baroque art

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BaroqueArt - Culture - Society 1600-1750 AD

Intro to Baroque… •The Baroque is often thought of as a period of artistic style, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, theater, and music.

•The style began around 1600 in Rome, Italy, and spread to most of Europe.

•The French word baroque is derived from the Portuguese word "barroco" or Spanish "barrueco" both of which refer to a "rough or imperfect pearl“.

•The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Catholic Church, in response to the Protestant Reformation, that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement, & not logically.

•the dramatic style of Baroque architecture and art is a means of impressing visitors and expressing triumph, power and control.

Origin

Development of Baroque Art… Origin•several decades after the Council of Trent (1545–63), by which the Roman Catholic Church answered many questions, demanding that paintings and sculptures in church contexts should speak to the illiterate rather than to the well-informed.

Council of Trent, held in Trento…it was for Roman Catholics by Protestants (Post- Renaissance).

•The Baroque is defined as the age where the oval replaced the circle as the center of composition, that centralization replaced balance, and that coloristic and "painterly" effects began to become more prominent.

•The Baroque era is sometimes divided into roughly three phases for convenience:a. Early Baroque, c. 1590 – c. 1625b. High Baroque, c. 1625 – c. 1660c. Late Baroque, c. 1660 – c. 1725Late Baroque is also sometimes used with the succeeding Rococo movement.

Painting

Music Sculpture

Architecture

Literature

Theatre

Baroque Art

Baroque Art… 1. Painting- use of oil painting.

-Predominance of colour & light over drawing.- contrasts of light & shadow.- realistic representations.- movement.- complex compositions.

•Caravaggio [Italy]•Artemisia Gentileschi [Italy]•Diego Velásquez [Spain]•Peter Paul Rubens•Andrea Pozzo[Italy]•Nicholas Poussin•Rembrandt Van Rijn (Netherlands) •Vermeer(Netherlands)•Judith Leyster (Netherlands)•Anthony van Dyck(Belgium & England)

Artists

The Martyrdom of St. Matthew by Caravaggio

Judith and her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes by Artmesia GentileschiThe Maids of Honor by Diego Velázquez

Two Young Men Eating at a Humble TableBy Velasquez

Helios & Phaeton By Nicolas Poussin The Blinding of Samson by Rembrandt van Rijn

The Girl with A Pearl Earring By Vermeer

Allegory of the Missionary Work of the JesuitsBy Andrea Pozzo[Church of Sant’ Ignazio]

Frescoes

Baroque Art… 1. Painting Tenebrism

• Translated as “dark matter” it is often characterized by a small & concentrated light source in the painting or what appears to be an external “spotlight” directed as a very specific point in the composition.

•Caravaggio started practicing this type of painting.

The Conversion of St Paul by Caravaggio

Baroque Art… 2. Sculpture-groups of figures assumed new importance and there was a dynamic movement

and energy of human forms.- Baroque sculpture often had multiple ideal viewing angles.- addition of extra-sculptural elements, for e.g., concealed lighting or water fountains.-Material : Marble Soapstone

- Bernini was undoubtedly the most important sculptor of the Baroque period. -sculptor of bust portraits.

The Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Bernini David by Bernini

Bust of Louis XIV by Bernini

Milo of Croton

Aeneas And Anchises

Baroque Art… 3. Theatre•Theatre evolved in the Baroque era and became a multimedia experience, starting

with the actual architectural space.

•In fact, much of the technology used in current Broadway or commercial plays was invented and developed during this era.

•The stage could change from a romantic garden to the interior of a palace in a matter of seconds.

•The entire space became a framed selected area that only allows the users to see a specific action, hiding all the machinery and technology – mostly ropes and pulleys.

•The term Theatrum Mundi – the world is a stage – was also created. William Shakespeare tragedies were also played.

Baroque Art… 3. Theatre England

•The influence of the Renaissance was also very late in England, and Baroque theatre is only partly a useful concept here, for example in discussing Restoration comedy. •There was an 18-year break when London theatres were closed during the English Civil War and English Commonwealth until the Restoration of Charles II in 1660.

Baroque Art… 3. Theatreo Restoration Comedies

• refers to English comedies written and performed in the Restoration period from 1660 to 1710. •Comedy of manners is used as a synonym of Restoration comedy.

• Theatre companies- Original patent companies, 1660–82- United Company, 1682–95-War of the theatres, 1695–1700

The comedy of manners is an entertainment form which satirizes the manners and affectations of a social class, often represented by stereotypical stock characters.

The Restoration of the English monarchy began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The term Restoration is used to describe both the actual event by which the monarchy was restored, and the period of several years afterwards in which a new political settlement was established.

Baroque Art… 3. Theatre

•Restoration comedy was strongly influenced by the introduction of the first professional actresses.

•Before the closing of the theatres, all female roles had been played by boys, and the predominantly male audiences of the 1660s and 1670s were curious, censorious, and delighted at the novelty of seeing real women engage in & take part in drama.

First Actresses

Nell Gwynn was one of the first actresses and the mistress of Charles II.

•Successful Restoration actresses included Charles II's mistress Nell Gwyn, who was famous for her ability to "move the passions" and make whole audiences cry

•Anne Bracegirdle & Susanna Mountfort are few more other female actresses.

•A new speciality introduced almost as early as the actresses was the breeches role, which called for an actress to appear in male clothes (breeches being tight-fitting knee-length pants, the standard male garment of the time), for instance to play a witty heroine who disguises herself as a boy to hide, or to engage in escapades disallowed to girls.

•Playing these cross-dressing roles, women behaved with the freedom society allowed to men, and some feminist critics, such as Jacqueline Pearson, regard them as subversive of conventional gender roles and empowering for female members of the audience.



