bap english final

National Trust for Nature ConservationP.O. Box 3712, Khumaltar, Lalitpur , NepalTel: 977-1-5526571,5526573Fax: 977-1-5526570E-mail: [email protected]: www.ntnc.org.np

PROJECT HEADSiddhartha B. Bajracharya, PhDNational Trust for Nature Conservation

STUDY TEAMAstra Development Network, Tripureshwor, KathmanduGeospatial Systems Private Limited, Pulchwok, LalitpurInnovative Solutions Private Limited, Chakupat, Lalitpur

EDITORIAL TEAMMahesh Banskota, PhDProf. Pramod K. JhaKishore ThapaDeependra Joshi (Editor)Ratna Raj Timsina

CONTRIBUTORSMahesh Bahadur Basnet, Chairman, BCIDCKrishna KC, Former Chairman, BCIDCAnil Bhadra Khanal, Project Manager, BCIDCSubrato Sinha, PhD (UNEP/ROAP)Richard Luff (UNICEF Nepal)Dipak Gyawali, Nepal Water Conservation Foundation, KathmanduRoshan Raj Shrestha, PhD, UN-Habitat, NepalNgamindra Dahal, NTNCEPLC/UNEP, South KoreaLocal stakeholders and communities of Bagmati catchment areaNTNC Team

Published by : High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilizationand National Trust for Nature Conservation

© 2009 Government of Nepal & National Trust for Nature ConservationJawlakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal

ISBN No: 978-993933933-702-8-4

Citation: GoN/NTNC (2009) Bagmati Action Plan (2009–2014). Kathmandu, Nepal.

Photos: Dr. Siddhartha B. Bajracharya, National Trust for Nature ConservationCover Photo: Dhap Area, Shivapuri National Park

BAGMATI ACTION PLAN

(2009–2014)

National Trust for Nature ConservationPO Box 3712

Jawlakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal

Tel: (977-1) 5526571, 5526573

Fax: (977-1) 5526570

E-mail: [email protected]

Web: www.ntnc.org.np

United Nations Environment Programme (RRC AP)PO Box 4; Klongluang 12120, Bangkok, Thailand

Tel: (66-2) 5162124, 5245365

Fax: ((66-2) 5162125


Web: www.rrcap.unep.org

BAGMATI ACTION PLAN(2009–2014)

BAGMATI ACTION PLAN(2009–2014)

Government of NepalHigh Powered Committee for Integrated

Development of the Bagmati CivilizationGuheshowori Phant, Kathmandu

Tel: (977-1) 4498619, 4479703

Fax: (977-1) 4482848


Web: www.bagmati.gov.npHPCIDBC

UN-HABITATWater for Asian Cities Programme

PO Box 107, Pulchowk Kathmandu

Tel: +977 1 5536699

Fax: +977 1 5539877

Web: www.unwac.org, www.unhabitat.org

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Message

Right Honorable Mr. Madhav Kumar NepalPrime MinisterGovernment of NepalSinghadurbar, Kathmandu,Nepal

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Message

Honorable Mr. Bijaya Kumar GachhadarDeputy Prime Minister & MinisterMinistry for Physical Planning and WorksGovernment of Nepal

The Bagmati river has significant ecological, cultural and religious importance. World famous religious and cultural heritagesare located along the banks of the river. Biodiversity of Bagamati is currently being lost at unprecedented rate due to humanactivities. The activities like dumping of solid wastes and discharging of untreated liquid waste polluted the river heavily,which made an assault to the sanctity of the rivers. The aggrevated environmental degradation of Kathmandu valley ingeneral and the Bagmati in particular has been an issue of concern for all.

The Bagmati Action Plan (2009-2014) envisages a strong commitment to conserve the Bagmati river system. In-order toaddress the present challenges, the Government of Nepal has given high priority for the conservation of the Bagmati riversystem.

However, it is clear that there remains a crucial task to revive the past glory of Bagmati. The scientific and articulatedinternvention is a must. The roles and responsibilities of the key stakeholders are to bedefined. Coordinated effort of all stakeholders is essential to achieve the objectives. The Bagmati Action Plan is a milestonein this direction.

I am confident that this plan will server as a guide to all the stakeholders. I hope that this plan will be a basis for all theconcerned organizations and institutions to contribute to restore and conserve Bagmati. I would like to appreciate all thoseinvolved in preparation of the Bagmati Action Plan for their effort to come up with the present form.

Now, it is the time for cooperation and collaboration. It is time to translat our hopes and energies into action, for the sakeof overall environmental improvement of Kathmandu valley. In this Juncture I would like to call upon all the stakeholders tojoin hand to make our dream come true.

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Hon. Deepak BoharaMinisterMinistry of Forests and Soil ConservationandChairmanNational Trust for Nature Conservation

MessageEver since the existence of humankind in the Kathmandu Valley, the Bagmati river has remained as the cradle of ourcivilization. The life of Bagmati is intertwined with the lives of millions of the Kathmandu dwellers. It has functioned as themain artery of the city, nourishing the Valley and providing immense environmental and ecological services.

However, with the rapid population growth and haphazard urbanisation of the Kathmandu Valley, the Bagmati River and itstributaries suffered the most. At present, the Bagmati River system is highly polluted. The problem is further aggravated bycontinuous dumping of solid wastes, domestic sewerage and industrial waste along its bank and in the river directly.

Restoring the Bagmati river is ambitious, but success is vital. The Bagmati Action Plan has prepared a framework of actionsby zoning the river into five areas and commits to clean, green and enliven the Bagmati river. This Plan presents clearobjectives to give new life to Bagmati and its tributaries.

Each chapter of the Bagmati Action Plan has addressed a topical issue to contribute to the vision of a clean, green andhealthy river system that is full of life and valued by all. The objective of the Plan is to conserve the terrestrial and aquaticbiodiversity; cultural and heritage sites; and to develop and promote eco-tourism in the Bagmati river. Our increasingknowledge must now spur on efforts to preserve what riches of Bagmati remain to us. I hope this Plan will stimulatediscussion and catalyse action on saving the Bagmati river.

The Government of Nepal would like to place on record its most sincere appreciation to the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP) and UN-HABITAT for the generous support offered to the preparation of the Plan.

Finally, I must assert that the government is committed to continue restoration efforts in the belief that we can ensure aliving Bagmati for our generations to come.

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Message

Mr. Mahesh Bahadur BasnetChairmanHigh Powered Committe Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilization

High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of Bagamti Civilization (HPCIDBC) is pleased to come up with theBagmati Action Plan as one of the measure acheivements of the collaboration with National Trust for Nature Conservation(NTNC). This will be an important guiding conceptual framework document for scientifically and systematically restoring andconserving the Bagmati river and its tributaries within the Kathmandu valley.

It is obvious that success of the Plan depends on effective implementation on the ground. HPCIDBC is committed to play itsrole as a lead implementing agency and will coordinate and work with all the partners and stakeholders to restore andconserve the river system. The Plan has clearly identified the issues and major partners and stakeholders for successfulimplementation. Thus, I strongly feel that this Plan will be a milestone to move ahead in successfully restoring and coservingthe Bagmati River system.

I would like to extend my sincere thanks to UNEP and UN-HABITAT for their valuable financial support for the developmentof the plan and NTNC for taking the lead to develop the Plan. I also like to thank the study team and other stakeholders whohave provided their valuable inputs for the development of the plan.

Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Siddhartha B. Bajracharya, NTNC, Mr. Ram Chandra Devkota, Mr. AnilBhadra Khanal and all the staffs of HPCIDBC and NTNC for their valueable inputs to bring document in its present form.

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Message

Mr. Deep BasnyatSecretary Ministry of Physical Planning & Works

The Bagmati River is the main cradle of the Kathmandu valley having very rich in cultural as well as aesthetic value. However,unplanned urbanization as well as other anthropogenic activities adversely affected the physical condition of the river.Realizing the deteriorating situation of the Bagamati and its tributaries, the Government of Nepal has setup an institutionnamely "High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of Bagmati Civilization (HPCIDBC)" to overcome the existingsituation. The committee is the leading implementing agency. It is my pleasure to mention here that Government of Nepalespecially the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works is working to strengthen the committee with enforceable legalprovisions.

At this important juncture, the Bagmati Action Plan has been developed. I am very pleased to see this highly scientific,innovative and comprehensive document to restore and coserve the Bagmati river system. The zoning concept assured theeffective implementation of the plan. I highly appreciate this effective collaboration between HPCIDBC and the NationalTrust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) to come up with the Plan. I wish this collaboration between HPCIDBC and NTNC will becontinued during the implementation of the Plan as well.

I would like to take this oppurtunity to thank to UNEP and UN-HABITAT for their support in the development of the plan. Iwould also like to thank all the professionals involved in developing the Plan.

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Mr. Juddha Bahadur GurungMember SecretaryNatinal Trust for Nature Conservation

ForewordIt is our great pleasure to present you the Bagmati Action Plan, a most waiting comprehensive document prepared torestore and conserve the Bagmati River system. This action plan identifies the key stakeholders and the potential partnersfor the effective implementation of the Bagmati Action Plan. This plan also introduces a new concept of zonation of the riversystem within the Kathmandu valley. The zonation of the river system has been proposed to effectively address the issuesat micro level.

National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) has been working in the Terai and Mountain region since its establishment.However NTNC presence in urban centre particularly in the Kathmandu valley is relatively low. The NTNC Board emphasizedour management to development programme for improving the urban environment. As we see that several organizationsare working in the Bagmati River, however due to lack of coordinated and effective intervention, the environmentalpollution in the Bagmati River is existed. Therefore we found that a comprehensive document is quite necessary to restoreand conserve this historically and culturally rich river.

This plan alone is nothing, but the effective implementation in an integrated approach is quite necessary to achieve thevision of the Plan. A technical part is the main aspect of this plan therefore; the technical input from all concerned sidesshould be consulted during the implementation of the Plan.

Lastly, I like to thank to Dr. Siddhartha B. Bajracharya for making a concluding end of preparation works of this preciousdocument. I also like to thank to the consultant team, editorial team and to all the stakeholders who have provide their

invaluable support and suggestions to prepare this document.

viii

AcknowledgementThe Bagmati Action Plan (BAP) is prepared with arduous effortsand contributions of several organizations and individuals. Onbehalf of NTNC, we would like to extend gratitude to all ofthem. NTNC would like to take this opportunity to thank theUnited Nations Environment Programme Regional Office of Asiaand the Pacific (UNEP/ROAP), Bangkok and UN-HABITAT Waterfor Asian Cities Programme, Nairobi for their support to prepareBAP. Mr. Surendra Shrestha, UNEP, Dr. Subrato Sinha, UNEP, Mr.Andre Dzikus, UN-HABITAT, Dr. Roshan Raj Shrestha, UN-HABITAT,Dr. Yeong-Wan Seo, UNEP-EPLC deserve special gratefulness fortheir respective contributions.

Government of Nepal, the Ministry of Physical Planning andWorks, and the High Powered Committee for BagmatiCivilization Integrated Development (HPCIDBC) deserve specialthanks for collaboration and coordination with the NationalTrust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) to prepare this ActionPlan. NTNC would like to sincerely acknowledge theGovernment of Nepal for expressing their serious commitmentto restore and conserve the Bagmati River System byendorsement and owning the Bagmati Action Plan.

Our conservation partners WWF, IUCN, UNDP and ICIMODextended their support and assistance right from the beginningof this work. They not only provided us with preciousinformation but also with valuable comments and suggestionson various issues pertinent to the Action Plan. The Trust wouldlike to thank independent reviewers Mr. Deepak Gyawali, Dr.

Roshan Raj Shrestha, and the review team member who hascontributed significantly in preparing the Bagmati Action Plan.More precisely, Dr. Mahesh Banskota, Mr. Kishore Thapa, Prof.Dr. Promod Kumar Jha and Mr. Deependra Joshi.

Mr Juddha Bahadur Gurung, Member Secretary, NTNC,encouraged the team during the entire period of preparation.I would also like to thank Mr. Ganga Jung Thapa, ExecutiveOfficer, Mr. Jitendra R Onta, Director Finance, Mr. Deepak K Singh,Director Administration, Dr. Shanta R Jnawali, Director TeraiProgramme, Mr Ngamindra Dahal, Mr. Bidur P Pokharel andthe other NTNC staff for their cooperation. Mr. Ratna Raj Timsina,Programme Officer deserves special thanks for his untiringsupport during the preparation of the Plan. I would also takethis opportunity to thank Mr. Arup Rajouria, former MemberSecretary of KMTNC for his initiative to start our intervention inthe urban environment.

Finally, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to the BagmatiAction Plan team for the timely completion of the task withtheir zeal and professional team spirit. I would particularly liketo thank Ms. Sangeeta Singh, Dr. Bhushan Raj Shrestha, Dr.Kavita B. Shrestha, Dr. Suresh Das Shrestha, Dr. Bandana Pradhan,Dr. Narendra Man Shakya, Mr. Padma Sunder Joshi, PhD, Mr.Prakash Darnal, Dr. Raj B. Shrestha, Dr. Keshab Shrestha,Mr. Bhusan Tuladhar, Mr. Bipin Chitrakar, Mr. Binod Sharma, Mr.Amrit Man Shrestha, Ms. Shriju Pradhan, Ms. Mamata Sayami,Ms. Sichu Shrestha, and other team members.

Siddhartha B. Bajracharya, PhDExecutive OfficerNational Trust for Nature Conservation

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Background

The Bagmati river is one of the important river systems ofNepal with high cultural and aesthetical values. However, inthe absence of planned and coordinated restoration andconservation efforts, environmental degradation and culturalerosion of the Bagmati river system has continued unabated.The Bagmati Action Plan (BAP) has been formulated with theaim to restore and conserve the Bagmati river and its tributariesin an integrated and coordinated approach. BAP covers theBagmati river system from Shivapuri hill to Katuwal Daha. TheBagmati river originates at Baghdwar about 15 km northeastof Kathmandu in Shivapuri hill and its tributaries originatefrom different parts of the Valley. It flows by several importantparts of Kathmandu, including the Pashupatinath temple. Theriver is fed by natural springs and monsoon rainfall. The Bagmatiriver system includes seven tributaries - Bagmati, Bishnumati,Dhobikhola (Rudramati), Manahara, Nakkhu, Balkhu andTukucha (Ichhumati) rivers and the five sub-tributariesGodavari, Hanumate, Sangla, Mahadev and Kodku Khola.

The environmental degradation of the river system hasaccelerated due to increase in unplanned urbanization of theKathmandu valley. At present, the river has been used asdumping sites for all types of wastes. To combat the presentsituation, many organizations are working in Bagmati withnumber of good programmes such as clean up campaigns,plantation, awareness programmes etc. However, theseinitiatives did not produce significant impacts except generatingpublic awareness to some extent. Therefore, National Trust forNature Conservation (NTNC) has taken the initiative for thepreparation of the Bagmati Action Plan. The plan is acomprehensive document that includes all the programmesand activities to be carried out at different locations and atdifferent time interval. This plan has also identified the potentialorganizations working in the Bagmati river.

The issues related to the Bagmati river and its tributaries aremore or less of similar nature. Decrease in water discharge

Executive Summary

and the degradation of river ecosystems are the major issues.Besides, narrowing and deepening of water way, degradationof catchment quality and water quality, eroding aesthetic andcultural values, riverside land use changes etc. are the criticalissues of the Bagmati river system. Previous studies havegiven an account that water quality is not in same conditionin all river segments. The Bagmati river system has beenclassified into four standard water quality classes based onthe saprobic approach (i.e. pollution level). These are: Class I:Non-polluted; Class II: Moderately polluted; Class III: Heavilypolluted; and Class IV: Extremely polluted. It is clearly visiblethat the river water quality in the Shivapuri National Park andits surrounding hills are still in good condition and graduallydeteriorate as it flows towards the urban area. The waterextremely polluted mainly in the central part of the Valley.

The issues mentioned here do not have equal level ofsignificance in all river segments. An issue which is critical forupstream may not be critical for downstream. To effectivelyaddress the key issues at a micro level, a concept of zonationof the river system within the Kathmandu valley has beenintroduced. Zonation of the River system will also help indeveloping and implementing the action plan more effectivelyat the zone level. Therefore on the basis of the existing statusof the water quality in river segments and the populationdensity of the area, the whole river system of the Kathmanduvalley has been classified into five different zones i.e. Zone 1to 5. They are Natural Conservation Core Zone (Zone 1), RuralZone (Zone 2), Peri-urban Zone (Zone 3), Urban Zone (Zone4) and Downstream zone (Zone 5).

Zone 1 is the natural conservation core zone (323 sq km, i.e.45.1% of targeted area) consisting of green hills surroundingthe Valley such as Phulchowki (2,800m), Shivapuri (2,453m),Chandragiri (2,365m) and Nagarjun (2,100m). The majorcatchment areas lies within this zone. The bordering area ofZone 1 is classified as Zone 2 or Rural Zone (150 sq km, i.e.21% of targeted area). The Bagmati River and its tributariesflow through this zone. Population density in this zone is

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higher than Zone 1. It is still being dominated by agriculturalland.

Zone 3 is the peri-urban zone of the Valley (113 sq km, i.e.15.8% of total targeted area), and is located between ruraland core urban city of the Kathmandu Valley. Many urbanizingVDCs are located in this zone. Population density here iscomparatively higher than Zone 2 and lesser than Zone 4. Theriver ecosystem is in Class III (critically polluted) category. Zone4 is the urban zone and is highly urbanized zone consisting offive municipalities of the Valley—Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur,Madhyapur Thimi and Kirtipur. Almost all major tributaries passthrough this zone and the confluences of the tributaries arelocated in the central part of this zone. Water quality of theriver is worst with Class IV (extremely polluted) category. Zone5 is situated in the southern part of the Kathmandu Valleyfrom Sundarighat to Katuwal daha. This zone is mainlydominated by agricultural land with low population density.The Bagmati River drains out of the Valley through this zone.Despite low population density in this zone, water quality inthe river segment is extremely polluted.

The Action Plan has set the overall vision for restoration andconservation of the Bagmati river system and defined goals,objectives and activities for each zone. Certain key activities whichare valid in all the zones are included as cross cutting activities.These activities are either common for all zones or their outputshelp to build the capacity of HPCIDBC and other agencies workingfor the restoration and conservation of the Bagmati river and itstributaries. Other activities identified for each zone are based onthe key issues identified in corresponding zones. This action planhas given due recognition to the priority activities that havebeen recommended by previous interventions. Action to beundertaken for managing waste is one of the most challengingtasks in developing this plan. Conventional waste watermanagement system recommended by previous projects is stillvalid for city core (Zone 4). Therefore, actions recommended formanaging waste water for these areas are mainly based on thesame technology with some modification in some cases. Theaction plan has recommended DEWATS as a new approach tomanage waste water, especially for Zones 2 and 3. On-site

sanitation is given higher priority at Zones 1 and 5. Managingwaste through managing faecal sludge is given high priority insome areas. Similarly, afforestation program is given high priorityin Zone 1.

Monitoring is very critical to fulfil vision, goals and objectivesof the action plan. Regular monitoring is very essential fromthe concerned authorities to identify how effectively andefficiently the proposed activities were implemented. It alsoprovides the adequate correction on the implementingactivities before it is too late. The monitoring plan clearlypresents the activities of the respective zones and their meansof verification. It also identifies HPCIDBC as the key organizationresponsible for carrying out the monitoring activities.

The total Plan outlay for five years is approximately NRs.15,000,000,000 (Fifteen billion only). The budget has beencalculated considering all possible fixed and variable costs.The projected budget also addresses the issues related toempirical information, ground-based realities, populationprojection, and inflation rate. The cost of DEWATS and faecalsludge management involves complex calculation which isbased on the population projected for specific area suitablefor DEWATS. Of the total budget, 20.19% of budget isallocated for first year, 26.21% in the second year, 21.80%in the third year, 18.14% for fourth year and 13.63% forfinal year. Similarly, among the zones, major investmenthas been proposed for the Zone 4.

Successful implementation of the Action Plan could bring changein the management paradigm in restoration and conservationof the Bagmati river and its tributaries. The government mustensure that adequate resources are forthcoming and the ActionPlan implementation process is smooth in reaching goals andultimately the vision. Substantial efforts should be made tostrengthen HPCIDBC in terms of technical capacity, financialresources and legal back up. More importantly, the successfulimplementation of the Action Plan not only brings the riverback to life but also enhances the overall urban environmentof the Kathmandu valley. However, this demands serious politicalcommitment at the national level.

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ASP Activated Sludge ProcessBAP Bagmati Action PlanBASP Bagmati Area Sewerage Construction/Rehabilitation ProjectHPCIDBC High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati CivilizationBCN Bird Conservation NepalBOD Biological Oxygen DemandBRCP Bagmati River Conservation ProjectCBS Central Bereau of StatisticsCDM Clean Development MechanismCIUD Centre for Integrated Urban DevelopmentCOD Chemical Oxygen DemandDDC District Development CommitteeDEWATS Decentralized Waste Water Treatment SystemDoA Department of AgricultureDoAr Department of ArchaeologyDoPRM Department of Pesticides Registration and ManagementDHM Department of Hydrology and MeteorologyDO Dissolved OxygenDUDBC Department of Urban Development and Building CodeDWIDP Department of Water Induced Disaster PreparednessDWSS Department of Water Supply and SewerageECCA Environmental Camps for Conservation AwarenessEFR Environment Flow RequirementENPHO Environment and Public Health OrganisationFoB Friends of BagmatiFSM Fecal Sludge ManagementGIS/RS Geographical Information System/Remote SensingGO Governmental OfficeINGO International Non Governmental OrganisationIUCN The World Conservation UnionKAPRIMO Kathmandu Participatory River MonitoringKEEP Kathmandu Environmental Education ProjectKMC Kathmandu Metropolitan CityKUKL Kathmandu Upatayka Khanepani LimitedKVO Kathmandu Valley OutlookMoAC Ministry of Agriculture and cooperativesMFR Minimum Flow RequirementMLD Million Liter per DayNEFEJ Nepal Forum for Environmental JournalistsNEPCEMAC Nepal Pollution Control and Environment Management CentreNGO Non Govermnental OrganisationNPC National Planning CommissionNRCT Nepal River Conservation TrustNTNC National Trust for Nature ConservationPADTA Pashupati Area Development Trust ActSBR Squencing Bio ReactorSEDC Sagarmatha Environment Development CentreShNP Shivapuri National ParkSME Small and Medium EnterpriseSWMRMC Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilisation CentreToR Terms of ReferenceTSS Total Suspenended SolidsTSTP Teku Septage Treatment PlantUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganisationUN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements ProgrammeVDC Village Development CommitteeWECS Water and Energy Commission SecretariatWEG Women Environment GroupWEPCO Women Environment Preservation Committee

Acronyms

xii

MESSAGES ........................................................................................................................................................................... ii-vi

FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................................... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................... viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................ ix

ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................................................ xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................................. xii

CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11111

1.1. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................................ 11.2 KATHMANDU VALLEY .............................................................................................................................................. 21.3. RATIONALE OF THE BAGMATI ACTION PLAN .......................................................................................................... 51.4. PLAN FORMULATION PROCESS ............................................................................................................................... 51.5. LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................................................................ 61.6 ORGANISATION OF THE PLAN ................................................................................................................................. 6

CHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPTER 2:TER 2:TER 2:TER 2:TER 2: BBBBBAAAAAGMAGMAGMAGMAGMATI RIVER AND ITTI RIVER AND ITTI RIVER AND ITTI RIVER AND ITTI RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTS TRIBUTS TRIBUTS TRIBUTS TRIBUTARIESARIESARIESARIESARIES ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77777

2.1. BAGMATI ................................................................................................................................................................. 72.2. BISHNUMATI ........................................................................................................................................................... 82.3. TUKUCHA (ICHHUMATI) ........................................................................................................................................... 92.4. DHOBIKHOLA (RUDRAMATI) ................................................................................................................................... 92.5. MANAHARA.......................................................................................................................................................... 102.6. BALKHU ................................................................................................................................................................ 102.7. NAKKHU ................................................................................................................................................................ 102.8. SUB-TRIBUTARIES ................................................................................................................................................. 11

CHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPTER 3: KEY ISTER 3: KEY ISTER 3: KEY ISTER 3: KEY ISTER 3: KEY ISSUES OF BSUES OF BSUES OF BSUES OF BSUES OF BAAAAAGMAGMAGMAGMAGMATI RIVERTI RIVERTI RIVERTI RIVERTI RIVER .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1515151515

3.1. RIVER ECOSYSTEM AND WASTE WATER ............................................................................................................... 153.2. RIVER SIDE LAND USE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ............................................................................... 203.3. CULTURE AND HERITAGE ....................................................................................................................................... 213.4 KEY CHALLENGES .................................................................................................................................................. 21

CHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPTER 4: ZTER 4: ZTER 4: ZTER 4: ZTER 4: ZONING OF KAONING OF KAONING OF KAONING OF KAONING OF KATHMANDU VTHMANDU VTHMANDU VTHMANDU VTHMANDU VALLEY RIVER SALLEY RIVER SALLEY RIVER SALLEY RIVER SALLEY RIVER SYSYSYSYSYSTEMTEMTEMTEMTEM ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2323232323

