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system, then it reduces the level of voltage to a secure level i.e. it changes the level of voltages.

Types of aristers

&)'; Photo !esistor or Photo Conductive Cell or .! >i3ht .e+endent

!esistors;

9hoto esistor or ;


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Types of 9hoto cells, and

;


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Electrical Network

Combination of dierent electric elements or components which areconnected in any way is called electric network

Complex NetworksA Circuit which contains on many electrical elements such as resistors,capacitors, inductors, current sources and Voltage source (both AC and DC) iscalled Complex network !hese kinds of networks can"t be sol#ed easily bysimple ohm"s $aw or %irchho"s laws &e we sol#e these circuits by speci'ctechniue ie orton"s !heorem, !he#enin"s !heorem, *uperpositiontheorem etc

Circuit or Electric CircuitCircuit is a close loop path gi#ing a return path for the current +r a closeconducting path in which current can ow is called circuit

Click image to enlarge

Types of Electric Circuits!here are many types of electrical circuits -ere we will briey discuss oneby oneSeries circuit. in this circuits, all the electrical elements (Voltage or

Current sources, inductors, capacitors, resistors etc) are connected in seriesie !here is only one path for tra#eling electricity and no other branchesconsist in this circuitParallel circuits. in this circuits, all the electrical elements (Voltage orCurrent sources, inductors, capacitors, resistors etc) are connected in parallelie !here are many paths for tra#eling electricity and the minimumbranches in this circuit are two


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Series-parallel circuits. if circuit elements are series connected in someparts and parallel in others, that would be a series/parallel circuit &n otherwords, this is a combination of series and parallel circuits*tar/Delta CircuitsStar-Delta Circuit. this is not series or parallel nor series/parallel circuit

&n this circuit, electrical elements are connected such a way that unde'ned interm of *eries, parallel or *eries 0arallel con'guration !hese kinds of circuitscan be sol#ed by *tar Delta !ransform or Delta *tar transformation1ollowing are more deri#ed circuits of the *eries, parallel, and *eries/parallelcircuits

0ure 2esisti#e Circuit

0ure &nducti#e Circuit

0ure Capaciti#e Circuit

2esisti#e, &nducti#e Circuit ie 2$ Circuit (*eries 3 0arallel)

2esisti#e, Capaciti#e Circuit ie 2C Circuit (*eries 3 0arallel)

Capaciti#e, &nducti#e Circuits ie $C Circuits (*eries and 0arallel)

2esisti#e, &nducti#e, Capaciti#e Circuit 2$C Circuit (*eries 3 0arallel)

!hese all circuits are shown in below image


&n the abo#e circuits, all the abo#e mentioned components or elements may

be connected in series, parallel, or in series/parallel con'guration$et"s go to discuss some more electric circuits which you must know beforestarting to analy4e an 5lectric circuit or networkLinear circuitA linear circuit is an electric circuit in which circuit parameters (2esistance,inductance, capacitance, wa#eform, freuency etc) are constant &n otherwords, a circuit whose parameters are not changed with respect to Currentand Voltage is called $inear Circuit


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Non linear circuitsA nonlinear circuit is an electric circuit whose parameters are #aried withrespect to Current and Voltage &n other words, an electric circuit in whichcircuit parameters (2esistance, inductance, capacitance, wa#eform,freuency etc) is not constant, is called on $inear Circuit

Unilateral circuits&n unilateral circuits, the property of circuit changes with the change ofdirection of supply #oltage or current &n other words, unilateral circuit allowsthe current to ow only in one direction Diode recti'er is the best exampleof unilateral circuit because it does not perform the recti'cation in bothdirection of supplyBi-lateral circuits&n bilateral circuits, the property of circuit does not change with the changeof direction of supply #oltage or current &n other words, bilateral circuitallows the current to ow in both directions !ransmission line is the bestexample of bilateral circuit because, if you gi#e supply from any direction,

the circuit properties remain constantCircuits Parameters or Constants an relate termsDierent components or elements which use in 5lectric Circuits are calledcircuit"s parameters or constants ie resistance, capacitance, inductance,freuency etc !hese parameters can be lumped or distributed!cti"e CircuitA circuit which contains on one or more 561 (5lectro moti#e force) sourcesis called Acti#e CircuitPassi"e CircuitA circuit, in which no one 561 source exist is called 0assi#e Circuit+ther important related terms to 5lectric Circuits and etworks