First Actors

•During the Restoration period, both male and female actors on the London stage became for the first time public personalities & celebrities.

•The greatest fixed star among Restoration actors was Thomas Betterton, active in organising the actors' revolt in 1695 & original patent-holders in the resulting actors' cooperative.

•Betterton played every great male part there was from 1660 into the 18th century. Betterton's expressive performances seem to have attracted audiences as magnetically as did the novelty of seeing women on the stage.

•He was soon established as the leading actors.

Thomas Betterton played the irresistible Dorimant in George Etherege's Man of Mode.


Aristocratic Comedy (1660–80)•high heroic drama might be thrown in to enrich the comedy mix, as in George Etherege's Love in a Tub (1664), William Wycherley, The Country Wife (1675), urbane wit comedy plot.

Decline of comedy, 1678–90

Comedy renaissance, 1690–1700

•During the second wave of Restoration comedy in the 1690s, the "softer" comedies, reflected more on cultural & social perceptions. •The playwrights appealed more socially mixed audiences with a strong middle-class element & to female spectators. The focus in comedy is less on young lovers outwitting the older generation, more on marital relations after the wedding bells.•John Vanbrugh, The Provoked Wife (1697)

•The tolerance for Restoration comedy even in its modified form was running out at the end of the 17th century, as public opinion turned to respectability and seriousness even faster than the playwrights did.

Germany•German theatre in the 17th century lacked major contributions. The best known playwright was Andreas Cryphius, who used the Jesuit model of the Dutch Joost van den Vondel and Cornielle.

•There was also Johannes Velten who combined the traditions of the English comedians with the classic theater of Corneille and Moliere.

•His touring company was perhaps the most significant and important of the 17th century.


The Society of Jesus is a male religious congregation of

the Catholic Church. The members are

called Jesuits.



Moliere•was a French playwright and actor who is considered to be one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature. Among Molière's best known works are The Misanthrope, The School for Wives, Tartuffe, The Miser.

Joost van den Vondel

•(17 November 1587 – 5 February 1679) was a Dutch poet, writer and playwright. •He is considered the most prominent Dutch poet and playwright of the 17th century. •His plays are the ones from that period that are still most frequently performed, and his epic Joannes de Boetgezant (1662), on the life of John the Baptist, has been called the greatest Dutch epic.

Baroque Art… 3. Theatre Spain

•The Baroque had a Catholic and conservative character in Spain. •aimed for a public content with an ideal reality that manifested fundamental 3 sentiments: Catholic religion, monarchist & national pride & honor originating from the chivalric, knightly world.

Baroque Art… 4. Literature

Baroque Art… 5. Philosophy

Baroque Art… 6. Music-The term Baroque is also used to designate the style of music composed during a period that overlaps with that of Baroque art.-the role of ornaments was greatly diminished in both music and architecture.

-Many musical forms were born in this era, like the concerto, sinfonia, sonata, cantata & oratorio. -Also, opera was born out of the experimentation of the Florentine Camerata, the creators of monody, who attempted to recreate the theatrical arts of the Ancient Greeks.

-An important technique used in baroque music was the use of ground bass, a repeated bass line. Dido's Lament by Henry Purcell is a famous example of this technique.

Baroque Art… 6. Music

Johann Sebastian BachGeorge Frideric Handel Giovanni Gabrieli

Heinrich Schütz George Frideric Handel Jean-Baptiste Lully

Baroque Art… 6. Music Concerto is a musical composition usually composed in three parts, in which (usually)

one solo instrument (for instance, a piano, violin, cello or flute) is accompanied by an orchestra or concert band.

Examples of this form are Giovanni Gabrieli's "In Ecclesiis“, Heinrich Schütz's "Saul, Saul, was verfolgst du mich.“

The concerto began to take its modern shape in the late Baroque period.

Concerto Musical form

Frederick the Great playing a flute concerto, C. P. E. Bach at the piano, Johann Joachim Quantz is leaning on the wall to the right; by Adolph Menzel, 1852

Baroque Art… 6. Music Cantata

is a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment, often involving a choir.

Johann Sebastian Bach composed around 200 cantatas. Several cantatas were, and still are, written for special occasions, such as Christmas cantatas.

Cantatas are use in the church services are called church cantata, sacred cantata, or sometimes secular cantata.

Sacred cantatas for the liturgy or other occasions were not only composed by Bach but also by Dieterich Buxtehude, Christoph Graupner, Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel.

Liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group, according to its particular beliefs, customs and traditions.

Cantata

Choir

Baroque Art… 6. Music Oratorio

is a large musical composition for orchestra, choir, and soloists, Like an opera.

However, opera is musical theatre, while oratorio is strictly a concert piece—though oratorios are sometimes staged as operas, and operas are sometimes presented in concert form.

In an oratorio there is generally little or no interaction between the characters, and no props or elaborate costumes.

Opera tends to deal with history & mythology, including romance & murder, whereas oratorio often deals with sacred topics, making it appropriate for performance in the church. Protestant composers took their stories from the Bible, while Catholic composers looked to the lives of saints, as well as to Biblical topics.

It became extremely popular in early 17th-century Italy partly because of the success of opera and the Catholic Church's prohibition of spectacles. Oratorios became the main choice of music during that period for opera audiences.

Baroque Art… 6. Music Sonata -a piece sung. -it is played as opposed to a cantata. -Most of these pieces are in one binary-

form movement only.

-also applied for solo instruments.

Eg., Johann Sebastian BachThree Sonatas for solo violin Heinrich Ignaz Franz BiberRosary Sonatas George Frideric HandelSonata for Violin and Continuo Giuseppe TartiniDevil's Trill Sonata

Beethoven's manuscript sketch for Piano Sonata No. 28, Movement IV, Geschwind,

in his own handwriting.

baroque art

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