4.1. NATURAL CONSERVATION CORE ZONE ................................................................................................................. 234.2. RURAL ZONE ......................................................................................................................................................... 244.3. PERI-URBAN ZONE ............................................................................................................................................... 244.4. URBAN ZONE ........................................................................................................................................................ 254.5. DOWNSTREAM ZONE ............................................................................................................................................ 25

CHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPTER 5: LETER 5: LETER 5: LETER 5: LETER 5: LEGISLAGISLAGISLAGISLAGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTTIVE ARRANGEMENTTIVE ARRANGEMENTTIVE ARRANGEMENTTIVE ARRANGEMENTSSSSS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3131313131

5.1. ACTS AND POLICIES .............................................................................................................................................. 315.6. STRATEGIES AND PLANS ...................................................................................................................................... 33

CHAPTER 6: CHAPTER 6: CHAPTER 6: CHAPTER 6: CHAPTER 6: ACTION PLANACTION PLANACTION PLANACTION PLANACTION PLAN .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3535353535

CHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPCHAPTER 7: TER 7: TER 7: TER 7: TER 7: IMPLEMENTIMPLEMENTIMPLEMENTIMPLEMENTIMPLEMENTAAAAATION STION STION STION STION STRATRATRATRATRATETETETETEGGGGGY AND MY AND MY AND MY AND MY AND MONITONITONITONITONITORING PLANORING PLANORING PLANORING PLANORING PLAN .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4141414141

CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: CHAPTER 8: BUDGET PLANBUDGET PLANBUDGET PLANBUDGET PLANBUDGET PLAN ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5151515151

Table of Contents

xiii

List of Tables

Table 1.1: Population projection of Kathmandu Valley for 30 years ................................................................................... 2

Table 2.1: Details of Bagmati river and its tributaries (length, elevation and origin) ....................................................... 8

Table 3.1: Water quality parameters .................................................................................................................................. 17

Table 3.2: Waste generation in five municipalities ............................................................................................................ 17

Table 7.1: Monitoring Plan (Zone 1) .................................................................................................................................... 44





Table 7.6: Monitoring Plan (General Action Plan) ............................................................................................................... 50

Table 8.1: Five years budget for BAP .................................................................................................................................. 53

Table 8.2: Budget for Bagmati Action Plan (Cross cutting activities) ............................................................................... 54

Table 8.3: Budget for Bagmati Action Plan (Zone 1) .......................................................................................................... 56





List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Increasing trend of population growth in Kathmandu Valley ........................................................................... 2

Figure 2.1: Average BOD level at different locations of Bagmati ...................................................................................... 8

Figure 2.2: Average BOD level at different locations of Bishnumati .................................................................................. 9

Figure 3.1: Average discharge at Sundarijal (m3/s) .......................................................................................................... 15

Figure 4.1: Visitors’ trend in Shivapuri National Park ........................................................................................................ 24

Figure 8.1: Sectoral allocation of budget for 2008—2009 ................................................................................................. 51

Figure 8.2: Distribution of five-year budget ....................................................................................................................... 52

Figure 8.3: Budget allocation for general and zone-wise plans ........................................................................................ 53

List of Maps

Map 1: Location map of Upper Bagmati Basin ................................................................................................................... 3

Map 2: River networks of the Kathmandu Valley ................................................................................................................ 4

Map 3: Village Development Committees and Municipalities of the Kathmandu valley ................................................ 13

Map 4: Land use map of the Kathmandu Valley ................................................................................................................ 14

Map 5: Catchment area of the major rivers of Kathmandu Valley ................................................................................... 26

Map 6: Zonation of the Kathmandu Valley ......................................................................................................................... 27

Map 7: River water quality and population density in different zones ............................................................................ 28

Map 8: Water quality and different zones .......................................................................................................................... 29

Map 9: Waste water treatment system and population density ...................................................................................... 30

Map 10: Waste water management plan for the Kathmandu Valley (with zones) ......................................................... 40

REFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6767676767

ANNEXANNEXANNEXANNEXANNEX ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6969696969

1.1.Background

The Bagmati is the principal river of the Bagmati basin in Nepal. The

river originates in the Kathmandu Valley, which comprises about

15% of the area of the Bagmati basin in Nepal. The Bagmati basin is

characterized as medium or dry basin fed by springs and monsoon

rainfall (WECS, 2008). Based on the morphology and land use, the

Bagmati basin can be divided into various sub-basins, viz. Upper

Bagmati, Upper Middle Bagmati, Lower Middle (Tarai) Bagmati and

the Lower Bagmati (Tarai) sub-basins. This Action Plan covers the

Bagmati river system from Shivapuri hills to Katuwal Daha, including

the Bagmati river and all its tributaries (Map 1).

The Bagmati river originates at Baghdwar, about 15 km northeast of

Kathmandu in Shivapuri hill and its tributaries originate from different

parts of the Valley (Map 2). This portion of the Bagmati river is part

of the Upper Bagmati basin and is a very important part of the basin

system. It flows by several important parts of Kathmandu, including

the Pashupatinath temple. The river is fed by natural springs and

monsoon rainfall. The average annual rainfall is 1900mm, of which

about 80% occurs during monsoon (June-September). Rivers in the

Valley also possess rich cultural and heritage values. As Bagmati

attaches spiritual and emotional significance to the Nepali people,

most of the important temples, shrines, ghats, etc. are located along

the river banks and are used for different cultural and ritual purposes.

Therefore, conservation of rivers is very important for the protection

of both natural resources and rich cultural heritage of the Valley.

The Bagmati river currently faces a number of serious environmental

and ecological challenges. Urbanization and industrialization of the

river’s headwaters at Kathmandu has deteriorated water quality

with consequences on the aquatic ecosystem and on the health of

the urban dwellers. Increasing population pressure on the fragile

mountain slopes has also resulted in rapid degradation of natural

resources. Consequently, deforestation, soil erosion, landslide,

siltation, etc. are occurring in and around the catchment area.

Urbanization of Kathmandu Valley has strongly influenced Bagmati

river. The direct impacts of present urbanization are especially

visible in the Bagmati river and its tributaries where they have

been used as dumping sites for all types of wastes. The rich cultural

heritage along the river and its tributaries such as traditional

monuments, ghats and temples, is gradually eroding. The river has

been widely used for different purposes ranging from sand extraction

INTRODUCTION1

2©

Sid

dhar

tha/

NT

NC

The Bagmati catchment area at ShNP.

to land encroachment. It has been reported that more than half of

the fish species in the Bagmati river has disappeared. This indicates

that some parts of the river are biologically dead. In recent times,

the Kathmanduites have expressed deep concern over the plight of

the Bagmati river and its environment. Acute shortage of water

has forced certain sections of the society to use the polluted water

from the Valley rivers, which might have escalated water-borne

diseases.

In the absence of effective and coordinated conservation and

management of the Bagmati river, environmental degradation

and water pollution will continue unabated. There are several

organisations working in the conservation and management of

Bagmati river (Annex 1). Besides, the government has allocated

Rs. 11 million to clean rivers of the Kathmandu Valley and has

also included policies and programmes in the Three Year Interim

Plan (2007/08-2009/10). The Plan has adopted policies related

with conservation, promotion and sustainable use of biodiversity.

It has also sought to harness traditional knowledge through

research, development and institutional arrangements.

Although efforts have been made to conserve the fragile natural

resources of the Kathmandu Valley through the declaration of the

upper catchment area as the protected area (Shivapuri National

Park), achieving the objectives of conservation and management of

the resources in the catchment area remains a serious problem.

Besides, these efforts are scattered and impacts are insignificant for

conserving and restoring Bagmati. A scientifically planned

intervention to conserve and restore the Bagmati river has not yet

been started. In this context, the National Trust for Nature

Conservation (NTNC), jointly with the High Powered Committee for

Integrated Development of the Bagamti Civilization (HPCIDBC), has

initiated a project to study the Bagmati river environment and its

tributaries and develop a comprehensive plan of action for five years

through consultation with the major stakeholders.

1.2. Kathmandu Valley

The Kathmandu Valley lies between latitudes 27°32’13" and

27°49’10" north and longitudes 85°11’31" and 85°31’38" east. It is

surrounded by the hills of Mahabharat range forming a bowl-shaped

valley floor (Map 1). It consists of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur

districts with five municipalities and 99 Village Development

Committees (Map 3).

A temperate climate prevails in Kathmandu Valley. The mean annual

temperature in the Kathmandu Valley is 18o C. The coldest month is

January with the mean temperature of 10o C. The warmest months

are July and August, with an average temperature of 24oC. The

valley has an annual rainfall of 1,400mm. The wettest month is

July with an average rainfall of about 370 mm. November and

December are the driest months, the average rainfall is less than 6

mm (URBAIR -Kathmandu Valley Report, 1997).

Kathmandu Valley being the economic and administrative center

of Nepal is experiencing a very high population growth rate over

the decades. According to the population census carried out in 1981

the population was 7,66,345 which increase to 11,05,379 in 1991

census, with the annual growth rate of 4.2%. The population census

data for 2001 reveals that there are 16,56,951 people in the

Kathmandu valley by the end of 2001, with annual growth rate of

4.9% per annum. In the present trend of population growth rate in

Kathmandu valley it is estimated to reach 21,04,685 by the end of

2006 and 33,95,799 by the end of 2016. The population density of

Fig.1.1. Trend of population growth inKathmandu Valley

Year Population projection

1991 1,000,0001998 1,500,0002004 2,000,0002009 2,500,0002012 3,000,0002016 3,800,000

Table 1.1. Population projection of the KathmanduValley for 30 Years

Source: ESPS 2003

Projection of Population in Kathmandu Valley (1991-2016)

4000000

3500000

3000000

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

0'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16

Num

ber

Year

3M

ap 1

: Loc

atio

n m

ap o

f Upp

er B

agm

ati B

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4M

ap 2

: Riv

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etw

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of t

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ley

5

Kathmandu valley was 852 people per square kilometer in 1981

and 1230 people per square kilometer in 1991, which has reached

1843 people per square kilometer in 2001. The population for

Kathmandu valley for 1991, 2001 and projection for coming 15

years presented in the figure below.

The Kathmandu Valley is highly rich in culture and heritage. The

Bagmati river has always remained an important part of this culture

and heritage in the Kathmandu Valley. It is widely believed that the

civilization of the Kathmandu Valley starts from the Bagmati river.

Majority of temples and ghats lie along the river bank. Kings and

commoners alike built pati, pauwa, stone spouts, temples, etc.

near the river bank in memory of the deceased member of their

family or for religious purposes. Most of the revered temples such

as Bajrayogini, Gokarna, Budhanilkantha, Tika Bhairav and Shobha

Bhagwati are located near river sides. Among the seven World

Heritage Sites of cultural importance of Nepal, the Pashupatinath

temple is situated along the bank of the Bagmati river and

Changunarayan lies near the Manahara river. The rivers and its

confluences are equally important for cultural rituals. There were

many traditional community institutions such as guthi for managing

these cultural heritage sites along the river banks.

1.3. Rationale of the Bagmati ActionPlan

The rapidly increasing population and related solid waste dumping

in the rivers, discharge of industrial effluents together with direct

discharge of domestic sewage have made the Bagmati river and

its tributaries excessively polluted in some parts of the Valley. The

river’s capacity to purify itself, by means of interaction between

biotic and abiotic characteristics of the river, has been slowly

declining. Structures around the ghats (where last rites are

performed) are rapidly deteriorating. Traditional community

institutions such as guthis have become non-functional. Many

archaeological and historical sites await immediate conservation

and management interventions.

A recent study (KAPRIMO, 2007) on water flow and water quality has

indicated a very alarming situation. It has classified most parts of

the rivers within the Kathmandu Valley as being excessively polluted.

Pollution of these rivers has considerable impacts on the overall

urban environment and human health. However, experiences from

elsewhere in the world demonstrate that it is possible to restore and

conserve polluted rivers such as the Bagmati river and its tributaries

(Box 1 Nanjing Qinhuai river, China).

The Bagmati river is currently used for different purposes: (i) major

source for municipal, industrial and irrigation water for the Kathmandu

Valley; (ii) cultural and religious practices; (iii) disposal of water-borne

effluents and deposition of solid waste along the banks; (iv) extraction

of sand; (v) space for public infrastructure, e.g. roads and water tanks;

and (vi) preferred zones for squatters and other encroachments. The

continuous process of degradation of the Bagmati river has damaged

the urban environment causing acute water scarcity for the city dwellers.

Several efforts have been made in past for the conservation of

the rivers in the Valley. Different studies and recommendations,

several plans and programmes, number of projects, several clean-

up campaigns, awareness programmes, and promulgation of

different policies and acts were initiated by various agencies for

the conservation of the Bagmati river but in isolated forms.

Previous interventions by different organisations and their key

functions on Bagmati protection has been given in Annex I. Various

organisations that have played a role in the past have been (i)

Friends of the Bagmati; (ii) Nepal River Conservation Trust; (iii)

Bagmati Sarokar Samiti; (iv) Environment and Public Health

Organisation and (v) Women Environment Preservation Committee.

However, inspite of these efforts, there has not been any success in

containing the increasing pollution, encroachment of the river bank

and its flood plains and deterioration of the cultural heritage. The

scale of the problem has been far too big for many of the genuine

efforts as clean-up campaigns and river festivals, the isolated efforts

have also not helped either (Annex IX). Hence, NTNC with the support

of UNEP and UN-HABITAT has agreed to support HPCIDBC to address

the complex issues of Bagmati conservation and develop a

comprehensive and realistic Bagmati Action Plan (BAP).

Thus, the Action Plan has been formulated for the conservation and

restoration of the Bagmati river and its tributaries in an integrated

and coordinated approach with appropriate management

interventions.

Flow Chart 1: BAP Planning Process

Analysis of existingmodels

Literature review

Field survey

Communityconsultations

Expertconsultations

GISReviewmeeting

BagmatiAction Plan

Reviewmeeting

Draft BagmatiAction Plan

Peer review

6

1.4. Plan formulation process

The following processes were adopted for the

preparation of the Bagmati Action Plan:

i. Secondary data and information about the

Bagmati river and the Kathmandu Valley

available from different sources were

collected and analysed. Most of the major

reports related to urban development, rivers

and water resources, water, waste water and

solid waste management in the Kathmandu

Valley were reviewed. Gloabal case studies

on river restoration and conservation

programme including success and failure

studies were reviewed and documented.

ii. Intensive field surveys were conducted along

the rivers, protected area and surrounding

hills for potential water sources (Annex II);

iii. GIS and statistical tools were intensively utilised

for zoning and analysing data based on the data

collected from secondary sources and

information gathered from field observations;

iv. A series of meetings and discussions were

organised with governmental and non-

governmental organisations, CBOs,

stakeholders and experts of various thematic

areas;

v. Several community consultations and

interviews were organised with local

communities and stakeholders (Annex III);

vi. Several workshops, seminars and meetings were held by

involving different groups relating to Bagmati river aimed at

disseminating the process of developing action plan and receive

feedbacks.

vii. The draft BAP was shared and discussed in a series of meetings

held with the secretaries and high ranking officers of the

Government of Nepal at the PMs office, various ministries and

departments

1.5. Limitations

The Action Plan has been developed based on the qualitative

approach requiring subjective judgment in some cases. Limited

availability of database, decision support systems and knowledge

base also remained as a serious constraint in developing the plan.

1.6. Organisation of the Plan

The Bagmati Action Plan has been organised into eight chapters.

Chapter 1 introduces the Bagmati river, the Kathmandu Valley and

gives the rationale for the preparation of the Plan. It also highlights the

Once Qinhuai river used to be a highly polluted river of Nanjing in China. Illegalslums and squatters along the river, filthy environment as well as the contaminatedsmelly river had severely reduced the quality of human settlements, environmentand urban images. In 2002, the Nanjing Municipal Government (NMG) attemptedto rehabilitate Qinhuai river through a comprehensive programme, including waterreplenishment, sewage interception, resettlement, riverbank restoration, andconstruction of access roads.

By 2005, in the first phase, the Commission accomplished the achievement byresettling 380,000 square metre area; relocating 4,365 households; shifting 94companies; upgrading 20 km flood-preventing wall; laying 25 km sewer interceptionpipeline; intercepting 550 urban sewer outlets; maintaining 5 km city wall; creatingmore than 10 scenic spots; decorating 110 residential houses; and refurbishing 13bridges with the total investment of USD 400 miliion.

In 2006, second phase of the rehabilitation work was anchored that includerehabilitation of 18 km of river, construction of 7 bridges, and construction ofecological wetland parks. Today, it is a flowing, picturesque, and prosperous riverarea. The Nanjing-Qinhuai river has become a historical, cultural and tourism scenichub of China characterizing ancient human civilization of Nanjing. In view of thegreat success achieved, UN-Habitat nominated Nanjing as a pilot city in waterenvironment improvement in the Asian Cities Water Program.

(Source: Nanjing Qinhuai River Rehabilitation Project)

Box 1: Nanjing Qinhuai River then and now

...then ...nowThen Now

plan formulation process and its limitations. Chapter 2 deals with the

Bagmati river, its associated tributaries and sub-tributaries, and is

aimed at providing status, problems and issues of each of the tributaries.

Chapter 3 identifies key issues of the Bagmati river, its implications on

the river ecosystems and waste water; river side land use patterns,

socio-economic scenario, existing culture and heritage, and key

challenges confronting the Bagmati river. Possible threats and

opportunities that rapid urbanisation and haphazard growth would

generate for the conservation of the Bagmati river and its sustainable

use are also identified and discussed. Chapter 4 discusses about the

strategic and systematic approach of zoning concept that classifies

the Bagmati river into five zones which set the framework for the

plan. Chapter 5 explains the existing legislative arrangements and

their inter-relationship with the Bagmati river.

Chapter 6 covers vision, goals, objectives and activities of the Action

Plan. Chapter 7 discusses the implementation strategy and monitoring

plan with various indicators that help in tracking the achievements

and impacts based on the Plan's objectives. Chapter 8 provides the

budget for the first five years with current budget allocation and

proposed plan.

2.1. Bagmati

The Bagmati river originates in Baghdwar of Shivapuri hills in the

north of the Kathmandu Valley (see photos below). The river is fed

by numerous tributaries originating from the Mahabharat and

Siwaliks range before it reaches the Terai at Karmaiya and to the

Gangetic plain. The total catchment area of the Bagmati river is

about 157 sq km (Map 5) with the length of 44 km from its origin at

an elevation of 2732m to Katuwal daha, which lies at an elevation

of 1140m (Topography Map, Department of Survey, 1998). The

Bagmati Action Plan focuses only in that part of the Bagmati river

and its tributaries that lies within the Kathmandu Valley. Major

tributaries of the Bagmati river in the Valley include Manahara,

Dhobikhola, Tukucha, Bishnumati, Balkhu and Nakkhu.

In the northernmost origin of the Bagmati river, there are many

small and large wetlands that exist inside the Shivapuri National

Park and the surrounding hills such as dhap, Panimuhan, Taudaha

and Basantigaun ponds. Such wetlands contribute to recharging

of the rivers. Syalmati and Nagmati streams join the Bagmati

near its source in the Shivapuri hills. Villages such as Okhreni,

Chilaune and Mulkharka are situated close to the source of the

Bagmati river. Sanitation system in these settlements is very

poor as open defecation is widely prevalent in these villages. A

large volume of water is diverted for the city water supply by the

Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) at Sundarijal.

Besides, water is also diverted into different locations for

irrigation, industrial and household use.

The quality of water at Sundarijal at the foothill is at the acceptable

level. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) value at Sundarijal during monsoon

period ranges between 6 to 10 mg/l. The 5mg/l DO value is

assumed to be the threshold value of water, or higher the value of

DO, better the quality of water. The maximum desirable BOD level

for drinking, aquatic life, bathing and agriculture is 4mg/l, 6mg/l

and 10mg/l respectively as recommended by BBWMSIP (1994).

Direct disposal of untreated sewage has been prevalent in Jorpati,

Tilganga, Minbhawan, Sankhamul, Jwagal, Kupandole, Sanepa, Teku,

Balkhu, Sundarighat and Chobhar (Fig.2.1). Toilets in squatter

settlements are being directly discharged into the river. Heavily

polluted tributaries such as Dhobikhola, Bishnumati and Tukucha

BAGMATI RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES

© S

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8

join the Bagmati as it flows towards the Chobhar gorge. River

banks downstream is used as solid waste dumping sites of individual

houses and municipalities. Private organisations collecting waste

from households also dump wastes directly along the river banks at

locations such as Baneshwar, Gairigaun, Sinamangal, Jwagal and

Teku.

Both sides of river banks downstream from Gokarna have been

encroached for the collection of construction materials, cleaning,

dying and storing materials for small industries, workshops, roads,

squatter settlements, etc. Shantinagar, Bijaynagar, Jagritinagar,

Gairigaun, Chandani Tole, Pragati Tole, Kalimati Dole, Kimal Phant,

Bansighat, Kuriyagaun and Sankhamul are the major squatter

settlements along the river banks (Annex IV).

Major sand mining areas include Sundarijal, Guheshwari, Gairigaun,

Narayantar, Jwagal, Thapathali, Balkhu and Chobhar (BASP 2008).

In Sundarijal, bamboo weirs have been constructed across the river

to trap sand. About 50 trucks of sand is excavated daily during

monsoon period from Sundarijal area alone.

Many important cultural and heritage sites/shrines such as

Sundarimai at Sundarijal, Uttar Bahini and Gokarneswor at Gokarna,

Guheshwari and Pashupatinath temples at Pashupati, Sankhamul,

heritage sites along Thapathali—Teku stretch, and Chobhar Ganesh

at Chobhar are situated along the river. Similarly, important ghats

(cremation sites) Aryaghat, Chintamanighat, Sankhamulghat,

Kalmochanghat, Gokarneswar, Uttar Bahini and Sundarighats are

also located along the river bank. Most of these sites are in

deteriorating conditions simply because of inadequate management

interventions.

Outlet of Bagmati river at Katuwal Daha.

© B

AP

Stu

dy T

eam

Name Length (km) Elevation(m) Origin Name Length (km) Elevation (m) Origin

Bagmati 35.5 2732 Shivapuri Bagdwar Manamati 6.1 2000 Bhangari Danda

Bishnumati 17.3 2300 Shivapuri Tarebhir Manohara 23.5 2375 M a n i c h a u rDanda

Bosan 6.1 1800 Pokhari Bhanjyang Matatirtha 5.0 2000 Matatirtha Danda

Dhobi Khola 18.2 2732 Shivapuri Danda Nagmati 7.9 2443 Shivapuri Danda

Godawari 14.8 2200 Phulchoki Danda Nakhu 17.6 2200 Bhardue Danda

Hanumante 23.5 2000 Mahadev Pokhari Samakhusi 6.4 1350 Dharampur East

Indrawati 16.8 1700 Dahachowk Danda Sangla 10.7 2000 Aale Danda

Indrayani 7.0 2000 Bhangari Danda Syalmati 4.8 2200 Shivapuri Danda

Kodaku 14.9 2000 Tleshwor Danda Tribeni 10.7 1700 Bhirkot

Mahadav 9.2 2000 Aale Danda Tukucha 6.4 1325 Maharajung

Source: Pradhan B. (2005)

Table. 2.1. Details of Bagmati River and its tributaries (length, elevation and origin)

Origin of the Bagmati river at Bagdwar.

© B

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2.2. Bishnumati

Bishnumati river is a major tributary of the Bagmati river originating

at Bishnudwar (2300m) at Shivapuri and flowing southward. The

length of the Bishnumati river is 17.3 km with the total catchment

area of 109.3 sq km (Map. 5). The Bishnumati river merges with

the Bagmati river at Teku Dovan. Its major tributaries are

Chharchhare, Ludi, Sangla, Mahadev, Samakhushi, Bhachakhushi

and Manamati.

Large volume of water from Bishnumati is diverted for drinking

water and domestic use near the source close to the foothills (Annex

V). Diversion is also done from tributaries such as Sangla and

Mahadev Khola. In addition, pipes have been laid for pumping water

directly from the river to individual houses.

Water sewer discharge through storm water drains are common

in core areas such as Manamaiju, Nepaltar, Balaju, Mhepi, Khusibu,

Shobha Bhagwati, Dallu, Kankeswori and Kalimati. Squatter

settlements in different locations along the river have toilet outlets

directly into the river. Use of the river banks are almost similar to

the Bagmati river. Squatter settlements are located at Dhikure

Chauki, Kumaristhan, Buddhajyoti Marg, Balaju Jagriti Tole,

Sangam Tole and Ranibari in this river (Annex IV). The river banks

along the Gongabu Bus Park are being extensively used for

commercial purposes.

Most of the river banks are used for dumping solid wastes generated

from the city. Private organisations and municipalities are also

disposing wastes along the Kankeswori –Teku bridge stretch. The

study conducted by KAPRIMO (2007) has revealed the increasing

BOD levels as Bishnumati flows out of the core area of the city (Fig.

2.2). The level of DO (5.8 mg/l) at Thankot and Budhanilkantha

shows that the quality of water is at an acceptable level up to

Budhanilkantha.