NoeA point or 7unction where two or more circuit"s elements (resistor, capacitor,inductor etc) meet is called odeBranc#!hat part or section of circuit which locate between two 7unctions is calledbranch&n branch, one or more elements can be connected and they ha#e twoterminalsLoopA closed path in circuit where more than two meshes can be occurred iscalled loop ie there may be many meshes in a loop, but a mesh does not

contain on one loop$es#A closed loop which contains no other loop within it or a path which does notcontain on other paths is called 6esh


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8e use dierent theorems to sol#e complex networks 9enerally, Complexnetwork can be sol#ed by the following two methods (which we will discusslater)Direct met#oE%ui"alent Circuit $et#o(8e will discuss these two methods latter)


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The Main .ifference between inear and Nonlinear Circuit

The ain


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;inear Circuit and its

characteristic curve is shown in below fig 1!.

E5a8+les of iner Circuits and inear Ele8ents

esistance and esistive Circuit

+nductor and +nductive Circuits

Capacitor and Capacitive Circuits

Non inear Circuit

A nonlinear circuit is an electric circuit whose parameters are varied with respect to Current andoltage. +n other words, an electric circuit in which circuit parameters esistance, inductance,

capacitance, waveform, fre%uency etc! is not constant, is called Non ;inear Circuit.

+f we draw the circuit output characteristic curve in between Current and oltage, it will loo" li"e

a curved or bending line as shown in fig 0!.


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Non ;inear Circuit and its characteristic curve are shown in below fig 0!.

E5a8+les of Non6iner Circuits and Non inear Ele8ents


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.ifference between "nilateral and i6ateral

Circuits Ele8ents

Unilateral circuits&n unilateral circuits, the property of circuit changes with the change ofdirection of supply #oltage or current &n other words, unilateral circuit allowsthe current to ow only in one direction Diode recti'er is the best exampleof unilateral circuit because it does not perform the recti'cation in bothdirection of supplyBi-lateral circuits&n bilateral circuits, the property of circuit does not change with the change

of direction of supply #oltage or current &n other words, bilateral circuitallows the current to ow in both directions!ransmissionline is the bestexample of bilateral circuit because, if you gi#e supply from any direction,the circuit properties remain constant

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9ow to deter8ine the nu8ber of Nodes,

ranches, oo+s and Meshes in a Circuit?

*ol#ing and analy4ing electrical circuits and networks, you must know aboutodes, :ranches, $oops and 6eshes *o we are here with a simple tutoriale#er to 'nd all these terms in electric circuitsNoeA point or 7unction where two or more circuit"s elements (resistor, capacitor,inductor etc) meet is called odeBranc#!hat part or section of circuit which locate between two 7unctions is called

branch&n branch, one or more elements can be connected and they ha#e twoterminalsLoopA closed path in circuit where more than two meshes can be occurred iscalled loop ie there may be many meshes in a loop, but a mesh does notcontain on one loop$es#A closed loop which contains no other loop within it or a path which does notcontain on other paths is called 6eshLets make it easier&

ow will 'nd all these terms one by one with the following simple stepsConsider the following *imple 5lectric Circuit which contains on 'components or elements


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(& )inin* Noes in Electric CircuitsAfter redrawing the abo#e circuit, it becomes as below circuit, now you caneasily 'nd the total number of odes as shown in 'g below

+& )inin* Branc#es in Electric Circuits


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,& )inin* Loops in Electric Circuits

&)inin* $es#es in Electric circuits


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.&/"er all circuit wit# 0 Noes1 ' Branc#es1 , Loops an + $es#es


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The Main .ifference between *ctive and Passive Co8+onents

Active and 9assive Commonest ery asy (planation with (amples!

*ctive Co8+onents7Those devices or components which re%uired e(ternal source to their operation is called Active

Components.

1or E5a8+le7


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the above statement about active Components, then you will easily get this e(ample.

%n other &ords'

*ctive Co8+onents7

Those devices or components which produce energy in the form of oltage or Current are called

as Active Components

1or E5a8+le7


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basic concepts electrical circuits

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