baseline studies on pesticide
TRANSCRIPT
WEST AFRICA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
PROGRAMME (WAAPP-NIGERIA)
REPORT OF A BASELINE STUDY ON STATUS OF USE,
REGISTRATION AND REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA
BY
WEST AFRICA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAMME (WAAPP-NIGERIA)
Consultants: Professor A. M. Emechebe (National Consultant)
Professor F. Ekeleme (Zonal Consultant) Dr. S. R. Yusuf (Zonal Consultant) Dr. C. Isanbor (Zonal Consultant)
OCTOBER, 2013
1
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................... 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 6
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 PREAMBLE ............................................................................................................................................ 8
1.2 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES AND TERMS OF REFERENCE OF THE STUDIES ............................................................ 9
2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY OF STUDIES .............................................................................................. 10
3 STATUS OF USE OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA ................................................................................................... 11
3.1 FARMERS’ PRACTICES AND KNOWLEDGE .................................................................................................... 11
3.2 PROCUREMENT AND FIELD APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES BY FARMERS ............................................................... 11
3.3 TYPES OF CROPS GROWN BY FARMERS ...................................................................................................... 14
3.4 TYPES OF PESTS AND DISEASES AGAINST WHICH FARMERS APPLY PESTICIDES ..................................................... 14
3.5 TYPES OF PESTICIDES USED BY FARMERS .................................................................................................... 17
3.6 FARMERS’ PRACTICES IN THE USE AND HANDLING OF PESTICIDES .................................................................... 21
3.6.1 Reading of manufacturers’ labels on pesticide containers prior to use of pesticides .............. 21
3.6.2 Wearing personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides ......................... 21
3.6.3 Observing pre-harvest waiting period ...................................................................................... 21
3.6.4 Waiting for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed fields ................................................... 22
3.6.5 Proper Storage of Pesticides .................................................................................................... 23
3.6.6 Disposal of empty/used pesticides containers and packages .................................................. 23
3.6.7 Awareness of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control........................................... 23
3.6.8 Use of pesticides to protect stored primary farm produce....................................................... 28
3.6.9 Remedies taken to minimize adverse effects/damage due to pesticides applied to stored
produce or to crops, or due to exposure of applicators to pesticides ..................................................... 28
3.7 TRAINING GIVEN TO FARMERS ON SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF PESTICIDES ....................................................... 28
3.8 USE OF PESTICIDES TO CONTROL MAJOR PEST OUTBREAKS BY DIVISION OF PEST CONTROL SERVICES OF THE FEDERAL
DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK AND PEST CONTROL, FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ............. 32
3.9 CONSULTANTS’ COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................ 33
3.9.1 Comments: ............................................................................................................................... 33
3.9.2 Recommendations: .................................................................................................................. 34
4 ROLE OF PESTICIDE MARKETERS IN PESTICIDE USE IN NIGERIA .................................................................... 35
4.1 TYPES OF MARKETERS ............................................................................................................................ 35
4.2 SUPPLIERS OF PESTICIDES SOLD BY MARKETERS: .......................................................................................... 35
4.3 STORAGE OF PESTICIDES BY MARKETERS .................................................................................................... 35
4.4 CLASSES OF PESTICIDE MARKETERS ........................................................................................................... 35
4.5 TYPES OF PESTICIDES SOLD BY MARKETERS ................................................................................................. 35
4.6 PACKAGING OF PESTICIDES IN DIFFERENT SIZES TO MEET PURCHASING POWERS OF VARIOUS CLASSES OF FARMERS ... 35
4.7 LABELLING OF RE-PACKAGED PRODUCTS .................................................................................................... 36
4.8 TRAINING OF FARMERS ON SAFE AND APPROPRIATE USE OF PESTICIDES ........................................................... 36
4.9 ADVICE GIVEN ON PROPER DISPOSAL OF USED PESTICIDE CONTAINERS ............................................................. 36
4.10 NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP WITH NAFDAC ............................................................................................... 36
4.11 REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES WITH NAFDAC ........................................................................................... 37
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4.12 MARKETERS’ PROVISIONS/ARRANGEMENTS FOR DISPOSAL OF EXPIRED PESTICIDES ............................................. 37
4.13 MARKETING OF PESTICIDE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT BY PESTICIDE MARKETERS ................................................. 37
4.14 MARKETING COMPANIES DO NOT MANUFACTURE OR PRODUCE PESTICIDES ...................................................... 37
4.15 COUNTRIES FROM WHICH MARKETERS PROCURE PESTICIDES .......................................................................... 38
4.16 TRAINING OF RETAILERS OF PESTICIDES ..................................................................................................... 38
4.17 TRAINING OF FARMERS BY RETAILERS ........................................................................................................ 38
4.18 STATUS OF PESTICIDE RETAILING IN RURAL MARKETS IN NINE STATES OF NIGERIA ............................................ 39
4.19 CONSULTANTS' RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................... 45
4.19.1 Recommendation 4: .......................................................................................................... 45
4.19.2 Recommendation 5: .......................................................................................................... 45
5 STATUS OF REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA ................................................................................. 45
5.1 CONSULTANT RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................... 49
5.1.1 Recommendation 6: ................................................................................................................. 49
6 ...... ROLES OF MINISTRIES, DEPARTMENTS & AGENCIES IN THE USE & REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 49
6.1 ROLES OF MDAS IN THE USE AND REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN THE THREE STUDY ZONES ............................... 49
6.1.1 Roles of MDAs in the North-East/ North-West study zone ...................................................... 50
6.1.2 Roles of MDAs in the South-East/South-South study zone ....................................................... 56
6.1.3 Roles of MDAs in the South-West/North-Central zone ............................................................ 61
6.2 ROLES OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MDAS IN THE USE AND REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA ..................... 66
6.2.1 Roles of NAFDAC ...................................................................................................................... 66
6.2.2 Roles of NESREA (National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency) 67
6.2.3 Roles of Pest Control Division of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 68
6.2.4 Roles of the Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) ............................................................. 68
6.2.5 Roles of Headquarters of Federal Ministry of Environment ..................................................... 69
6.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS IN THE NATIONAL POLICY ON CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT ............. 69
6.3.1 Federal Ministry of Environment and its Parastatals: .............................................................. 69
6.3.2 Federal Ministry of Health and its Parastatals: ........................................................................ 70
6.3.3 Federal Ministry of Agriculture and its Parastatals:................................................................. 70
6.3.4 Federal Ministry of Commerce and Industries and its Parastatals: ......................................... 71
6.3.5 Federal Ministry of Labour: ...................................................................................................... 71
6.3.6 Federal Ministry of Transportation: ......................................................................................... 71
6.3.7 Federal Ministry of Justice:....................................................................................................... 71
6.3.8 Federal Ministry of Science and Technology and its Parastatals: ............................................ 71
6.3.9 Consumer Protection Council of Nigeria (CPC): ........................................................................ 72
6.3.10 Nigeria Customs Services: ................................................................................................. 72
6.3.11 Federal Road Safety Corps: ............................................................................................... 72
6.3.12 Nigeria Police Force and other relevant security agencies :.............................................. 72
6.4 CONSULTANTS’ COMMENTS, SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 72
6.4.1 Comments: ............................................................................................................................... 72
6.4.2 Recommendation ..................................................................................................................... 74
7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 75
8 DOCUMENTS CONSULTED ............................................................................................................................. 75
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List of Tables Table 1. Sources of pesticides purchased by farmers in nine states of Nigeria ............................ 12
Table 2. Formulation of marketed pesticides and farmer’s satisfaction with sizes of pesticides
offered for sale ............................................................................................................. 13
Table 3. Pesticide application equipment and their applicators in nine states of Nigeria ............ 13
Table 4. Types of crops grown across nine states of Nigeria and percentage of farmers that
produce them ............................................................................................................... 14
Table 5. Crops grown in nine states of Nigeria .............................................................................. 16
Table 6. Types of diseases and groups of pests against which farmers apply pesticides across
nine states of Nigeria .................................................................................................... 17
Table 7. Types of diseases and groups of pests against which farmers apply pesticides in each
of nine states of Nigeria ............................................................................................... 18
Table 8. Types of pesticides being used in 9 states of Nigeria ...................................................... 19
Table 9. Percentage of farmers/hired applicators that read labels on pesticide containers, and
wear personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides .................. 22
Table 10. Percentage of farmers that observe pre-harvest waiting period after applying
pesticides, and wait for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed field .................... 22
Table 11. Storage of pesticides in relation to children’s reach in nine states of Nigeria .............. 23
Table 12. Location of pesticide storage facility in nine States of Nigeria ...................................... 24
Table 13. Disposal of used/empty pesticide containers and packages in nine states of Nigeria .. 25
Table 14. Awareness of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control in nine states of
Nigeria .......................................................................................................................... 26
Table 15. Non-Chemical disease and pest control measures identified by farmers in nine
states of Nigeria ............................................................................................................ 27
Table 16. Use of pesticides (synthetic and plant-derived) to protect stored primary produce in
nine states of Nigeria .................................................................................................... 29
Table 17. Types of synthetic pesticides and substances used to protect stored produce in nine
states of Nigeria ............................................................................................................ 30
Table 18. Remedies used in seven states of Nigeria to minimize adverse effects of pesticides ... 31
Table 19. Percentage of farmers that received training on safe and effective use of pesticides . 32
Table 20. Percentage contribution by organizations to training of farmers across the states ..... 32
Table 21. Pesticides recommended by the Division for the control of above pests ..................... 33
Table 22. Types of training given to farmers by pesticides marketers .......................................... 36
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Table 23.Types of advice on disposal of used pesticide containers by pesticide marketers ........ 36
Table 24. Pesticide marketers’ perception of their relationship with NAFDAC ............................ 37
Table 25. Arrangement made by markets for disposal of expired pesticides ............................... 37
Table 26. Countries from which pesticide marketers in nine states of Nigeria obtain their
pesticides ...................................................................................................................... 38
Table 27. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Imo, Benue and Kano States ............... 40
Table 28. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Abia and Edo States ............................ 41
Table 29. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Gombe and Kaduna States ................. 42
Table 30. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Oyo and Niger States .......................... 43
Table 31. List of banned chemicals in Nigeria ................................................................................ 48
Table 32. Restricted chemicals (To be used with permit from NESREA) ....................................... 49
Table 33. Control of pests and diseases of crops/animals by farmers using pesticides as
recommended by National Research Institutes in Borno and Kaduna States ........... 53
Table 34. Control of pests and diseases of crop/animals by farmers using pesticides as
instructed by Gombe, Kaduna and Kano states Ministries of Agriculture and ADPs ... 54
Table 35. Pesticide marketers operating in the north-east and north-west zones of Nigeria ...... 56
Table 36. Pesticides recommended to farmers by National Agricultural Research Institutes in
Abia, Imo and Edo States for control major pests and diseases .................................. 58
Table 37. Pesticides recommended to farmers by Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development, State Ministry of Agriculture and the State ADPs in Abia, Imo and
Edo States for control major pests and diseases ......................................................... 59
Table 38. Control of pests and diseases of crops/animals by farmers using pesticides as
instructed by National Agricultural .............................................................................. 62
Table 39. Control of pests and diseases of crops/animals by farmers using pesticides as
instructed by National Agricultural Research Institutes in Niger and Oyo States ...... 64
Table 40. Pesticides recommended to farmers by Benue State Ministry of Agriculture and
Benue State ADP ........................................................................................................... 66
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Abbreviations and acronyms ABU Ahmadu Bello University ADP(s) Agricultural Development Programme(s) BARDA Benue State Agricultural Development programme CPC Consumer Protection Council CRIN Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria EA(s) Extension Agent(s) ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FMARD Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
FCT Federal Capital Territory FRIN Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria GDP Good Distribution Practice GWP Good Warehouse Practice IAR Institute for Agricultural Research
IAR & T Institute of Agricultural Research and Training IFDC International Fertilizer Development Center IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture KASCO Kano State Agricultural Supply Company KNARDA Kano State Agricultural& Rural Development Authority LCRI Lake Chad Research Institute
LGA(s) Local Government Area(s) MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MLOs Mycoplasma-Like Organisms MRLs Maximum Pesticide Residue Limits MTRMs Monthly Technical Reviews NAERLS National Agricultural Extension Research Liaison Services NAFDAC National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control NAPRI National Animal Production Research Institute NARIs National Agricultural Research Institute NCCM National Committee on Chemical Management NCRI National Cereals Research Institute
NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NGO (s) Non-Governmental Organization NIFOR Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research NIHORT National Institute for Horticultural Research NRCRI National Root Crops Research Institute PIC Prior Informed Consent PIM Product Information Management RLOs Rickettsia-Like Organisms SMA State Ministry of Agriculture SON Standard Organization of Nigeria UN United Nations
WHO World Health Organization
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Executive Summary Baseline studies were carried out in nine states of Nigeria to document the present status of the
use, registration and regulation of pesticides. The objectives of the study was to (i) identify the
extent of use of pesticides in Nigeria; (ii) identify the procedure for registration, production,
importation and sales and usage of the pesticides; (iii) identify the approved procedures for
regulation and registration of pesticides by ECOWAS and other international communities; and
(iv) make recommendations on how to streamline Nigeria’s procedures with international
standards. A total of 360 farmers were interviewed in 57 Local Government Areas (LGAs) across
the nine states through questionnaires. In each state also, key informant interviews through
questionnaires were administered to relevant Federal and State Ministries, Departments and
Agencies (MDAs). In addition, five pesticide marketers were interviewed in each state. Also the
consultants visited two rural produce markets in each State. The result of the survey showed
that most of the farmers interviewed were males (83%); within the age group 41-50 years, (41%)
and above 50 years, (29%). About 92% of farmers interviewed use pesticides and this varied
among the states. Farmers purchased their pesticides from the open markets (74%);
farmergroups and cooperatives (8%); government agencies (12%) and NGOs (4%).A small
proportion of farmers (2%) sourced pesticides from other sources. Across the states, 43% of
pesticide applications were done by farmers while 30% and 26% of the applications were made
by hired applicators and farmers’ family members, respectively using knapsack sprayer (87%).
Overall, farmer’s decision on how to apply pesticides was mainly based on advice by EAs (23%),
and the type of pest (22%). Farmers’ knowledge about how to mix pesticide with water to
obtain the spray mixture was derived from instructions on the product label, information by
fellow farmers or advice of pesticide marketer or hired applicator. Across the nine states, 72% of
the farmers use pesticides to protect stored primary farm produce from storage pests. Type of
pesticides used by farmers was crop specific and in some cases location dependent. Although
some similarities exist, the method of storing pesticides, place of storage and disposal of empty
pesticide cans varied from state to state. Across the states, 49% of farmers received training on
the safe and effective use of pesticides. The MDAs give advice and recommend synthetic
pesticides to farmers for control of pests and diseases in their zones. However, only about 8% of
the MDAs were aware of the World Health Organization classification of pesticides by hazards.
Although, the MDAs have no power/authority to enforce the rules & regulations on labelling,
packaging and storage of pesticides, the ADPs in all the states studied organize meetings and
awareness campaign to address the issues. Majority of the MDAs provide necessary training on
safe and efficient use of pesticides to extension agents. NAFDAC has the responsibility for
pesticide registration in Nigeria. Although, the National Environmental Standards and Regulation
Enforcement Agency (NESREA) is actively involved in ensuring safe use and management of
pesticides, in Nigeria, its major function of enforcing the regulation on pesticide use is hindered
by the absence of a national pesticide legislation.
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Based on our studies, the consultants have made the following seven recommendations:
Recommendation 1: The consultants strongly recommend that farmers should store
pesticides in locked pesticide store away from residence and out of reach of children and
unauthorized persons.
Recommendation 2: The consultants recommend that farmers should be most strongly advised to always dispose used/empty containers of pesticides as directed on the label or, where this directive is unavailable, by puncturing or shredding, burning or deep burial in soil. Alternatively, such containers/packages can be returned to the agro-dealers who will dispose of them in special disposal sites. On no account should used pesticide containers be sold to the public.
Recommendation 3: Convinced that the above improper actions of farmers with respect to pesticide use are due to ignorance or misinformation, the consultants strongly recommend that the State ADPs and NGOs intensify regular, informative and widely distributed training of farmers and pesticide applicators in all aspects of best practices in the procurement, handling and use of pesticides and on the proper disposal of spent/used/empty pesticide packages and containers.
Recommendation 4: It is strongly recommended that the appropriate regulatory
authority make every effort to enforce regulation that requires that all re-packaged
products bear the same label as the original product.
Recommendation 5: The consultants strongly recommend that appropriate regulatory
authority make it mandatory that all pesticides retail/wholesale outlets, stores or
facilities within the markets are located at one designated corner of the market, and
must be separated from food/feed-selling outlets, stores or facilities.
Recommendation 6: The consultants recommend that a complete list of banned and
restricted chemicals be widely circulated to all stakeholders in both the public and
private sectors.