Important religious and cultural sites such as Shobha Bhagwati,

Indrayani, Kankeshwori, Ram Mandir, Tankeshwori, Shivadev

Basaha and Budhanilkantha are located along the Bishnumati

river. Most of these sites are in deteriorating condition. There

are also many cremation sites located at the river confluences.

Shobha Bhagwati is historically significant because two

renowned martyrs were hanged to death during the autocratic

Rana regime. The local clubs have built small community parks,

shrines and installed water hand pumps from Shobha Bhagwati

to the Teku stretches of the river.

2.3. Tukucha (Ichhumati)

Tukucha, also known as Ichhumati, originates at Maharajgunj inside

the Valley. It is about 6.4 km long single channel without any tributary

(Pradhan, 1996). It joins the Bagmati at Kalmochan, Thapathali.

The total catchment area of Tukucha is about 8.94 sq km (Map 5).

It is the most polluted amongst all the tributaries. The BOD level

measured at Thapathali (KAPRIMO, 2007) was 119.68 mg/l. At

present, Tukucha has become an open sewage drain.

The river sides have been extensively encroached by squatters,

residential buildings and road construction. In some stretches such

as Durbar Marg and Kamaladi, the river flows underneath the

buildings. The entire stretch of the river has been used for dumping

solid waste and waste water into the river. Bhatbhateni temple,

Nil Saraswati and Tudal Devi are important religious sites located

along this river and these sites are well preserved.

2.4. Dhobikhola (Rudramati)

The Dhobikhola, also known as Rudramati river, originates from

the Shivapuri hills, and flows south to the heart of the city joining

the Bagmati river at Buddhanagar (Bijuli Bazar). Its length is 18.2

km (Pradhan, 1996) and the total catchment area is 31.2 sq km

(Map 5). Khahare Khola and Chakhuncha Khola are its tributaries.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sunda

rijal

Gokar

na

Jorp

ati

Gaurig

hat

Tilgan

ga

Minb

hawan

Sankh

amul

Teku

Dovan

Balkhu

Sunda

righa

t

Chobh

ar

Fig. 2.1 Average BOD level at different locations ofBagmati

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Thark

ot

Budha

nilka

ntha

Baniya

tar

Mam

aiju

Mac

hhap

okha

ri

Nayab

azar

Dallu

Teku

Fig. 2.2. Average BOD level at different locations ofBishnumati

10

The upstream section that passes through agricultural land has

clear water, which is used for washing utensils, clothes and bathing

animals. The river is free from sewage along this stretch. The

discharge of raw sewage and solid waste dumping increases as it

flows downstream from Kapan, Mandikatar, Maitidevi, Anamnagar

and the junction of Dhobikhola and Bagmati are common dumping

sites. Severely polluted stretches are from Chabahil to Siphal,

Maitidevi to Baneswor, and from Anamnagar to Babarmahal. The

level of BOD (KAPRIMO, (2007) at Buddhanagar was 108.23 mg/l in

February 2007.

Squatters have extensively encroached the river banks. Sukumbashi

Tole (settlement upstream of Gopi Krishna Hall at Chabahil and

Anamnagar) is at greater risk of flood hazards as it is a flood plain.

The river has been severely channelized by a newly constructed

road (Neupane, 2007).

Limited sand mining occurs at Chunikhel but terrace mining is very

common along the river side. Large volume of sand is excavated

from the Baluwakhani and Adhikarigaon flood plains. Sand mining

activities have exposed piers of the Chabahil Ring Road Bridge.

2.5. Manahara

Manahara river meets the Bagmati river at Chyasal. It originates

from Manichaur danda in the north east and flows towards the

south-west. It is the longest tributary of the Bagmati, having a

length of 23.4 km (Pradhan, 1996). Total catchment area of the

Manahara river is 285.35 sq km (Map 5). The major tributaries are

Hanumante, Salinadi, Godavari Khola, Kodku Khola and Ghatte Khola.

Catchment areas like Sankhu, Thali and Mulpani are covered by the

agricultural land. According to Shrestha (2007), during the period 1978—

2002, forest area has reduced from 87% to only 17% while the cultivated

land has increased to 77% and urban settlements have increased from

0.002% to 5%. Agricultural water pumps are seen at different locations.

Riparain vegetation is still intact in upstream locations like Sankhu but

has decreased downstream (Bajracharya et. al., 2006).

The ecological status and water quality of Manahara gradually

deteriorates from upstream to downstream (Shrestha, 2008).

E.coli from sewer and solid waste (Barjacharya, 2006) is three

times higher at Sano Thimi compared to Sankhu. Sewage

connection lacking in upper reaches becomes prevalent

downstream. New sewer lines have been connected to discharge

waste water directly into the rivers in newly urbanizing

locations. A small collection chamber has been constructed near

Sano Thimi bridge to collect waste water from the Pepsicola

Planning Area. Existing outlets of sewer along the river bank are

in very poor condition. The BOD level at Balkumari in Lalitpur

district (KAPRIMO, 2007) was 30.09 mg/l. Dumping can be

observed at several locations along the Arniko Highway at

Jadibuti and Pepsicola Town Planning Area. Squatter settlements

are present near the bridge at Jadibuti and sand mining activities

are observed from Mulpani to Koteshwor. Bank erosion is also

common in some locations.

Culturally and historically important sites such as Bajrayogini,

Salinadi Tirtha and Changunarayan are situated along the banks of

this river and they are still in good condition.

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River water being used for various purposes.

2.6. Balkhu (Indramati)

Balkhu river originates in Chandragiri in the west. Also known as

Indramati, it meets Bagmati outside Ring Road at Balkhu. Thado Khola

is the major tributary. The total catchment area of the Balkhu river is

46.32 sq km (Map 5). Settlements like Thankot, Balambu, Tinthana

and Satungal lie in this catchment area. Population density is high

in Kalanki and Balkhu. The river is extensively used for washing

clothes, utensils and bathing animals.

Sewer drains are found in Thankot and Tinthana area further

downstream. Waste from Ranga Bazar at Satungal is discharged

directly into the river. Several small industries such as Sipradi and

Pet Bottles are located along this stretch of the river. Foaming

substances floating on the river indicate the possibility of chemical

pollution in the river. The BOD level measured at Balkhu (KAPRIMO,

2007) was 27.14 mg/l.

Large dumps of solid waste is found accumulated near industrial

areas. River banks near Tinthana and Kalanki are used for dumping

solid waste by the Kathmandu Metropolitan City and Kirtipur

Municipality. Some squatter settlements are seen at the confluence

of the Thado Khola and the Balkhu river near Khasi Bazar. Important

religious sites are Ikkchha Brisheshwor Mahadev, Bishnu Devi and

Bir Binayak temples.

2.7. Nakkhu

Nakkhu Khola flows from the south and meets Bagmati near the

Chobhar gorge. It originates from the ridge of Bhardeu and the

total catchment area of the watershed is 51.44 sq km (Map 5).

Nallu and Lele Khola meet at Tikabhairab to form Nakkhu Khola. The

river water is diverted from the upstream of Nallu Khola at Basuki

for drinking and irrigation. Rajkulo, an irrigation canal system

constructed during the Malla Period (mid-1600s) and fed by Nallu

Khola is no more functional in many areas. Water is also diverted for

irrigation at Chhampi. A water treatment and distribution plant has

been constructed near the confluence of Nakkhu Khola and Bagmati.

Sewage pipes are directly discharging household waste at Tamang

Gaun. The condition of the sewer pipe is generally poor. The BOD

level measured at Nakkhu (KAPRIMO, 2007) was 13.23 mg/l. Although

solid waste dumping is absent in the upstream areas, it has been

observed from Kusunti onwards. Industrial waste is relatively more

than household waste. Some medium scale sand mining activity is

observed near the confluence of Bagmati and Nakkhu Khola.

Culturally important temple of Tika Bhairab is located at the

confluence of Nakkhu. Three day of festival (jatra) is celebrated on

the occasion of Ram Navami. The Nakkhu river is also important for

Rato Machhindranath festival celebrated every twelve years

(Barabarse Mela).

2.8. Sub-tributaries

There are also several important sub-tributaries. Five major sub-

tributaries considered to be important for the restoration of the

Bagmati river are Godavari, Kodku, Hanumante, Sangla and

Mahadev Khola.

2.8.1. GodavariGodavari river is the tributary of Manahara. It meets Hanumante at

Balkot, Bhaktapur. Freshwater fish recorded in the field survey

indicates good water quality in the river. Biodiversity and ecological

conditions of the riverside are still close to their natural state. Various

birds and insects like dragon fly, butterfly, grass hopper and many

bugs are indicators of high biodiversity in the surrounding riverside.

Water diversion for irrigation and drinking is seen in Godamchaur

and Godavari kunda. About 20-30 water tankers ferry drinking

water daily to the city from the kunda alone. Local communities

charge Rs. 200 for a truck, 50% of which is used for local

development and remaining 50% goes for the development of

kunda and surrounding temples. A portion of rajkulo still exists and

drains water from the Godavari river to the adjoining areas.

Sewer connections are rare but dumping of solid waste along the

river bank generates nuisance. Water turbidity is high due to marble

quarry at Godavari which is generating job opportunity for local

communities. Loss of natural vegetation in surrounding river sides

due to mining is clearly visible.

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Encroachment of river banks by squatters.

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2.8.2. Hanumante KholaHanumante Khola is the tributary of Manahara and originates

from Mahadev danda in the eastern part of the Valley. It joins

Manahara at Phidol. Untreated sewage of Bhaktapur is directly

discharged into the river at Hanuman Ghat. Hanuman Ghat is one

of the cremation sites of Bhaktapur. The banks of the river are

treated as dumping site of the municipality. The waste is strewn

everywhere at crematory, bridges and besides river banks.

Areas upstream and downstream of Bhaktapur and Thimi are

highly urbanized. Few squatter settlements exist along the river

banks with sand mining activities at the confluence of Hanumante

and Manahara rivers. Hanumanghat, the confluence of Tabyakhusi

and Chakhu Khola, is culturally very important as there exists the

Mahalaxmi temple.

2.8.3. Sangla KholaSangla Khola is a tributary of the Bishnumati river and originates

from Ale hill in the north-western part of the Valley. While the upstream

is relatively clean, areas beyond Tokha has been polluted. The

Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) has been diverting

water for city supply from this river. Construction of road and stone

quarry near its bank has accelerated erosion of the surrounding land.

Sand mining is the predominant occupation here. It has increased

sediment load in the river. In 2007, sand extraction from the area

was about 747.6 cu m (Sayami et al, 2007), and has concentrated

5km upstream from the confluence of the Sangla and Bishnumati

rivers. The river path is severely disturbed with lots of holes dug for

sand mining activities. Consequently, river beds have deepened

from 1 to 5m from its original level. While sand mining has improved

the economic status of the workers, it has generated negative

impacts on the environment, river ecosystem and agricultural land

(Sayami, 2007). The BOD level was 46.33 mg/l in Baniyatar.

2.8.4. Mahadev KholaMahadev khola also originates from Aale hill in the north-west. In

the upstream, the river is in natural state. However, impacts of

urbanization can be felt downstream from Phutung. River water

is polluted at Padmasala and Jaraku of Kabreshthai VDC.

Construction activities have degraded the river. Household sewage

is directly discharged to the river. Buildings away from the river

have septic tanks constructed for sewer collection. The average

BOD level (KAPRIMO, 2007) at Manmaiju was 36.23 mg/l.

River banks are protected by gabion walls. Riparian vegetation is

relatively sparse downstream resembling open drainage. River banks

are often used to stockpile sand and hume pipes. Recently constructed

road network along both sides of the river has narrowed its channel.

Continuous drop in river discharge with the lowering of the river bed

has made it unfeasible to directly pump water from the river.

2.8.5. Kodku KholaKodku Khola is 14.9 km long and flows north of the Manahara river. It

originates from the north facing slopes of the Tileswor danda and

Bhagwan danda, located southward. Its catchment area is 34 sq km.

The upstream water quality is very good (Maharjan 2006). Most of

the surrounding region is still used as agricultural field.

A housing colony has diverted the Kodku Khola between Gwarko

and Hattiban (Pathak et al, 2007). In addition, Little Angel’s School

and Guna Cinema have confined the river into a channel.

Downstream from Harisiddhi bridge, the river is channelized and

mixed with sewage. The BOD level of Kodku Khola (KAPRIMO, 2007)

was 185 mg/l with COD level being 131.5 mg/l.

The above discussions reflected that the Bagmati river system has

seven major tributaries and five sub-tributaries within the

Kathmandu valley. Large streams which directly join the Bagmati

river stretch from Sundarijal to Chovar is referred to as the major

tributaries of Bagmati river in the valley. The Bagmati river system

has been widely used for drinking, irrigation, industrial and other

purposes. The rivers in the valley also posses rich cultural and

ethnic values. The general analysis of the river system clearly

indicated that at present, the river degradation is correlated with

population density and urbanization. Degradation of the river water

quality and quantity is the major issues of the Bagmati river system.

All the rivers within the Kathmandu valley have more or less similar

issues of different intensity. Therefore the issues of the Bagmati

river system has been analysed in detail in the subsequent chapter.

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Many issues related to the Bagmati river have been identified and

analysed by previous studies and reports. The critical issues of the

Bagmati river and its tributaries are primarily related to water

discharge, water quality, aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, river

side land use, preservation of culture and heritage, and related

institutional arrangements. Based on the ground truthing of these

issues during field observations, the following four primary issues

have been identified as critical for immediate restoration and

conservation of the Bagmati river:

3.1. River ecosystem and waste water

i. Decrease in water discharge;

ii. Degradation of river water quality;

iii. Degradation of catchment quality;

iv. Narrowing and deepening of water way; and

v. Depletion of aquatic biodiversity

3.2. River side land use and socio-economic conditions

i. Changes in riverside land use; and

ii. Eroding aesthetic values

3.3. Culture and heritage

i. Deteriorating culture and heritage; and

ii. Eroding cultural values and norms

3.4. Key challenges

i. Integrating conventional planning with ecosystem

management;

ii. Demand management, payment for services and

incentives for conservation; and

iii. Enforcement, coordination and stakeholder participation

3.1. River ecosystem and waste water

Decrease in water dischargeDecrease in water discharge exerts enormous impact in the overall

river ecosystem by damaging the habitat for aquatic life, exposing

the river banks and channeling of the flow. Discharge record from

the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) for 1975-

1999 at Sundarijal station reveals decreasing trend of water

discharge (Fig. 3.1). While there are frequent high discharges at the

time of flood in the Bagmati river, the overall trend is decreasing.

The tapping of water for drinking and irrigation purposes from

main sources of rivers is a root cause of decreasing water discharge.

Sundarijal, upstream Bagmati (Fig. 3.2), Bishnudwar of Bishnumati,

Sangla river, Chapagaun of Nallu river, Godavari river, Mahadev

KEY ISSUES OF BAGMATI RIVER

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Dhap in Shivapuri National Park.

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Khola and Dudh Pokhari are major locations where huge volume of

water has been diverted daily for drinking and irrigation purposes.

There does not exist any guideline or policy related to river water

diversion and extraction. According to KMTNC (2004), about 30

million litres of water is tapped everyday from rivers such as

Bagmati, Bishnumati and other small streams originating from the

Shivapuri hills. Water from rivers such as Manahara, Nakkhu and

Balkhu has been intensively utilised for agriculture, industries,

tourism and recreational activities.

Rajkulo (royal canal), one of the oldest irrigation canal systems in

the Valley built to fill up historical ponds irrigate farmlands en

route and provide water, is still serving a few settlements and their

agricultural areas in the southern part of the Valley. Local

communities have reported that a large volume of water is

transported to city centres by tankers for drinking purposes from

sources such as Godavari and Matatirtha. However, there are no

regulatory mechanisms and guidelines for managing the use of

these water resources. There is an urgent need to enforce the

provisions to regulate the Environment Flow Requirement (EFR) for

protecting water sources from haphazard water diversions.

There are potential water recharge areas and wetlands such as the

dhap in the Shivapuri National Park. There is also the possibility of

increasing groundwater recharging capacity by afforestation and

construction of low check dams in the sources of rivulets in the

Valley. However, such initiatives have not been explored by

concerned agencies.

Melamchi water supply project's plan of bringing water for drinking

into the Valley is a good initiative (Box 2). This project may help to

increase water discharge in the Bagmati river. Agencies working

for environmental improvement of the Bagmati river should

generate pressure for completing this project as soon as possible.

At the moment, this has remained the prime responsibility of the

Ministry of Physical Planning and Works. The Government of Nepal,

together with other concerned agencies, should also start exploring

other potential projects for inter-basin transfer of water to increase

the flow in rivers of the Valley.

Initiatives have been undertaken by various government and non-

government organisations to recharge groundwater through

rainwater harvesting in the Valley such as the recharging of

Ranipokhari through rainwater harvesting. Similar initiatives should

be promoted and expanded at households and institutional levels.

Altogether, 34 ponds have been identified for rehabilitation and

there is also the possibility of promoting rainwater harvesting in

larger number of households in the Valley.

Degradation of river water qualityIncreasing trend of BOD and decreasing trend of DO at different

points in the rivers clearly indicate the degradation of water quality

in the rivers. Degradation increases significantly as rivers enter the

core area of the city. Studies by Pradhan (1998) and ICIMOD (2007)

have indicated that the river water in the majority of upstream

sources is still clean, while it is most polluted downstream within

the core area of the city (Table 3.1).

On the basis of Saprobic method, the quality of water has been

classified into four classes (Box 3). River segments in highly

urbanized area such as Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Lalitpur Sub-

Metropolitan City and surrounding VDCs have extremely poor quality

of water. For less densely populated parts of the city and rural

areas in the surrounding hills of the Valley and adjoining locations

such as Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Sankhu and Godavari, poor

sanitation, open defecation practice, disposing household solid

waste into the river banks, waste generated by tourists and

1

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1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1975 - 1979 1980 - 1984 1985 - 1989 1990 - 1994 1995 - 1999

Fig. 3.1. Average discharge at Sundarijal (m3/s)

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Direct discharge of waste water into the Bagmati riverpicnikers, chemical fertilizers and pesticides used for farming, are

important pollutants of river water. About 33,699 households (7.6%

of the total households) in the Kathmandu district, 13,244 households

(19.2%) in the Lalitpur district and 4,005 households (9.7%) in the

Bhaktapur district do not have toilet facilities (DWSS 2007).

With rapid urbanization of formerly small settlements such as Satungal,

Thankot, Baniyatar, Manamaiju, Phutung and Jorpati, haphazard

construction is taking its toll on the Bagmati river. Increasing growth of

industries, number of small industries such as poultry, piggery, concrete,

dying, saw mills, paper mills, etc. are very common in these areas.

There is no any systematic sewage treatment system. A huge volume

of waste water generated from the households and industries is directly

discharged into the rivers. Disposing municipal waste in the river banks

is also very common. Rampant use of river for washing clothes, utensils,

domestic animals, vehicles, vegetables; bathing and disposing remains

after rituals have also contributed to degrading the water quality in

the city outskirts.

Dumping of solid waste and sewage discharge is more acute as the

river moves towards the city core. Individual households as well as

VDCs and municipal authorities are responsible for these activities.

About 3000m3 of solid waste is estimated to have accumulated in

the Bagmati river during dry season (WECS, 2008). More than 70%

of the total municipal waste generated is organic. Industrial effluents

and waste from hospital are also increasing the river pollution.

Residents of Kathmandu and Lalitpur districts have become hesitant

to use the river water for irrigation purposes due to its poor quality.

Although there exists sewage network to carry waste water, there

does not exist any system in the city for treatment before discharging

the waste into the river. A treatment plant at Guheshwori treats only

the upstream waste water. Squatters along the banks at different

river segments discharge toilets directly into the river. Waste from

slaughter houses, mainly along segments of the Bishnumati river, is

discharged directly into river. Similarly, chemical wastes from

industries are also contributing to the river water pollution. Daily use

of water is 90MLD in dry season and 120 MLD in wet season. Of this,

70% is discharged as waste water (WMPA, 2000). This waste water

is discharged without any treatment.

Many initiatives have been undertaken in the past by different

government organisations to manage waste water in the Valley. Some

of these initiatives were the establishment of Dhobighat Waste Water

Treatment Plant (WWTP), Sallaghari WWTP, Hanumante WWTP, Kodku

WWTP and Guheswori WWTP. However, the only Guheswori WWTP is

The Melamchi Water Supply Project aims to bring 170 MLD waterin Kathmandu for drinking and plans to expand up to 510 MLD.About 70% of total water supplied will be collected as wastewater, which is about 115,000-120,000 m3 per day. The wastewater after treatment will have direct and indirect implications onthe water quality of the Bagmati river. Evaluation of water quality ofthe river will be based on (i) the suitability of water for humanutilization, particularly for irrigation, bathing, operation of mills/micro-hydro power schemes; (ii) suitability of water for aquatic life,particularly snow trout; (iii) importance of water (such as watertemperature) in maintaining the micro-ecology of the area; and(iv) aesthetic and religious importance.

Source: MWSP (2000)

Box 2: Melamchi Project

Source: MWSP (2000)

Parameters Sundarijal Khokana

TSS mg/l 5 70Chloride mg/l 1 24Ammonia mg/l 0.03 11BOD mg/l 1.3 65Coliform counts per 100 ml 1000 1,000,000DO mg/l 8.9 1.7

Table 3.1: Water quality parameters

Saprobic method describes the relationship between riverineecology and river water quality. The quality of the Bagmati riverwater can be divided into four major classes ranging from best(pristine) to worst: Saprobic Water Qualities (SWQ) Class I(oligosaprobic—no to very slight pollution with a variety of species),SWQ Class II (beta-mesosaprobic—moderate pollution rich inindividuals, biomass, and species’ number), SWQ Class III (alpha-mesosaprobic–heavy pollution with tolerant macroforms), and SWQClass IV (polysaprobic—extreme pollution with macro benthic liferestricted to air-breathing animals). Three intermittent sub-classesof these four major SWQ, viz. III, and II-III and III-IV can also beidentified. By doing so, the Bagmati river water shows a continuumstate of water quality in terms of macro-invertebrates. Thedescription of each water quality class is based on the abundanceand diversity of macro-zoobenthos present.

ICIMOD, 2007

Box 3: Bagmati water quality

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A variety of chemical effluents deposited along the river bank.

operational now. Various studies have proposed different interventions

but so far none have been implemented. These recommended designs

are conventional centralized system for addressing waste water

management for urban area and require significant funds for their

construction and operation. This type of technology is appropriate for

densely populated areas, but is not appropriate for scattered

settlements. There is a new approach known as Decentralized Waste

Water Treatment System (DEWATS) appropriate for small settlements

located away from the core city area. DEWATS has been recently

introduced in the Valley and so far only one small plant installed for

250 households in Thimi is operational.

In the past, the Kathmandu Metropolitan City used to collect waste from

septic tanks and treat it before discharging into the river. This approach

of faecal sludge management is not used any more now. Such system

has to be reinitiated in areas which may not be served by the existing

WWTP and where other options may not be immediately feasible.

Initiatives taken to promote ecological sanitation (ecosan) to

manage waste water in rural areas of Kathmandu Valley by different

government and non-government agencies since the last few years

have proved exemplary for on-site sanitation. Ecosan (implemented

in Khokana and Siddhipur by ENPHO; Tigni and Gamcha by CIUD), is

a successful example of waste water management. This is an

appropriate system for agricultural areas. Settlements in rural areas

are appropriate for the promotion of onsite sanitation. More

promotion and awareness raising activities are required.

Household, community and municipal levels of management of organic

waste have to be promoted in the Valley. For this, NGOs, local clubs,

committees and communities have an important role. Management

of organic waste at the local level reduces pressures on landfill sites

and also prevents river pollution. This can also be a source of income

for local organisations. Carbon financing under the Clean Development

Mechanism of Kyoto Protocol can be used to address solid waste

disposal in the Valley. Organisations working on waste management

should explore and develop CDM projects. The opportunity for developing

CDM projects to attract investment to improved waste management

infrastructure for each significant (Barton et al 2008). The Solid Waste

Management and Resource Mobilisation Centre, responsible for waste

and landfill site management in five municipalities of the Kathmandu

Valley, is planning to establish sanitary landfill site at Okharpauwa

with the support of JICA in addition to the existing landfill site in Sisdol.

Failure in operating WWTPs as well as the inefficiency of the only

operating the Guheswori WWTP emphasises the need to develop

more effective and efficient management of treatment plants.

Public-private partnership has been recognised as a viable approach

for efficient operation of these plants. Strong regulatory

mechanism, community awareness and resource mobilisation are

other important factors for future considerations.