Recommendation 7: The consultants, recognizing the urgent need to develop a legal
framework for the control of pesticides in Nigeria, strongly recommend that the Federal
Government facilitate the enactment into law, Agricultural Chemicals (Pesticides)
Regulation Law. The purpose of legislation on the control of and use of pesticides is to
enable the Nigerian society to obtain the benefits from the use of pesticides with minimal
adverse effect to man and livestock health and the environment.
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble
The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO of UN) defines pesticide
as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or
controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal diseases, unwanted species of
plants or animals causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production,
processing, storage, transporting or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and
wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances which may be administered to animals
for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies. The term also
includes substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the
commodity from deterioration during storage and transport.
In agricultural crop production, the term “pest” is used in the broad (FAO of UN) concept to
refer to arthropod pests (insects, mites and millipedes), pathogens (viroids, viruses, MLOs,
RLOs, eu-bacteria, fungi, algae, and nematodes), vertebrates (rodents and birds), parasitic
flowering plants, and non-parasitic weeds (both annuals and perennials).
Although agricultural pesticides constitute one of the effective techniques for the
management of pests, there are international guidelines on pesticide use, pesticide
legislation and pesticide registration. Judicious and effective use of pesticides, among
others:
Promotes practices which reduce risks in the handling of pesticides, including
minimizing adverse effects on humans, livestock, wildlife and the environment and
preventing accidental poisoning resulting from improper handling;
Ensures that pesticides are used effectively and efficiently for the improvement of
agricultural production and of human, animal and plant health;
Promotes integrated pest management (IPM). IPM is the careful consideration of all
available pest control techniques, and subsequent integration of appropriate
measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides
and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or
minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of
healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystem (i.e.,pesticides that
are, as far as possible, target specific and degrade into innocuous constituent parts
or metabolites after use) and encourages natural pest control mechanisms, including
biological control agents, as well as non-chemical pesticides.
Pesticide Registration involves the process whereby responsible national government or
regional authority approves the sale and use of a pesticide, following the evaluation of
comprehensive scientific data demonstrating that the product is effective for the
intended purpose and does not pose an unacceptable risk to human, animal health or
the environment. The purpose of registration is to ensure that pesticides, when applied
9
according to registered label directions, will be effective and efficient for the purposes
claimed, and safe. Thus, registration allows availability of suitable pesticides and ensures
their proper, effective and safe use. Many countries have set up regulatory procedures
to control trade practices and the production and use of pesticides. These regulatory
procedures are embedded in pesticide registration procedure and in pesticide
legislation.
Pesticide legislation means any laws or regulations introduced to regulate the
manufacture, marketing, distribution, labelling, packaging, use and disposal of pesticides
in their qualitative, quantitative, health and environmental aspects.
Judicious and effective use of pesticides in Nigeria involves shared responsibility by
many actors, including Nigerian government and pesticide exporting countries, national
and international research and development organizations; ADPs; NGOs; Federal and
State ministries of agriculture, environment, trade and health; NAFDAC; Federal and
State departments of agriculture; local government departments of agriculture; farmers
and farmer associations;extension delivery services and agents; manufacturers and
marketers of biological pesticides and application equipment; food industry and
marketers of agricultural produce.
The present study will provide information on the present status of the use, registration
and regulation of pesticides in Nigeria through baseline studies on these aspects of the
pesticide sector of the country.
1.2 Purpose and objectives and terms of reference of the studies
The objectives of the studies are to:
Identify the extent of use of pesticides in Nigeria;
Identify the procedure for registration, production, importation and sales and
usage of the pesticides;
Identify the approved procedures for regulation and registration of pesticides
by ECOWAS and other international communities; and
Make recommendations on how to streamline Nigeria’s procedures with
international standards.
It is expected that the studies will result in the following:
(i) Creation of a conducive environment for trans-boundary trade in
pesticides;
(ii) Recommendations on effective quality control mechanisms for pesticides
in Nigeria;
(iii) Check-mating the sale of unauthorised pesticides in Nigeria.
The Terms of reference for the studies are given in Annex 1.
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2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY OF STUDIES
The studies were implemented by four consultants comprised of three Zonal Consultants
and one National Consultant. The country was divided into three study zones, namely; (i)
South-East and South-South zone, (ii) South-West and North-Centralzone, and (iii) North-
West and North-East zone. Professor Friday Ekeleme covered the South-East and South-
South zone, while Dr. Chukwuemeka Isanbor covered the South-West and North-Central
zone; the North-West and North-East zone was covered by Dr. Sani Ringim Yusuf. The
National Consultant (Professor Alphonse Mgbanu Emechebe) covered one state in each of
the three zones, as well as some Federal Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs),
most of which are located in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja.
The zonal consultantsimplemented the studies in two states in each of the three study
zones, the choice of states being restricted to those with at least one National Agricultural
Research Institute (NARI). The six states that met this criterion were Abia and Edo (for
South-South and South-East), Oyo and Niger (for South-West and North-Central) and
Kaduna and Borno (for North-East and North-West). However, the consultants noted that
there is limited use of pesticides in millet-based cropping systems (that is prevalent in Borno
State), while more useful information on pesticide usage would be obtained from Gombe
State, in the same zone, where there is wide-spread cultivation of horticultural crops on
which considerable amount of pesticides are applied. Consequently, the North-East and
North-West zonal consultant visited Lake Chad Research Institute (LCRI), Maiduguri (Borno
State) but conducted field work on pesticide usage in Gombe State.
In each state, the consultant trained two enumerators (sourced from the ADP) to administer
questionnaires to forty (40) farmers/farmer organisations. The 40 farmers interviewed in
each state were selected with the aid of the ADP from 10-25% of the LGAs of the state. In
each state also, the consultant administered questionnaires and conducted key informant
interviews with relevant MDAs, especially the State Ministry of Agriculture,State Agricultural
Development Programme (ADP), the State Agricultural Supply Company and the NARIs. In
addition, the consultants interviewed five pesticide marketers and visited two rural markets
in each state.
The following six instruments for data collection were used for the studies (Annexes 2-7):
A. Questionnaire for farmers and farmer organizations
B. Questionnaire for pesticide marketers
C. Questionnaire for key informant interview for NAFDAC
D. Questionnaire for key informant interview for MDAs
E. Questionnaire for key informant interview for SON
F. Notes on what to look-out for in rural markets and large produce markets (where
available).
11
WAAPP-Nigeria provided the consultants with letters of introduction (on WAAPP-Nigeria-
headed paper) to the various stakeholders.
On completion of the field work, the consultants re-convened for three days at the WAAPP-
Nigeria office in Abuja to consider the collected data and agree on the next line of action.
To assist with data analysis, the consultants spent all three days to code answers provided in
the farmer questionnaire and that of the pesticide marketers. One of the consultants
(Professor F. Ekeleme) hired data entry technicians to enter the data in computer before
analysis. The coded data were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution of
respondents and tabulation) using Procedure Frequency in SAS version 9.3 [SAS Institute
Inc., 2001].The results of the other questionnaires for the zones were written-up by the
respective consultants. They were then integrated into one comprehensive report.
3 STATUS OF USE OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA
3.1 Farmers’ practices and knowledge
On the whole, a total of 360 farmers were interviewed in 57 Local Government Areas (LGAs)
across the nine States (Abia, Benue, Edo, Gombe, Imo, Kaduna, Kano, Niger and Oyo). Most
of the farmers were males (82.8%) while the rest (17.2%) were females. The distribution of
farmers according to their ages was as follows: aged less than 20 years, (0.6%); aged 20-30
years, (7.1%); aged 31-40 years, (22.6%); aged 41-50 years, (40.8%) and above 50 years,
(28.8%). The present status of the use of pesticides by farmers is presented in six different
sub-headings. About 92.3% of farmers across the nine states use pesticides; the figure
among the states varies from 77.5% in Imo to 100% in Benue and Oyo.
3.2 Procurement and field application of pesticides by farmers
Farmers purchase pesticides from various retail and wholesale sources, namely open market
(comprised of shops of pesticides marketers and mobile pesticide vendors), farmer groups
and cooperatives, government agency (e.g., ADPs and government input supply companies)
and NGOs. Across the nine states, farmers purchased their pesticides from the open
markets (73.9%), farmer groups and cooperatives (8.0%), government agencies (12.1%) and
NGOs (4.1%), while a very small proportion of farmers (1.8%) sourced pesticides from other
sources (Table 1).
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Table 1.Sources of pesticides purchased by farmers in nine states of Nigeria
Percentage of farmers’ pesticide need purchased from:
State
Open market
Farmer groups cooperatives
Government agency
NGOs Other sources
Abia 80.0 5.0 2.5 12.5 0.0 Benue 95.1 0.0 2.4 2.4 0.0 Edo 60.5 29.0 2.6 7.9 0.0 Gombe 40.4 7.7 51.9 0.0 0.0 Imo 75.0 2.8 5.6 8.3 8.3 Kaduna 75.0 8.3 6.3 6.3 0.0 Kano 74.5 2.1 19.5 0.0 0.0 Niger 83.8 10.8 5.4 0.0 0.0 Oyo 87.5 8.3 2.8 2.1 0.0 Across States 73.9 8.0 12.1 4.2 1.8
Among the states, the quantity of pesticides that farmers purchased from the open market
varied from 40.4% in Gombe State to 95.1% in Benue State. The quantities of pesticides
sourced from farmer groups and cooperatives, government agencies and NGOs varied from
0.0% (for Benue State) to 29.0% (forEdo State), 2.1% (for Oyo State) to 51.9 (forNiger State),
and 0.0% (for Kano and Niger States) to 12.5% (forAbia State), respectively. There were no
other sources of pesticide in all states, except Imo (8.3%) and Kano (3.9%).
Across the nine states, the pesticides are purchased as liquid formulation (61.9%) or as
powder, including tablets (38.1%). Among the states, the percentage of pesticides procured
as liquids varied from 50% (for Abia and Benue) to 91.9% (for Niger State)[Table 2]. The sizes
of the pesticide packages/packs offered for sale was satisfactory to 81% of the farmers.
However, among the states, farmers’ satisfaction with the sizes of pesticide packs available
in the market varied from 53.9% (for Abia) to 100% (for Kano) [Table 2].
The pesticides were applied with the knapsack sprayer, motorized back pack, and Ultra Low
Volume (ULV) applicator or weedwiper (Table 3). Across the states, 87.4% of the
applications were done with the knapsack sprayer, the corresponding figures for motorized
back pack, weed wiper, and ULV applicator being 5.5%, 2.8% and 0.8%, respectively. Only
2.5% of the applications were made with other techniques/methods (Table 3).
13
Table 2.Formulation of marketed pesticides and farmer’s satisfaction with sizes of pesticides offered for sale
State
% of pesticides
marketed
Farmers’ satisfaction with size of pesticide packs
Liquid Powder Satisfied Not satisfied
Abia 50.0 50.0 53.9 46.2 Benue 50.0 50.0 92.5 7.5 Edo 78.1 22. 87.9 12.1 Gombe 76.9 23.1 73.7 26.3 Imo 58.8 41.2 68.8 31.3 Kaduna 52.1 47.9 79.0 21.1 Kano 60.9 39.1 100.0 0.0 Niger 91.9 8.1 94.7 5.3 Oyo 61.9 38.1 77.3 22.7 Across States 61.9 38.1 81.0 19.0
The pesticides were applied by the farmer, a family member or a hired applicator. Across
the states, 42.8% of pesticide applications were done by farmers while 29.7% and 27.5% of
the applications were made by hired applicators and farmers’ family members, respectively
(Table 3). Among the states, applications made with the knapsack, motorized backpack,
weed wiper and ULV applicator varied from 73.7% (Imo) to 100% (Abia and Benue); 0.0%
(Abia, Benue and Imo) to 20% (Gombe); 0.0% (Abia, Benue, Gombe, Kaduna and Kano) to
13.2% (Imo) and 2.6% (Edo, Imo, and Niger).
Across the states, farmers decision on how to apply pesticides was based on advice by EAs
(23.4%), advice by pesticide marketers (13.8%), the type of pest (22.0%), past experience
(11.3%), extent of pest damage (8.7%), type of crop (6.2%), recommendation by other
farmers (6.2%), training received (1.7%), cost and/or availability of pesticide (1.1%), advice
by hired pesticide applicator (0.9%) and type of pesticide (0.3%).
Table 3.Pesticide application equipment and their applicators in nine states of Nigeria
% of applications made with Persons applying pesticides (%)
State
Knapsack
Motorized back pack
Weed wiper
ULV applicator
Farmer Family member
Hired applicator
Abia 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 57.4 18.5 24.1 Benue 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.2 39.1 37.7 Edo 81.6 13.2 2.6 2.6 51.3 10.8 18.0 Gombe 80.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 37.0 39.1 23.9 Imo 73.7 0.0 13.2 2.6 41.5 17.1 41.5 Kaduna 97.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 30.4 28.3 41.3 Kano 97.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 26.1 28.3 45.7 Niger 76.3 7.9 7.9 2.6 58.7 26.1 15.2 Oyo 90.7 2.3 2.48 0.0 63.2 26.3 10.5 Across States
87.4 5.5 2.8 0.8 42.8 27.5 29.7
14
Farmers’ knowledge about how to mix pesticide with water to obtain the spray mixture was
derived from instructions on the product label, information by fellow farmers or advice of
pesticide marketer or hired applicator.
The reasons that were given across the states by farmers that do not apply pesticides
included:
Lack of funds (45.8%)
Fear of hazards associated with use of pesticides (20.3%)
High cost of pesticides (13.6%)
Ignorance of the value of pesticides in agricultural production (11.9%)
No incidence of pests and diseases in their farm (8.5%)
3.3 Types of crops grown by farmers
The farmers in the study zones grew a wide range of crops which varied with state and agro-
ecological zone.The types of crops grown across the nine states and the percentage of
farmers that cultivate them are given in Table 4. Also, the crops grown in each of the nine
states are listed in Table 5.
3.4 Types of pests and diseases against which farmers apply pesticides
The farmers interviewed in the nine states reported that they use pesticides to control a
large number of pests and diseases of crops in the field and in stored products, as well as
ticks on ruminants. In most cases, farmers provided information only on the pest groups
and very rarely on specific name of the pest or disease. Table 6 lists the types of pests and
diseases that farmers control with pesticides across the nine states surveyed in these
studies, while the types of pests and diseases listed by farmers in each of the states is
presented inTable 7.
Table 4.Types of crops grown across nine states of Nigeria and percentage of farmers that produce them.
S/No.
Crop
% of farmers producing crop
1. Maize 20.8 2. Cassava 10.4 3. Yam 8.9 4. Cowpea 8.4 5. Rice 7.1 6. Groundnut 5.7 7. Sorghum 5.3 8. Millet 3.6 9. Soybean 3.6 10. Tomato 2.6 11. Egg plant 2.5 12. Pepper 2.3 13. Okra 2.2
15
14. Vegetable (Spinach) 2.2 15. Melon 1.9 16. Fluted pumpkin 1.7 17. Onion 1.4 18. Pineapple 1.4 19. Cocoa 1.3 20. Cucumber 1.1 21. Cocoyam 1.0 22. Citrus 0.8 23. Sugarcane 0.6 24. Mango 0.5 25. Sweet potato 0.5 26. Bambara groundnut 0.5 27. Oil palm 0.4 28. African yambean 0.1 29. Cashew 0.1 30. Mucuna 0.1 31. Cabbage 0.1 32. Cotton 0.1
16
Table 5.Crops grown in nine states of Nigeria
Abia Benue Edo Gombe Imo Kaduna Kano Niger Oyo
Maize Yam Cassava Cowpea Maize Maize Maize Maize Maize Cassava Cassava Maize Maize Cassava Cowpea Rice Rice Cassava Eggplant Maize Plantain Groundnut Yam Soybean Sorghum Sorghum Yam Fluted pumpkin Groundnut Groundnut Millet Eggplant Sorghum Cowpea Millet Cowpea Yam Cowpea Cocoa Rice Pineapple Rice Millet Yam Tomato Cocoa Rice Okra Sorghum Cucumber Groundnut Onion Groundnut Pepper Rice Sorghum Pepper Soybean Okra Sugarcane Tomato Cowpea Spinach Okra Citrus Pineapple Spinach Melon Tomato Groundnut Okra Cocoyam Spinach Soybean Tomato Cotton Cocoyam Cocoyam Soybean Soybean Cashew Pepper Mango Cocoyam Pepper Fluted pumpkin Millet Melon Egg plant Melon Sweet potato Cowpea Tomato Spinach Onion Sugarcane Groundnut Plantain Bambaranut Melon Pepper Pepper Melon Cucumber Okra Oilpalm Plantain Cucumber Okra African yambean Spinach Spinach Citrus Egg plant Plantain Mucuna Millet Rice Groundnut Bambara nut Cocoa Groundnut Cocoyam Oil palm Cabbage Sorghum Oil palm Melon Sweet potato Fluted pumpkin Sweet potato Pineapple Pepper Tomato Sugarcane Tomato Note: In each state, the crops are listed in descending order of importance, beginning with one grown by highest percentage of farmers and ending with that grown by lowest percentage of farmers.
17
3.5 Types of pesticides used by farmers
The results of the survey showed that the farmers use many types of pesticides. Most of the
pesticides are herbicides and insecticides with the rest being fungicides, rodenticides,
acaricides and nematicides. Many of pesticides were recorded with their trade names;
consequently many of them contain the same active ingredients. Among the states, the
number of types of pesticides being used to control pests and diseases varied from 14 (for
Niger State) to 54 (for Abia State); these are listed in Table 8.
Table 6.Types of diseases and groups of pests against which farmers apply pesticides across nine states of Nigeria
Serial No
Pest/Disease type
% Farmers controlling pest/diseases with pesticide
1. Insects in general 25.4 2. Weeds 20.3 3. Termites 12.0 4. Grasshopper and Locust 9.2 5. Storage Bruchids 6.9 6. Cocoa blackpod disease 3.6 7. Aphids 3.4 8. Caterpillars 3.4 9. Stemborers 3.1 10. Whiteflies 2.7 11. Rodents 2.3 12. Smuts 1.3 13. Ants 0.9 14. Mealybug 0.9 15. Ticks 0.9 16. Nematodes 0.8 17. Millipedes 0.6 18. Birds 0.5 19. Crickets 0.3 20. Mites 0.3
18
Table 7.Types of diseases and groups of pests against which farmers apply pesticides in each of nine states of Nigeria
Abia Benue Edo Gombe Imo Kaduna Kano Niger Oyo
Grasshoppers& Locusts Weeds Blackpod disease Caterpillars
Insects Stemborers Bruchids Termites Whiteflies Rodents Aphids Crickets Nematodes
Insects Weeds Termites Aphids Birds Blackpod disease Millipedes Rodents Nematodes
Termites
Insects Weeds Aphids Grasshoppers & Locust Bruchids Ants Blackpod disease Stemborers Whiteflies Millipedes Rodents
Insects Weeds Smuts Aphids Stemborers
Insects Blackpod Disease Termites Weeds Grasshoppers & Locust Birds Rodents Bruchids White flies
Weeds
Insects Termites Bruchids Ticks Smuts Whiteflies Nematodes
Weeds
Insects Aphids Caterpillars Termites Whiteflies
Insects
Termites Grasshoppers & Locusts Mealybug Rodents Bruchids Ants Nematodes Ticks Whiteflies
Grasshoppers & Locusts Bruchids Termites Caterpillars Stemborers Mealybug
Insects Millipedes Mites Nematodes Rodents Whiteflies
= Insects grouped together
19
Table 8.Types of pesticides being used in 9 states of Nigeria
Abia Benue Edo Gombe Imo Kaduna Kano Niger Oyo
Herbicides: Herbicides: Herbicides: Herbicides: Herbicides: Herbicides: Herbicides: Herbicides: Herbicides: Roundup Atrazine Paraforce Gramozone Roundup Gramozone Butachlor Gramozone Paraforce Primextra Delsate Roundup Paraquat Glyphosate Paraquat Gramozone Paraquat Multhrazine Razedown Sarosate Tochdown Primextra Glycol Atrazine Paraquat Atrazine Gramozone Gramozone Vinash Delsate Glyphosate Gramozone Glyphosate Oryzo Plus Insecticides: Towndown Paraquat Glyphosate Atrazine Atrazine Paraquat Butachlor Glyphosate Cypermethrin Roundup Tackle Weed burner Weed burner Galex Touchdown Roundup Glycol Actellic dust Paraquat Rizene 2, 4-D Sarosate Insecticides: Uproot Slasher Pendimethalin Carbofuran Atrazine Touchdown Gramozone Slasher Termex Atrazine Weed killer Atrazine Gamalin Insecticides: Uproot Paraquat Tackle Best Action Butachlor Weed
crusher 2, 4-D Karate DDVP
Atrazine Oryzo Plus Uproot Actellic dust Tackle Atrachlor Delsate Rodenticides: Laraforce Codal Gold Roundup Insecticides: Perfect killer Weedoff Control Total Control Total Klerat Gamalin Galex Clear weed Termex Karate Insecticides: Glytex Disburn Nematicides: Quickforce Oryzo Plus Galex Action 40 Attacke Aldrin dust Grasscutter Paraforce Carbofuran Extra force ParaForce Pendimethalin DD force Cypermethrin Cypermethrin Magic Ronstar 25EC Nuvacron Sandoz H Tackle DDVP Dragon Karate Sarosate Roundup Rocket Insecticides: Touchdown Zap-PZap Tricel DD force Touchdown Tackle Penta Force Karate Butachlor Snipper Nuvan 100EC DDVP Vinash Laso Endoforce Decis Cutlass Vetox 85 Seven 85 Termex Wacot H Insecticides: Force Up Action 40 Fusilade Biovan 100EC Cotspring Decis Insecticides: Kombat C Imidatcot DD Force Atrachlor Perfect killer VIP Perfect killer Phostoxin Best Action Phostoxin DDVP Primextra Delvap super Vetox 85 Attacke DD force DD force Snipper Gamalin Uproot Uppercott Delta force DDT Kombat C Uppercott Termex Aldrin dust Insecticides: Aldrin dust Aldrin Force up Ranbo Cypermethrin Termidust Furandan Best Action Best Action Delvap super Lindane Marshal Rocket Marshal Karate Cypermethrin Kombat C Rogor Cypermethrin Tricel Shogun Dragon Delta force Zap-Pzap Sharp
shooter Delthrin Delvap super
Dragon DDT Laraforce Fungicides: Snipper Karate Cotspring Karto Phostoxin Parathion Ridomil Fungicides: Perfect killer Decis
20
Actellic dust Karto Malathion Fernasan D Aldrex T Pextox Dimethoate Basudin DD Force Perfeckthion Rodenticides: Benlate Laraforce Force up Best Action Perfect Killer Wormforce Klerat Mancozeb Actellic dust Perfect killer DDT Termex Fungicides: Captan Furadan Rambo Demacron Action 40 Apron Star Uppercott Sharp shooter Diazinon Aldrin Rodomil Cypercott Terminator Imidacot Cypermethrin Aldrex T Fungicides: Vitoate Lindane Furadan Alstar Fungicides: Phostoxin Fungicides: Mancozeb Mancozeb Rogor Rodomil Nematicides: Profit Delvap Super Copper
sulphate Furadan
Dimethoate Fernasan D Kombat C Nematicides: Parathion Furadan Malathion Nemagon Sharp shooter
Rodenticides:
Termex Ratax Vetox 85 Fungicides: Apron Plus Z-Force Rodomil Benlate Copper sulphate
Contizeb Mancozeb Fungi Kill Captan Nematicides: Furadan Nemagon
21
3.6 Farmers’ practices in the use and handling of pesticides
The studies revealed prevailing practices of farmers in the use and handling of pesticides.
The practices are as follows:-
(i) Reading of manufacturers’ labels on pesticide containers prior to use of pesticides
(ii) Wearing personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides
(iii) Observing pre-harvest waiting period after applying pesticides
(iv) Waiting for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed field
(v) Storage of pesticides
(vi) Disposal of empty/used pesticide containers and packages
(vii) Awareness of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control
(viii) Use of pesticides to protect stored primary farm produce
(ix) Remedies taken to minimise adverse effects/damage due to pesticides applied to
stored produce or to crops, or due to exposure of applicators to pesticides.
The extent of compliance of farmers and their hired pesticide applicators to the above
practices is summarized below.
3.6.1 Reading of manufacturers’ labels on pesticide containers prior to use of
pesticides
Across the nine states, 78% of the farmers/hired applicators read manufactures’ labels and
follow the instructions before using pesticides; by contrast, 22% of the farmers do not read
these labels (Table 9). Among the states, the percentage of farmers that read labels varied
from 51.3% (Kano State) to 90.0% (Gombe State). By contrast, the percentage of farmers
that do not read labels varied from 10.0% (Gombe State) to 48.7% for Kano State (Table 9).
3.6.2 Wearing personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides
The percentage of farmers, their family members or hired pesticide applicators that wear
personal protective clothing during handling or application of pesticides, across the nine
states surveyed was 54.3%, compared to 45.7% that do not wear personal protective
clothing. Among the states, the percentage of farmers, their family members or hired
applicators that wear personal protective clothing varied from 53.3% (Oyo State) to 93.9%,
for Edo State (Table 9). [The percentages of farmers that claimed to be using protective
clothing across and amongst the States are apparently higher than what obtains in practice.]
3.6.3 Observing pre-harvest waiting period
Across the states, the percentage of farmers that observe pre-harvest waiting period after
applying pesticides was 80.5%; thus, 19.5% of the farmers do not observe this waiting
period (Table 10). However, among the states, the percentage of farmers that observe the
waiting period varied from 97.5% (Gombe State) to 55% in NigerState, while that of the
farmers that do not observe the waiting period varied from 2.5% (for Gombe State) to
45.0%, for Niger State (Table 10).
22
Table 9.Percentage of farmers/hired applicators that read labels on pesticide containers, and wear personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides
State
Read labels
Do not read
labels
Wear
protective
clothing
Do not wear
protective clothing
Abia 89.5 10.5 61.9 38.1
Benue 82.5 17.5 60.5 39.5
Edo 87.9 12.1 93.9 6.1
Gombe 90.0 10.0 82.9 17.1
Imo 81.3 18.8 84.4 15.6
Kaduna 55.3 44.8 86.8 13.2
Kano 51.3 48.7 55.0 45.0
Niger 94.4 5.6 62.2 37.8
Oyo 75.0 25.0 53.3 46.7
Across States 78.2 21.8 54.3 45.7
Table 10.Percentage of farmers that observe pre-harvest waiting period after applying pesticides, and wait for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed field
State
Observe pre-
harvest
waiting period
Do not observe
pre-harvest
waiting period
Wait at least 12 hours
before entering
sprayed field
Do not wait 12
hours before
entering sprayed
field
Abia 80.0 20.0 76.9 23.1
Benue 85.0 15.0 72.5 27.5
Edo 76.5 23.5 73.5 26.5
Gombe 97.5 2.50 97.5 2.5
Imo 87.9 12.1 87.9 12.1
Kaduna 81.6 18.4 65.8 34.2
Kano 82.5 17.5 70.0 30.0
Niger 55.0 45.0 76.9 23.1
Oyo 79.1 20.9 86.4 13.1
All States 80.5 19.5 78.7 21.3
3.6.4 Waiting for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed fields
Across the states, percentage of farmers that wait for at least 12 hours before entering
sprayed fields was 78.7%, compared to 21.3% that do not wait before entering fields after
applying pesticides (Table 10). Among the states, however, the percentage of farmers that
wait for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed fields ranged from 65.8% (Kaduna State)
to 97.5%, for Gombe State, while the percentage of those that do not wait varied from 2.5%
(for Gombe State) to 34.2%, for Kaduna State (Table 10).
23
3.6.5 Proper storage of pesticides
The percentage of farmers across the states that reported storing pesticides out of reach of
their children was 94.8%, with 5.2% not bothering to store pesticides out of children’s reach.
Among the states, the percentage of farmers that stored their pesticides out of reach of
children varied from 85% (Abia) to 100% in Benue State (Table 11). Across the states, the
location of pesticide store included: the farm store, the back-yard out of reach of children,
cupboard or wooden box, the same place as farm produce, hidden place in farm, shade
outside the residence, ceiling in the residence, uncompleted building, wardrobe in
residence, tree top in the farm, in implements’ shade, under the bed, with hired applicator,
and round pot in residence. The situation of pesticide storage in the states is presented in
Table 12.
Table 11.Storage of pesticides in relation to children’s reach in nine states of Nigeria
State Stored out of reach Not stored out of reach
Abia 85.0 15.0
Benue 100.0 0.0
Edo 91.2 8.8
Gombe 95.0 5.0
Imo 96.9 3.2
Kaduna 97.4 2.6
Kano 95.0 5.0
Niger 97.4 2.6
Oyo 95.5 4.6
All States 94.8 5.2
3.6.6 Disposal of empty/used pesticides containers and packages
The survey results show that farmers dispose of used and/or empty pesticide containers or
packages in different ways which include: burning, burying in soil, puncturing and throwing
away, washing and use to purchase fuel, washing and use for ablution/donation to
mosques, washing and re-using, returning to marketer/government agency, sale to agro-
dealer, throwing into river, and selling to buyers. The situations in each state and across the
states are given in Table 13.
3.6.7 Awareness of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control
About 67% of the farmers across the states indicated that they are aware of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control. Table 14 shows the percentages of farmers that are aware or unaware of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control in each of the nine states. Thenon-chemical methods identified by farmers included: manual weeding, hand-picking of insects, crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, deep ploughing/harrowing, cultural methods, use of neem products, bio-control, spreading ash and detergent washing powder, bush burning, mulching, scarecrows, early planting/harvesting, mixed cropping, healthy seed, fallowing, rogueing, and mechanical traps for rodents/monkey. The specific ones identified in each state are presented in Table 15.
24
Table 12.Location of pesticide storage facility in nine States of Nigeria
Storage facility and/or location
States
Across
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Farm store X X X X X X X X X X
Back-yard X X X X X X X X
Cupboard/wooden box X X X X X X
Hidden place in farm X X X X X
Same place as farm produce X X X X X
Shade outside residence X X X X X
Ceiling of residence X X X X X X
Uncompleted building X X
Wardrobe in residence X X X X
Tree top in farm X X X
Farm implement shade X X X X
Under bed X X X
With hired applicator X X
Round pot in residence X X
25
Table 13. Disposal of used/empty pesticide containers and packages in nine states of Nigeria
Pesticide container disposal method
Across
States
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Burning X X X X X X X X X X
Burying in soil X X X X X X X X
Puncturing & throwing away X X X X X X X X X
Washing and use to purchase fuel X X X X X X X
Washing & use for ablution X X X X
Washing and re-using X X X X
Return to marketer/
government agency
X X X
Sale to agro-dealer X X X
Throwing into river/stream X X
Wash and sell to buyers X X
Throwing away in farm X X X X X X X X X
26
Table 14.Awareness of non-chemical methods of pest and disease control in nine states of Nigeria
State
Awareness of non-chemical
control methods
Unaware of non-chemical
control methods
Abia 76.9 23.1
Benue 100.0 0.0
Edo 73.5 26.5
Gombe 97.5 2.5
Imo 80.0 20.0
Kaduna 63.1 36.8
Kano 57.5 42.5
Niger 76.9 23.1
Oyo 86.4 13.64
Across States 66.9 33.1
27
Table 15. Non-Chemical disease and pest control measures identified by farmers in nine states of Nigeria
Disease/pest control measures
Across
states
Abia
Benue
Edo
Gombe
Imo
Kaduna
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Manual weeding X X X X X X X X X X
Hand-picking of insects X X X X X X X X
Crop rotation X X X X X X X
Planting resistant varieties X X X X X X X X
Deep ploughing/harrowing X X X X X
Cultural methods X X X X X
Use of neem products X X X X X X X
Bio-control X X X X X X X
Spreading ash & washing powder X X X X X
Bush burning X X X X
Mulching X X X
Scarecrow X X X X X
Pruning X X
Early planting/harvesting X X
Mixed cropping X X
Fallowing X
Rouging X X
Mechanical traps for rodents and monkey X
Healthy seed X X X
28
3.6.8 Use of pesticides to protect stored primary farm produce
The survey results revealed that farmers use pesticides to protect stored primary farm
produce from storage pests and diseases. Across the nine states, 72.2% of the farmers use
pesticides to protect stored primary farm produce from storage pests, while 26.8 do not use
pesticide in this respect. Table 16, gives the percentage of farmers using these pesticides in
each of the nine states. The percentage of farmers that protect their stored produce with
pesticides in the nine states varied from 51.3% (Imo State) to 100% for Gombe State (Table
16).The types of pesticides used to protect stored produce in each of the states are listed in
Table 17.
3.6.9 Remedies taken to minimize adverse effects/damage due to pesticides
applied to stored produce or to crops, or due to exposure of applicators to
pesticides
The farmers were asked to list the remedies they take to minimize adverse effects on their
health or damage due to pesticide applied to stored produce or to crops in the field. The
remedies listed by the farmers across the states include the following:-
Drinking milk
Wearing protective clothing
Washing body after applying pesticides
Strict observance of waiting time
Follow expert instructions
Careful handling of pesticides
Following manufacturer’s instructions on label
Carefulness plus timely application of pesticides
Wash produce before consumption
Do not store pesticide in bedroom
Using small quantity of pesticide
Taking milk and septrin (antibiotic)
The use of these remedies in seven of the states is given in Table 18. It is noted that some
of the remedies are applied before or during use of pesticides while others are used to
mitigate effect of exposure to pesticides, or accidental ingestion of pesticides.
3.7 Training given to farmers on safe and effective use of pesticides
The results of these studies showed that some farmers have received training on the safe
and effective use of pesticides. Across the states, percentage of farmers that received this
training was 49.4%; thus the remaining 50.6% of the farmers have not received training on
the safe and effective use of pesticides. Among the states, the percentage of farmers that
have received training varied from 25% (Imo) to 92.3%, for Gombe state (Table 19). By
29
contrast, the percentage of farmers that have not been trained on safe and effective use of
pesticides varied from 7.7% (for Gombe State) to 75%, for Imo State.