Degradation of catchment qualityMaintaining and considering the catchment areas of the Bagmati

river and its tributaries are highly important. Continuous

Sources: KVO, 2006

Municipality Generation Collection Projected generation(2004) (2004) (2015)

Table 3.2: Waste generation in five municipalities (tons/day)

Kathmandu 308.4 250 547.9Lalitpur 75.1 52 135.4Bhaktapur 25.5 19 46.2Madhyapur Thimi 14.3 5 27.8Kirtipur 11.6 4 18.1

Total 434.9 330 775.4

DEWATS is another approach for managing waste water. Its mainobjective is to manage waste water at the local level. SunngaWWTP (Reed bed technology) in Thimi is a good initiation of ENPHO/UNHABITAT for DEWATS. This is an appropriate approach formanaging waste in the developing countries and it is cost-effective(BORDA 1998). DEWATS is appropriate for areas where wastewater flows from 1-1000 m3 per day, i.e, for settlements with thepopulation of 10,000—20,000. There is an assumption that 50-100 litre of waste water is generated per person per day. Manyareas in the Valley possess clustered settlements mainly in ruraland outskirts of the city core with population of 10,000-20,000.Area can have multiple settlements and multiple DEWATS can beimplemented to serve that area. This approach is good for reducingvolume of waste water before connecting main sewage line fromthe institutes such as army barracks, schools, monasteries, etc.that generate large amount of waste water and industries thatproduce industrial effluents before connecting to main sewerage.Requirement of land for treatment plant is a key factor for itsimplementation.

Box 4: Managing wastewater through DEWATS

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A landscape view of Shivapuri National Park.

deforestation and land conversion to agriculture have seriously

degraded catchment quality of the Bagmati river system. Rapid

and unplanned urbanization, high demand for forest products, land

conversion to agriculture, unregulated and illegal quarries , animal

grazing etc are some of the key reasons. However, a study has

shown that forest area has significantly improved within the

Shivapuri National Park (KARNA 2008). Improvement in forest cover

in the Bagmati Watershed and Sundarijal sub-catchment has led to

a more steady flow of water downstream (KARNA 2008). However,

except ShNP, other catchments and sub-catchments areas are not

under protected status.

It was observed during field surveys that forest areas have been

converted to agriculture land and grazing areas in the boundaries

of ShNP, Sangla and Manahara catchment areas. In general, that

catchment quality is slowly degrading except within ShNP.

Degradation of these catchment areas will increase potentially

damaging peak flows and reducing base flows required for a more

steady flow of water downstream. Maintaining and conserving the

catchment areas are important in the scenario that increase in

good forest cover will increase the portion of water that is retained

within the watershed during the rainy season. There are 374

community forests with a total area of 16,359 hectares in

Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. Therefore, there is an

oppurtunity to mobilize the community forest user groups to

effectively manage the forest of the catchment areas.

Narrowing and deepening of water wayDeepening of the river channel increases the flow velocity of the

river that damages the infrastructure (bridges) and settlements along

the river side. Lowering of water level in streams initiates

groundwater discharge into the rivers thus lowering groundwater

table in the vicinity.

Unplanned construction of gabion structures along the bank,

encroachment of river banks and extraction of huge volume of sand

from the river bed are major causes of narrowing and deepening of

the river bed in the Valley. Extraction of sand from the river in 2007

alone was estimated about 3103m3 or 60% of the total annual

demand of the Valley (Sayami 2007.). Previous studies have revealed

that the sand extraction rate is much higher than natural deposition

rate in these areas (IUCN, 1995). Such mining activities may also

lead to erosion of banks and scouring of the river beds. Consequent

lowering of the river bed has left piers of the bridges exposed at

many locations. Several bridges and cultural heritage sites like

ghats on the river banks are at high risk due to this factor. Black

clay layer, below the sand bed, were seen exposed in most of the

river beds (one to three metre depth) during field survey.

Narrowing and deepening of water way is a critical issue to the

rivers flowing north of the Valley. From the foothills to adjoining area

of the city core sand mining activities have escalated. Sudden changes

in river gradient have resulted in the deposition of high volume of

sediments from upstream to downstream areas. Construction of

infrastructures like gabion walls and check dams to channelize the

river water and roads to serve urbanizing areas, are other causes of

deepening of the water way in many downstream areas.

The problems of narrowing and deepening of the water way also

exist in the city core. Originally, Bagmati and other rivers in the

urban stretch were braided and it flowed over gravel and sand bed.

Now, the river is confined to a single deep channel. The river bed

between Teku and Thapathali is currently about 2.5 meters lower

than the old bed and this has adversely affected foundations of

ghats and other structures. The recent collapse of a bridge in the

Bagmati river at Sinamangal is believed to be due to excessive

sand extraction. Structures to protect private land, schools, squatter

settlements and roads constructed along the river banks in the

core urban areas are other reasons for river channelling.

The collapse of bridge in Thapathali in 1991 was attributed to heavy

sand extraction from the river bed. Since then, the government has

completely banned extraction of sand from the river bed but illegal

sand mining still goes on (Saudaula, 1993 ). Sand mining activities

also cause changes in river courses which generally lead to disputes

over land ownership (BBWMSIP, 1994).

Strong law enforcement and awareness campaigns are required to

control sand mining. Active participation of local residents, clubs, etc.

along the river sides will be essential. Restoration of river bed, mainly

the sand bed, is needed for natural purification and enhancing river flow.

Depletion of aquatic biodiversityAquatic flora and fauna species such as benthic, macro and micro

invertebrates, fish, amphibians and reptiles and birds are indicators of

water pollution. They can be used to determine the river water quality

(ICIMOD, 2007). The reduction in aquatic biodiversity results in increasing

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imbalance of ecosystem and the extinction of valuable species.

Different studies show that there has been significant decrease in

aquatic biodiversity due to highly polluted water especially along

the urban core area. The trend of decreasing aquatic biodiversity

increases as river flows down towards the urban core. Varieties

of clean river water species prevail in the headwater region but

only a few tolerant species dominate in the highly-polluted city

core area because of organic waste (Pradhan 1998). A fish survey

in 1980 recorded 23 species (Shrestha, 1980) whereas only 11

species were recorded by a survey in 1994 (BBWMSIP, 1994).

Freshwater fish species such as Asala (Schizothorax sp.) seen during

field survey in different rivers and streams in surrounding hills and

rural areas indicate the probability of existing good aquatic biodiversity.

Rivers before approaching urban city still have some species of fish

such as hile, but none are evident after the rivers approach the city.

Visits of migratory birds and the presence of some residential birds

such as Kingfisher, Cattle Egrets, Pond Herons, Siberian Ducks, etc. in

downstream areas after Chobhar indicate the presence of some aquatic

life. A bird survey conducted by Bird Conservation Nepal (BCN) in the

stretch from Chobhar gorge to the confluence of Bosan Khola recorded

29 species of birds within three hours (Annex V). A community

consultation in a settlement near the Kautwal daha revealed that

Danuwar ethnic group, whose major occupation was fishing, has

migrated to other location due to extinction of fish species in the river.

Vegetation along the riparian area has to be enhanced. It contributes

to increasing biodiversity. Eco-friendly measures should be

promoted to protect river banks from erosion which also helps in

protecting biodiversity. In several segments of the river such as

construction of dam at Gokarna and the weir under the bridge of

Thapathali, are unfriendly for aquatic animals.

Community-based awareness campaign for the protection of

Bagmati’s biological diversity is absolutely mandatory. Promoting

ecotourism, eco clubs in schools and seeking volunteers for

maintaining the biodiversity in the rivers should be encouraged.

3.2. River side land use and socio-economic conditions

Changes in river side land use patternsRiver side lands are very important for maintaining river ecosystem

as well the aesthetic value of rivers and their surroundings. Healthy

river ecosystem should have good riparian vegetation.

Rivers and streams in the National Park and forests upstream still

have good riparian vegetation, whereas riparian land along the

foothills has already been converted into agriculture. As river flows

down towards the city core, riparian lands have been converted to

other socio-economic use and infrastructure.

Some areas further away from urban core are being temporarily

used for the collection of construction materials, dyeing and cleaning

materials for cottage industries and small workshops. The condition

of river side land gets worse as river approaches downstream.

Many river sides have been encroached permanently for private

residence, schools, offices, business complex, squatter settlements,

public toilets, new temples and road construction. Bishnumati link

road (Paropakar— Gongabu Bus Park), Dhobikhola Link Road, Bagmati

Link Road are some of the examples of encroachment of river side

land for road construction.

Eroding aesthetic valuesAesthetic values of river and its surroundings have great

importance. It could be a popular destination for the national

and international tourists. However, the aesthetic value of rivers

and its surroundings is eroding rapidly due to changes in riverside

land use. In the hills and foothills surrounding the Valley, the

aesthetic values of the river is still fairly high. It starts

decreasing as the rivers flow towards the city core. Loss of

riparian vegetation, improper management of ritual and

cremation waste, hoarding boards along the river sides, solid

waste dumping, squatter settlements etc. are some factors

behind the decreasing aesthetic value of rivers and their

surrounding areas in the Kathmandu Valley.

Natural vegetation and trees can still be seen along the downstream

Chobhar gorge. However, these areas have also been highly polluted

by the municipal waste disposed upstream. Floating solid waste and

foul smell of polluted river water have significantly decreased the

aesthetic value of the river and its surroundings. Unmanaged

cremation waste disposed along the Jal Binayak Ghat is also

contributing to the pollution. Landscaping and plantation has to be

initiated in all parts of the river segments by mobilising local

communities along the river.

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Ground water being generated to quench urban thirst.

3.3. Culture and heritage

Deteriorating cultural and heritage sitesRivers in the valley also have high cultural and heritage value.

Almost all major rivers have some important heritage sites. Many

important culture and heritage sites such as Gokarna, Pashupati,

Sankhamul, Teku Dovan, Shobha Bhagwati, etc. are located along

the river banks. Until 1960, ghats, sattals, temples, shrines and

other related monuments and structures were in relatively good

conditions. Uncontrolled pollution and environmental hazards have

destroyed the river, which has also severely affected the monuments

and structures (RGKV, 1995). The traditional management system

such as guthi has also eroded over the time.

The number of important cultural and heritage sites is higher in the

city centre as compared to its outskirts. Unplanned urbanization

and unregulated industrial growth have damaged the cultural

resources and have destroyed the aesthetic value of the monuments

(IUCN, 1995). Most of the important heritage sites along the rivers

are facing the risk of complete collapse.

Some of the major sites located outside city area are Shivadev

Basaha and Buddha sculpture, Taglung in Budanilkantha, Ghats

in Sundarijal area, Tokha Chandeswori, temples, sattals and

ghats near Gokarneswor Mahadev, Changunarayan Temple,

Sankha Daha south of Changunarayan, Mahalaxmi Temple at

Balambu, Bishnudevi Temple at Tinthana, JalBinayak Ganesh

at Chobhar, and ghats at Sundarighat. The condition of heritage

sites inside the city area is at high risks compared to the

monuments outside the core area. Major sites under risks

include Bombir Bikateswar at Teku, Ping Dyo at Kirtipur, Bishnu

Vikranta sculpture at Tilganga, Bhim Mukteswar at Kalimati,

sattal of Laxmiswar Temple, Purneswar Temple, statue of

Bishnu at Tripureswar, pati of Dallu bridge and Shobha

Bhagwati. IUCN (1995) has also indicated that many patis have

been encroached for shelter (see Annex VII).

Eroding cultural values and normsThe Kathmandu Valley highly rich in culture and heritage. The

Bagmati river has been an important part of this culture and

heritage. However, the rich cultural and heritage along the Bagmati

river is considered to be an auspicious act but this has become

impossible due to ever increasing polluiton level of water.

Urbanization and the pervading influence of other culture and

gradually eroding our cultural values. The tradition of maintaining

and keeping clean premises around ‘ghats’ and temples through

social system such as ‘guthi’ have slowly eroded. Moreover, the

tradition norm of respecting the rivers is slowly disappearing. That

led to wide misuse of the rivers for different purpose including

solid waste dumping, sand mining etc. The cost of lost cultures is

far outweighed by the benefit of enhanced welfare and prosperity.

For many people, their cultural values are their roots, without which

their souls, hearts and mind would lose meaning and any process

that uproots such values cannot be considered ‘creative’. Therefore,

in order to effectively restore and conserve the Bagmati river, the

unique culture must be preserved by raising awareness at the

local, national and international levels.

3.4. Key challenges

Sustainable management of the Bagmati river and its tributaries

within the Kathmandu Valley depends on the ability to

simultaneously and effectively address the issues of:

(i) Integrating ecosystem management with conventional urban

and rural land use planning and zoning;

(ii ) Implementing demand management for ecosystem services

and ensuring that appropriate payments are made; and

(iii) Enforcing laws, regulation and guidelines at various levels by

the governments.

Integrating conventional planning withecosystem managementThe past history of the Bagmati river management is a story of

failure of concerned organisation to effectively tackle the problems.

Today, many of the problems appear almost insurmountable and

consequently might also require strong, across the board corrective

measures. Caught amidst a plethora of organizations chasing too

many priorities with too little resources, the Bagmati lacked

ownership at every level.

Ecosystem management seeks the restoration of all the living

and non living organisms as well as their interactions. A river

and its tributaries are unique ecosystems, providing different

types of valuable ecosystem services. Some of these services

may have markets while many may be considered free. Bagmati

river’s water used to be a free resource and in many upstream

areas it may still be relatively free. However, for many people

22

in the urban area water has to be either bought or what is free

is so polluted that it cannot be used.

Restoring the health of the ecosystem is both a scientific as well as

social judgment. Social issues are evident in the demand for the

ecosystem services as well as in their management. Natural

features do not submit easily for management along political

boundaries, requiring different layers as well as different

organizations to support each other. Bioregional perspective is

necessary for managing ecosystems by carefully understanding

the different flows of resources and services. Inter-disciplinary

issues need careful evaluation and consideration from different

scientific and social groups so as to arrive at solutions that are

scientifically valid and socio economically acceptable.

The Bagmati and its tributaries winds through a maze of rural and urban

zones, providing a rich variety of ecosystem services for the people. Its

rich cultural heritage as well as biodiversity resources, although heavily

degraded at present offers encouraging potentials for the future if it is

carefully managed. The guiding principle for sustainable management

for the future is to have a sound plan that has a strong ownership for

implementation by all the stakeholders concerned.

Demand management, payment for servicesand incentives for conservationPlanning and management must be based on realistic assumptions

if the plan is to be successfully owned and implemented. Gone are

the days of mega-projects that are management nightmares, with

budget overruns and a perpetual burden on the society. This is also

true for the Bagmati where efforts to find solutions in terms of

new water projects are already facing severe problems.

First issue is demand management. The massive increase in

urban population has increased the supply and demand gap in

water supply. In the past, the approach taken has been to focus

more on the supply side without managing the demand side.

This neglect of the demand side has overlooked options for

more efficient use of water through control of losses, more

effective use of water charges, harnessing in situ solutions such

as rain water and promoting more decentralized management

systems. Least cost to water utility and the customer as well as

appropriate payments for the use of water has become critical

in the context of demand management.

Payment for the environmental services could provide incentives

to local commumity to protect and manage the natural resources.

Few recent studies have established the feasibility of piloting PES

as an innovative conservation financing tools in the catchment

areas which supplies substantial amount of water to the Kathmandu

valley for domestic purpose, hydro power and irrigation to agriculture

(KARN 2008). Without this incentive, simple regulation and policing

will not succeed in conservation.

Enforcement, coordination and stakeholderparticipationInstitutional failures have been widespread behind the sad story of

deterioration of the Bagmati river. Overlapping jurisdictions, lack of

congruence between planned activities and their budgets, and political

unwillingness to enforce key decisions have been outstanding

institutional problems that have been left unresolved over the years.

On a positive side, there has been a pro Bagmati Supreme Court

that has been pushing the government to come up with the

necessary action and institutional structure. There are also several

NGOs that have lent their enormous enthusiasm in raising

awareness and supporting partial cleaning of Bagmati.

Apart from these, there are the municipalities, structure of the

local government, various line agencies of the central government

that have legal roles. In the past, there have been many duplication,

wastages, abandoned projects simply because of inadequate

coordination between different interest groups.

A major gap has been lack of an organization that have overall

management responsibility for restoration and conservation of the

Bagamati river. The organization role is to plan, manage, regulate

and monitor all the activities. Actual implementation of activities

should be encouraged to implement through other stake holders

such as municipalities, other local governmental organizations,

academic institutions, NGOs and local communities. There is and

opportunity to strengthen and legally empower HPCIDBC to fill the

present gap. HPCIDBC could act as a key organization with overall

management authority. However, the present institutional set of as

well as capacity of the organization needs a major reform. The role

of the coordinating agency would be to facilitate enforcement of

laws and guidelines, build capacity at the local level for decentralized

and participatory implementation, organize research and monitoring

activities and time and again bring all the stakeholders together to

review the outcomes and formulate new strategies.

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Different management interventions for the restoration of the

Bagmati river has been identified. As the issues are complex,

improvement of the river ecosystem is very challenging. Hence, a

strategic and systematic approach is essential to develop and

implement the Bagmati Action Plan.

The data and information analysed in previous chapters reveal that all

issues do not have equal level of importance in all river segments. An

issue which is critical for upstream may not be critical for downstream.

The water discharge and terrestrial biodiversity are very important

issues for the conservation of the surrounding hills. Narrowing and

deepening of river channels is a major issue in rural areas and the city

outskirts where intensive sand extraction exist. The quality of river

water due to haphazard sewage connection and dumping of solid

waste along the river banks is the major issue for rivers at the urban

core. However, water pollution at the downstream is the result of

the lack of environmental-friendly activities in the upstream

settlements.

Thus, the river ecosystem of the Valley can be observed in various

situations at different areas. As mentioned earlier, the Bagmati

river has been classified into four standard water quality classes

based on the Saprobic approach (Pradhan, 2005). These are:

Class I: Non-polluted;

Class II: Moderately polluted;

Class III: Heavily polluted; and

Class IV: Extremely polluted.

It is clearly visible that the river water quality in the Shivapuri National

Park and its surrounding hills is still in good condition and gradually

deteriorates as it flows towards the urban area. The water quality

worsens mainly in central part of the Valley. The categorization of

river as safe, unsafe and extremely unsafe (IUCN 1995) also indicates

that the river of the central part of the Valley is extremely unsafe.

The cross analysis of population density and the river water quality indicates

there is an inverse relationship between river water quality and population

density. The upper stream of the Bagmati river, i.e. Shivapuri National

Park and its surrounding hills are in good condition where the population

density is the lowest. As the river flows downstream, water quality worsens

with the increase of population density.

In order to address these issues at micro level according to their

relative importance, the rivers of the Kathmandu Valley have been

classified into five zones (Map 6) on the basis of the existing status

of the water quality in river segments and the population density of

ZONING OF BAGMATI RIVER

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the area. With high population density, it becomes difficult to restore

the river ecosystem. Consequently, zonation of the rivers will help

in developing and implementing effective action plan at the zone

level. Maps 6, 7 and 8 present zone-wise situation of the rivers in

the Kathmandu Valley.

1. Natural Conservation Core Zone

Zone 1 is the natural conservation core zone (323 sq km, i.e.

45.1% of targeted area) consisting of green hills surrounding

the Valley such as Phulchowki (2,800m), Shivapuri (2,453m),

Chandragiri (2,365m) and Nagarjun (2,100m). The Shivapuri

National Park (144 sq km) lies in this zone on the northern

fringe of the Valley and Shivapuri watershed is the recharge

zone of the Bagmati river as well as of the ground water of the

Valley. The origin of the Bagmati river and its tributaries:

Bishnumati, Manahara, Dhobikhola, Balkhu and Nakkhu are

located in this zone. Wetlands with high recharging potentiality

are located in this zone. The population density is very low and

hence the river water quality is in natural condition. Majority of

the river segments in this zone has Class I level of water quality.

Major issues of this zone to be addressed in the action plan are:

decreasing water discharge due to intensive water diversion

degrading terrestrial biodiversity due to increasing settlements;

trend of converting forest area into agricultural land; felling of

trees and other forest resources for fuel wood, building

construction and other commercial activities; new constructions

like monasteries, roads and other infrastructures; animal hunting

and use of pesticides for farming, etc.

degrading water quality due to poor sanitation and unmanaged

waste generated by households, tourists, picnickers and other

recreational activities; use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

for farming; use of river household purposes

deteriorating culture and heritage due to new construction;

encroachment; use alteration, etc.

2. Rural Zone

The bordering area of Zone 1 is classified as Zone 2 or Rural Zone

(150 sq km, i.e. 21% of targeted area). The Bagmati river and its

tributaries flow through this zone. Population density in this zone is

higher than Zone 1. It is still being dominated by agricultural land.

River segments are moderately polluted in this area (Class II) and

can be restored into Class I with minimum effort. River meanderings

have taken place in this zone. Many important shrines and temples

such as Changunarayan, Gokarneshwar Mahadev (also known as

Uttar Gaya), Budhanilkantha, Ichangunarayan, Machhenarayan,

Bishankhunarayan, Kageshwori, Neelbarahi, Matatirtha, Tokha

Chandeswori and Indrayani are located in this zone.


decreasing river water discharge due to river diversion for

drinking and irrigation purposes; tanker service for commercial

benefits of VDCs and local settlements

narrowing and deepening of water way due to excessive sand

mining; construction of structures such as gabion walls, check

dams, etc. for the protection of land and road construction

degrading water quality and aquatic biodiversity due to loss of

riparian vegetation; untreated sewage disposal from households

and industrial effluents; dumping of waste, chemical fertilizers

and pesticides

changes in river side land use for agriculture; dyeing and cleaning

materials for cottage industries; workshops; road construction

Eroding aesthetic values due to loss of riparian vegetation;

improper management of ritual and cremation waste;

commercial hoarding boards; solid waste dumped along the

river banks; waste blocked by weirs in the river, etc.

deteriorating culture and heritage due to replacement of original

architecture; encroachment; alteration of use; and lack of

responsiveness from concerned authorities

3. Peri-urban Zone

Zone 3 is the peri-urban area of the Valley (113 sq km, i.e. 15.8% of

total targeted area), and is located between rural and core urban

city of the Kathmandu Valley. Many urbanizing VDCs are located in

this zone. Population density here is comparatively higher than

Zone 2 and lesser than Zone 4. The river ecosystem is in Class III

(critically polluted) category. Restoration of river to Class I is

challenging in this zone. However, enhancement of the river

ecosystem to Class II can be achieved. Some important cultural

and heritage sites and temples such as Asoka Chaitya, Mahalaxmi

, Bishnudevi , Bajrabarahi, Karyabinayak and Harisiddhi temples

are located in this zone.


decreasing water discharge due to excessive diversion of water

for drinking and irrigation

narrowing and deepening of water way due to excessive sand

mining; channeling of river by construction of walls and check

dams for the protection of land and buildings

depleting aquatic biodiversity due to loss of riparian vegetation;

increasing connection of untreated sewage directly from

households; unmanaged animal waste from piggery farms and

buffalo wholesale markets such as Ranga Bazar in Satungal;

solid waste dumped by municipalities, industries and

households; open defecation along the river banks and storm

water drainage; backflow from agricultural land affected by

chemical fertilizers and pesticides; vehicle washing, etc.

25

changes in river side land use from agricultural to residential

and commercial use such as private institutions, animal farming,

schools; road construction, temporary sites for collecting

construction materials, etc.


commercial hoarding boards; solid waste dumped along the

river banks; floating and blocking of waste by weirs in the river,

etc.

deteriorating culture and heritage mainly due encroachments

and alteration of use

4. Urban Zone

Zone 4 is the highly urbanized zone consisting of five municipalities

of the Valley—Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Madhyapur Thimi

and Kirtipur. The rate of urbanization is very high and thus a very

few natural vegetation exists. Almost all major tributaries pass

through this zone and the confluences of the tributaries are located

in the central part of the zone. Water quality of the river is worst

with Class IV (extremely polluted) category. The river portrays its

completely deteriorated condition of river ecosystem. The

restoration of the river segments in this zone is very challenging.

Restoration can be done at different stages from Class IV to Class III

at the initial stage followed by Class III to Class II. This zone is the

origin of the civilization of the Kathmandu Valley with human

settlements mainly dominated by the Newar community. Major

historical places, cultural and heritage sites (ghats, tirtha, piths),

temples and stupas (Swoyambhunath Stupa, Boudhanath and

Pashupatinath) are located in this zone.


narrowing and deepening of water way due to structures to

protect land and infrastructure along the river banks; high

encroachment of land by private as well as illegal settlements

such as squatters; excessive sand mining in the upstream zone

degradation of water quality and aquatic biodiversity due to

direct discharge of huge volume of untreated sewage into river

segments; leachate produced by huge volume of solid waste

dumped by municipalities and private organisations along the

river banks; waste deposited along the river banks by slaughter

houses; direct disposal of chemical waste produced by dyeing

and washing industries; direct discharge of sewage into the

river by squatter settlements; vehicle washing, etc.

change in river side land use from agricultural and natural

vegetation into residential and commercial use such as animal

farming, agriculture; public and private institutions; river side

road construction; temporary sites for collecting construction

materials, dyeing and cleaning materials used for small cottage

industries. Huge area of land is encroached and used by

squatters in several parts of the river segments in this zone


filthy and unhealthy environment of the river surroundings by

squatter settlements; waste produced by rituals and cremation;

construction of public toilets; slaughtering of animals along the

river banks

deteriorating culture and heritage; lack of conservation because

of unclarity in management authorities; encroachment;

alteration of use and alteration of architecture

5. Downstream Zone

Zone 5 is situated in the southern part of the Kathmandu Valley from

Sundarighat to Katuwal daha. This zone is mainly dominated by

agricultural land with low population density. The Bagmati river drains

out of the Valley through this zone. Despite low population density in

this zone, water quality in the river segment is extremely polluted.