Table 16.Use of pesticides (synthetic and plant-derived) toprotect stored primary produce in
nine states of Nigeria
State Pesticide used on
stored produce
Pesticides not used
on stored produce
Abia 53.7 46.3
Benue 92.5 7.5
Edo 86.5 13.5
Gombe 100.0 0.0
Imo 51.3 48.7
Kaduna 72.5 27.5
Kano 85.0 15.0
Niger 58.3 41.7
Oyo 67.4 32.6
Across States 72.2 27.8
30
Table 17.Types of synthetic pesticides and substances used to protect stored produce in nine states of Nigeria
Abia Benue Edo Gombe Imo Kaduna Kano Niger Oyo
Actellic dust
Phostoxin
Darafin 500 EC
Gamalin
Rambo
Refina
Apron Plus
Furadan
Pepper+ ginger
Aldrin dust
Dry pepper
Phostoxin
Rat Killer
Neem Ash
Apron Plus
Furadan
Otapiapia
Actellic dust
Ash + pepper
Best
Snipper
DDVP
Dry pepper
Karate
Termex
Tobacco leaf
Phostoxin
Apron Plus
Furadan
Dry pepper
Orange peel
Darafin500EC
Aldrin dust
Karate
Laraforce
Ash + pepper
Neem Ash
Rat Killer
Actellic dust
Cypermethrin
Rat Killer
Phostoxin
Ranbo
Karate
Furadan
Ash + pepper
Methylbromide
Aldrin dust
Vetox 85
Apron Plus
Furadan
Dry pepper
Neem Ash
Phostoxin
DDVP
Actellic dust
Best
Snipper
Dry pepper
Cypermethrin
Phostoxin
Gamalin
DDVP
Rambo
Actellic dust
Pifpaff
Karate
Termik
Phostoxin
Apron plus
Furadan
Gamalin
DDT
DDVP
Actellic dust
Power force
Pifpaff
Ultra force
Laraforce
Phostoxin
Apron plus
Furadan
Pepper+ginger
Termex
31
Table 18.Remedies used in seven states of Nigeria to minimize adverse effects of pesticides
Remedy taken minimize adverse
effect of pesticides
Across
States
Abia
Benue
Edo
Imo
Kano
Niger
Oyo
Drink milk or various oils X X X X X X X
Wear protective clothing X X X X X X X
Wash body after applying pesticide X X X X X X
Observe waiting period X X X X X X
Wash produce before consumption X X X X
Handle pesticide carefully X X X X X X
Follow instructions on label X X X X
Timely application of pesticide X X X X X
Do not store pesticide in bedroom X X X
Follow expert instructions X X X X X X
Use small quantity of pesticide X X X X
Take milk and septrin (antibiotics) X X X X X
The organizations or groups that train farmers on the safe and effective use of pesticides include
the following:
ADPs through EAs
Fellow farmers
NGOs (local and international)
Marketers
Research institutes (national and international)
Schools
Hired pesticide applicator.
The contribution of the above across the states is given in Table 20.
32
Table 19.Percentage of farmers that received training on safe and effective use of pesticides
State
% farmers that
received training
% farmers that
have not received
trained
Abia 40.0 60.0
Benue 55.0 45.0
Edo 61.8 38.2
Gombe 92.3 7.7
Imo 25.0 75.0
Kaduna 57.9 42.1
Kano 50.0 50.0
Niger 66.7 33.3
Oyo 31.8 68.1
Across States 49.4 50.6
Table 20.Percentage contribution by organizations to training of farmers across the states
Organization/group
% of farmers trained
by organization/group
ADPs 65.4
Fellow farmers 7.3
NGOs 13.3
Marketers 6.2
Research Institutes 3.4
Schools 2.8
Hired pesticide applicator 1.7
3.8 Use of pesticides to control major pestoutbreaks by Division of Pest Control
Services of the Federal Department of Livestock and Pest Control, Federal
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
The Division of Pest Control Services of the Federal Department of Livestock and Pest Control is
the technical arm of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development that is responsible for
issues about pesticides. The information below was, therefore, provided by the Division of Pest
Control Services, on behalf of the Ministry.
33
i) Pests and diseases which the Division controls with pesticides, incollaboration with
State Ministries of Agriculture, and farmers,and the pesticides used are as presented
in Table 21.
Table 21.Pesticides recommended by the Division for the control of above pests
Pest Pesticide used to control pest
Quelea/ Village weaver birds Fenthion, DDVP
Grasshoppers Lamdacyhalothrin, Cypermethrin
Locusts Fenthion, DDVP
Rodents Rocumin, Phostoxin
Aphids Cypermethrin, Lamdacyhalothrin Tsetseflies Cislin, Deltamethrin Armyworms DDVP, Cypermethrin
ii) The Division reported that it trains EAs on the safe and efficient use of pesticides. The
trained EAs then train farmers and pesticide applicators on the safe use, handling,
storage and disposal of pesticides.
iii) Although, the Division promotes adoption of IPM in principle, its main national
assignment is the control of major (widespread) outbreaks of the above pests by
application of synthetic chemicals. To do this, it adopts the “fire brigade approach”
that demands rapid response through application of synthetic pesticides.
iv) The pesticides used to control the above pest outbreaks are purchased by the Division
from “reputable and trusted” marketers. The application of the pesticides is
implemented and/or coordinated by the Division, with the collaboration of the State
Ministries of Agriculture, using the following techniques and application equipment:
Aerial spraying with aircraft to control Quelea birds.
Both ground spraying with knapsack (if localised) and aerial spraying with
aircraft (if several LGAs, whole state or several states are affected) to control
locusts and grasshoppers.
Both ground spraying with knapsack (if localised) and aerial spraying with
aircraft (if several LGAs, whole state, or several states are affected) to control
armyworms.
3.9 Consultants’ comments and recommendations
3.9.1 Comments:
The following practices, actions and activities of farmers in the handling and use of pesticides
constitute risks to human or animal health and the environment:
34
i. Using banned pesticides, especially persistent organic pollutants, (e.g. DDT, Aldrin,
Lindane, Gamalin) in crop production.
ii. Not reading manufacturers’ label on pesticide packages/containers before handling/using
pesticides. This was the practice of 22% of the farmers across the nine states and 49% of
farmers in Kano State.
iii. Not wearing personal protective clothing during handling and use of pesticides. About
46% of the farmers across the states do not wear personal protective clothing.
iv. Not observing pre-harvest waiting period before harvesting sprayed crop. A total of 20%
and 45% of farmers across the states and in Niger State, respectively do not observe the
waiting period.
v. Not waiting for at least 12 hours before entering sprayed fields. This occurred with 21% of
farmers across the states and 34% of farmers in Kaduna State.
vi. Not storing pesticides out of the reach of children. Fortunately, this was not reported in
Benue State but was reported in 5% of farmers across the states and 15% in Abia State.
vii. Storing pesticides in improper places (e.g. same place as farm produce, wardrobe inside
residence, tree top in the farm, under the bed, uncompleted building).
viii. Improper disposal of empty/used pesticide containers/packages. The improper methods
used include: (a) washing and use in ablution; (b) washing and re-use for domestic
purposes; (c) throwing away into river/stream; and (d) selling to buyers.
3.9.2 Recommendations:
i. Recommendation 1: The consultants strongly recommend that farmers should store pesticides in locked
pesticide store away from residence and out of reach of children and unauthorized
persons.
ii. Recommendation 2: The consultants recommend that farmers should be most strongly advised to always
dispose used/empty containers of pesticides as directed on the label or, where this
directive is unavailable, by puncturing or shredding, burning or deep burial in soil.
Alternatively, such containers/packages can be returned to the agro-dealers who will
dispose of them in special disposal sites. On no account should used pesticide containers
be sold to the public.
iii. Recommendation 3: Convinced that the above improper actions of farmers with respect to pesticide use are
due to ignorance or misinformation, the consultants strongly recommend that the State
ADPs and NGOs intensify regular, informative and widely distributed training of farmers
35
and pesticide applicators in all aspects of best practices in the procurement, handling and
use of pesticides and on the proper disposal of spent/used/empty pesticide packages and
containers.
4 ROLE OF PESTICIDE MARKETERS IN PESTICIDE USE IN NIGERIA
The role of pesticide marketers in pesticide use in Nigeria is summarized below:
4.1 Types of marketers
From the results of the survey, the marketers fall into two broad groups, namely (i)
wholesalers/retailers (90%) and (ii) multinational companies (10%).
4.2 Suppliers of pesticides sold by marketers:
Multinationals in Nigeria (60.4%)
Manufacturers overseas (18.9%)
Wholesalers in Nigeria (11.3%)
Open markets in Nigeria (7.6%)
4.3 Storage of pesticides by marketers
The marketers store their pesticide in one of two ways:
i) Pesticide stored in cartons placed on shelves in small stores in the market (56%).
ii) Pesticides stored on elevated wooden stacks in warehouses (44%), reportedly
according to WHO recommendations.
4.4 Classes of pesticide marketers
The marketers were either wholesalers or retailers or both. Only a few of the multinationals are
solely wholesalers, with others being both retailers and wholesalers. On the other hand, the large
indigenous companies are both wholesalers and retailers while the smaller ones are only
retailers.
4.5 Types of pesticides sold by marketers
The wide range of pesticides sold by the marketers (wholesalers and retailer) consists of
herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, acaricides, nematicidesand aboricides.
4.6 Packaging of pesticides in different sizes to meet purchasing powers of various
classes of farmers
On the whole, 90% of the marketers reported that they repackage pesticides in different sizes to
meet purchasing powers of various classes of farmers; this is not done by 10% of the marketers.
36
4.7 Labelling of re-packaged products
Of the wholesalers/retailers that repackage their products, 66% fully label the packages while
34%do not. However, all the multinationals provide full labels on the repackaged products.
4.8 Training of farmers on safe and appropriate use of pesticides
Among the marketers, 90% reported that they train farmers on the safe and appropriate use of
pesticides, while 10% do not provide such training. The types of training given to the farmers are
presented in Table 22.
Table 22.Types of training given to farmers by pesticides marketers
Types of training % among types of
training
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
How to mix pesticides
Safe use and handling of pesticide
Precautions in use of pesticides
Product knowledge and safety
How to calibrate application equipment
Safe disposal of pesticide containers
Avoiding contamination of food
30.0
26.0
14.0
12.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
4.9 Advice given on proper disposal of used pesticide containers
All the multinationals provide advice to farmers on the proper disposal of used pesticide
container. Among the indigenous wholesalers and retailers, only 2% do not provide such advice.
The types of advice given to the farmers are presented in Table 23.
4.10 Nature of relationship with NAFDAC
The marketers described their relationship with NAFDAC from different perspectives. While 48%
of the marketers described their relationship with NAFDAC as cordial, 29% indicated that they
have no relationship with NAFDAC (Table 24).
Table 23.Types of advice on disposal of used pesticide containers by pesticide marketers
S/no
Types of training
% among types of
advice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Bury container
Burn container
Return container to company
Throw away into the bush
Do not re-use
Remove and contact marketer
Destroy container
40.6
28.1
7.8
7.8
6.3
4.9
4.6
37
Table 24.Pesticide marketers’ perception of their relationship with NAFDAC
S/no Nature of relationship % of marketers with relationship
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cordial relationship
No relationship
Registered with NAFDAC
Formal
Provide useful information to NAFDAC
48.1
28.9
11.5
7.7
1.9
4.11 Registration of pesticides with NAFDAC
The percentage of marketers whose pesticides are registered with NAFDAC is 97.9%; thus
products of only 2.1% of the marketers are not registered with NAFDAC.
4.12 Marketers’ provisions/arrangements for disposal of expired pesticides
The provisions/arrangements for disposal of expired pesticides made by marketers vary from burying deeply in soil to return of product to the supplier (Table 25). Table 25.Arrangement made by markets for disposal of expired pesticides
S/no Arrangement for disposal of expired pesticides % of marketers involved
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
10.
Return to the company/supplier
Bury deeply in soil
No action as do no stock expired pesticide
Destroy expired products
Throw away in waste bin
Return product to government
Inform NAFDAC
Company disposal unit buries in disposal site
Pour into gutter
No response to question
29.8
14.0
12.3
8.8
8.8
5.3
3.5
1.8
1.8
14.0
4.13 Marketing of pesticide application equipment by pesticide marketers
A total of 96% of pesticide marketers (including multinationals) also sell pesticide application
equipment. The types of equipment sold include: knapsack sprayer (demandedmost),
motorizedsprayer, mix duster, ULV sprayer, and wheelbarrow sprayer. About 90% of the
marketers reported that they train farmers on how to use theseequipment.
4.14 Marketing companies do not manufacture or produce pesticides
All the marketers interviewed in the present study reported that they do not manufacture or
produce pesticides. However, 74% of the marketers stated that they are aware that some
companies either manufacture/produce or formulate pesticides here in Nigeria.
38
4.15 Countries from which marketers procure pesticides
The pesticide marketers purchase their pesticides from various countries of the world. Most of
the indigenous marketers procure most of their products from Nigeria, although they also import
them from other countries, especially China and India (Table 26). As expected, the multinationals
import their stock of pesticides from various countries, including China, India and Switzerland
(Table 26). About 36.2% of the marketers stated that they are licenced to import pesticides by
NAFDAC.
4.16 Training of retailers of pesticides
Among the retailers, 77% have received training on best practices for marketing of pesticides
while 23% have no training in this respect. The trainings were given by a wide range of companies
and organizations, including, NAFDAC, ADPs, multinationals (e.g. Dizengoff, Syngenta, Candel,
Partem Global, Jubaili, Biostad), national and international research institutes (e.g. IAR & T, IITA,
IFDC).
4.17 Training of farmers by retailers
The survey results showed that 82% of the retailers train their farmer customers on how best to
safely and efficiently apply pesticides; 17% of retailers do not give this training. The training
topics included:
i) Pesticide handling and storage
ii) How to mix pesticides with water before spraying
iii) Field demonstration of spraying technique
iv) Appropriate pesticides for different crops
v) Types of pesticide for target pest
vi) Disposal of empty containers
Table 26.Countries from which pesticide marketers in nine states of Nigeria obtain their pesticides
Countries from which indigenous companies procure pesticides
Countries from which multinationals procure pesticides
Nigeria China India Switzerland United Kingdom USA Israel
China India Switzerland United kingdom USA Chile France Germany Japan Lebanon Spain
Note: For each column, countries are listed in descending order of importance as suppliers of pesticides
39
4.18 Status of Pesticide Retailing in Rural Markets in Nine States of Nigeria
A total of 19 rural markets (two each in Abia, Edo, Oyo, Niger, Kaduna and Gombe States; three in Kano State; and four in Benue State) were visited to find out the status of pesticide retailing activities in them. There were several scenarios about the marketing of pesticides in the 19 markets; these are presented in Tables27 to 30. On the whole there were five scenarios: (i) Pesticide stores/retail outlets are located in distinctly separate location in the
market, away from food retail facilities. One example is the Umuna Orlu Market, Orlu LGA, Imo State where pesticide retail stores are located in same place as building materials without any nearby food retail outfits. Another example is Larabar Abasawa Market, Gezawa LGA, Kano State where pesticide retail outlets are located in the textile section of the market, well away from food/feed retail facilities.
(ii) Pesticides are kept in the same store/shade/building with sacks of grain. Examples include (a) Dawanu Market, Dawakin Tofa LGA, Kano State where pesticide retail outlets are located in same place as sacks of grain, and (b) Tudun Hatsin Market, Gombe LGA, Gombe State, where bags of grain are placed in the same store with pesticides.
(iii) Pesticides are placed in wheel barrows which contain food items and/or chemicals in addition to pesticides, e.g. Orie Umuna Market, Orlu LGA, Imo State; NkwuNdoro Market, Ndoro Oboro, Ikwuano LGA, Abia State; and Zungeru village Market, Wushishi LGA, Niger State.
(iv) Pesticide in lock-up stores in main market, with stores located among stores that sell other items, including food items. There are several examples which include New Market in Owerri LGA, Imo State; Orie Umuna Market, Orlu LGA, Imo State; and Aliade Market, Gner-East LGA, Benue State.
(v) Pesticides displayed on the ground, next to raw or cooked food items, in the market. Examples include, NkwuNdoro Market, Ikwuano LGA, Abia State; Etiosa Market, Oredo LGA, Edo State; Akande Market, Ogbomoso South LGA, Oyo State; and A.A. Kure Market, Chachanga LGA, Niger State.
40
Table 27. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Imo, Benue and Kano States Names of market, LGA and state
Types of pesticides marketed Location of pesticide retail facility in relation to others
Umuna Orlu Building Material market; Orlu LGA; Imo State
i. Round up; ii. Glyphosate; iii. Delsate;iv. Gamalin 20; v. Termikill; vii. Rocket;viii. DD Force; ix. Termicote; x, Attack, xi. Perfect Killer
Only building materials and pesticides are sold in market.
No food retail facility nearby.
New market;Owerri
LGA;Imo State
Herbicides: i. Deltsate; ii. Roundup;iii. BushFire; iv. Force up; v. Paraforce; vi. Gramozone; vii. Action 1000; viii. Uppercote; ix. Paracote (Super 200); Insecticides: x. Perfect Killer; xi. DD Forcexii. Rocket; xiii. Snipper; xiv.Termicote;xvi. Act Force; xx. Pestox; xxi. Crush; xxii. Termiforce
Pesticide retail shops inside main market are well separated from food retail shops.
Pesticide retail outfits (shops, trucks and wheel barrows) outside main market are scattered and some are next to cooked food and raw food retail facilities.
Orie Umuna market;
Orlu LGA; Imo State
i. DD Force; ii. Gamalin 20; iii. Termikill; iv. Round up;v. Glyphosate; vi. Delsate;vii. Termicate
Pesticide retails comprise those with lock-up stalls as well as those in mobile trucks/cars and wheel barrows.
Pesticide retail outfits (stalls, trucks and wheel barrows) are located in various places in and around the market and some sell pesticides along with other chemicals and farm produce.
Note: Large packs sold from stall and trucks are labelled; many small packs in small plastic bottles or polyethylene bags are Not labelled
Aliade market; Gner-
East LGA; Benue
State
i. Herbicides; ii. Insecticides;iii. Rodenticides – all three unspecified Pesticide lock-up stores inside market are well-separated from food stores.
Some pesticide retailers display their items alongside those of food vendors.
Ede Obi market; Oju
LGA; Benue State
i. Herbicides; ii. Insecticides – both unspecified Pesticide stores that operate on daily basis are located at good distance from food vendors.
Some pesticide retailers display their products display their products alongside those of food vendors on market days.
41
Ede Okpoga market;
Okpokwu LGA;
Benue State
i. Insecticides; ii. Herbicides – both without specific list of pesticides Permanent stores (cooperating daily) are located in between food retailers.
But some pesticide retailers display their products alongside food vendors in the market.
Zaki Biam market;
Ukum LGA;Benue
State
i. Herbicides; ii. Insecticides (unspecified) Permanent pesticide stores are well separated from those of other items.
Other pesticide retailers display their products in open space among sellers of food items.
Badume market;
Bichi LGA; Kano State
Insecticides: i. Zap; ii.Warrior;iii. Lamda Super; iv.DD Forces;v. Rambo Super; vi. Subhiskha; vii. Delvap; viii.Store Force(Pirimiphos methyl); ix.Glo-imida(imidaeloprid); x. Doom (DDVP); xi. Point Blank (DDVP); xii.Hi-Kill Action(lamdacyhalothrin); xiii.Perfect Killer (chlorpyrifos); xiv. Clean Up (cypermethrin); xv. Termicot; xvi.Endocrop. Herbicides: i. Butaforce; ii.Vestrazine;iii. Glycel; iv. Multrazine. Rodenticides: i. Commando; ii. Klerat; iii. Zinc phoaphide. Fungicides:i. Mancozeb; ii. Z-Force; iii. Profit (Tricyclazole 75%WP). Seed Treatment: i.Apron Star;ii. Seed Rex; iii. Dress Force.
Pesticide retail shops are located in fertilizer section of the market, away from food items’ retail outfits.
Dawanu market;
Dawakin Tofa LGA;
Kano State (Large
Market)
Insecticides: i. DD Force; ii. VIP (DDVP); iii. Rocket (Chlorpyrifos); iv. Termicot (chlorpyrifos); v. Rambo; vi. Crush(DDVP); vii. Off (DDVP); viii. Lamda Super lamdocyhalothrin); ix. Justoxin (Aluminium phosphide; x. Cotspring (cypermethrin); xi. Agrosect (DDVP); Karto Super 2.5 (lamdacyhalothrin); Warrior (DDVP). Fungicides: i. Golden Both; ii. Master Action. Seed treatment: i. Apron Star; ii. Apron plus 60SD; iii. Dress Force. Herbicides: i. Multrazine (Atrazine). Rodenticides: Commando
Pesticide retail outlets are located in same place as sacks of grain in the market.
Larabar Abasawa
Market; Gezawa LGA;
Kano State (rural
market)
Insecticides: i. Cot spring (cypermethrin, 10%); ii. Rambo (cypermethrin, 0.6%); iii. Pestix (cypermethrin 2.0%); iv. Pest Off (DDVP); v. VIP (DDVP); vi. DD Force (DDVP);vii. Delvap Super (DDVP); viii. Crush (DDVP 1000 EC); ix. Knock Off (lamdacyhalothrin 2.5EC). Rodenticides: i. Glue trap; ii. Yau Yabushe;iii. Commando (Zinc phosphide 5%); iv. Celphos (Aluminium phosphide); v. Force Toxin; vi. Temik
Pesticide retail outlets are located in the textile section of the market, away from food/feed retail facilities.
Table 28. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Abia and Edo States
42
Names of market, LGA and state
Types of pesticides marketed Location of pesticide retail facility in relation to others
Nkwoegwu market;
Nkata Nkwoegwu,
Ohuhu, Umuahia North
LGA, Abia State.
i. Karate; ii. Roundup; iii. Touchdown; iv. Bush fire; v. Weedoff; vi. Snipper; vii. Action 40; viii. Gamalin; ix. Copper sulphate; x. Furadan; xi. Killrat; xii. Otapiapia; xiii. Others [different rat poisons i.e. kill and dry].
Nkwoegwu local market holds every 8 days. Food materials and other wares that can be found in big markets in the town are brought to this market for sale.
Pesticide retails come to this market with different types of pesticides for sale.
Pesticides are displayed on top of mats on the ground close to other materials especially food items and second hand clothing’s.
Rat kippers are advertised by mobile dealers with samples of rats killed by the pesticides.
Nkwu Ndoro market;
Ndoro Oboro, Ikwuano
LGA, Abia State
i. Uproot; ii. Atrazine; iii. Z-force; v. Primextra; vi. Benlate; vii. Gamalin; viii. Decis; ix. Katosuper; x. Gramazone; xi. Killrat; xii. Copper sulphate; xiii. Otapiapia; xiv. Others [different rat poisons i.e. kill and dry].
Nkwo Ndoro market takes place every 8 days.
There are no specific retail shops/stalls for pesticides.
Pesticide retailers display their products on the ground or in wheel barrows which are push around the markets.
Pesticides are displayed near raw food items.
Etiosa market; Oredo
LGA, Edo State.
i. Termex; ii. Termidust; iii. DD Force; v. Laraforce; vi. Roundup; vii. Warmforce; viii. Cypermethrin; ix. Tackle; x. Paraforce; xi. Best Action; xii. Rat killer (different types).
There are a few stalls for pesticide in the market separated from raw food items but close to stores where beverages are sold.
Some pesticides vendors displayed their pesticides on the ground in the open close raw food items and humans.
Some vendor’s carry theirs in wheel borrows and move round the market.
Ikpoba hill village
market; Ikpoba Okha
LGA
i. Rat killers (different types); ii. Termicot; iii. Atrazine; iv. Weedburner; Aldrin dust; v. Apron Star; vi.Rodomil; vii. Gramazone
Some pesticide stores exit inside market close to where food items are sold.
Some pesticide retailers display their items on the ground and close to food items.
Table 29. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Gombe and Kaduna States
43
Names of market, LGA and state
Types of pesticides marketed Location of pesticide retail facility in relation to others
Tudun Hatsi market in Gombe; Gombe LGA; Gombe State
i. DDVP - Dichlorvos 100% EC (1000 EC); ii. Point blank - Dichlorvos 1000 EC; iii. Doom- Dichlorvos 100% EC (100% W/V).
Some stores were seen containing both pesticides and bags of grains (mostly cowpea), while other pesticide retail shops that are within the market are located among the stores of the grain merchants.
Tudun Hatsi market in Kumo; Akko LGA; Gombe State
i. DD Force (DDVP EC) – Dichlorvos;ii. Daksh- Dichlorvos; iii. Delvap Super – Dichlorvos; iv. Force Toxin – Aluminium phosphide; v. Protex – Aluminium phosphide; vi. Jus Toxin – Aluminium phosphide vii. Doom – Dichlorvos 100%; viii. Topcat Dust/powder
Pesticide retail shops inside the market are located among grain stores.
Shika market; Giwa LGA; Kaduna State
i. Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc.; ii. Anti-helminthes/other animal drugs;
Pesticide retail outfits (shops and wheel barrows) are located in various places in and around the market among the grain shops and other farm produce. The pesticide shops are just a distance away from livestock, poultry and other animals brought to the market for sale.
Sunday market Kujama; Chikun LGA; Kaduna State
i. Glyphosate; ii. Sarosate;iii. Perfect killer; iv. Control total; v. Root off; vi. Bush fire; vii. Paraquat; viii. DD force; ix. Laraforce; x. Cyperdicot; xi. Delthrin; xii. Kombat; xiii. Marshal; xiv. Courage; xv. Best; xvi. Uppercot
Pesticide lock-up shops inside market are located among the food stores, while some pesticide retailers display their products for sale on wheel barrows going round the market.
Table 30. Status of pesticide retailing in rural markets in Oyo and Niger States
44
Names of market, LGA and state
Types of pesticides marketed Location of pesticide retail facility in relation to others
Ogunpa market, Ibadan North West LGA, Oyo State
i. DD Force; ii. DDVP; iii. Paraforce; iv. ACT Force; v. Laraforce; vi. Quickforce; vii. ExtraForce; viii. Rocket; ix. Gammalin; x. Edo Force; xi. Force-up; xii. Phostoxin; xiii. Ramazon; xiv. Snipper; xvi. Trymezin; xvii. Novacron; xviii. Bentaforce; ixx. Imidacot; xx. Termex.
Ogunpa market holds every day of the week. Food materials and other wares are displayed for sale.
Pesticide retailers have shops in the market and often time besides shops and vendors of household items.
Smaller retailers display their wares in the open market and closed to food vendors and other farm produces from the rural farm farmers.
A large range of pesticides are sold in this market.
The smell from exposed pesticides is strong in the area near some of the shops.
Many of the retailers are members of WAIDA, a marketing trade union.
Akande market, Ogbomoso South LGA, Oyo State
i. Novacron; ii. Bentaforce; iii. Imidacot; iv. Termex; v. Laraforce; vi. Quickforce; vii. ExtraForce; viii. Rocket; ix. Gammalin; x. DD Force; xi. DDVP; xii. Rat Killers
Akande market takes place every day of the week.
There are a few retail shops for pesticides. Pesticides are displayed in the shops and some on in the open markets.
Pesticides are displayed near raw food items and household items.
A.A. Kure Ultra Modern market, Chachanga LGA, Niger State.
i. Gramazone; ii. Paraquat; iii. Altrazine; iv. Furadan; v. Cypermethrin; vi. Klirate; vii. Actellic dust; viii. Arsontol; ix. DDT 20; x. Gammalin; xi. Dicloride; xii. Karate
There are a few stalls for pesticide in the market separated from raw food items but close to stores where beverages are sold.
Some pesticides vendors displayed their pesticides on the ground in the open close raw food items and humans.
Rat killers are advertised by mobile dealers with samples of rats killed by the pesticides.
Zungeru village market, Wushishi LGA, Niger
i. Rat killers (different types); ii. Termicot; iii. Atrazine; iv. Gramazone; v. Gammalin; vi. Vii. Actellic dust; ix. Karate; x. Furadan; xi. Cypermethrin.
Zungeru market holds every 8 days. Food items from the rural farmers and other wares that can be found in big markets in the town are brought to this market for sale.
Pesticide retailers come to this market with different types of pesticides for sale. They also display their products on the ground or in wheel barrows which are push around the markets.
Pesticides are displayed near raw food items.
45
4.19 Consultants’ Recommendations
4.19.1 Recommendation 4:
It is strongly recommended that the appropriate regulatory authority make every effort to enforce
regulation that requires that all re-packaged products bear the same label as the original product.
4.19.2 Recommendation 5:
The consultants strongly recommend that appropriate regulatory authority make it mandatory
that all pesticides retail/wholesale outlets, stores or facilities within the markets are located at
one designated corner of the market, and must be separated from food/feed-selling outlets,
stores or facilities.
5 STATUS OF REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA Pesticide registration has been defined by the FAO of the UN as the process whereby the
responsible national government or regional authority approves the sale and use of a pesticide
following evaluation of comprehensive scientific data demonstrating that the product is effective
for the intended purpose and does not pose unacceptable risk to human or animal health or the
environment (FAO, 2002).
The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) was established by
decree number 15 of 1993 as amended by decree number 19 of 1999 and now NAFDAC Act CAP
N1 LFN 2004. One of the many principal functions of NAFDAC is to undertake the registration of
food, drugs, cosmetic, medical devices, bottled water and chemicals (including pesticides). The
regulations for pesticides registration in Nigeria are specified in the pesticide Registration
Regulations 2005 of the Drugs and Related Products (Registration, etc.) Act 1996 (as amended).
The regulations clearly state that no pesticide shall be manufactured, formulated, imported,
advertised, sold or distributed in Nigeria unless it has been registered in accordance with the
provisions of the regulations. Details of these regulations are given in Annex 8.The regulations
stipulate several requirements for the following:
i) The pesticide must be manufactured in acceptable and approved establishment while
application must be made on a prescribed form, accompanied by non-refundable fee, as
prescribed by NAFDAC.
ii) Documents/declarations or materials that must be submitted with the completed
application form; these include:
Adequate samples of the pesticide product
Certificate of manufacture and free sale of pesticide product
Radio-active test certificate (if demanded by NAFDAC)
46
Written undertaking, that every advertisement of the pesticide shall be
approved by NAFDAC before publication, and
Specimen label of the pesticide product.
iii) Product chemistry, including:
a) Product composition, normal concentration, physical and chemical characteristics.
b) Standard laboratory analytical methods for each active ingredients, impurity or
inert ingredient that is toxicologically significant.
iv) Studies conducted in respect of pesticide product; these include:
Environmental fate
Degradation
Metabolism in plants and animals
Accumulation
Hazards to human or domestic animals
Product performance, including efficiency trials in Nigeria
v) Statement on the residue level for the pesticide in all its intended usage in the Nigeria.
vi) Information to guide use of pesticide:
a) Dosage and direction for use
b) Field application
c) Method of application
vii) Notes on storage (and handling):
a) Method of disposal of containers
b) Precautions, including first aid
c) Note to physician
It is noted that the product is issued with a Registration certificate if NAFDAC is satisfied with the
submissions in respect of the pesticide. However, the Act has specified penalties for any person
who contravenes any of the provisions of the Regulations.
Generally, the above requirements comply with the FAO guidelines for the registration of
pesticides (FAO, 1985) as well as the ECOWAS regulation on the Harmonization of Rules
Governing Pesticide Registration in the ECOWAS Region(ECOWAS, 2008). With respect to the FAO
guidelines, the NAFDAC regulations should have complied by stipulating specific requirements for
formulated products, given that these are the forms the products are marketed. Such
requirements include:
i) General description (identity of formulated product):
a) Formulator’s name and address
47
b) Distinguishing name (proprietary name)
c) Use category (herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, rodenticide, etc)
d) Type of formulation (water dispersible power, EC, etc.
ii) Composition:
a) Content of technical grade active ingredient, b) Content and nature (identity) if possible) of other components, included in the
formulation, e.g., adjuvants inert components, and
c) Water content (where relevant)
iii) Physical/chemical properties of formulated product:
a) Appearance b) Storage stability (in respect to composition and physical properties related to use),
c) Density (for liquids only),
d) Flammability: flashpoint for liquids; a statement must be made as to whether the
product is flammable,
e) Acidity (where relevant),
f) Alkalinity (where relevant).
With respect to ECOWAS requirements, the NAFDAC regulations need to include specifications for:
a) Full registration of pesticide for a period of five years, renewable
b) Provisional sale authorization (PSA) pending further study, for a period of three
years, non-renewable
c) Keep file open, for further information
d) Refuse to grant registration
e) Withdraw the registration or the PSA
In compliance with international standards, NAFDAC and other regulatory authorities have
published lists of banned and strictly restricted pesticides. Thus, NESREA has gazetted a list of 26
banned chemicals and 11 restricted chemicals (the latter can only be used with permit from
NESREA) (Tables 31and 32). In addition, some of these pesticides were among about 30
pesticides banned by NAFDAC in May 1998, following reported cases of food poisoning in Cross
River, Taraba and Benue States. The list includes organophosphates, lindane, Gamalin, aldrin,
binapacryl, captafol, chlordane, chlordimeform, DDT, dieldrin, dinoseb, ethylene dichloride,
heptachlor, parathion, phosphamidon, monocrotophos, methamidophos, chlorobenzene,
toxapphene, endrin, merix, endosulfan, delta HCH, and ethylene oxide.