Environmental situation of river in this zone is mainly dependent on

the environmental status of the upstream river rather than factors

linked to the zone itself. The existing level of BOD (88.83 mg/l) at

Khokana and the foul smell experienced at Katuwal daha, similar to

that of Thapathali crossing calls for immediate attention to restore the

Bagmati river to its original grandeur. Enhancement of the upstream

river ecosystem helps in enhancing the river ecosystem in this zone.

Some historical and heritage sites such as Taudaha, Jalbinayak,

Karyabinayak, Anandaghat and Sundarighat are located in this zone.


depleting water quality and aquatic biodiversity due to highly

polluted water from the upstream zone

Eroding aesthetic values due to floating solid waste; floating

foams produced by chemical wastes and foul smell of the

polluted water

deteriorating culture and heritage along the river banks

(Refer to Annex VIII for details about physical features, human

settlements, land use pattern, important culture and heritage sites

and names of VDCs/municipalities located in different zones).

Fig. 4.1: Visitor’s trend in Shivapuri National Park

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LEGISLATIVE ARRANGEMENTS

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5Legislative arrangements are one of the key success factors for

efficient and successful implementation of the programmes and

policies. Improving river ecosystems, especially in rapidly urbanizing

centre such as the Kathmanudu Valley, must have very strong

legislative arrangements. There are several useful acts which could

help in halting environmental degradation of the rivers in the Valley,

if they are implemented effectively. These acts include issues

related to land use, building codes, waste management,

conservation and protection of natural resources and cultural

heritage. Some important acts identified during the process of

developing the Action Plan are presented below:

Acts and policies

1.1.1.1.1. Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1992):Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1992):Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1992):Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1992):Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1992): This Act defines

the "Ancient Monument" as Devalaya, Shivalaya, Math (religious

houses), Gumba, etc. The Act defines rights and duties of the

government to make proper arrangements for their protection

by preventing any misappropriation and misuse of such

historically and archaeologically important places.

2.2.2.2.2. Aquatic Animal Protection Act (1961):Aquatic Animal Protection Act (1961):Aquatic Animal Protection Act (1961):Aquatic Animal Protection Act (1961):Aquatic Animal Protection Act (1961): This Act prohibits the

use of explosive and poisonous substances in any water body

for killing aquatic life. Study on the effects of development

projects on fishery resources and implementation of mitigative

measures has been made mandatory under this regulation

including regulating fishing gears, size of the fish and season of

fishing.

3.3.3.3.3. Building Act (1998):Building Act (1998):Building Act (1998):Building Act (1998):Building Act (1998): The Building Act is formulated to form

standards regarding the construction of buildings within the

Kathmandu Valley and the municipalities. It is mainly related

with structural, electrical, sanitary and plumbing design

requirements. It also focused on the safety of occupant building

during earthquake, fire and other natural disasters.

4.4.4.4.4. Environment Protection Act (1996):Environment Protection Act (1996):Environment Protection Act (1996):Environment Protection Act (1996):Environment Protection Act (1996): This Act mainly focuses

on the protection of environment with proper use and

management of natural resources, taking into consideration

that sustainable development could be achieved from the

inseparable inter-relationship between the economic

development and environment protection. It also relates with

legal provisions in order to maintain clean and healthy

environment by minimizing, as far as possible, adverse impacts

likely to be caused from environmental degradation on human

beings, wildlife, plants and physical objects.

5.5.5.5.5. Forest Act (1993):Forest Act (1993):Forest Act (1993):Forest Act (1993):Forest Act (1993): This act has been enacted to conserve and

develop forest and properly utilise forest products. Policies

regarding conservation, development and extension of private

32

areas, hunting reserve and buffer zones. It provides for the

conservation of protected areas and wildlife and regulates the

consumptive and non-consumptive use of biodiversity to sustain

the welfare of the people.

The act empowers the government to develop site-specific and

general regulatory mechanisms for their conservation, and

provides special protection to 38 endangered species (26 species

of mammals, 9 species of birds and 3 species of reptiles). The

act has duly incorporated the concept of buffer zones and to

facilitate public participation in the conservation, design and

management of these zones.

This act is supplemented by several other acts such as the Aquatic

Animal Protection Act (1961), Forest Act (1992) and Soil and

Watershed Conservation Act (1982). International conventions

like the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Ramsar Convention for

Wetlands Conservation and the World Heritage Convention further

strengthens biodiversity conservation efforts in Nepal.

13.13.13.13.13.National Trust for Nature Conservation Act (1983):National Trust for Nature Conservation Act (1983):National Trust for Nature Conservation Act (1983):National Trust for Nature Conservation Act (1983):National Trust for Nature Conservation Act (1983): Under

this Act, the government has established the National Trust for

Nature Conservation. The NTNC is mandated as an autonomous

and non-profit organisation to work in the field of nature

conservation. It has been managing two conservation area-

Annapurna and Manaslu. The Act is supported by NTNC

regulation 1984. This act provides to conserve, promote and

manage natural resources; undertake the development of

national parks, wildlife reserves and carry out scientific studies

and research on natural resources.

14.14.14.14.14.Pashupati Area Development Trust Act (1987):Pashupati Area Development Trust Act (1987):Pashupati Area Development Trust Act (1987):Pashupati Area Development Trust Act (1987):Pashupati Area Development Trust Act (1987): This act

particularly focuses on the development and conservation of the

Pashupati area. Pashupati Area Development Fund is formed

under this act to manage, maintain and preserve the natural and

cultural heritage in the Pashupati area and prohibit the registration

of land within the area to any person or organisation.

15.15.15.15.15.Pesticide Act (1992):Pesticide Act (1992):Pesticide Act (1992):Pesticide Act (1992):Pesticide Act (1992): The act has the provision of appointing

inspectors. It mainly focuses on the registration of chemical

pesticides and also guides to give the prerequisites regarding

import, export, production and consumption of pesticides for

which the government approval is compulsory.

16.16.16.16.16.Plant Protection Act (1973):Plant Protection Act (1973):Plant Protection Act (1973):Plant Protection Act (1973):Plant Protection Act (1973): This act aims to protect plants

and plant products from entry, stay and spread of harmful

organisms during their import, export and transportation. It is

also related with the formation of legal framework to enhance

the trade of plant and plant product. Establishment of National

Plant Protection Organisation, appointment of the quarantine

inspectors, roles, duties and authorities of the inspector are

some of the salient features of the Act .

17.17.17.17.17.Privatization Act (1994):Privatization Act (1994):Privatization Act (1994):Privatization Act (1994):Privatization Act (1994): The act has been formed to increase

the productivity through the enhancement of efficiency of the

status owned enterprise of the government to mitigate the

forests by managing national forests in the form of government

managed forest, protected forest, community forest, leasehold

forest and religious forest are related with this act. Preparation

of action plan for the management and development of forest

and handing over of forest to user groups or communities for

the conservation, development, use and sale of forest products

is also emphasized by this act.

6.6.6.6.6. Guthi Sansthan Act (1977):Guthi Sansthan Act (1977):Guthi Sansthan Act (1977):Guthi Sansthan Act (1977):Guthi Sansthan Act (1977): The right to protect and maintain

ancient monuments and heritage is governed by this act. It also

authorizes Guthi Sansthan to administer and maintain records

of guthi land for the proper utilisation of guthi's property such

as land and buildings. Under this act, it needs to exercise

authority in coordination with the Department of the Land

Revenue and Land Reforms

7.7.7.7.7. Land Act (1964):Land Act (1964):Land Act (1964):Land Act (1964):Land Act (1964): This act (related to ownership and tenancy),

was enacted to implement land reform programmes of the

government. This act focuses on removing stagnant property

and population pressure and use it in other areas of economy so

as to contribute to the economic development of the country. The

act also emphasises to raise the living standards of land

dependent farmers through proper distribution of agricultural

land and easy accessibility of related knowledge and equipments.

8.8.8.8.8. Land Acquisition Act (1977):Land Acquisition Act (1977):Land Acquisition Act (1977):Land Acquisition Act (1977):Land Acquisition Act (1977): This Act has been developed to

amend and harmonize the law of land acquisition. Laws related

with substitution and acquiring land by giving them

compensation or for temporary use (return to owners after

stipulated time) fall in this act. This act is empowered not only

to acquire land but also building and forest, if necessary.

9.9.9.9.9. Land Revenue Act (1977):Land Revenue Act (1977):Land Revenue Act (1977):Land Revenue Act (1977):Land Revenue Act (1977): This act aims to increase land

revenue by land registration and management of overall lands

including government, public and others.

10.10.10.10.10.Local Self-Governance Act (1999):Local Self-Governance Act (1999):Local Self-Governance Act (1999):Local Self-Governance Act (1999):Local Self-Governance Act (1999): The act gives more

autonomy for the development of local bodies by providing

responsibility and power at the local level to formulate and

carry out plans. The Village Development Committees (VDCS),

District Development Committees (DDCs) and the municipalities

enjoy discretionary rights to formulate plans and policies for

their sustainable development. The DDCs formulate, implement,

operate, distribute and maintain projects. Municipalities prepare

annual budgets, plans and programmes on urban planning,

environment, sanitation and others.

11.11.11.11.11. Industrial Enterprises Act (1993):Industrial Enterprises Act (1993):Industrial Enterprises Act (1993):Industrial Enterprises Act (1993):Industrial Enterprises Act (1993): This act has been

promulgated to give due consideration to environmental and

pollution problems. It empowers the Ministry of Industries and

Supplies to withhold permission for the establishment of an

industry, which is deemed as likely to have an adverse impacts

on the environment.

12.12.12.12.12.National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1973): National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1973): National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1973): National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1973): National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1973): This

act is responsible for the management, protection and

development of the national parks, wildlife reserves, conservation

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financial administrative burden and to conduct economic

development of the country by broadening the participation of

private sector in the operation of private company. This

regulation also recommends the programmes and priorities of

privatization to the government.

18.18.18.18.18.Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (1982):Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (1982):Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (1982):Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (1982):Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (1982): This act

prioritises to develop, protect and demarcate watershed areas

and to control natural disasters like floods, debris flow and

landslide. Protection of land productivity by developing land

use system (Bhu Upayogita Pranili) and to form national

resource protection system and district soil and watershed

committee fall under this act.

19.19.19.19.19.Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilisation ActSolid Waste Management and Resource Mobilisation ActSolid Waste Management and Resource Mobilisation ActSolid Waste Management and Resource Mobilisation ActSolid Waste Management and Resource Mobilisation Act

(1987):(1987):(1987):(1987):(1987): The act primarily focuses on Kathmandu, Bhaktapur

and Lalitpur municipalities. It authorises to undertake action to

control haphazard waste disposal and to collect service fee.

Likewise, the act has provisions to take various punitive

measures against those engaged in activities detrimental to

the intentions of the act. It lays the foundation to formulate

policies for the implementation of the plan regarding solid waste

management and mobilise resources, provide necessary

training, technical advice and publicity, and to arrange space

for the disposal of solid waste.

20.20.20.20.20.Land Survey and Measurement Act (1962):Land Survey and Measurement Act (1962):Land Survey and Measurement Act (1962):Land Survey and Measurement Act (1962):Land Survey and Measurement Act (1962): The act aims to

carry out cadastral survey of Nepal to determine land types and

to keep records of land owners. This act has been amended to

incorporate provisions for other types survey like topographical,

geodetic and leveling surveys. It also makes provisions for re-

survey and revision of previously documented data.

21.21.21.21.21.TTTTTooooown Dewn Dewn Dewn Dewn Devvvvvelopmenelopmenelopmenelopmenelopment Act (1988):t Act (1988):t Act (1988):t Act (1988):t Act (1988): The act provides legal basis

for implementing land reforms. It clearly states procedures

and conditions to secure land owner's agreement, government

approval and project implementation. It emphasises on the

mandatory procedures that need to be followed during the

preparation and implementation land reforms. Under it, the

Land Management Sub-Committee (LMSC) has been formed

which represents local land owners, various government line

agencies, CBOs and local NGOs.

22.22.22.22.22. Water Resources Act (1993):Water Resources Act (1993):Water Resources Act (1993):Water Resources Act (1993):Water Resources Act (1993): This act defines water resources

as the water that is available in Nepal in the form of surface

water, ground water or in whatsoever form. It prohibits other

acts that may pollute water resources and maintain that the

utilisation of resources should be made without causing any

considerable damage to the environment through soil erosion,

floods, landslides or other natural disasters. It also prioritises

water resources according to its utility such as drinking water,

domestic use, irrigation, animal husbandry, hydroelectricity, etc.

Setting of water quality standards and provision of license to use

water resources is governed by this act.

23.23.23.23.23.National Sanitation Policy (1994):National Sanitation Policy (1994):National Sanitation Policy (1994):National Sanitation Policy (1994):National Sanitation Policy (1994): The policy focuses on

safeguarding water supplies and environmental sanitation for

the protection of environment. It aims at creating awareness

and imparting knowledge on sanitation and hygiene among all

levels of community focusing on womens’ group and children

to bring attitudinal and behavioural changes within the

community. The overall objective is framed in terms of the

sanitation coverage to be achieved and the institutional

arrangements for implementing the same.

24.24.24.24.24.National Wetlands Policy (2003):National Wetlands Policy (2003):National Wetlands Policy (2003):National Wetlands Policy (2003):National Wetlands Policy (2003): The National Wetlands

Policy aims at conserving and managing wetlands with local

participation. The policy supports to formulate wetland

management plans and other legal and administrative

arrangements for the representation of local people and

organisations in the management committee.

Strategies and plans

1. National Water Resources Strategy (2002): The National

Water Resources Strategy of Nepal was formulated to guide

water sector activities towards sustainability of the resource,

while providing economic growth through water resources

development, hazard mitigation, environment protection and

minimization of water use conflicts (WECS, 2002). The strategy

has identified ten strategic outputs which are categorized into

water security, water use and institutional mechanisms. The

Strategy is based on the concept of Integrated Water Resource

Management(IWRM) as well as management of water resources

at the river basin level.

2. National Water Plan (2005): The National Water Plan of

Nepal has been prepared to operationalize the Water

Resources Strategy. It includes programmes in all strategically

identified outputs so that all these programmes in consonance

with each other , will contribute to maximizing the sustainable

benefits of water use( WECS, 2005). The Plan has set targets

in irrigation, drinking water, hydropower, fisheries

development, water- tourism and water-industry for the years

2007, 2017 and 2027.

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The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was a programme launched by the Government of India in April 1985 in order to reduce the pollution load onthe river Ganga. The programme was launched with much fanfare, but it failed to decrease the pollution level in the river, after spending over2,000 crore rupees over a period of 15 years. Ganga runs its course of over 2500 km from Gangotri in the Himalayas to Ganga Sagar in theBay of Bengal through 52 cities and about 48 towns.

The Department of Environment, in December 1984, prepared an action plan for immediate reduction of pollution load on the river Ganga.The cabinet approved the GAP in April 1985 as a 100 percent centrally sponsored scheme. The GAP I envisaged to intercept, divert and treat882 mld (million litres per day) out of 1340 mld of wastewater, generated in 25 class I towns in 3 States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and WestBengal. The National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) had scheduled the GAP I for completion by March 1990, but extended itprogressively up to March 2000. While the GAP I was still in progress, the Central Ganga Authority decided in February 1991 to take up theGAP II, covering the following pollution abatement works:

(a) On the tributaries of river Ganga, viz. Yamuna, Damodar and Gomati;

(b) In 25 class I towns left out in Phase I; and

(c) In the other polluting towns along the river.

The failure of the GAP is evident but corrective action is lacking. The plan itself was excellent. Had there been an honest implementation ofGAP, Ganga would have looked different. The enthusiasm waned with the passage of time and GAP became just one of the governmentprojects. One of the primary reasons for the failure of the GAP is the lack of realistic time-bound plans and commitment.

Source: http://www.ecofriends.org/main/eganga/images as of july 2009.

Box 5: Lessons from Ganga Action Plan

Several legislative arrangements exist to address issues related to land use, building construction standards, solid waste and waste water

management, and conservation of natural resources and cultural heritage. However, the existing arrangements are isolated and the

functions and jurisdictions are not clearly stated. A special Act with all legislative arrangements required in consolidated form should be

promulgated for the efficient implementation of the act. The HPCIDBC’s recently drafted Bagmati Sabhyata Ekikrit Bikash Parishad

(Bagmati Civilization Integrated Development Council) Act could fulfill the present gap.

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This chapter sets the overall vision for restoration and conservation

of the Bagmati river and its tributaries. It has defined goals,

objectives and activities for each zone which are based on the key

issues identified in corresponding zones. Many good initiatives have

been undertaken in the past in reversing the environmental

degradation and restoring the river system in the Kathmandu Valley.

While a few of them have been implemented, many of them have

either not been commenced or have been delayed and discontinued

for several reasons. Many works recommended by those initiatives

can still be implemented with some modifications. This action plan

has given due recognition to the priority activities that have been

recommended by previous interventions.

Actions to be undertaken for managing waste are one of the

most challenging tasks in developing this plan. Conventional

waste water management system recommended by previous

projects is still valid for city core (Zone 4). Therefore, actions

recommended for managing waste water for these areas are

mainly based on the same technology with some modification

in some cases. The action plan has recommended DEWATS as a

new approach to manage waste, especially for Zones 2 and 3.

On-site sanitation is given higher priority at Zones 1 and 5.

Managing waste through managing fecal sludge is given high

priority in some areas. Maps 9 and 10 present the systems

recommended to manage waste water and their service areas

in different parts of the Kathmandu Valley with their

appropriateness.

6.1. Natural Conservation Core Zone

6.1.1. GoalTo maintain and enhance the upstream river ecosystem

6.1.2. Objectivesi. To protect and enhance water resources and increase water

discharge into the river;

ii. To conserve terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity;

iii. To maintain and enhance the river water quality

ACTION PLAN

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6VISIONClean, green and healthy river system thatis full of life and valued by all.

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iv. To renovate and conserve the cultural and heritage sites; and

v. To promote eco-tourism

6.1.3. ActivitiesActivity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1: Undertake various measures to protect and enhance

water resources and increase water discharge into the river;

i. Develop and implement regulatory mechanisms to minimize

water extraction by KUKL and commercial water vendors;

ii. Protect and manage wetlands in areas such as Phulchowki

and Shivapuri National Park;

iii. Construct embankments in dhap (Shivapuri National Park) to

increase water recharging capacity; and

iv. Implement bioengineering works for recharging rivulets of

ShNP

Activity 2:Activity 2:Activity 2:Activity 2:Activity 2: Undertake various measures to conserve catchment

area and aquatic biodiversity;

i. Carry out afforestation programmes in Shivapuri watershed

and other areas;

ii. Strengthen community forest user groups;

iii. Control deforestation and encroachment of the pubic lands

from grazing, agriculture, construction and other commercial

activities;

iv. Promote sustainable use of renewable energy resources;

v. Prepare and implement landscape plan of riparian land to

maintain green corridor;

vi. Update inventory of existing aquatic as well as terrestrial

resources and protect biodiversity; and

vii. Provide income generating opportunities to local communities

in reducing pressure on forest

Activity 3:Activity 3:Activity 3:Activity 3:Activity 3: To maintain and enhance the river water quality

i. Promote total sanitation (no open defecation), with best

available technologies such as ecosan, bio-gas etc. starting

from Sundarijal to other areas of Zone 1;

ii. Prevent disposal of solid waste in and around water bodies;

iii. Prevent pollution of river system from excessive use of agro-

chemicals; and encourage organic farming

iv. Establish systems for regular monitoring of river water quality

twice a year at eight locations

Activity 4:Activity 4:Activity 4:Activity 4:Activity 4: To renovate and conserve the cultural and heritage

sites

i. Prepare restoration plans of existing culture and heritage sites

and associated cultural activities; and

ii. Renovate and conserve temples such as Shivadev Basaha,

Buddha sculpture and ghats in Sundarijal

Activity 5: Activity 5: Activity 5: Activity 5: Activity 5: To promote tourism

i. Develop and enforce code of conduct;

ii. Diversify eco-tourism products such as adventure sports, bird

watching, sight seeing, etc.; and

iii. Designate trekking routes and develop tourism infrastructure

along the routes.

6.2. Rural Zone

6.2.1. GoalTo restore the river ecosystem through sustainable development

approach

6.2.2. Objectivesi. To enhance water flow in the river;

ii. To prevent discharge of waste water and solid waste into rivers;

iii. To conserve biodiversity and riparian landscape;

iv. To conserve and promote culture and heritage;

v. To promote sustainable agricultural practices; and

vi. To regulate urban growth and industrial activities

6.2.3. ActivitiesActivity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1: Undertake various measures to enhance water flow in

the river

i. Promote rain water harvesting at household and community

level by constructing soak pits or through existing wells;

ii. Rehabilitate 17 existing ponds (Chapagaun 6, Chhampi 1, Sankhu

5, Balambu 1, Dadhikot 1 and Tokha 3) to recharge groundwater

through rainwater harvesting;

iii. Minimize water extraction with the support of local community;

and

iv. Develop and implement land use plan to regulate urban growth

and industrial activities

Activity 2: Activity 2: Activity 2: Activity 2: Activity 2: To prevent discharge of waste water and solid waste

into rivers

i. Promote on-site sanitation with best available technologies

such as ecosan, bio-gas, safety tank etc.

ii. Construct community managed DEWATS demonstration site in

Sankhu; and

iii. Promote DEWATS in institutions such as army and police barracks,

government offices, schools, colleges, housing colonies,

monasteries and industries.

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Activity 3:Activity 3:Activity 3:Activity 3:Activity 3: To conserve aquatic biodiversity and riparian landscape

i. Prepare and implement landscape plan of riparian land to


ii. Carry out river bed restoration works such as check dams at

Sundarijal—Alapot Area, Changunarayan and Tokha;

iii. Carry out bank protection works using bioengineering (61 km

based on survey);

iv. Introduce fish ladder at Gokarna barrage;

v. Construct access roads/foot trails along both the banks of the

river

vi. Establish a system for regular monitoring of river water quality

twice a year at 17 locations; and

vii. Create awareness by forming eco-clubs

Activity 4:Activity 4:Activity 4:Activity 4:Activity 4: To renovate and conserve the cultural and heritage sites

i. Prepare an inventory of existing heritage sites in the zone;

ii. Prepare restoration plans of important heritage sites and

associated cultural activities; and

iii. Conserve and restore deteriorated temples (Tokha Chandeshwari

and Gokarna Mahadev)

Activity 5:Activity 5:Activity 5:Activity 5:Activity 5: Promote sustainable agricultural practices

i. Promote organic farming

ii. Promote scientific drainage system in order to reduce soil

erosion from the field

iii. Discourage use of pesticides and chemical fertilizer

iv. Introduce an integrated pest management system

v. Encourage to recycle crop wastage and use livestocks manure

Activity 6:Activity 6:Activity 6:Activity 6:Activity 6: Regulate urban growth and industrial activities

i. Prepare and implement land use plan

ii. Discourage water polluting and water consuming industries

iii. Ensure IEE/EIA studies for industries and other construction

activities in and around the river

6.3 Peri Urban Zone

6.3.1. GoalTo restore the river ecosystem through effective management of

urban growth

6.3.2. Objectivesi. To improve river water quality and quantity through proper

management of water and waste water;

ii. To protect river side land, aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic

value of rivers and its surroundings;

iii. To control and relocate squatter settlements from the river

banks; and

iv. To conserve and regenerate culture and heritage

6.3.3. ActivitiesActivity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1: To improve river water quality and quantity through

proper management of water and waste water

i. Promote rain water harvesting at household and community

levels by constructing soak pits or through existing wells;

ii. Rehabilitate13 existing ponds (Thecho 3, Chapagaon 5,

Dhapakhel 1, Jharuwarasi 1 and Sunakothi 3) to recharge

groundwater through rainwater harvesting;

iii. Promote onsite sanitation at household and community levels

through measures such as septic tanks, fecals sludge

management and other appropriate technologies;

iv. Construct community managed DEWATS at various locations

such as Phutung, Sangla, Katunje and Satungal;

v. Promote DEWATS in institutions; such as army and police

barrages, government offices, schools, colleges, housing

colonies, monasteries and industries

vi. Construct intercepting sewerage system along both the banks

of the rivers; and

vii. Promote household and community level waste management

system

viii. Construct septage treatment plants for faecal sludge

management at locations such as Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Harisiddhi

and Bungamati

Activity 2:Activity 2:Activity 2:Activity 2:Activity 2: Undertake various measures to protect rvierside lands,

aquatic biodiversity and aesthetic values of rivers and its

surroundings

i. Introduce fish ladder underneath the Seshmati Khola bridge of

Dharmasthali VDC;

ii. Prepare and implement landscape of riparian land to maintain

green corridor;

iii. Carry out bank protection works (80 km) using bioengineering

technique;

iv. Construct access roads/foot trails along both the banks of

the rivers; and

v. Establish a system for regular monitoring of river water quality

at 12 locations

Activity 3:Activity 3:Activity 3:Activity 3:Activity 3: Control and relocate squatter settlements from the

river banks

i. Verification and relocation of all squatters from the river banks

ii. Control the encroachment of the river banks by squatters

Activity 4:Activity 4:Activity 4:Activity 4:Activity 4: Conserve and regenerate cultural and heritage sites

i. Prepare an inventory of existing heritage sites;



iii. Conserve and restore deteriorated religious sites such as

Mahalaxmi and Bishnudevi temples

6.4. Urban Zone

6.4.1. GoalTo upgrade the river ecosystem, conserve and regenerate tangible

and intangible heritage linked with the rivers

6.4.2. Objectivesi. To improve river water quantity and quality through proper

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ii. To improve the riparian landscape;

iii. To control and relocate squatter settlements from the river

banks;

iv. To renovate and conserve the cultural and heritage sites; and

v. To promote tourism

6.4.3. ActivitiesActivity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1: To improve river water quantity and quality through

proper management of water and waste water.

i. Promote rain water harvesting at household level by

constructing soak pits or through existing wells;

ii. Rehabilitate 32 existing ponds (Lalitpur 7, Kathmandu 7, Thimi

7, Bhaktapur 6 and Kirtipur 5) for rainwater harvesting to

recharge groundwater;

iii. Rehabilitate Kodku WWTP at Balkumari to cater to waste water

from core Lalitpur area and Baneshwar based on FSDED (2003);

iv. Rehabilitate Hanumante WWTP ;

v. Construct additional WWTP at Guheshwari and upgrade the

existing WWTPs;

vi. Construct septage treatment plant at HPCIDBC, Guheshwari,

for fecal sludge management;

vii. Construct DEWATS at Hanumante and Manahara confluence;

viii.Rehabilitate Sallaghari WWTP;

ix. Rehabilitate and expand Dhobighat WWTP based on UN-Habitat

(2008);

x. Construct DEWATS at Thimi and Kirtipur municipalities;

xi. Promote DEWATS at institutional levels such as army and police

barrack, government offices, schools, colleges, housing colonies,

monasteries and industries;

xii. Construct, repair and manage intercepting sewerage systemalong both the banks of the riversConstruct waste water treatment plants with best available

technology at two sites of Bagmati river and one site each of

Bishnumati and Dhobikhola as demonstration plants

xiii.Promote on-site sanitation at household and community levels

through measures such as septic tanks;

xiv. Establish fecal sludge management systems; and

xv. Establish a system for regular monitoring of river water quality

twice a year at 20 locations

Take measures to protect river side land, aquatic

biodiversity and aesthetic value of rivers and their surroundings

i. Prepare and implement landscape of riparian land to maintain

green corridor;

ii. Carry out bank protection works (70 km) using bioengineering

technique;

iii. Construct access roads/foot trails along both the banks ofthe rivers ensuring conservation of existing ghats and

heritage sites;Initiate plantation at riparian land at Sankhamul, Pachali Bhairab,

confluence of Bagmati—Bishnumati and Sundarighat; and

Construct municipal composting plants targeted to Kalimati

vegetable market and Teku fruit market

Control and relocate squatter settlements from the

river banks

i. Verify and relocate the squatters from the river banks;

ii. Control encroachment of the river banks by squatter and others

Maintain and renovate heritage sites

i. Update the inventory of existing heritage sites;



iii. Conserve and regenerate deteriorated temples (Bombir

Bikateshwar, Bishnu Bikranta, Bhim Mukteshwar, Laxmiswar) and

sattals and ghats in Sankhamul, Teku, Dallu and Shobha Bhagwati.

iv. Propare the inventory of intangible heritage

To promote tourism

i. Rehabilitate public space along Teku—Thapathali stretch as

recommended by the Teku Thapathali Research Group (1994)

and promote the area for tourism development

6.5. Downstream Zone

6.5.1. GoalTo restore healthy river ecosystem with the capacity for self-

purification

6.5.2. ObjectivesTo improve river water quantity and quality through proper


ii. To improve the self-purification process of the river;

iii. To enhance riparian landscape for the conservation of terrestrial

habitat; and

iv. To conserve the cultural and heritage sites

v. To promote eco-tourism

ECO-SANEcological sanitation, also known as ecosan or eco-san, is a newsanitation system that recognizes human excreta and householdwastewater not as waste but as resources which needs to berecovered, treated and reused, usually for agricultural purposes.Ecosan systems enable the recovery of nutrients from humanfaeces and urine for the benefit of agriculture, thus helping topreserve soil fertility, assure food security for future generations,minimize water pollution and recover bio-energy.

Various NGOs and government organizations such as ENPHO, D-Net, Lumanti, CIUD, DWSS are working in designing andconstructing the ecosan toilets in Kathmandu Valley and exploringfor its potential use in Terai region. Till date, more than 500 ecosantoilets have been designed and constructed in Nepal of which93% are in the Kathmandu valley mainly in Khokana, Siddhipur,Lubhu, Gundu which have become “Model Village for Ecosan”.Beside Kathmandu Valley, the Ecosan toilets are being used inParsa, Gorkha, Makawanpur, and Surkhet. Majority of the users ofEcosan toilets in Nepal are farmers (WAN, 2008).

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6.5.3. ActivitiesActivity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1:Activity 1: To improve river water quantity and quality through

proper management of water and waste water

i. Promote on-site sanitation including ecosan;

ii. Construct DEWATS at Sainbu;

iii. Promote DEWATS at institutional levels such as army and police

barracks, government offices, schools, colleges, housing

colonies, monasteries and industries;

iv. Rehabilitate existing ponds (Khokana 2 and Bungmati 5) for

rainwater harvesting to recharge ground water;

v. Construct intercepting sewerage system at certain areas; and

Activity 2:Activity 2:Activity 2:Activity 2:Activity 2:

i. Design and implement weirs in the river bed to facilitate

aeration; and

ii. Construct floating waste collection ponds downstream of

Chobhar gorge


i. Prepare and implement landscape plan of riparian land to


ii. Carry out bank protection measures (70 km) using

bioengineering technique; and

iii. Construct access roads/foot trails along both the banks of the

river


i. Prepare an inventory of existing heritage sites;

ii. Prepare restoration plans of existing heritage sites and


iii. Conserve and regenerate temples in Jal Binayak and Katuwal daha


i. Construct trails for bird watching;

ii. Develop and promote the area for recreation; and

iii. Construct picnic spots

6.6. Cross-cutting activities



















Activity 19:Activity 19:Activity 19:Activity 19:Activity 19: guthi


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The Bagmati Action Plan is a holistic and integrated plan to restore,

enhance and manage the Bagmati river and its tributaries with

different agencies involved in the promotion of various components.

There are different governmental, non-governmental and civil society

organisations, and other stakeholders working in different zones.

They must be involved in an integrated and coordinated fashion both

during planning and implementation of activities. A strong mechanism

to establish coordination among these institutions has to be developed

for efficient and sustainable management of the Bagmati river.

7.1. Establish HPCIDBC as a keycoordinating and leading agency

An institution with strong legislative power to control and regulate

activities in the rivers of the Kathmandu Valley must own and

implement this plan. The plan envisages the HPCIDBC as the most

appropriate institution for planning, policy and decision-making

and also for controlling and regulating activities in the Bagmati

river and its tributaries. HPCIDBC should also be responsible for

monitoring activities taking place in and around the Bagmati river

and its tributaries. However, strengthening of HPCIDBC is important

to achieve this priority. The plan recommends to reform the existing

organisational structure of HPCIDBC to address the issues and

activities highlighted in the plan.

All the stakeholders and partners must take permission for anyactivity to be carried out in and around the Bagmati river and itstributaries aimed at maintaining consistency and avoidingduplication of the activities, and to bring all the stakeholdersunder one umbrella.

7.2. Partner agencies and their role

Roles of different agencies working for the improvement of

rivers in the Kathmandu Valley have to be clearly specified to

avoid conflict and duplication of work and optimise resources.

Agencies identified as potential stakeholders and their roles for

implementation of the action plan are discussed below:

7.2.1. User committees and community-basedinstitutionsSeveral user committees and clubs are working for the

improvement of the environmental status of the rivers at the

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ANDMONITORING PLAN

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NT

NC

The entrance of the UN Park located at Jwagal, Lalitpur.

community level (Annex VIII). Many good initiatives have been

undertaken by these communities which can be replicated in

different parts of the rivers. They include: creating awareness about

the importance of the river environment to the communities along

the river banks; conserving culture and heritage; promoting eco-

friendly practices such as river side plantation, rain water harvesting

and clean-up campaigns.

7.2.2. Municipalities and Village DevelopmentCommittees (VDCs)The Local Self-Governance Act has identified the responsibilities

and functions of municipalities and Village Development

Committees (VDCs). Solid waste and waste water management in

VDCs/municipalities are some of the key responsibilities of local

government which have greater impacts on the river environment.

They should be responsible for effectively implementing laws,

bylaws and codes that could help conserve and restore the river

ecosystem of the Kathmandu Valley.

7.2.3. District Development Committees (DDCs)The District Development Committees (DDCs) can play important

role in the successful implementation of the action plan. Many

legislative powers and activities discharged by DDCs can be integrated

which will help to address some of the activities identified by the

action plan. Reference to the resources allocated by the districts for

river bank restoration and river training works in DDC budget (2008)

are some of the examples of possible integration of activities related

to the restoration of the Bagmati river.

7.2.4. NGOs and Private SectorThe Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and private sector

can play significant role on awareness and clean-up campaigns,

community-based waste management, river side plantation and

protection, culture and heritage, and management of parks and

other public utilities along the river banks.

7.2.5. Shivapuri National Park (ShNP)The role of the Shivapuri National Park should be to implement

activities identified by the action plan within its working area.

These activities are primarily related to water discharge increment,

protecting and maintaining biodiversity, managing waste produced

by tourists and picnikers and settlements inside the national park.

7.2.6. Kathmandu Valley Water SupplyManagerment BoardKathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB) is

a public statuary entity, establishement under an Act, Water Supply

Management Board Act 2064. KVWSMB is responsible for developing

and overseeing service policies, and providing license to service

providers for the operation and management of water supply

system in Kathmandu Valley. It is responsible for providing sanitation

facilities and keeping pollution free rivers in the Kathmandu Valley.

Some of the other key responsibilities are preparing policy for the

use of ground water, regulating ground water extraction/issue

license and developing policies for water supply management.

7.2.7. Department of Water Supply andSewerage (DWSS)The Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) under

Ministry of Physical Planning and Works of the Government of

Nepal was established in 1972. This is the responsible government

agency for the drinking water supply and sanitation sector of Nepal.

It is working towards achieving the sector objective of Government

of Nepal to achieve government's goal of providing all the Nepalese

people access to drinking water supply and sanitation facilities by

the year 2017.

7.2.8. UN Park Development CommitteeThe United Nations, in collaboration with the Government of Nepal,

has developed a park along the Bagmati river from Sankhamul to Teku

to halt further degradation of the Bagmati river ecosystem. River

protection works, tree plantation, construction of tracks and trail road,

fencing and construction of jogging trails at Jwagal are some the major

development activities implemented by the UN Park Development

Committee and supported by Bird Conservation Nepal (BCN).

7.2.9. Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited(KUKL)The Kathmandu Upatkya Khanepani Limited (KUKL) should follow

the norms and regulations for using water from rivers and ground

water so that the impact of the use of such natural resources is

minimal in the river ecosystem. The KUKL should also manage

sewerage network and ensure that the waste water discharge into

the river should meet the national quality standards. It should also

develop, operate and maintain major waste water treatment

systems within the Kathmandu Valley.

43

7.3. Government line agencies

Many activities that help in protecting river ecosystem have already

been initiated in different ways by different government line agencies.

Some of the key government agencies working for the restoration of

Bagmati river system include: Ministry of Physical Planning and

Works, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, Ministry of

Forests and Soil Conservation, Ministry of Local Development,

Department of Urban Development and Building Construction,

Department of Water Supply and Sewerage,Department of Roads,

Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee, Solid Waste

Management and Resource Mobilisation Centre, Department of Land

Survey-Cadastral Survey and Registration, Department of Land

Revenue, Department of Archaeology, Guthi Sansthan, Water and

Energy Commission Secretariat, Shivapuri National Park and the

Department of Water Induced Disaster and Preparedness. These

agencies should implement all their concerned activities as identified

by the action plan.

7.4. National Trust for NatureConservation

National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC), previously known

as King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation, is an NGO

established in 1982 by the legislative act as an autonomous, non-

profit and non-government organisation, mandated to work in the

field of natural resource conservation and environment protection

in Nepal. The Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) is one

of its most successful projects.

The NTNC has recently started Bagmati Conservation Project for

the conservation and protection of rivers of the Kathmandu

Valley. The NTNC can play an important role to influence

stakeholders and help HPCIDBC in coordinating with partner

agencies for the effective implementation of the action plan,

monitoring, evaluate impacts and provide feedbacks of its

findings to the concerned line agencies and stakeholders.

Additionally, it can also play an important role in mainstreaming

environmental issues of rivers of the Kathmandu Valley during

the planning process. One of the major strengths of NTNC is to

garner national and international support and recognition for

the implementation of the plan and generating financial and

human resources, as required.

7.5. Monitoring plan

The plan has emphasised a monitoring system for the proposed

activities once these are implemented. Regular monitoring is

required from the concerned authorities and similarly

feedbacks to the implementers. Besides regular monitoring, a

participatory or joint monitoring system is required where

representatives from concerned stakeholders participate and

monitor the programme. For this, activity-wise indicators are

given in Chapter 8. In order to make it flexible, the plan has

not provided the procedures and monitoring plan. The plan

feels that the proposed monitors should prepare their own

action plan and procedures. However, for effective monitoring

commitment from the authorities and the concerned

stakeholders is a pre-requisite.

HPCIDBC act should be in place before the implementation of the plan;

The Nepal Government should govern the Bagmati Action Plan;

Government and concerned organisations should incorporate the proposed activities in their respective work plans;

Roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders should be clearly defined and owned by them; and

Coordination and collaboration with local government agencies and private sector is a must.

Political commitment to achieve goal is a must.

Preconditions for successful implementation of BAP

44Ta

ble

7.1

: MO

NIT

OR

ING

PLA

N Z

ON

E 1

ME

AN

S O

F V

ER

IFIC

ATIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

Wat

er e

xtra

ctio

n fo

rmul

a w

orke

d ou

t an

d ag

reed

am

ong

stak

ehol

ders

; re

gula

tory

mec

hani

sm t

o m

inim

ize

wat

er e

xtra

ctio

n de

velo

ped

and

impl

emen

ted;

Wet

land

inv

ento

ry o

f B

agm

ati

wat

ersh

ed i

nitia

ted;

Im

porta

nt w

etla

nds

in a

reas

suc

h as

Phu

lcho

wki

and

ShN

P m

anag

ed o

n a

high

prio

rity

basi

s jo

intly

with

loc

al s

take

hold

ers

com

plet

ion

of e

mba

nkm

ent

in D

hap

Num

ber

of b

ioen

gine

erin

g w

orks

nee

ded

in r

ivul

ets

of S

hNP

ide

ntifi

ed a

nd c

ompl

eted

Are

as f

or a

ffore

stat

ion

iden

tifie

d an

d af

fore

stat

ion

activ

ities

car

ried

out

Com

mun

ity f

ores

try u

ser

grou

ps i

dent

ified

, th

eir

need

s as

sess

ed a

long

with

prog

ram

mes

to

stre

ngth

en t

heir

role

in

prot

ectio

n an

d co

nser

vatio

n of

the

Bag

mat

i riv

er

Loca

tion

of d

efor

esta

tion

and

encr

oach

men

t of

pub

ic l

ands

fro

m g

razi

ng,

agric

ultu

re,

cons

truct

ion

and

othe

r co

mm

erci

al a

ctiv

ities

ide

ntifi

ed a

nd l

ocal

sta

keho

lder

s m

obilis

edfo

r co

rrec

tive

actio

n

Land

scap

e pl

an p

repa

red

and

area

lan

dsca

ped

Inve

ntor

y of

aqu

atic

res

ourc

es p

repa

red

and

upda

ted

alon

g w

ith t

he i

nstit

utio

naliz

atio

nof

a m

onito

ring

and

feed

back

sys

tem

Inco

me

gene

ratin

g op

portu

nitie

s pr

ovid

ed t

o th

e lo

cal

com

mun

ities

Num

ber

of h

ouse

hold

s us

ing

ecos

an a

nd b

io-g

as

Mon

itor

and

mob

ilise

conc

erne

d gr

oups

for

saf

egua

rdin

g th

e qu

ality

of

wat

er

Mob

ilise

conc

erne

d gr

oups

for

pre

vent

ing

disp

osal

of

solid

was

te i

n w

ater

bod

ies

Wat

er q

ualit

y m

onito

ring

syst

ems

at 8

loc

atio

ns e

stab

lishe

d an

d op

erat

ed

Res

tora

tion

plan

s of

exi

stin

g he

ritag

e si

tes

and

asso

ciat

ed c

ultu

ral

activ

ities

pre

pare

d,or

gani

satio

ns a

nd b

odie

s fo

r th

eir

impl

emen

tatio

n id

entif

ied

afte

r co

nsul

tatio

ns w

ithap

prop

riate

gro

ups

Num

ber

of t

empl

es r

enov

ated

and

her

itage

site

s co

nser

ved

Cod

e of

con

duct

dev

elop

ed,

awar

enes

s ca

mpa

igns

und

erta

ken

and

enfo

rced

Num

ber

of e

co-t

ouris

m s

ites

iden

tifie

d, d

evel

oped

and

pro

mot

ed i

n pa

rtner

ship

with

conc

erne

d g

roup

s

Trek

king

rou

tes

desi

gnat

ed a

nd t

ouris

m i

nfra

stru

ctur

e de

velo

ped

Act

ivity

1:

Und

erta

keva

rious

mea

sure

s to

pro

tect

and

enh

ance

wat

er r

esou

rces

and

incr

ease

wat

erdi

scha

rge

into

the

riv

er

Act

ivity

2:

Und

erta

keva

rious

mea

sure

s to

cons

erve

cat

chm

ent

area

and

aq

uatic

bio

div

ersi

ty

Act

ivity

3:

To m

aint

ain

and

enha

nce

the

river

wat

er q

ualit

y

Act

ivity

4:

To r

enov

ate

and

cons

erve

the

cultu

ral

and

her

itage

site

s

Act

ivity

5:

To p

rom

ote

tour

ism

Dev

elop

and

im

ple

men

t re

gula

tory

mec

hani

sms

to m

inim

ize

wat

erex

tract

ion

by K

UK

L an

d co

mm

erci

al w

ater

ven

dors

Pro

tect

and

man

age

wet

land

s in

are

as s

uch

as P

hulc

how

ki a

ndS

hiva

pur

i N

atio

nal

Par

k

Con

stru

ct e

mba

nkm

ents

in d

hap

(Shi

vapu

ri N

atio

nal P

ark)

to

incr

ease

wat

er r

echa

rgin

g ca

pac

ity

Impl

emen

t bi

oeng

inee

ring

wor

ks f

or r

echa

rgin

g riv

ulet

s of

ShN

P

Car

ry o

ut a

ffore

stat

ion

prog

ram

mes

in S

hiva

puri

wat

ersh

ed a

nd o

ther

area

s

Stre

ngth

en c

omm

unity

for

est

user

gro

ups;

Con

trol

def

ores

tatio

n an

d e

ncro

achm

ent

of t

he p

ubic

lan

ds

from

graz

ing,

agr

icul

ture

, co

nstru

ctio

n an

d ot

her

com

mer

cial

act

iviti

es;

Pro

mot

e su

stai

nabl

e us

e of

ren

ewab

le e

nerg

y re

sour

ces;

Pre

pare

and

im

plem

ent

land

scap

e pl

an o

f rip

aria

n la

nd t

o m

aint

ain

gree

n co

rrid

or

Upd

ate

inve

ntor

y of

exi

stin

g aq

uatic

as

wel

l as

ter

rest

rial

reso

urce

san

d pr

otec

t bi

odiv

ersi

ty

Pro

vid

e in

com

e ge

nera

ting

opp

ortu

nitie

s to

loc

al c

omm

uniti

es i

nre

duci

ng p

ress

ure

on f

ores

t

Pro

mot

e to

tal

sani

tatio

n (n

o op

en d

efec

atio

n),

with

bes

t av

aila

ble

tech

nolo

gies

suc

h as

eco

san,

bio

-gas

etc

. st

artin

g fro

m S

unda

rijal

to o

ther

are

as o

f Zo

ne 1

;

Pre

vent

dis

posa

l of

sol

id w

aste

in

and

arou

nd w

ater

bod

ies;

Pre

vent

po

llutio

n o

f riv

er s

yste

m f

rom

exc

essi

ve u

se o

f ag

ro-

chem

ical

s; a

nd e

ncou

rage

org

anic

far

min

g

Esta

blis

h sy

stem

s fo

r re

gula

r m

onito

ring

of r

iver

wat

er q

ualit

y tw

ice

aye

ar a

t ei

ght

loca

tions

Pre

pare

res

tora

tion

plan

s of

exi

stin

g cu

lture

and

her

itage

site

s an

das

soci

ated

cul

tura

l ac

tiviti

es;

and

Ren

ovat

e an

d co

nser

ve t

empl

es s

uch

as S

hiva

dev

Bas

aha,

Bud

dha

scul

ptur

e an

d gh

ats

in S

unda

rijal

Dev

elop

and

enf

orce

cod

e of

con

duct

;

Div

ersi

fy e

co-t

our

ism

pro

duc

ts s

uch

as a

dve

ntur

e sp

ort

s, b

irdw

atch

ing,

sig

ht s

eein

g, e

tc.;

and

Des

igna

te t

rekk

ing

rout

es a

nd d

evel

op t

ouris

m i

nfra

stru

ctur

e al

ong

the

rout

es.

45Ta

ble

7.2

: MO

NIT

OR

ING

PLA

N Z

ON

E 2

ME

AN

S O

F V

ER

IFIC

ATIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

Num

ber

of h

ouse

hold

s w

ith r

ainw

ater

har

vest

ing

incr

ease

d

Num

ber

of p

onds

reh

abilit

ated

List

of

mea

sure

s (in

cent

ives

for

con

serv

atio

n an

d pa

ymen

t sy

stem

s fo

r us

e)un

derta

ken

to m

inim

ize

wat

er e

xtra

ctio

n af

ter

disc

ussi

on w

ith l

ocal

sta

keho

lder

s

Enco

urag

e, f

acilit

ate

and

supp

ort

loca

l go

vern

men

t to

pre

pare

lan

d us

e pl

an f

orre

gula

ting

urba

n gr

owth

and

ind

ustri

al a

ctiv

ities

Num

ber

of h

ouse

hold

s w

ith t

oile

t (e

cosa

n) a

nd f

acilit

ated

with

bio

gas

incr

ease

d

DEW

ATS

dem

onst

rate

d

Num

ber

of i

nstit

utio

ns a

dopt

ing

DEW

ATS

inc

reas

ed b

y pr

ovid

ing

awar

enes

s an

dtr

aini

ng

Enco

urag

e an

d su

ppor

t th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

lan

d us

e pl

an o

f rip

aria

n la

nd;

land

use

plan

of

ripar

ian

land

pre

pare

d an

d ar

ea l

ands

cape

d by

app

ropr

iate

uni

ts o

flo

cal

gove

rnm

ents

Res

tora

tion

wor

k in

sel

ecte

d lo

catio

ns c

arrie

d ou

t

Riv

er p

rote

ctio

n w

orks

in

sele

cted

loc

atio

ns c

ompl

eted

Fish

lad

der

at G

okar

na b

arra

ge i

ntro

duce

d an

d im

pact

mon

itore

d by

an

app

rop

riate

org

anis

atio

n

Acc

ess

road

s/fo

ot t

rails

con

stru

cted

Wat

er q

ualit

y m

onito

ring

syst

ems

at 1

7 lo

catio

ns e

stab

lishe

d, o

pera

ted

and

mon

itore

dEc

o cl

ub f

orm

ed a

nd a

war

enes

s cr

eate

d

Inve

ntor

y of

her

itage

site

s pr

epar

ed

Res

tora

tion

plan

s of

exi

stin

g he

ritag

e si

tes

and

asso

ciat

ed c

ultu

ral

activ

ities

prep

ared

joi

ntly

with

con

cern

ed g

roup

s al

ong

with

the

fac

ilitat

ion

ofim

ple

men

tatio

n

Num

ber

of t

empl

es r

enov

ated

, he

ritag

e si

tes

cons

erve

d an

d m

onito

red

Num

ber

of a

reas

pro

mot

ed w

ith o

rgan

ic f

arm

ing

scie

ntifi

c dr

aina

ge s

yste

m p

rom

oted

and

red

uctio

n in

soi

l er

osio

n

Red

uctio

n in

use

of

pest

icid

es a

nd c

hem

ical

fer

tiliz

er

Inte

grat

ed p

est

man

agem

ent

syst

em i

ntro

duce

d an

d ad

opte

d

Cro

p w

asta

ge r

ecyc

led

and

used

Land

use

pla

n pr

epar

ed a

nd i

mpl

emen

ted

Wat

er p

ollu

ting

and

wat

er c

onsu

min

g in

dust

ries

disc

oura

ged

IEE/

EIA

stu

dies

ado

pted

for

ind

ustri

es a

nd o

ther

con

stru

ctio

n ac

tiviti

es i

n an

dar

ound

the

riv

er

Act

ivity

1:

Und

erta

keva

rious

mea

sure

s to

enha

nce

wat

er f

low

in

the

river

Act

ivity

2:

To p

reve

ntdi

scha

rge

of w

aste

wat

er a

nd s

olid

was

tein

to r

iver

s

Act

ivity

3:

To c

onse

rve

aqua

tic b

iodi

vers

ity a

ndrip

aria

n la

ndsc

ape

Act

ivity

4:

To r

enov

ate

and

cons

erve

the

cultu

ral

and

her

itage

site

s

Act

ivity

5:

Pro

mot

esu

stai

nab

le a

gric

ultu

ral

pra

ctic

es

Act

ivity

6:

Reg

ulat

eur

ban

grow

th a

ndin

dus

tria

l ac

tiviti

es

Pro

mot

e ra

in w

ater

har

vest

ing

at h

ouse

hold

and

com

mun

ity l

evel

by

cons

truct

ing

soak

pits

or

thro

ugh

exis

ting

wel

ls;

Reh

abilit

ate

17

exi

stin

g p

ond

s (C

hap

agau

n 6

, C

hham

pi

1,

San

khu

5,

Bal

ambu

1,

Dad

hiko

t 1

and

Tokh

a 3)

to

rech

arge

gro

undw

ater

thr

ough

rain

wat

er h

arve

stin

g;

Min

imiz

e w

ater

ext

ract

ion

with

the

sup

port

of l

ocal

com

mun

ity;

and

Dev

elop

and

im

ple

men

t la

nd u

se p

lan

to r

egul

ate

urb

an g

row

th a

ndin

dus

tria

l ac

tiviti

es

Pro

mot

e on

-site

san

itatio

n w

ith b

est

avai

lab

le t

echn

olog

ies

such

as

ecos

an,

bio-

gas,

saf

ety

tank

etc

.