48
Table 31.List of banned chemicals in Nigeria
S/No Banned chemicals 1 2, 4, 5-T 2 Aldrin 3 BinapacryI 4 Captafol 5 Chlordane 6 Chlodimeform 7 Chlorobenzilate 8 DDT 9 Diedrin 10 Dinoseb & dinoseb salts 11 DNOC and its salts (such as ammonium salt, potassium salt and sodium salt) 12 EDB (1,2 dibromoethane) 13 Ethylene dichloride 14 Ethylene oxide 15 Fluoroacetamide 16 HCH (mixed isomers) 17 Heptachlor 18 Hexachlorobenzene 19 Monocrotophos 20 Parathion (all formulations – aerosols, dustable (DP) emulsifiable concentrate (EC), granules
(GR) & wettable powders (WP) – of this substance are included, except capsule suspensions (CS),
21 Dustable powder formulations containing a combination of benomyl at or above 7%, carbofuran at or above 10% and thiran at or above15%
22 Methamidophos (Solution liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 600g active ingredient/1)
23 Methyt parathion (emulsifiable concentrates (EC) with 19.5%, 40%, 50%, 60% active ingredient and dusts containing 1.5%, 2% and 3% active ingredient).
24 Phosphamidon (Soluble liquid formulations of the substance that exceed 1000g active ingredient/I)
25 Crocidolite 26 Tris (2,3 dibromopropy I) phosphate
49
Table 32.Restricted chemicals(To be used with permit from NESREA)
S/No Restricted chemicals 1 Actinolite asbestos 2 Amosite, asbestos 3 Polybrominatred Biphenyis (PBBs) 4 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 5 Polychlorinated Terphenyls (PCTs) 6 Tetraethyl lead 7 Tetramethyl lead 8 Tremolite 9 Arsenic 10 Mercury 11 Alkyi-phenol-ethoxylate
A list of more than 500 pesticides registered in Nigeria by NAFDAC is presented in Annex 9.
5.1 Consultants’ Recommendation
5.1.1 Recommendation 6:
The consultants recommend that a complete list of banned and restricted chemicals be widely circulated to all stakeholders in both the public and private sectors. 6 ROLES OF MINISTRIES, DEPARTMENTS & AGENCIES IN THE USE &
REGULATION OF PESTICIDES IN NIGERIA
The crucial roles played by government ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs) are
described in this report in two perspectives, namely:
i) The roles of the MDAs in the use and regulation of pesticides in the three study zones
(South-South/South-East, South-West/North-Central and North-East/North-West), and
ii) The roles of Federal Government MDAs in the use and regulation of pesticides in Nigeria.
6.1 Roles of MDAs in the use and regulation of pesticides in the three study zones
The MDAs surveyed in the nine states of the three study zones are similar except for the national
agricultural research institutes (NARIs) which varied in number and mandate across the study
zones and states as follows:
50
1. North-East/North-West study zone
a) Kaduna State: (i) National Agricultural Extension Research Liaison Services (NAERLS),
Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, Kaduna State; (ii) National Animal Production
Research Institute (NAPRI), ABU, Zaria, Kaduna State; (iii) Institute for Agricultural
Research (IAR), ABU, Zaria, Kaduna State; (iv) Kaduna State ADP; and (v) Kaduna State
Ministry of Agriculture.
b) Borno/Gombe State: (i) Lake Chad Research Institute (LCRI), Maiduguri, Borno State; (ii)
Gombe State ADP; and (iii) Gombe State Ministry of Agriculture.
c) Kano State: (i) Kano State Agricultural & Rural Development Authority (KNARDA); Kano
State Agricultural Supply Company (KASCO); and (iii) Kano State Ministry of Agriculture.
2. South-West/North-Central study zone
a) Niger State: (i) National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), Baddegi, Niger State; (ii) Niger
State ADP; and (iii) Niger State Ministry of Agriculture.
b) Oyo State: (i) National Institute for Horticultural Research (NIHORT), Ibadan, Oyo State; (ii)
Institute for Agricultural Research & Training (IAR&T), Ibadan, Oyo State; (iii) Cocoa
Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan, Oyo State; (iv) Oyo State ADP; and (v) Oyo
State Ministry of Agriculture.
c) Benue State: (i) Benue State ADP; (ii) Benue State Ministry of Agriculture.
3. South-East/South-South study zone
a) Edo State: (i) Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Benin, Edo State; (ii) Nigerian
Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Benin, Edo State; (iii) Edo State ADP; (iv) Edo State
Ministry of Agriculture.
b) Abia State: (i) National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Abia State; (ii)
Abia State ADP; (iii) Abia State Ministry of Agriculture.
c) Imo State: (i) Imo State ADP; (ii) Imo State Ministry of Agriculture.
The roles of the MDAs in the three study zones in the use and regulation of pesticides are
described below:
6.1.1 Roles of MDAs in the North-East/ North-West study zone
As presented in Tables 33 and 34, there were various pest and disease organisms affecting the
overall productivity of the array of crops being cultivated in the north-east and north-west zones
of Nigeria. As a result, various synthetic pesticides of known availability have been recommended
by the national agricultural research institutes in the north-east and north-west zones and the
MDAs in Gombe, Kano and Kaduna States for use by the farmers to control various pests and
diseases on crops/animals. In addition to these, Tables 33and 34reveal that neither the research
51
institutes in these zones (excluding LCRI-Maiduguri) nor the MDAs in Gombe and Kaduna states
were aware of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of pesticides by hazards.
On the measures taken to ensure that pesticide marketers conforms with rules and regulations
on labelling, packaging and storage of pesticides, the survey indicates that, although the MDAs
have no legal power/authority to enforce the rules and regulations, the ADPs in the three states
organize sensitization meetings and awareness campaigns through radio programmes to address
the issues. On the parts of the Ministry of Agriculture in these two states and all the national
research institutes (viz:- LCRI, IAR, NAERLS and NAPRI) in the two zones, no such measuresare in
place.
Excluding the Agriculture Ministry in Kaduna State which did not have any arrangement, all the
MDAs and the national research institutes in the north-east and north-west zones were
unanimous in providing necessary training on the safe and efficient use of pesticides to extension
agents (EAs) in their domain mostly during pre-season monthly technical review meetings
(MTRMs), field days and farm demonstration, solely organized by the ADPs or during on-farm and
other trainings at NAPRI headquarters. Similarly, with the exception of NAPRI, all the other
research institutes in the north-east and north-west zones and the MDAs in Gombe, Kano and
Kaduna states are promoting the adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies by
farmers among which are:-
i) Good farm hygiene,
ii) Early planting,
iii) Use or resistant varieties and other improved planting materials,
iv) Timely weeding,
v) Adequate and timely fertilizer application,
vi) Adoption of cereal-legume cropping system and the use of neem products in the
management of crop pests in the field,
vii) Use of triple bagging system in the management of stored products pests,
viii) Combinations of any of the cultural and biological control technologies with
reduced pesticide application.
The survey shows that in Gombe, Kano and Kaduna states the farmers and/or pesticide
applicators are trained by the EAs during field demonstrations, farm visits, group meetings and
other trainings organized at the zonal headquarters of the three states’ ADPs, mostly in
collaboration with the national research institutes in the two zones. During such meetings, the
farmers and/or pesticide applicators a advised to wear protective clothing when applying
synthetic pesticides. To assist farmers to purchase correct and quality pesticides, Kano State ADP
52
(KNARDA) buys pesticides in bulk from reputable companies and sells them at 40% subsidy at
their selling points. KNARDA also links farmers and farmers’ associations to reputable pesticide
companies. On their part, Gombe State Ministry of Agriculture has designated centres where
correct and quality pesticides are sold to farmers. Similarly, Kaduna State ADP procures pesticides
from companies and uses EAs to sell them to farmers.
As indicated by the survey results all the MDAs in Gombe, Kano and Kaduna States’ as well as the
national research institutes in the north-east and north-west zones do not have any existing
relationship or link with NAFDAC or SON, with respect to promoting safe and effective use of
pesticides by the end users.
53
Table 33.Control of pests and diseases of crops/animals by farmers using pesticides as recommended by National Research Institutes in Borno and Kaduna States
National research institute
Pests/diseases of crops/animals
Pesticide types used by farmers
WHO pesticides classification by hazard
LCRI-Maiduguri
a) Aphids, whiteflies, fruitworm (Helicoverpa) on vegetables
Dimethoate Lambdacyhalothrin
Class II Class III
b) Aphids, flower/pod borers, pod suckers, thrips, seed borers (in store) on cowpea
Dimethaote, Lambdacyhalothrin Phostoxin
Class II Class I
c) Cotton boll worm on cotton Dimethoate Class II d) General seedlings pests Seed dressing chemical (Metalaxyl-based) Class III e) Cereal stem borers Sevin 85; Vetox 85 (Cabaryl 85 WP) Not stated f) Downy mildew in cereals Apron star
NAERLS-ABU Zaria
a) Leaf hoppers and locust Carbaryl b) Thrips, stem borers and whiteflies Cypermethrin c) Downy mildew Dithane M-45 d) Smut, Rust and Blast Benlate e)Blast Benlate/Dithane M-45
IAR-ABU Zaria a) Flower/pod borers and pod suckers Dimethaote, Karate and Diazinon b) Aphids, thrips, shootflies, midges, leafhoppers Karate, Cypermethrin, Fenthion, Diazinon, Dimethaote c) Bollworms, fruitworms, cotton strainers, leafrollers Dimethaote, Cypermethrin d)Fusarium wilt Benomyl, Apron Star, Captan e) Army worms Endosulfan, Malathion f) Late blight Mancozeb g) Early blight Metalaxyl h) Root-knot nematodes Carbofuran
NAPRI-ABU Zaria
a) Ticks borne diseases Acaricides b) Helminthiasis Diabendazole, Ivomec
Key: a: LCRI – Lake-Chad Research Institute; b: NAERLS – National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison services;
c: IAR – Institute of Agricultural Research and d: NAPRI – National Animal Production Research Institute
54
Table 34.Control of pests and diseases of crop/animals by farmers using pesticides as instructed by Gombe, Kaduna and Kano states Ministries of Agriculture and ADPs
State MDAs
Pests/diseases of crops/animals
\ Pesticide types used by farmers
WHO pesticide classification by hazard
Gombe State Ministry of Agriculture
a) Quelea birds on cereals Quelatox Not stated b) Grasshoppers and Whiteflies Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin c) Stem borers Lambdacyhalothrin d) Aphids Imiforce e) Cotton stainer Sharp shooter f) Weevils in the store Cypercot (DDVP) g) Bacterial blight Courage
Gombe State ADP a)Weeds in maize Atrazine, Gramoxone, Glyposate b) Weeds in rice, millet sorghum and cowpea Butaclor, Glyposate and Propanil c) Cowpea pests Lambdacyhalothrin, Cypermethrin,
Dimethoate
d)-Blasts and blight Benlate
Kaduna State Ministry of Agriculture
a) Army worms, Aphids and cotton stainer Lambdacyhalothrin b) Stem borers, locust/grasshoppers Sherpa-plus c) Mango mealy bugs Sherpa-plus, Lambdacyhalothrin d) Brown leaf spot on citrus Benlate + Dithane M-45
Kaduna State ADP a) Bollworms and Jassids Best action, Courage b) Leafhoppers and termites Endocel and Termikill c) Rice blast Profit d)Leafspot/rust Control total e)Early blight Team f)Septoria leaf spot and citrus brown spot disease Milzeb
Kano State ADP (KNARDA)
a) Fruit borers Karate, Zap, Lavaforce b) Grasshoppers Uppercott, Best Action c) Aphids Uppercott, Best Action d) Stem borers Karate, Zap, Furadan 3G e) Pepper wilt disease Control total, Team
55
f) Onion twister disease Mancozeb, Funguforce g) Pod sucking bugs Uppercott, Magicforce h) Mole criket Carbaryl i) Termites Chlorpyrifos j) Rodents Zinc, Phosphide, Temik
Kano State Ministry of Agriculture
a) Locusts, grasshopper, armyworm, etc. Cypermethin b) Aphids, whiteflies, mealy bugs, scale insects Dimethoate c) Termites, wireworms Chlorpyrifos d) Quelea rother birds Fenthion, Karate ULV, Fenthrothion e) Weeds Glyphosate, Propanil, Paraquat, 2, 4-D f) Rodents & reptiles Zinc phosphide, Aluminium phosphate g) Fungal diseases Mancozeb, Maneb, Hexaclazole, etc. h) Bacterial diseases Copper-based compounds
56
A list of some of the notable pesticides marketers operating in the north-east and north-west
zones of Nigeria, as indicated by the different MDAs in Gombe, Kaduna and Kano States, and the
NARIs is presented in Table 35.
Table 35.Pesticide marketers operating in the north-east and north-west zones of Nigeria
Institutions/MDAs Marketers
Research Institute a) LCRI-Maiduguri Input dealers, retailers and marketers b) NAERLS-Zaria Jubaili Agro Services and some local marketers
such as Gold Agro. c) IAR-Zaria African Agro, Farmers Escort, Mercy Agro
Holdings, Iliyasawa Ltd. State MDAs
a) Ministry of Agric. Gombe AFCOTT Nig. Ltd., WACOTT Nig. Ltd., Candel Plc, A. A. Minangi Enterprise & A. S. Minangi Enterprise.
b) Gombe State ADP Same as that for the Gombe State Ministry of Agric
c) Ministry of Agric. Kaduna Randu Agro Chemicals and Saro Agro Chemicals. d) Kaduna State ADP Gold Agric. Nig. Ltd., DEE-JOHAL Nig. Ltd.,
Jadoye Nig. Ltd., and Ayo Agro-Allied Nig. Ltd e) Kano State ADP Candel Agrochemical, Kandoke/Syngenta, Jubaili
Agro Tech Nigeria Ltd, Comfort Agro-Chemicals, Saro Agrochemicals, African Agro-Chemicals Ltd, Dizzengoff Ltd, Gongoni Ltd, Watcot Ltd
f) Ministry of Agric. Kano African Agro, Candel Agrochemical, Jubaili Agro Tech.
6.1.2 Roles of MDAs in the South-East/South-South study zone
The MDAs in south-east and south-south have the responsibility to advice and support farmers in
the states where they operate as part of their mandate. Although there were similarities in pest
and diseases of crops and animals identified by the MDAs in Abia, Imo and Edo States, pests and
diseases were crop specific (Tables 36 and 37). For example, in Abia State, pests and diseases of
cassava, cocoa, maize, yam and cocoyam were more prevalent while in Edo State, pests and
diseases of rubber, oil palm, maize, and plantain were common on the list.
Across the states, more fungicides and insecticides than herbicides were recommended to
farmers by the MDAs. For weed control primextra (13.8%), paraquat (12.3%) and glyphosate
(10.8%) were frequently recommended for weed control in Abia and Edo States. For fungal and
insect pests and diseases, cypermethrin (12.3%), Decis [carbaryl] (12.3%), Furadan (10.9%),
57
Termicot (6.1%), Act force [chlorpyrifos] (4.6%), Delvap (4.6%), Dithame M45 (4.65), Karate
[Lambdacyhalothrin] (4.6%), and Nemagon (3.1%) topped the list of fungicides and insecticides
recommended to farmers. In Abia State, ‘Gamalin Super’ which is listed as hazardous to human
and environment and banned in many countries, including Nigeria is still being recommended to
farmers for control of cocoa capsid or mirids by the State Ministry of Agriculture.
All the MDAs (except Imo State Ministry of Agriculture) were unable to group pesticides
recommended to farmers into the WHO pesticide classification by hazards.The MDAs employ
different strategies to ensure that marketers of pesticides conform to the rules and regulations
on product labelling, packaging and storage of pesticides. These strategies include (i) training of
pesticide dealers, (ii) regular visits to marketers to check for expired and adulterated products,
and (iii) linking farmers directly to major markets for genuine products.
All the MDAs indicated that they organize seminars and training workshops for Extension Agents
on safe use of pesticides with emphasis on (i) safety precautions on pesticide handling and
environmental safeguards, (ii) production of hand bills on safe use of pesticides, and (iii) field
demonstrations. Extension agents are expected to train farmers after the workshops. The MDAs
indicated that Extension Agents organize training for farmers on appropriate ways to use and
store pesticides safely. These trainings are usually conducted on stipulated farmers’ farms or on
farmers’ cooperative farms in different zones or circles in the states.
The MDAs claimed they give advice and require applicators of pesticides to wear protective
clothing when handling and/or applying pesticides. About 78% of the MDAs have provisions to
assist farmers purchase correct pesticides. They assist farmers by (i) linking them up to approved
and certified pesticide dealers, (ii) selling pesticides directly to farmers through their
procurement units(e.g., Abia State Ministry of Agriculture); and (iii) providing list of genuine
pesticide marketers to Extension Agents to advise farmers adequately.
About 86% of the MDAs promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM). All the MDAs indicated
that they do not have any formal relationship with NAFDAC or SON, the exception being the Imo
State Ministry of Agriculture which benefitted from workshop organized by SON “sometime ago”.
This is however surprising. A possible explanation to this could be that the Federal Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development in the states do not have adequate information on activities
of the Ministry at the head office. Only one out of the MDAs has a fair knowledge of the food
product provision act in Nigeria.