Con

stru

ct c

omm

unity

man

aged

DEW

ATS

dem

onst

ratio

n si

te i

n S

ankh

u;an

d

Pro

mot

e D

EW

ATS

in

inst

itutio

ns s

uch

as a

rmy

and

pol

ice

bar

rack

s,go

vern

men

t of

fices

, sc

hool

s, c

olle

ges,

hou

sing

col

onie

s, m

onas

terie

san

d in

dust

ries.

Pre

par

e an

d i

mp

lem

ent

land

scap

e p

lan

of

ripar

ian

land

to

mai

ntai

ngr

een

corr

idor

;

Car

ry o

ut r

iver

bed

res

tora

tion

wor

ks s

uch

as c

heck

dam

s at

Sun

darij

al—

Ala

pot

Are

a, C

hang

unar

ayan

and

Tok

ha;

Car

ry o

ut b

ank

prot

ectio

n w

orks

usi

ng b

ioen

gine

erin

g (6

1 km

bas

ed o

nsu

rvey

);

Intro

duce

fis

h la

dder

at

Gok

arna

bar

rage

;

Con

stru

ct a

cces

s ro

ads/

foot

tra

ils a

long

bot

h th

e ba

nks

of t

he r

iver

Est

ablis

h a

syst

em f

or r

egul

ar m

onito

ring

of r

iver

wat

er q

ualit

y tw

ice

aye

ar a

t 17

loc

atio

ns;

and

Cre

ate

awar

enes

s by

for

min

g ec

o-cl

ubs

Pre

pare

an

inve

ntor

y of

exi

stin

g he

ritag

e si

tes

in t

he z

one;

Pre

par

e re

stor

atio

n p

lans

of

imp

orta

nt h

erita

ge s

ites

and

ass

ocia

ted

cultu

ral

activ

ities

; an

d

Con

serv

e an

d r

esto

re d

eter

iora

ted

tem

ple

s (T

okha

Cha

ndes

hwar

i an

dG

okar

na M

ahad

ev)

Pro

mot

e or

gani

c fa

rmin

g

Pro

mot

e sc

ient

ific

drai

nage

sys

tem

in

orde

r to

red

cue

soil

eros

ion

from

the

field

Dis

cour

age

use

of p

estic

ides

and

che

mic

al f

ertil

izer

Intro

duce

an

inte

grat

ed p

est

man

agem

ent

syst

em

Enco

urag

e to

rec

ycle

cro

p w

asta

ge a

nd u

se l

ives

tock

s m

anur

e

Pre

pare

and

im

plem

ent

land

use

pla

n

Dis

cour

age

wat

er p

ollu

ting

and

wat

er c

onsu

min

g in

dust

ries

Ensu

re I

EE/E

IA s

tudi

es f

or i

ndus

tries

and

oth

er c

onst

ruct

ion

activ

ities

in

and

arou

nd t

he r

iver

46Ta

ble

7.3

: MO

NIT

OR

ING

PLA

N Z

ON

E 3

ME

AN

S O

F V

ER

IFIC

ATIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

Num

ber

of h

ouse

hold

with

rai

nwat

er h

arve

stin

g

Num

ber

of p

onds

reh

abilit

ated

Num

ber

of h

ouse

hold

s w

ith t

oile

t in

crea

sed

Num

ber

of h

ouse

hold

s an

d ar

ea c

over

ed b

y D

EWAT

S

Num

ber

of i

nstit

utio

ns a

dopt

ing

DEW

ATS

inc

reas

ed

Inte

rcep

ting

sew

erag

e sy

stem

con

stru

cted

alo

ng b

oth

the

bank

s of

the

riv

ers;

Sep

tage

tre

atm

ent

plan

ts c

onst

ruct

ed i

n th

e sp

ecifi

ed a

reas

Fish

lad

der

at S

eshm

ati

Kho

la i

ntro

duce

d

Land

use

pla

n of

rip

aria

n la

nd p

repa

red

and

area

lan

dsca

ped

by a

ppro

pria

te l

ocal

agen

cies

Loca

tions

alo

ng t

he r

iver

pro

tect

ed b

y ap

prop

riate

loc

al a

genc

ies

Acc

ess

road

/foo

t tra

ils c

onst

ruct

ed a

long

the

ban

ks o

f th

e riv

erW

ater

qua

lity

mon

itorin

g sy

stem

est

ablis

hed

and

oper

ated

by

appr

opria

te l

ocal

agen

cies

Num

ber

of s

quat

ter

settl

emen

ts v

erifi

ed a

nd r

eloc

ated

fro

m r

iver

ban

ks

Riv

er b

anks

enc

roac

hmen

t co

ntro

lled

Inve

ntor

y of

her

itage

site

s pr

epar

ed

Res

tora

tion

plan

s of

exi

stin

g he

ritag

e si

tes

and

asso

ciat

ed c

ultu

ral

activ

ities

pre

par

ed

Num

ber

of t

empl

es r

enov

ated

and

her

itage

site

s co

nser

ved

Act

ivity

1:

To i

mpr

ove

river

wat

er q

ualit

y an

d qu

antit

yth

roug

h pr

oper

man

agem

ent

of w

ater

and

was

te w

ater

Act

ivity

2:

Und

erta

keva

rious

mea

sure

s to

prot

ect

rvie

rsid

e la

nds,

aqua

tic b

iodi

vers

ity a

ndae

sthe

tic v

alue

s of

riv

ers

and

its s

urro

undi

ngs

Act

ivity

3:

Con

trol

and

relo

cate

sq

uatte

rse

ttlem

ents

fro

m t

he r

iver

ban

ks

Act

ivity

4:

Con

serv

e an

dre

gene

rate

cul

tura

l an

dhe

ritag

e si

tes

Pro

mot

e ra

in w

ater

har

vest

ing

at h

ouse

hold

and

com

mun

ity l

evel

s b

yco

nstru

ctin

g so

ak p

its o

r th

roug

h ex

istin

g w

ells

;

Reh

abilit

ate

6 e

xist

ing

pon

ds

(The

cho

3,

Cha

pag

aon

5,

Dha

pak

hel

1,

Jhar

uwar

asi 1

and

Sun

akot

hi 3

) to

rech

arge

gro

undw

ater

thro

ugh

rain

wat

erha

rves

ting;

Pro

mot

e on

site

san

itatio

n at

hou

seho

ld a

nd c

omm

unity

lev

els

thro

ugh

mea

sure

s su

ch a

s se

ptic

tan

ks,

feca

ls s

ludg

e m

anag

emen

t an

d ot

her

app

rop

riate

tec

hnol

ogie

s;

Con

stru

ct c

omm

unity

man

aged

DE

WAT

S a

t va

rious

loc

atio

ns s

uch

asP

hutu

ng,

San

gla,

Kat

unje

and

Sat

unga

l;

Pro

mot

e D

EW

ATS

in

inst

itutio

ns;

such

as

arm

y an

d p

olic

e b

arra

ges,

gove

rnm

ent

offic

es,

scho

ols,

col

lege

s, h

ousi

ng c

olon

ies,

mon

astr

ies

and

indu

strie

s

Con

stru

ct i

nter

cept

ing

sew

erag

e sy

stem

alo

ng b

oth

the

bank

sof

the

riv

ers;

and

Con

stru

ct s

epta

ge t

reat

men

t p

lant

s fo

r fa

ecal

slu

dge

man

agem

ent

atlo

catio

ns s

uch

as B

hakt

apur

, K

irtip

ur,

Har

isid

dhi

and

Bun

gam

ati

Intr

od

uc

e f

ish

lad

de

r u

nd

ern

eat

h t

he

Se

shm

ati

Kh

ola

bri

dg

e o

fD

harm

asth

ali

VD

C;

Pre

par

e an

d i

mp

lem

ent

land

scap

e of

rip

aria

n la

nd t

o m

aint

ain

gree

nco

rrid

or;

Car

ry o

ut b

ank

prot

ectio

n w

orks

(80

km

) us

ing

bioe

ngin

eerin

g te

chni

que;

Con

stru

ct a

cces

s ro

ads/

foot

tra

ils a

long

bot

h th

e ba

nks

of t

he r

iver

s; a

nd

Est

ablis

h a

syst

em f

or r

egul

ar m

onito

ring

of r

iver

wat

er q

ualit

y at

12

loca

tions

Verif

icat

ion

and

relo

catio

n of

all

squa

tters

fro

m t

he r

iver

ban

ks

Con

trol

the

enc

roac

hmen

t of

the

riv

er b

anks

by

squa

tter

s an

d o

ther

agen

cies

Pre

pare

an

inve

ntor

y of

exi

stin

g he

ritag

e si

tes;

Pre

par

e re

stor

atio

n p

lans

of

imp

orta

nt h

erita

ge s

ites

and

ass

ocia

ted

cultu

ral

activ

ities

; an

d

Con

serv

e an

d r

esto

re d

eter

iora

ted

rel

igio

us s

ites

such

as

Mah

alax

mi

and

Bis

hnud

evi

tem

ples

47Ta

ble

7.4

: MO

NIT

OR

ING

PLA

NZ

ON

E 4

AC

TIVI

TIES

Num

ber

of h

ouse

hold

s w

ith r

ainw

ater

har

vest

ing

incr

ease

d

Num

ber

of p

onds

reh

abilit

ated

Kod

ku W

aste

Wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lant

reh

abilit

ated

Han

uman

te W

aste

Wat

er T

reat

men

t P

lan

reha

bilit

ated

Exis

ting

WW

TP a

t G

uhes

hwar

i im

prov

ed a

nd a

dditi

onal

uni

t co

nstru

cted

Faec

al s

ludg

e tre

atm

ent

plan

t at

Guh

eshw

ari

cons

truct

ed

DEW

ATS

at

Han

uman

te/M

anha

ra c

onflu

ence

con

stru

cted

Sal

lagh

ari

WW

TP r

ehab

ilitat

ed a

nd u

pgr

aded

Dho

big

hat

WW

TP r

ehab

ilitat

ed

DEW

ATS

con

stru

cted

at

Thim

i an

d K

irtip

ur m

unic

ipal

ities

Num

ber

of i

nstit

utio

ns a

dopt

ing

DEW

ATS

inc

reas

ed

Inte

rcep

ting

sew

erag

e sy

stem

con

stru

cted

and

man

aged

alo

ng b

oth

the

bank

s of

the

riv

er

Was

te w

ater

tre

atm

ent

plan

t co

nstru

cted

in

spec

ified

loc

atio

ns o

fB

agm

ati

and

Bis

hnum

ati

river

Num

ber

of h

ouse

hold

s w

ith t

oile

t in

crea

sed

Feca

l sl

udge

man

agem

ent

syst

em e

stab

lishe

d

Wat

er q

ualit

y m

onito

ring

syst

em e

stab

lishe

d an

d op

erat

ed

Land

use

pla

n of

rip

aria

n la

nd p

repa

red

and

area

lan

dsca

ped

Leng

th o

f riv

er p

rote

cted

Acc

ess

road

s/fo

ot t

rails

con

stru

cted

alo

ng b

oth

bank

s of

the

riv

er

Sp

ecifi

ed a

rea

pla

nted

Mun

icip

al c

omp

ostin

g p

lant

s co

nstru

cted

Act

ivity

1:

To i

mpr

ove

river

wat

er q

uant

ity a

nd q

ualit

yth

roug

h pr

oper

man

agem

ent

of w

ater

and

was

te w

ater

.

Act

ivity

2:

Take

mea

sure

sto

pro

tect

riv

er s

ide

land

,aq

uatic

bio

dive

rsity

and

aest

hetic

val

ue o

f riv

ers

and

thei

r su

rrou

ndin

gs

Pro

mot

e ra

in w

ater

har

vest

ing

at h

ouse

hold

lev

el b

y co

nstru

ctin

g so

ak p

its o

rth

roug

h ex

istin

g w

ells

;

Reh

abilit

ate

32 e

xist

ing

pond

s (L

alitp

ur 7

, K

athm

andu

7,

Thim

i 7,

Bha

ktap

ur 6

and

Kirt

ipur

5)

for

rain

wat

er h

arve

stin

g to

rec

harg

e gr

ound

wat

er;

Reh

abili

tate

Ko

dku

WW

TP a

t B

alku

mar

i to

cat

er t

o w

aste

wat

er f

rom

co

reLa

litpu

r ar

ea a

nd B

anes

hwar

bas

ed o

n FS

DED

(20

03);

Reh

abilit

ate

Han

uman

te W

WTP

;

Con

stru

ct a

dditi

onal

WW

TP a

t G

uhes

hwar

i an

d up

grad

e th

e ex

istin

g W

WTP

s;

Con

stru

ct s

epta

ge t

reat

men

t pl

ant

at H

PC

IDB

C,

Guh

eshw

ari,

for

feca

l sl

udge

man

agem

ent;

Con

stru

ct D

EW

ATS

at

Han

uman

te a

nd M

anah

ara

conf

luen

ce;

Reh

abili

tate

Sal

lagh

ari

WW

TP;

Reh

abilit

ate

and

expa

nd D

hobi

ghat

WW

TP b

ased

on

UN

-Hab

itat

(200

8);

Con

stru

ct D

EWAT

S a

t Th

imi

and

Kirt

ipur

mun

icip

aliti

es;

Pro

mo

te D

EW

ATS

at

inst

itutio

nal

leve

ls s

uch

as a

rmy

and

po

lice

bar

rack

,g

ove

rnm

ent

offi

ces,

sch

oo

ls,

colle

ges

, ho

usin

g c

olo

nies

, m

ona

ster

ies

and

ind

ustr

ies;

Con

stru

ct,

repa

ir an

d m

anag

e in

terc

eptin

g se

wer

age

syst

emal

on

g

bo

th

the

bank

s of

the

riv

ers

Con

stru

ct w

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t p

lant

s w

ith b

est

avai

lab

le t

echn

olog

y at

tw

osi

tes

of

Bag

mat

i riv

er a

nd o

ne s

ite e

ach

of

Bis

hnum

ati

and

Dho

bik

hola

as

dem

onst

ratio

n p

lant

s

Pro

mot

e on

-site

san

itatio

n at

hou

seho

ld a

nd c

omm

unity

leve

ls t

hrou

gh m

easu

res

such

as

sept

ic t

anks

;

Est

ablis

h fe

cal

slud

ge m

anag

emen

t sy

stem

s; a

nd

Est

ablis

h

a sy

ste

m

for

reg

ula

r m

on

itori

ng

o

f ri

ver

wat

er

qual

ity t

wic

e a

year

at

20 l

ocat

ions

Pre

pare

and

im

plem

ent

land

scap

e of

rip

aria

n la

nd t

o m

aint

ain

gree

n co

rrid

or;

Car

ry o

ut b

ank

prot

ectio

n w

orks

(70

km

) us

ing

bioe

ngin

eerin

g te

chni

que;

Con

stru

ct a

cces

s ro

ads/

foot

tra

ils a

long

bot

h th

e ba

nks

of

the

river

s en

surin

g co

nser

vatio

n of

exi

stin

g gh

ats

and

herit

age

site

s;

Initi

ate

plan

tatio

n at

rip

aria

n la

nd a

t S

ankh

amul

, P

acha

li B

haira

b, c

onflu

ence

of

Bag

mat

i—B

ishn

umat

i an

d S

und

arig

hat;

and

Con

stru

ct m

unic

ipal

com

pos

ting

pla

nts

targ

eted

to

Kal

imat

i ve

geta

ble

mar

ket

and

Teku

fru

it m

arke

t

ME

AN

S O

F V

ER

IFIC

ATIO

N

48Ta

ble

7.4

Con

td...

ME

AN

S O

F V

ER

IFIC

ATIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

Num

ber

of s

quat

ter

settl

emen

ts v

erifi

ed a

nd r

eloc

ated

fro

m t

he r

iver

ban

ks

Riv

er e

ncro

achm

ent

cont

rolle

d

Inve

ntor

y of

exi

stin

g he

ritag

e si

tes

upda

ted

Res

tora

tion

plan

s of

exi

stin

g he

ritag

e si

tes

and

asso

ciat

ed c

ultu

ral

activ

ities

pre

par

ed

Num

ber

of t

empl

es r

enov

ated

and

her

itage

site

s co

nser

ved

in t

hose

spec

ified

loc

atio

ns

Inve

ntor

y of

her

itage

site

s pr

epar

ed

Pub

lic s

pace

alo

ng T

eku

to T

hapa

thal

i st

retc

h re

habi

litat

ed a

nd p

rom

oted

for

tour

ism

dev

elop

men

t

Act

ivity

3:

Con

trol

and

relo

cate

sq

uatte

rse

ttlem

ents

fro

m t

he r

iver

ban

ks

Act

ivity

4:

Mai

ntai

n an

dre

nova

te

herit

age

site

s

Act

ivity

5:

To p

rom

ote

tour

ism

Verif

y an

d re

loca

te t

he s

quat

ters

fro

m t

he r

iver

ban

ks;

Con

trol

encr

oach

men

t of

the

riv

er b

anks

by

squa

tter

and

othe

rs

Upd

ate

the

inve

ntor

y of

exi

stin

g he

ritag

e si

tes;

Pre

par

e re

stor

atio

n p

lans

of

imp

orta

nt h

erita

ge s

ites

and

ass

ocia

ted

cul

tura

lac

tiviti

es;

and

Con

serv

e an

d r

egen

erat

e d

eter

iora

ted

tem

ple

s (B

omb

ir B

ikat

eshw

ar,

Bis

hnu

Bik

rant

a, B

him

Muk

tesh

war

, La

xmis

war

) an

d s

atta

ls a

nd g

hats

in

San

kham

ul,

Teku

, D

allu

and

Sho

bha

Bha

gwat

i.

Pre

pare

the

inv

ento

ry o

f in

tang

ible

her

itage

Reh

abilit

ate

publ

ic s

pace

alo

ng T

eku—

Thap

atha

li st

retc

h as

rec

omm

ende

d by

the

Teku

Tha

path

ali

Res

earc

h G

roup

(19

94)

and

prom

ote

the

area

for

tou

rism

dev

elop

men

t

49Ta

ble

7.5

: MO

NIT

OR

ING

PLA

NZ

ON

E 5

ME

AN

S O

F V

ER

IFIC

ATIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

Num

ber

of h

ouse

hold

s w

ith i

ncre

ased

toi

lets

DEW

ATS

dem

onst

ratio

n si

te f

or S

ainb

u ar

ea

cons

truct

ed

Num

ber

of i

nstit

utio

ns a

dopt

ing

DEW

ATS

inc

reas

ed

Num

ber

of p

onds

reh

abilit

ated

Inte

rcep

ting

sew

erag

e sy

stem

con

stru

cted

Wat

er q

ualit

y m

onito

ring

syst

em e

stab

lishe

d an

d op

erat

ed

Loca

tions

for

eng

inee

ring

stru

ctur

es i

dent

ified

, de

sign

ed a

nd o

pera

ted

byap

pro

pria

te a

genc

ies

Floa

ting

was

te r

emov

ing

syst

em a

t do

wns

tream

of

Cho

bhar

gor

ge d

esig

ned

and

oper

ated

Land

use

pla

n of

rip

aria

n la

nd p

repa

red

and

area

lan

dsca

ped

loca

tions

alo

ng t

he r

iver

pro

tect

ed

Acc

ess

road

s/fo

ot t

rails

con

stru

cted

alo

ng b

oth

the

bank

s of

the

riv

er

Inve

ntor

y of

her

itage

site

s pr

epar

ed

Res

tora

tion

plan

s of

exi

stin

g he

ritag

e si

tes

and

asso

ciat

ed c

ultu

ral

activ

ities

pre

par

ed

Num

ber

of t

empl

es r

enov

ated

and

her

itage

site

s co

nser

ved

Leng

th o

f tra

ils f

or b

ird w

atch

ing

cons

truct

ed

Num

ber

of a

reas

dev

elop

ed a

nd p

rom

oted

for

rec

reat

ion

Num

ber

of p

icni

c sp

ots

cons

truct

ed

Act

ivity

1:

To i

mpr

ove

river

wat

er q

uant

ity a

ndqu

ality

thr

ough

pro

per

man

agem

ent

of w

ater

and

was

te w

ater

Act

ivity

2:

To i

mpr

ove

the

self-

pur

ifica

tion

pro

cess

of t

he r

iver

Act

ivity

3:

Und

erta

keva

rious

mea

sure

s to

prot

ect

river

sid

e la

nd,

aqua

tic b

iodi

vers

ity a

ndae

sthe

tic v

alue

of

river

san

d th

eir

surr

ound

ings

Act

ivity

4:

Mai

ntai

n an

dre

nova

te t

he c

ultu

ral

and

herit

age

site

s

Act

ivity

5:

Pro

mte

tou

rism

and

rec

reat

ion

Pro

mot

e on

-site

san

itatio

n in

clud

ing

ecos

an;

Con

stru

ct D

EWAT

S a

t S

ainb

u;

Pro

mot

e D

EWAT

S a

t in

stitu

tiona

l le

vels

suc

h as

arm

y an

d po

lice

barr

acks

, go

vern

men

t of

fices

, sc

hool

s, c

olle

ges,

hou

sing

col

onie

s,m

onas

tries

and

ind

ustri

es;

Reh

abilit

ate

exis

ting

pond

s (K

hoka

na 2

and

Bun

gmat

i 5)

for

rain

wat

er h

arve

stin

g to

rec

harg

e gr

ound

wat

er;

Con

stru

ct i

nter

cept

ing

sew

erag

e sy

stem

at

certa

in a

reas

; an

d

Esta

blis

h a

syst

em f

or r

egul

ar m

onito

ring

of r

iver

wat

er q

ualit

y at

4lo

catio

ns

Des

ign

and

impl

emen

t w

eirs

in

the

river

bed

to

faci

litat

e ae

ratio

n;

Con

stru

ct f

loat

ing

was

te c

olle

ctio

n po

nds

dow

nstre

am o

f C

hobh

argo

rge

Pre

pare

and

im

plem

ent

land

scap

e pl

an o

f rip

aria

n la

nd t

o m

aint

ain

gree

n co

rrid

or;

Car

ry o

ut b

ank

prot

ectio

n m

easu

res

(70

km)

usin

g bi

oeng

inee

ring

tech

niq

ue;

and

Con

stru

ct a

cces

s ro

ads/

foot

tra

ils a

long

bot

h th

e ba

nks

of t

he r

iver

Pre

pare

an

inve

ntor

y of

exi

stin

g he

ritag

e si

tes;

Pre

pare

res

tora

tion

plan

s of

exi

stin

g he

ritag

e si

tes

and

asso

ciat

edcu

ltura

l ac

tiviti

es;

and

Con

serv

e an

d re

gene

rate

tem

ples

in

Jal

Bin

ayak

and

Kat

uwal

dah

a

Con

stru

ct t

rails

for

bird

wat

chin

g;