58
Table 36.Pesticides recommended to farmers by National Agricultural Research Institutes in Abia, Imo and Edo States for control major pests and diseases
National Research Institutes
Pest/diseases of crops/animals
Pesticide types used by farmers
WHO classification by hazard
NRCRI-Umudike, Abia State
a) Cassava mealybug Decis (Carbaryl) Not stated
b) Green spider mites on cassava Decis (Carbaryl)
c) Taro leaf blight of cocoyam Cocide (fungicide)
d) Root knot nematode of ginger Furadan, Nemagon
e) Coccidiosis in poultry Panthacox, Amprole
f) Newcastle disease Lagota, Kamorov
g) Weeds in cassava Gyphosate, Primextra, Paraquat
h) Caterpillar moths Decis (Carbaryl), Delthrin
FRIN, Benin, Edo State
a) Termites on rubber Delvap, Termicid
b) Fusarium moniliforme Mancozeb
c) Rigidoporus lignosus Calixin, Bayfidan
d) Thrips Delvap
e) Leaf eating catapillars Cypermethrin
f) Root , stem, branch & leaf disease Mancozeb, Maneb, Chlorothalonil, Zineb, Thiram
g) Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Mancozeb
h) Grasshopper Mancozeb, Benomyl
i) Corynespora cassicola Delvap, Termicid
j) Weeds in rubber Gyphosate, Primextra, Paraquat
NIFOR, Benin, Edo State
a) Anthraclose
b) C. elaeidis
c) Himophylotis catari
d) Weeds Glyphosate, Tridopyrdium, 2, 4-D, Paraquat
Key: (i) NRCRI = National Root Crops Research Institute; FRIN = Forestry Research Institute; NIFOR = Nigerian Institute for Oil palm Research
59
Table 37.Pesticides recommended to farmers by Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, State Ministry of Agriculture and the State ADPs in Abia, Imo and Edo States for control major pests and diseases
Federal & State MDAs
Pest/diseases of crops/animals Pesticide types used by farmers WHO classification by hazard
FMARD – Edo, Abia State
a) Grasshopper Cypermethrin Not stated b) Mealybug DDVP, Cypermethrin c) Termites Chlorpyrifos d) Root knot nematodes Carbofuran e) Black sigatoka disease of plantain Fungicides f) Weeds in crops Glyphosate g) Maize stem borer Dacyalothin
SMA- Abia State a) Yam tuber beetles Furadan b) Yam, Okra & melon leaf beetles Lambdacyhalothrin (Karate) , Cypermethrin e) Fruit flies Cypermethrin (Cymbush) g) Fruit piercing moths Cypermethrin (Cymbush) h) Black pod disease Ridomil i) Rodents Klerat, Ratoff j) Weeds Glyphosate, Primextra k) Cocoa capsids or mirids Gamalin Super l) Oil palm weevils Dimethoate (Dimeforce) j) Termites Act force (Chlorpyrifos)
SMA – Benin, Edo State
a) Termites Act force, Furadan b) Beetles Attackie 2.5 EC d) Birds Basudin 40 EC e) Rodents Klerat, ratoff f) Grasshopper DD Force, Cypermethrine g) Yam rot Furandan, Dithame M45 h) Blight Cypermethrine, Delta Force i) Plantain Sigatoka Furandan, Dithame M45 J) Weeds Paraquat, Glyphosate, Primextra
Imo State Ministry of Agriculture
a) Brown leaf hopper Snipper 1000 EC 1B: highly hazardous b) Stem borer Termicot Hazardous c) Pod borer Dizvan d) Cut worm Thionex e) Leaf roller Best Action Not stated f) Aphids Best Action
60
g) Caterpillars Snipper 1000 EC 1B: highly hazardous h) Diamond back moth Snipper 1000 EC
Imo State ADP a) Termites Apron Plus, Basudin Not aware of classification b) Birds “Scaring” – No pesticide Not applicable c) Bettles Karate, perfeckthion Not aware of classification d) Stemborer Uppercott e) Coccidiosis Coccidants f) Root rot Not stated Not applicable g) Maize leaf blight Not state
ADP- Abia State a) Cocoa black pod disease Nortox 75 WP Not Stated b) Cocoyam blight Mancozeb c) Maize smut Apron Plus, Fernasan D d) Cassava mealybug Decis (Carbaryl) e) Aphids Decis (Carbaryl), Lambdacyhalothrin (Karate) f) Maize stem borer Worm Force, Furadan 3G g) Root knot nematode Nemargon h) Seablis /Mendge bugs Asimtol i) Ticks on livestock Acaricides k) Rodents Klerat l) Weeds Glyphosate, Primextra m) Land squirrel Klerat o) CBB Rogor 40 p) Weever birds Basudin 40 EC
ADP- Edo State a) Aphids Decis (Carbaryl), Nuvacrone, Cymbush (Cypermerthrin)
b) Grasshopper Decis (Carbaryl) c) Cucumber and melon beetles Lambdacyhalothrin (Karate), Prodal, Best d) Ticks on livestock Diazintol e) Maize stem borer Vatox 85, Gardona 75 WP f) Termites Termicot, Ultracide
Key: (i) FMARD = Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development; SMA = State Ministry of Agriculture
61
6.1.3 Roles of MDAs in the South-West/North-Central zone
Senior officers of MDAs (four and five in Niger and Oyo State, respectively) responsible to
advise and support farmers in the use of agrochemicals were interviewed. The prevalent
weeds, leaf eaters, stem borers, termites and storage pests were identified in both states. Black
pod disease of cocoa was mainly identified in Oyo State. The MDAs in both States advised
farmers to use Actellic dust, DDVP and phostoxin to control weevils and mainly atrazine,
glyphosate and paraquat to control weeds. Pesticides used to control other pests and diseases
even when these are similar varied across the two states, (Table 38). All the MDAs except CRIN
were unable to group the pesticides recommended to farmers into the WHO pesticide
classification by hazard.
The MDAs employ different strategies to ensure that marketers of pesticides conform to the
rules and regulations on product labelling, packaging and storage of pesticides. These strategies
include (i) training of pesticide dealers, (ii) registration and field inspection of pesticide dealers
in the states (iii) ensuring that the marketers respect regulations of NAFDAC, SON, and Nigerian
Export Promotion Council on labelling and packaging of pesticides.
The MDAs claimed that they give advice and require applicators of pesticides to wear protective
clothing when handling and/or applying pesticides but in some cases the nature of training was
not specified. About 67% of the MDAs have provisions to assist farmers purchase correct
pesticides. They assist farmers by (i) linking them up to approved and certified pesticide
dealers, (ii) selling pesticides directly to farmers through their procurement units and (iii)
facilitating demonstration of products and equipment use for pesticide application.
About 67% of the MDAs promote and have excellent understanding of Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) (Table 39) while 44% of the MDAs indicated some relationship with
NAFDAC or SON. Only 22% indicated awareness of food product protection act in Nigeria but
mainly cited the act empowering NAFDAC. The situation in Benue State is not much different
from that in Niger and Oyo States, except for the somewhat different range of pest/diseases
(Table40).
62
Table 38.Control of pests and diseases of crops/animals by farmers using pesticides as instructed by National Agricultural
Research Institutes in Niger and Oyo States
State /MDAs
Pest/Diseases of crops and animals
Recommended pesticides used to control diseases
WHO Classification by hazard
Measures agency takes to ensure pesticide marketers conform to the rules and regulations on labeling, packaging and storage of pesticides.
Provision and nature of training to extension agents (EAs).
Niger- Nigeria Cereal Research Institute (NCRI)
Stem borer, African gall midge Miral Not stated Ensured that pesticides purchased are appropriately packaged and labeled.
Provide training at the Institute and during Monthly Technology Review Meetings (MTRM).
Boll worm cypermethrin Blast ( leaf, Stem), bacterial leaf blight, brown spot
Propiconazole, Mancozeb
Niger- Produce and Pest Control, Ministry of Agriculture
Weeds Paraquat, Glyphosate, Atrazine Not stated 1. Company registration and field inspection of agrochemicals dealers.
2. Organize interactive session and training of agrochemical dealers.
1. Provide training to Pest Control Officer on handling of pesticides and equipment.
2. Pest Control Officers are often sent on refresher course at Nigeria Stored Product Research Institute (NSPRI) Kano and School of Pest Control Mando, Kaduna.
Storage insects- weevils Phospine gas, Actellic, DDVP Field insects- Army worm, grasshoppers, white flies, mealy bugs
Actellic, pirimo cypermethrin, cymbush
Soil Pests Furandan G, Basuldin G Viral diseases Perenox Rodents Klerat, Ratak Birds, Mammals ( Monkeys) Nets, traps, scare crow, dogs
Niger State Agricultural & Mechanization Dev. Authority ( NAMDA)- Minna
Maruca testilalis, blast, mealy bug, leaf folder
Cyperforce, Karate Not stated Provide training and retraining workshop.
Provide in house short term training.
Flies, ticks Arsontol, Power -on Not stated
Aphids, Karate, Cymbush
Stem borer Karate/ Mashal
Scale insects Superhomon
Termites Termicot/Furadan
Niger State Supply Weevils Actellic dust, DDVP Not stated Sensitization only Not stated.
63
Company Flour and bruchid bean weevils DDVP, Phosphin gas,
Oyo State Agricultural Development Programme (OYSADEP)
Mango fruit fly, stem borer Karate Not stated Ad-hoc training on effective use of agrochemicals.
Provide periodic training & MTRM on effective use, dosage and safe handling of agrochemicals.
Cowpea pod borer Permethrin Black pod disease Basudin Termite Perfect Killer, Termicot Rodent Seedex Mange and PPR infection in small Ruminant
Ivomec injection, Vaccination
Oyo- NIHORT Leaf eating caterpillars ,Beatles Cypermethrin Not stated None Provide refresher courses in workshops and MTRM with ADPs in the areas of needs.
Grasshoppers Neem seed Extracts, Chloropyrifos
White flies, aphids, scale insects, and fruit flies
Dimethoate , light oil, Malathion
Oyo- Agric Imputs, Ministry of Agric.
Mirids Dursban Not stated Liaison with the Marketers to respect rules of NAFDAC, SON, and Nigerian Export Promotion Council on Labeling and packaging of pesticides.
Provide training on safe and effective use of agrochemicals by IFDC.
Capsids Actara Black pod Funguran-OH, Nordox 75 WP,
Champ DP, Ridomil Gold, Ultimaxplus,
Weevils Actellic
Oyo – Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN)
Cocoa Mirid Actara Class I Institute has the mandate to regularly screen active substances that conform to International standards for the control of cocoa pest.
Provide training in collaboration with other agencies such as Nigerian Export Promotion Council (NEPC) and STCP-IITA, State Govt. and other private sector.
Black pod disease Rodomil Gold, Funguran-OH, Ultumax plus, Copper Nordox 76 WP, Champ DP, Kocide 101
Not stated Weeds Touchdown forte,
Round up, Clear weed,
Storage pests Phostoxin
Oyo- Institute of Agricultural Research and Technology (IAR & T)
Ear rot botannicals Not stated Not Stated Provide training in seminars and workshop in the institute.
Brown blotch of cowpea, fungal diseases of maize
Benlate
Termites, ants Actfirst Cowpea Pests Carat Storage pests Phostoxin
64
Table 39.Control of pests and diseases of crops/animals by farmers using pesticides as instructed by National Agricultural Research Institutes in Niger and Oyo States
State /MDAs
Promotion of adoption and component of IPM
Training of farmers/ pesticide applicators by EAs of safe use, handling, storage and disposal of pesticides.
Provisions and nature arrangement to assist farmers to purchase correct and quality pesticides
Relationship with NAFDAC and SON
Pesticides marketers operating within the area
Awareness of food products protection act in Nigeria
Niger- NCRI Promote adoption of IPM in the form of use of resistant varieties and combination of fertilizers and pesticide dosage.
Provide training at the State ADPs
1. Provide demonstration of equipment and
2. Assist with procurement of pesticides and equipment at the request of farmers.
Check NAFDAC and SON specification and standards before purchasing and recommending pesticides
JETAN, AGRO SOLUTIONS LTD.
Not aware
Niger- Produce and Pest Control, Ministry of Agriculture
Promote adoption of IPM and teach farmers to imbibe good agricultural practices, use good planting materials ( and fertilization) and to use pesticides as a last resort.
Provide training in the field and organized workshops especially for FADAMA farmers
Organization have Produce Officers over the state region to advise and assist farmers on usage, and application of pesticides
1. Receives and display hand bills/posters from NAFDAC on the effect of wrong use and handling of pesticides
2. No relationship with SON.
Jubaili, Syngenta. Not stated.
NAMDA- Minna
Promote adoption of IPM using natural, cultural and chemical component of IPM
Provide training in the villages
Collaborating with agro-dealers/companies on product demonstration.
Not stated Dizengoff, Saro agro-Sciences, Candel Nig. LTD, Makhtshim agan West Africa Ltd.
Indicate awareness
Niger State Supply Company
Do not promote adoption of IPM
Provide training during farmers field schools and extension visits
No None Not stated Not aware
65
Oyo- OYSADEP
Promote adoption of IPM by 1. Observing field regularly 2. Apply pesticides when cost
of control is far less than damage
3. Adopt less quantity of pesticide
4. Farm sanitation
Provide training during field visit schedule on farmers and at group meetings
Direct farmers to reputable agro-dealers
None WAIDA Members (various agro-dealers, FISTCO, JUBAILI, WACOT, SARO, Dizengoff, Syngenta.
Indicate awareness but do not have details
Oyo- NIHORT Promote adoption of IPM by use of cultural, biological, chemical control and resistant varieties
Provide training No None African Agro, JUBAILI, CAPL, SARO , DIZENGOFF
Not aware
Oyo- Agric Imputs, Ministry of Agric.
Limited understanding of the component of IPM
Provide periodic training of EAs
Spreading of extension messages on pesticides to farmers
Provide information to NAFDAC and SON
Biodivistat, Syngenta, JUBAILI, WACOT, SAROSATE, INSIS Nig LTD.
NAFDAC act
Oyo - CRIN Promote adoption of IPM by 1. Regular weeding 2. Regular field inspection 3. Agro ecosystem analysis 4. Planting of tolerant
varieties 5. Pruning 6. Phytosanitary harvesting 7. Timely harvesting of pods 8. Removal of ant trails 9. Judicious use of
recommended pesticides.
Provide training at different fora when the need arises
None Partners with NAFDAC in product registration but no relationship with SON
Sygenta, Harvest Field, Candel, INSIS, Croplife
Aware, the act empowering NAFDAC
Oyo- IAR & T Promote the adoption of IPM but did not give details
Provide training at Moor plantation.
Help in procurement and supply of pesticides.
Cordial, use only registered products.
Zard Agric, Fitsco Not aware
66
Table 40.Pesticides recommended to farmers by Benue State Ministry of Agriculture and Benue State ADP
State /MDAs
Pest/disease of crops/animals Pesticide type used by
farmers
WHO
classification of
the pesticides by
hazard
Benue State
ADP
(BARDA)
a) Stem borers Marshall granules Unaware of the
classification
b) Nematodes Nemagon 20
c) Weevils (bruchids) Actellic dusk
d) Fruit flies Cypermethrin
Benue State
Ministry of
Agriculture
a) Aphids Cypermethrin
b) Nematodes Nemagon 20
c) Stem borers Marshall granules, Vetox
d) Weevils (bruchids) Phostoxin, Actellic dusk
Key: BARDA – Benue State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority
6.2 Roles of Federal Government MDAs in the use and regulation of pesticides in
Nigeria
The relevant Federal Government MDAs interviewed are the following:
i) National Agency for Food, Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC)
ii) Headquarters of the Federal Ministry of environment
iii) National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA)
iv) Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON)
v) Pest Control Division of Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (the
ministry stated that all issues on pests and pesticides are addressed on its behalf by the
Division).
6.2.1 Roles of NAFDAC
The principal and most important role of NAFDAC in the Nigerian pesticide sector is the
registration of pesticides used in Nigeria. This role has been described in separate section of
this report. Other important roles played by NAFDAC include the following:
i) NAFDAC ensures that new pesticides intended for use in Nigeria are evaluated in field
trials prior to their release for use by end-users.
ii) NAFDAC ensures that highly hazardous and banned pesticides are not imported into
Nigeria. NAFDAC:
67
a. Circulates a list of banned, highly hazardous pesticides to directorates in
NAFDAC and Customs, in addition to publications in the mass media.
b. Implements surveillance inspection (of chemical imports) at ports of
entry and land borders by the Port Inspectorate Directorate of NAFDAC.
iii) NAFDAC ensures that pesticides on Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed
Consent (PIC) procedure are not allowed for importation into the country.
iv) Mechanisms adopted by NAFDAC to ensure compliance with harmonized
regulations/guidelines on safe and effective use of pesticides include:
a. PIM (Product Information Management) surveillance of products after
registration.
b. Sensitization workshops for farmers, pesticide marketers and handlers
(users) by NAFDAC in collaboration with Crop Life Nigeria Ltd.
c. Training farmers and pesticide handlers on safe/responsible use of
pesticides by IFDC in collaboration with NAFDAC.
v) NAFDAC has conducted trainings/workshops on safe and effective use of pesticides,
alone and in collaboration with Crop Life Nig. Ltd, IFDC, Cocoa Association of Nigeria and
Agriculture Department of FCT, Abuja.
NAFDAC stated that the following roles have been assigned to it in the effective distribution,
sale and use of pesticides in Nigeria:
i) To regulate and control the manufacture, exportation, importation, distribution,
advertisement, sale and use of pesticides.
ii) Granting marketing authorization (registration license) after dossier review,
satisfactory laboratory report and inspection of facility.
iii) Issuance of import permits for bulk pesticides for local manufacturers.
iv) Issuance of certificate of manufacture and free sale for registered pesticides
intended for export.
v) Inspection of pesticide manufacturing establishment (local and foreign).
vi) Ensuring Good Distribution Practice (GDP) and Good Warehouse Practice (GWP).
vii) Awareness on safe/responsible use of pesticides.
[The list of pesticides that NAFDAC has registered in Nigeria does NOT state the class of
products according to WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard].
6.2.2 Roles of NESREA (National Environmental Standards and Regulations
Enforcement Agency)
The bill that created NESREA was signed into law in July 2007 by President of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria. The Agency has responsibility for the protection and development of the
environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural
68
resources in general and environmental technology, including coordination and liaison with
relevant stakeholders, within and outside Nigeria, on matters of enforcement of environmental
standards and regulations.
i) Functions of NESREA, in relation to pesticides, include:
a. Enforcement of compliance with any legislation on sound chemical
management, safe use of pesticides and disposal of spent packages of pesticides.
b. Enforcement, through compliance monitoring, of the environmental regulation
and standards on noise, air, land, sea, ocean and other water bodies.
ii) Since there are, at present, no national pesticide legislation, NESREA has nothing to
enforce.
iii) NESREA’s active involvement in safe use and management of pesticides, at present,
are as follows:
a. Create awareness on good environmental practices in the safe use of pesticides.
b. Provide advice on appropriate and safe use of pesticides by farmers and
pesticide applicators.
c. Disallow importation of banned pesticides.
d. Provide advice on appropriate personal protective clothing.
e. Provide advice on safe disposal of spent pesticide packages and containers.
f. Advise on right pesticides to use for specific purposes.
iv) NESREA facilitated publication of a Federal Republic of Nigeria official Gazette entitled:
National Environmental (Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Soap and Detergent
Manufacturing Industries) Regulations, 2009. Schedule VII of the Gazette provides a
list of banned chemicals and restricted chemicals (the lists are provided in section on
status of Registration of Pesticides in Nigeria).
6.2.3 Roles of Pest Control Division of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development
The roles of the Division in the use and regulation of pesticides in Nigeria have been described
above under the section captioned: “Status of Use of Pesticides in Nigeria”.
6.2.4 Roles of the Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON)
The SON has little role to play in the use and regulation of pesticides. The following information
was obtained from the interview with SON.
i) SON adopts Codex Maximum Pesticide Residue Limits (MRLs), where they are available,
in stipulating MRLs in produce whose crops had been treated with various types of
pesticides.
ii) With respect to the above, SON has no laboratories in Nigeria for analysis of pesticide
residues in foods and feeds.
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iii) Arrangements that SON has with the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development to control pesticide residue in foods and feeds include:
a) Develop code of practice for application of pesticides on cocoa trees.
b) Develop code of practice for application of pesticides in stored cocoa.
6.2.5 Roles of Headquarters of Federal Ministry of Environment
To consolidate the efforts of several Nigerian MDAs in the management of chemicals (including
pesticides), the Federal Government developed and adopted a National Policy on Chemicals
Management in July 2010. With this policy document, the Federal Government is committed to
the achievement of the goal of sound management of chemicals (including pesticides) adopted
by world governments in line with Johannesburg Plan of Implementation of the 2002 World
Summit on Sustainable Development. The goal of the National Policy on Chemicals
Management is to integrate the management of chemicals for the protection of human and
animal health and the environment.
The focal point of the National Policy on Chemicals Management is the Federal Ministry of
Environment, while the management is assigned to the National Committee on Chemical
Management (NCCM) comprised of representatives of the ministries of Agriculture, Commerce
and Industry, Environment, Health and Labour, with one representative each from Academia,
Research Institutes, Professional bodies and Civil Society. The purpose of the National
Committee is to promote and coordinate a coherent, coordinated, continuous and cost-
efficient approach to chemical safety and management in Nigeria.
6.3 Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in the National Policy on Chemicals
Management Prior to adoption of the National Policy on Chemicals Management, the roles of the MDAs were
unclear and sometimes conflicting. The important and complementary roles of the MDAs have
been harmonized by the National Committee on Chemicals Management (NCCM) and pertinent
aspects of these roles and responsibilities are summarized below:
6.3.1 Federal Ministry of Environment and its Parastatals:
a. The Federal Ministry of Environment shall regulate hazardous chemicals and
wastes in Nigeria and this shall be enforced by the National Environmental
Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA).
b. Federal Ministry of Environment shall coordinate all activities relating to
chemicals management and disseminate all information received promptly and
appropriately to all stakeholders.
70
c. Issue guidelines and permits for import of hazardous chemicals and control
importation, manufacture, distribution, advertisement, marketing, exportation,
storage and usage of such chemicals.
d. Control and manage disposal of obsolete hazardous chemicals and wastes.
e. Give technical support to States Ministries and Agencies of Environment to
promote management of hazardous chemicals and waste.
f. Collaborate with relevant National, Regional and International Agencies and
NGOs on chemicals management programmes in consultation with all
stakeholders.
g. Initiate, fund, coordinate and promote research activities on hazardous
chemicals and waste management in the environment in collaboration with
relevant stakeholders.
6.3.2 Federal Ministry of Health and its Parastatals:
a. The Federal Ministry of Health shall regulate non-hazardous chemicals in Nigeria
and this shall be enforced by National Agency for Food & Drug Administration &
Control (NAFDAC).
b. Federal Ministry of Health shall coordinate activities relating to non-hazardous
chemicals management & safety and disseminate all information received
promptly and appropriately to all stakeholders.
c. Issue guidelines and permits for import of non-hazardous chemicals and control
the importation. Manufacture, distribution, advertisement, marketing,
exportation, storage and usage of such chemicals.
d. Give technical support to States’ Ministries and Agencies of Health to promote
non-hazardous chemicals management.
e. Collaborate with relevant national, regional and international agencies and NGOs
on non-hazardous chemicals management programmes in consultation with all
stakeholders.
6.3.3 Federal Ministry of Agriculture and its Parastatals:
a. The Federal Ministry of Agriculture shall coordinate, monitor and evaluate the
use of agro-chemicals (including pesticides) in collaboration with the Federal
Ministries of Environment, Health and Labour.
b. Ensure capacity building in the use of these chemicals.
c. Extend technical support to the States’ Ministry of Agriculture on the use of
these chemicals.
d. Promote and fund research activities on the application of these chemicals and
their effect on the environment.
71
e. Collaborate with relevant national, regional and international agencies and NGOs
on agro-chemicals.
6.3.4 Federal Ministry of Commerce and Industries and its Parastatals:
a. The Federal Ministry of Commerce and Industries shall implement the provisions
of the National Policy on Chemicals Management regarding the production and
use of industrial raw materials and their conversion processes in the
manufacturing sector in collaboration with relevant stakeholders.
6.3.5 Federal Ministry of Labour:
a. The Federal Ministry of Labour shall implement the provisions of the National
Policy on Chemicals Management regarding the safety of workers in the
industrial workplace, and ensuring that chemical hazards are communicated to
workers
6.3.6 Federal Ministry of Transportation:
a. The Federal Ministry of Transportation shall implement provisions of the
national policy on chemical management regarding the transportation of
chemicals in collaboration with relevant stakeholders and shall enforce labeling
and hazards communication on containers of chemicals, the body of vehicle,
plane, train or ship, for the safety of human health and environment.
6.3.7 Federal Ministry of Justice:
a. The Federal Ministry of Justice and the Law Reform Commission shall in
collaboration with relevant stakeholders, review all chemicals related laws and
provide support in domesticating all international treaties and conventions, to
make chemicals related international laws enforceable in Nigeria.
6.3.8 Federal Ministry of Science and Technology and its Parastatals:
a. The Federal Ministry of Science and Technology and its Parastatals shall
implement the provisions of the national policy on chemicals management
regarding the research and development (R&D) and innovations on all categories
of chemicals.
b. It shall conduct research and development activities that will promote the
sustainable production and management of different required categories of
chemicals.
c. Conduct research and foster development that will promote the production and
utilization of environment friendly pesticides, bio-fertilizers and other agro-
chemicals.
72
d. Promote the characterization of plant bioactive components as chemicals raw
materials to reduce chemicals importation.
6.3.9 Consumer Protection Council of Nigeria (CPC):
a. The CPC shall in collaboration with relevant stakeholders implement the
provisions of the national policy on management of chemicals and waste
through consumer awareness-raising on chemical risks and hazards and
enforcing consumer rights as well as maintain surveillance on toxicity of
consumer chemical products.
6.3.10 Nigeria Customs Services:
a. The Nigeria Customs Services shall, in collaboration with relevant stakeholders
implement the provisions of the national policy of management of chemicals and
wastes regarding chemicals import/export clearance.
6.3.11 Federal Road Safety Corps:
a. The Federal Road Safety Corps shall, in conjunction with relevant stakeholders
implement the provisions of the national policy of management of chemicals and
wastes regarding the safe transportation and haulage of all forms of chemicals
and chemical waste, including compliance with hazard communication and
labelling.
6.3.12 Nigeria Police Force and other relevant security agencies :
a. They shall support all stakeholders in the implementation of this policy and
adequately prosecute all offenders.
6.4 Consultants’ Comments, Suggestions and Recommendation
6.4.1 Comments:
i. On roles of various MDAs in implementation of regulations on pesticides
The roles of various MDAs in implementation of regulations on pesticides have been
described above under two broad headings:
a. The roles of the MDAs in the use and regulations of pesticides in the three study
zones, and
b. The roles of Federal Government MDAs in the use and regulation of pesticides in
Nigeria.
Until the development and adoption of the harmonized National Policy on Chemical
Management in July 2010, the Federal Government MDAs comprised the traditional ones,
namely NAFDAC, Federal Ministry of Environment, the Pest Control Division of the Federal
73
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON), and
the National Environment Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). With the
reported adoption of the National Policy on Chemical Management, an inclusive list of
participating MDAs has emerged; these MDAs have distinct roles to play across the pesticide
life cycle. For avoidance of doubt these MDAs listed above (together with their roles) are:
Federal Ministry of Environment and its parastatals (including NESREA); Federal Ministry of
Health and its parastatals (including NAFDAC); Federal Ministry of Agriculture and its
parastatals (including the Pest Control Division); Federal Ministry of Commerce and Industry
and its parastatals; Federal Ministry of Transportation; Federal Ministry of Justice; Federal
Ministry of Science and Technology and its parastatals (including its NARIs); Consumer Council
of Nigeria; Nigerian Customs Services; Federal Road Safety Corps; and Nigeria Police Force and
other relevant security agencies.
ii. On policy gaps or inconsistency in the national regulations
There is apparent inconsistency or duplication of roles in assignment of roles in
regulation of pesticide use in Nigeria. For example, several MDAs report that training
farmers on the safe and effective use of pesticides is one of the assigned roles. These
include NAFDAC, NESREA, Pest Control Division of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development, and SON. The consultants suggest that training of farmers and
pesticide applicators should be assigned to the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and the
state ADPs which should be empowered (with respect to human capacity, funds and
logistical support) to facilitate effectiveness, efficiency and motivation.
There appears to exist some confusion about which of NAFDAC and Federal Ministry of
Environment is responsible: “to regulate and control the manufacture, exportation,
importation, distribution, advertisement, sale and use of pesticides”. Thus NAFDAC
states this as one of its primary functions, while the Federal Ministry of Environment
stated (in the National Policy on Chemicals Management) that it has the authority to
“issue guidelines, permit for import of hazardous chemicals and control importation,
manufacture, distribution, advertisement, marketing, exportation, storage and usage of
such chemicals (including pesticides)”.
It is noted that the National Policy on Chemicals Management recognizes two categories
of chemicals, namely; (i) hazardous chemicals (including pesticides) whose regulation
has been assigned to NESREA of the Federal Ministry of Environment, and (ii) non-
hazardous chemicals whose regulation is assigned to NAFDAC. However, it appears that
NAFDAC still regulates pesticides probably because NESREA at present does not
apparently have the capacity to do so. It does this as in performance of what NAFDAC
perceives as its long-standing statutory function or as delegated authority of the Federal
74
Ministry of Environment. The consultants suggest that the apparent confusion be
resolved amicably. Whatever happens, however, NAFDAC should retain the mandate for
pesticide registration.
iii. On mitigation measure to be taken to resolve issues of pesticide use and regulation
One possible way to resolve the existing confusion about pesticide use and regulation is
to fully implement the harmonized National Policy on Chemicals Management. In this
respect, the Ministry of Agriculture and its parastatals shall coordinate, monitor and
evaluate the use of pesticides in collaboration with the Federal Ministry of Environment,
Health and Labour. Similarly, the Federal Ministry of Environment shall issue guidelines
and permits for import of pesticides and control importation, manufacture, distribution,
advertisement, marketing, exportation, storage and usage of pesticides but without
prejudice to NAFDAC’s statutory responsibility for pesticide registration.
It appears, however that some of the more than ten MDAs assigned roles in the
National Policy on Chemicals Management are either not aware of these roles or do not
feel bound by the provisions of the policy. One way to ensure compliance is to make the
National Policy on Chemicals Management together with other regulatory instruments a
binding legal instrument. This instrument should be:
The Legislation on the Control of the Use of Pesticides in Nigeria OR
Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Law
6.4.2 Recommendation
6.4.2.1 Recommendation 7:
The consultants, recognizing the urgent need to develop a legal framework for the control of
pesticides in Nigeria, strongly recommend that the Federal Government facilitate the enactment
into law, Agricultural Chemicals (Pesticides) Regulation Law.The purpose of legislation on the control
of and use of pesticides is to enable the Nigerian society to obtain the benefits from the use of
pesticides with minimal adverse effect to man and livestock health and the environment.
The provisions of this pesticide legislation should be concerned with all aspects of the control of
pesticides. These include control of imports, sale and distribution and use of pesticides as well as
post-registration activities of marketing, training, licensing, certification and enforcement. The
pesticides to be covered by the law include: (i) agricultural pesticides (pesticides for use in
agriculture, horticulture, forestry and for use for the control of pests of stored products as well as
pesticides and animal remedies used for control of veterinary pests and diseases); (ii) household
pesticides (for control of household pests); public health pesticides (for control of public health
programmes).
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7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors of this report are grateful to Extension Agents in the states where this study was
carried out for facilitating field data collection from farmers and farmers groups.We are very
thankful to all pesticide marketers listed in this study for granting us interview. We thank all the
MDAs in the various states studied for responding to the key informant interviews. We are very
grateful to NAFDAC for providing data that formed part of this report. This study was funded by
the West African Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP). We thank WAAP for giving us
the opportunity to serve in this capacity.
8 DOCUMENTS CONSULTED
1. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and
their Disposal. UNEP, Geneva, 1989.
2. Guidelines for legislation on the control of pesticides. FAO, Rome, 1995.
3. Guidelines on personal protection when using pesticides in tropical climates. FAO,
Rome, 1990.
4. Guidelines on good practice for ground application of pesticides. FAO, Rome, 2001.
5. International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (Revised
version). FAO, Rome, 2002.
6. Guidelines for the registration and control of pesticides. FAO, Rome, 1985.
7. Guidelines on good labeling practice for pesticides. FAO, Rome, 1995.
8. Guidelines for the packaging and storage of pesticides. FAO, Rome, 1985.
9. Guidelines on post-registration surveillance and other activities in the field of pesticides.
FAO, Rome, 1988.
10. Guidelines for the registration of pesticides. FAO/WHO, Rome, 2010.
11. The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to
Classification 2009. WHO, 2010.
12. H. J. Keri (2009). Nigeria’s status on pesticide registration and maximum residue levels.
Paper presented at Workshop on Pesticide Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) in
Alexandria (Egypt)
13. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) as announced in 2009.
UNEP, 2009
14. National Environmental (Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Soap and Detergent Manufacturing
Industries) Regulations 2009. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, Abuja, 2009.
15. National Policy on Chemicals Management. Federal Republic of Nigeria, July 2010.
16. National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants (POPs), Final Report. Federal Ministry of Environment, Abuja, 2009.
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17. Regulation C/Reg3/05/2008 on the Harmonization of Rules Governing Pesticide
Registration in the ECOWAS Region. ECOWAS, 2008.
18. SAS Institute. 2002. Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) user’s guide. SAS Institute, Inc.,
Cary, NC, USA.