Dev

elop

e an

d pr

omot

e th

e ar

ea f

or r

ecre

atio

n;

and

Con

stru

ct p

icni

c sp

ots

50Ta

ble

7.6

: MO

NIT

OR

ING

PLA

NC

ross

-cut

ting

Act

iviti

es

ME

AN

S O

F V

ER

IFIC

ATIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

HP

CID

BC

with

new

org

aniz

atio

n st

ruct

ure

and

succ

essf

ul i

mpl

emen

tatio

n of

BA

P

Num

ber

of n

ewly

for

mul

ated

pol

icie

s, l

egis

latio

n an

d re

gula

tory

mec

hani

sms

Was

te M

anag

emen

t A

ct a

nd R

ules

rev

ised

and

exi

stin

g w

aste

man

agem

ent

polic

yam

end

ed

Gui

delin

e pr

epar

ed f

or l

ocal

dev

elop

men

t su

ppor

t to

pre

vent

hap

haza

rd c

onst

ruct

ion

oflo

cal

drai

ns a

nd d

isch

argi

ng w

aste

wat

er i

nto

river

s

Riv

er a

reas

and

wat

er s

ourc

e ar

eas

dem

arca

ted

Pos

sibi

lity

of i

ncre

ase

in r

iver

wat

er d

isch

arge

in

Bag

mat

i ex

plor

ed

Wat

er i

nven

tory

GIS

dat

abas

e pr

epar

ed

A l

ong

term

Bag

mat

i Ec

olog

ical

Mon

itorin

g S

yste

m d

evel

oped

Num

ber

of m

unic

ipal

com

post

pla

nt e

stab

lishe

d, s

trate

gy p

repa

red

and

reve

nue

gen

erat

ed

IEE

or E

IA s

tudy

car

ried

out

San

itary

lan

dfill

site

s es

tabl

ishe

d an

d op

erat

ed

Dec

reas

ing

perc

enta

ge o

f or

gani

c so

lid w

aste

at

land

fill

site

Invo

lvem

ent

of P

rivat

e S

ecto

r fo

r so

lid w

aste

man

agem

ent

of K

athm

andu

Val

ley

PP

P F

eaca

l S

lud

ge M

anag

emen

t S

yste

m d

evel

oped

Was

te w

ater

tre

atm

ent

syst

em e

nsur

ed i

n al

l co

mm

erci

al b

uild

ings

Num

ber

of m

onito

ring

carri

ed o

ut

Indi

geno

us p

lant

spe

cies

pla

nted

and

pro

tect

ed

Cap

acity

of

loca

l co

mm

uniti

es,

publ

ic s

ecto

r or

gani

zatio

ns a

nd o

ther

stak

ehol

ders

bui

ld u

p

Num

ber

of a

dvoc

acy

cam

paig

ns a

nd p

ublic

aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

mes

car

ried

out

Dat

abas

e of

gut

his

rela

ted

to c

ultu

ral

herit

age

alon

g th

e riv

er s

ides

pre

pare

d,gu

this

rev

ived

Reg

ular

res

earc

h ca

rrie

d ou

t th

roug

h th

e in

volv

emen

t of

aca

dem

ic i

nstit

utio

ns

Act

ivity

1:

Res

truct

ure

exis

ting

HP

CID

BC

to

impl

emen

t th

e B

agm

ati

Act

ion

Pla

n

Act

ivity

2:

Form

ulat

e p

olic

ies,

leg

isla

tions

and

reg

ulat

ory

mec

hani

sms

req

uire

d f

orH

PC

IDB

C A

ct

Act

ivity

3:

Rev

ise

Was

te M

anag

emen

t A

ct a

nd R

ules

and

am

end

men

ts o

f ex

istin

gw

aste

man

agem

ent

pol

icy

Act

ivity

4:

Dev

elop

gui

delin

es t

o pr

even

t ha

phaz

ard

cons

truct

ion

of l

ocal

dra

ins

and

disc

harg

ing

of w

aste

wat

er i

nto

river

s

Act

ivity

5:

Dem

arca

te r

iver

ter

ritor

ies,

wat

er w

ays

and

flood

pla

ins

(UN

-Hab

itat

2008

)

Act

ivity

6:

Expl

ore

and

asse

ss p

ossi

biliti

es f

or in

crea

sing

wat

er d

isch

arge

in t

he r

iver

suc

has

int

erba

sin

trans

fer

of w

ater

to

Bag

mat

i th

roug

h m

ulti

purp

ose

Mel

amch

i P

roje

ct

Act

ivity

7:

Pre

par

e a

wat

er i

nven

tory

GIS

dat

abas

e in

clud

ing

river

net

wor

ks,

wat

erso

urce

are

a, w

ith t

he l

evel

of

vuln

erab

ility

to l

ow f

low

Act

ivity

8:

Dev

elop

a l

ong

term

Bag

mat

i E

colo

gica

l M

onito

ring

Sys

tem

by

invo

lvin

gna

tiona

l an

d i

nter

natio

nal

acad

emic

ins

titut

ions

Act

ivity

9:

Esta

blis

h m

unic

ipal

com

post

pla

nts,

exp

lore

and

dev

elop

stra

tegi

es t

o lin

kw

ith C

DM

to

gene

rate

rev

enue

s

Act

ivity

10:

Ens

ure

IEE/

EIA

stu

dies

for

indu

strie

s an

d ot

her

cons

truct

ion

activ

ities

in a

ndar

ound

the

riv

ers

Act

ivity

11:

Est

ablis

h sh

ort

and

long

ter

m s

anita

ry l

andf

ill si

tes

for

was

te d

ispo

sal

Act

ivity

12

: P

rom

ote

hous

ehol

d a

nd c

omm

unity

lev

el w

aste

man

agem

ent

syst

emin

clud

ing

com

post

ing

with

the

inv

olve

men

t of

priv

ate

sect

or

Act

ivity

13:

Eng

age

priv

ate

sect

or f

or t

he m

anag

emen

t of

sol

id w

aste

in

Kat

hman

duV

alle

y

Act

ivity

14:

Dev

elop

pub

lic-p

rivat

e-pa

rtner

ship

for

Fae

cal

Slu

dge

Man

agem

ent

Sys

tem

Act

ivity

15:

Ens

ure

the

prov

isio

n of

was

te w

ater

tre

atm

ent

syst

em f

or a

ll co

mm

erci

albu

ildin

gs a

nd h

ousi

ng c

olon

ies

Act

ivity

16:

Pla

nt a

nd p

rote

ct i

ndig

enou

s pl

ant

spec

ies

alon

g th

e riv

er b

anks

Act

ivity

17:

Bui

ld c

apac

ity o

f lo

cal

com

mun

ities

, pu

blic

sec

tor

orga

nisa

tions

and

oth

erst

akeh

olde

rs f

or i

mpl

emen

tatio

n of

BA

P

Act

ivity

18:

Ini

tiate

pub

lic a

war

enes

s an

d ad

voca

cy c

ampa

igns

for

the

con

serv

atio

n of

natu

ral

reso

urce

s an

d riv

er e

cosy

stem

Act

ivity

19:

Sup

port

guth

i tra

ditio

ns f

or m

aint

enan

ce a

nd c

onse

rvat

ion

of h

erita

ge s

ites

Act

ivity

20:

Con

duct

reg

ular

res

earc

h by

inv

olvi

ng a

cade

mic

ins

titut

ions

8.1. Current government budget

Several responsible agencies exist to address environmental issues

related to the Bagmati river system. Based on the consultation

with major stakeholders and review of the current fiscal year

budget, a detailed analysis was carried out to estimate the

allocation of the government budget in addressing the issues of

the Bagmati river and its tributaries. The government has allocated

a total sum of Rs. 694.24 million for the fiscal year 2008/09. This

amount includes the budget of four municipalities (Kathmandu,

Kirtipur, Bhaktapur, and Madhyapur Thimi), Ministry of Forests and

Soil Conservation, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology,

Department of Water Induced Disaster and Preparedness, Solid

Waste Management and Resource Mobilisation Centre, BASP,

Pashupati Area Development Trust, UN Park Development

Committee and Shivapuri National Park. In addition, the Japan

International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has committed to provide

financial assistance of Rs.1,500 million in 2009 for landfill site

development, and BASP is receiving 0.5% of the land revenue

which comes to the tune of Rs. 550 million for 2009. If these amounts

are included in the total budget for 2008/09, it would be Rs. 1,394.24

million.

BUDGET PLAN8

© S

iddh

arth

a/N

TN

C

Waste watermanagement

52%

Solid wastemanagement

36%

Riparian land

management11%

Other1%

Fig 8.1: Sectoral allocation of budget for 2008—2009

Major sectors allocated for current expenditure are waste water

management (52%), solid waste management (36%), riparian land

management (10.8%), community forest conservation (0.8%), culture

and heritage (0.3%), and rain water harvesting (0.1%) (Figure 8.1).

Primary activities under waste water management are the construction

and maintenance of sewerage and slaughter house, biogas and

treatment plants. Landfill sites, transfer stations, recycling, composting,

52

0

20

40

60

80

1 2 3 4 5

incinerator, community mobilisation, training and capacity building

are other major activities under solid waste management.

8.2. Proposed budget plan

Budget has been calculated considering all possible fixed and

variable costs. The projected budget also addresses the issues

related to empirical information, ground-based realities, population

projection, and inflation rate. In some cases, the budget has been

estimated either on the basis of the cost mentioned by past projects

or based on the prevailing rates. In case of the activity which is

completely based on the recommendation made by previous

projects such as WWTP designed by FSDED (2003), the cost estimated

by the project is taken as reference. The estimated cost is adjusted

with inflation rate and some modification is required in the design.

The current market rate has also been taken into consideration.

The cost of DEWATS and fecal sludge management involves complex

calculation which is based on the population projected for specific

area suitable for DEWATS up to 1958.

The population of specific area required for DEWATS was estimated

using the population density of VDC/municipality and rural growth

rate (1.71%). Huge amount has been allocated for DEWATS and

squatter settlement mainly due to high cost for land acquisition.

This cost may be significantly lower if the land is available free of

cost from other sources. Details of cost estimation of each activity

are not presented and budget has not incorporated the contribution

required from public and private entities.

Usually, action plan and budget is projected for a longer period.

However, the budget for this plan has been projected only for five

years because of the changing political context of Nepal. Considering

this fact, activities and budgets have been planned accordingly.

Budget has been predicted in such a way that there is room for

predicting the budget to longer period after five years.

The required total estimated budget for five years is Rs 14,165

million (Table 8.1). Of the total budget, the huge amount (26.21%)

has been allocated for the second year and then third year (21.80%)

as most of the works have to be carried out in these years. Similarly

20.19% of budget is allocated for first year, 18.14% for fourth year

and 13.63% for final year (Figure 8.2).

Among the total, Zone 4 requires the maximum budget because

this zone covers municipalities where major activities have been

proposed. Similarly, Zone 1 requires less budget compared to other

zones (Fig. 8.3). Although this is the area where more inputs are

required to conserve river sources through wise management of

biodiversity and vegetation, more outputs are expected through

less but appropriate inputs.

The allocation of resources for Zone 3 and Zone 4 is comparatively

higher each year. The cross classification of total budget for five

years by the action plan is shown in Fig. 8.4. The detailed budgets

are presented in the following Table 8.2 up to Table 8.7.

Figure 8.2. Five years budget distribution

Figure 8.3. Budget allocated in different zones

Rapid growth of settlements in peri-urban zone.

© B

AP

Stu

dy T

eam

11.25%Cross Cutting

12.95%Zone 5 1.55%

Zone 1

6.64%Zone 2

23.83%Zone 3

43.76%Zone 4

53

Table 8.1. Five years budget for BAP

YEARS

Budget Plan YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 TOTAL

Cross Cutting 349,720,000 369,350,000 321,940,000 306,210,000 302,280,000 1,649,500,000

Zone 1 53,380,000 55,330,000 50,230,000 31,930,000 28,930,000 219,800,000

Zone 2 89,450,000 235,790,000 217,410,000 213,920,000 212,130,000 968,700,000

Zone 3 766,250,000 818,470,000 644,020,000 694,060,000 476,100,000 3,398,900,000

Zone 4 1,377,357,600 1,994,437,600 1,590,777,600 1,162,137,600 829,777,600 6,954,488,000

Zone 5 269,687,000 385,822,500 463,642,750 460,258,500 257,874,250 1,837,285,000

Total 2,905,844,600 3,859,200,100 3,288,020,350 2,868,516,100 2,107,091,850 15,028,673,000

54Ta

ble

8.2

: BU

DG

ET

FO

R B

AG

MAT

I AC

TIO

N P

LAN

Cro

ss c

uttin

g A

ctiv

ities

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EA

R 3

YEA

R 4

YE

AR

5PA

RTN

ER

AG

EN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

MoP

PW

, N

TNC

Mo

PP

W

SW

MR

MC

SW

MR

MC

/VD

Cs/

Mun

icip

aliti

es

Sur

vey

Dep

artm

ent/

KV

TDC

WEC

S

WE

CS

Aca

dem

ic i

nstit

utio

ns a

ndre

sear

ch o

rgan

izat

ions

SW

MR

MC

/VD

Cs/

Mun

icip

aliti

es

MoE

ST,

NTN

C

SW

MR

MC

DW

SS

/NG

Os

3

,830

,000

2,00

0,00

0

200,

000

1,50

0,00

0

100,

000

200,

000,

000

20,0

00,0

00

7

,660

,000

2,00

0,00

0

200,

000

1,50

0,00

0

100,

000

200,

000,

000

20,0

00,0

00

11,

490,

000

150

,000

100,

000

2,00

0,00

0

200,

000

1,50

0,00

0

200,

000

200,

000,

000

20,0

00,0

00

38,3

00,0

00

900,

000

400,

000

7,50

0,00

0

2,0

00,0

00

400,

000

1,50

0,00

0

300,

000

200,

000,

000

20,0

00,0

00

15,3

20,0

00

450,

000

500,

000

5

00,0

00

7,50

0,00

0

2,00

0,00

0

2,50

0,00

0

400,

000

1,50

0,00

0

500

,000

200,

000,

000

20,0

00,0

00

76,

600,

000

1,50

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

500

,000

15,

000,

000

10,0

00,0

00

2,50

0,00

0

1,40

0,00

0

7,50

0,00

0

1,

200,

000

1,00

0,00

0,00

0

100,

000,

000

Act

ivity

1:

Res

truct

ure

exis

ting

HP

CID

BC

to

imp

lem

ent

the

Bag

mat

i A

ctio

n P

lan

Act

ivity

2:

Form

ulat

e p

olic

ies,

leg

isla

tions

and

reg

ulat

ory

mec

hani

sms

req

uire

d f

or

HP

CID

BC

Act

Act

ivity

3:

Rev

ise

Was

te M

anag

emen

t A

ctan

d R

ules

and

am

end

men

ts o

f ex

istin

gw

aste

man

agem

ent

pol

icy

Act

ivity

4:

Dev

elop

gui

del

ines

to

pre

vent

haph

azar

d co

nstru

ctio

n of

loc

al d

rain

s an

ddi

scha

rgin

g of

was

te w

ater

int

o riv

ers

Act

ivity

5:

Dem

arca

te r

iver

ter

ritor

ies,

wat

erw

ays

and

flood

pla

ins

(UN

-Hab

itat

2008

)

Act

ivity

6:

Expl

ore

and

asse

ss p

ossi

bilit

ies

for

incr

easi

ng w

ater

dis

char

ge i

n th

e riv

ersu

ch a

s in

ter

bas

in t

rans

fer

of

wat

er t

oB

agm

ati

thro

ugh

mul

ti p

urp

ose

Mel

amch

iP

roje

ct

Act

ivity

7:

Pre

par

e a

wat

er i

nven

tory

GIS

dat

abas

e in

clud

ing

river

net

wor

ks,

wat

erso

urce

are

a, w

ith t

he le

vel o

f vu

lner

abilit

y to

low

flo

w

Act

ivity

8:

Dev

elo

p a

lo

ng t

erm

Bag

mat

iE

colo

gica

l M

onito

ring

Sys

tem

by

invo

lvin

gn

atio

nal

an

d

inte

rnat

ion

al

acad

em

icin

stitu

tions

Act

ivity

9:

Est

ablis

h m

unic

ipal

co

mp

ost

pla

nts,

exp

lore

and

dev

elop

str

ateg

ies

tolin

k w

ith C

DM

to

gene

rate

rev

enue

s

Ac

tivity

10

: E

nsu

re I

EE

/EIA

stu

die

s fo

rin

dust

ries

and

othe

r co

nstru

ctio

n ac

tiviti

esin

and

aro

und

the

river

s

Act

ivity

11

: E

stab

lish

shor

t an

d l

ong

term

sani

tary

lan

dfill

site

s fo

r w

aste

dis

posa

l

Ac

tivity

1

2:

Pro

mo

te

ho

use

ho

ld

and

co

mm

un

ity

leve

l w

aste

m

anag

em

en

tsy

ste

m i

nc

lud

ing

co

mp

ost

ing

with

th

ein

volv

emen

t of

priv

ate

sect

or

55Ta

ble

8.2

Con

td...

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EA

R 3

YEA

R 4

YE

AR

5PA

RTN

ER

AG

EN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

MP

PW

/DD

C/

VD

Cs/

Mun

icip

aliti

es

Mun

icip

ality

/ V

DC

s

VD

Cs,

Mun

icip

aliti

es

MO

F, N

GO

s/Lo

cal

Com

mun

ities

NG

Os/

Loca

l C

omm

uniti

es

Med

ia/N

TN/N

GO

s

Gut

hi S

anst

han/

NG

Os

Uni

vers

ities

/NTN

C

100,

000

10,0

00,0

00

200,

000

30,0

00,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

30,0

00,0

00

350,

000

3,00

0,00

0

302,

280,

000

10

0,00

0

10,0

00,0

00

300,

000

30,0

00,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

30,0

00,0

00

350,

000

3,00

0,00

0

306,

210,

000

100,

000

20

,000

,000

500,

000

30,0

00,0

00

2,00

0,00

0

30,0

00,0

00

700,

000

3,00

0,00

0

321,

940,

000

500,

000

30,0

00,0

00

500,

000

30,0

00,0

00

3,00

0,00

0

30,0

00,0

00

1,05

0,00

0

3,00

0,00

0

369,

350,

000

1,00

0,00

0

30,0

00,0

00

500,

000

30,0

00,0

00

3,00

0,00

0

30,0

00,0

00

1,05

0,00

0

3,00

0,00

0

349,

720,

000

1,80

0,00

0

100,

000,

000

2,00

0,00

0

150,

000,

000

10,0

00,0

00

150,

000,

000

3,50

0,00

0

15,0

00,0

00

1,64

9,50

0,00

0

Act

ivity

13

: E

ngag

e p

rivat

e se

ctor

for

the

man

agem

ent

of s

olid

was

te i

n K

athm

andu

Val

ley

Ac

tivity

1

4:

De

velo

p

pu

blic

-pri

vate

-pa

rtner

ship

for

Fae

cal

Slu

dge

Man

agem

ent

Sys

tem

Act

ivity

15

: E

nsur

e th

e p

rovi

sion

of

was

tew

ater

tre

atm

ent

syst

em f

or a

ll co

mm

erci

albu

ildin

gs a

nd h

ousi

ng c

olon

ies

Act

ivity

16

: P

lant

and

pro

tect

ind

igen

ous

plan

t sp

ecie

s al

ong

the

river

ban

ks

Ac

tivity

1

7:

Bu

ild

cap

acity

o

f lo

cal

com

mun

ities

, p

ublic

sec

tor

orga

nisa

tions

and

othe

r st

akeh

olde

rs f

or i

mpl

emen

tatio

nof

BA

P

Act

ivity

18

: In

itiat

e p

ublic

aw

aren

ess

and

advo

cacy

cam

pai

gns

for

the

cons

erva

tion

of n

atur

al r

esou

rces

and

riv

er e

cosy

stem

Act

ivity

19

: S

upp

ort

gut

hi t

rad

itio

ns f

or

mai

nten

ance

and

con

serv

atio

n of

her

itage

site

s

Act

ivity

20

: C

ond

uct

regu

lar

rese

arch

by

invo

lvin

g

acad

em

ic

inst

itutio

ns

TOTA

L

56Ta

ble

8.3

: BU

DG

ET

FOR

BA

GM

ATI A

CTI

ON

PLA

N Z

ON

E 1

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EA

R 3

YEA

R 4

YE

AR

5PA

RTN

ER

AG

EN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

KU

KL,

MoP

PW

SN

P, D

NP

WC

, N

TNC

, Lo

cal

Org

aniz

atio

ns

SN

P, N

TNC

, Lo

cal

Org

aniz

atio

ns

SN

P/M

OF/

MP

PW

SN

P/M

OF

SN

P/M

OF

Com

mun

ity F

ores

t U

ser

Gro

ups

VDC

s/Lo

cal

NG

Os

SN

P/M

OF/

Loc

al C

omm

uniti

es

SN

P/M

OF

SN

P/M

OF

100

,000

7,50

0,00

0

2,00

0,00

0

4,00

0,00

0

5

00,0

00

2,5

00,0

00

7,0

00,0

00

250,

000

500,

000

1

00,0

00

7,50

0,00

0

4,00

0,00

0

4,00

0,00

0

5

00,0

00

2,5

00,0

00

7,00

0,00

0

250,

000

1,00

0,00

0

10

0,00

0

15,0

00,0

00

3,30

0,00

0

7,5

00,0

00

4,

000,

000

4,00

0,00

0

500,

000

2,50

0,00

0

7

,000

,000

250

,000

1,00

0,00

0

300,

000

15,0

00,0

00

3,30

0,00

0

10,0

00,0

00

4,00

0,00

0

4,0

00,0

00

50

0,00

0

2,50

0,00

0

7

,000

,000

750

,000

1,00

0,00

0

400,

000

5,00

0,00

0

4,40

0,00

0

7,5

00,0

00

6,00

0,00

0

4,00

0,00

0

50

0,00

0

2,50

0,00

0

7,00

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

4,00

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

50,0

00,0

00

11,0

00,0

00

25,

000,

000

20,0

00,0

00

20,0

00,0

00

2,5

00,0

00

12,

500,

000

35,

000,

000

2,50

0,00

0

7,50

0,00

0

De

velo

p

and

im

ple

me

nt

reg

ulat

ory

mec

hani

sms

tom

inim

ize

wat

er e

xtra

ctio

n by

KU

KL

and

com

mer

cial

wat

erve

ndor

s;

Pro

tec

t an

d

man

age

wet

land

s in

are

as s

uch

asP

hulc

how

ki a

nd S

hiva

pur

iN

atio

nal

Par

k;

Con

stru

ct e

mb

ankm

ents

in

dh

ap (

Sh

ivap

uri

Nat

ion

alP

ark)

to

in

cre

ase

w

ate

rre

char

ging

cap

acity

; an

d

Imp

lem

ent

bio

eng

inee

ring

wor

ks f

or r

echa

rgin

g riv

ulet

sof

ShN

P

Car

ry

ou

t af

fore

stat

ion

pro

gra

mm

es

in S

hiv

apu

riw

ater

shed

and

oth

er a

reas

;

Str

en

gth

en

c

om

mu

nity

fore

st u

ser

grou

ps;

Co

ntro

l d

efo

rest

atio

n an

den

croa

chm

ent

of t

he p

ubic

lan

ds

fro

m

gra

zin

g,

agri

cu

lture

, c

on

stru

ctio

nan

d

oth

er

co

mm

erc

ial

activ

ities

;

Pro

mot

e su

stai

nabl

e us

e of

ren

ew

able

e

ne

rgy

reso

urce

s;

Pre

par

e

and

im

ple

me

nt

land

scap

e p

lan

of

ripar

ian

lan

d

to

mai

nta

in

gre

en

corr

idor

;

Upd

ate

inve

ntor

y of

exi

stin

gaq

uatic

as

wel

l as

ter

rest

rial

reso

urc

es

and

p

rote

ct

biod

iver

sity

; an

d

Pro

vid

e in

com

e ge

nera

ting

op

po

rtu

niti

es

to

loc

alc

om

mu

niti

es

in r

ed

uc

ing

pres

sure

on

fore

st

Act

ivity

1:

Und

erta

keva

rious

mea

sure

s to

prot

ect

and

enha

nce

wat

erre

sour

ces

and

incr

ease

wat

erd

isch

arge

int

oth

e riv

er;

Act

ivity

2:

Und

erta

keva

rious

mea

sure

s to

cons

erve

catc

hmen

tar

ea a

ndaq

uatic

bio

div

ersi

ty;

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

57Ta

ble

8.3

Con

td...

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EA

R 3

YEA

R 4

YE

AR

5PA

RTN

ER

AG

EN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

DW

SS

/VD

C/N

GO

DW

SS

/VD

C/N

GO

VDC

s/Lo

cal

NG

Os

MO

PE

/NG

Os

DO

A/V

DC

DO

A/V

DC

VDC

s

VD

Cs/

Loc

al C

omm

uniti

es

NTN

C/M

oTC

A

200

,000

2,00

0,00

0

500,

000

480,

000

100,

000

500

,000

300,

000

500,

000

28,9

30,0

00

200,

000

2,00

0,00

0

500,

000

480,

000

100,

000

500

,000

300,

000

1,00

0,00

0

31,9

30,0

00

200,

000

2,00

0,00

0

500,

000

480,

000

100,

000

500

,000

300

,000

1,00

0,00

0

50,2

30,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

2,00

0,00

0

500,

000

480

,000

100,

000

50

0,00

0

900

,000

1,50

0,00

0

55,3

30,0

00

400,

000

2,00

0,00

0

500,

000

2,88

0,00

0

600,

000

500,

000

1,00

0,00

0

1,20

0,00

0

2,00

0,00

0

53,3

80,0

00

2,00

0,00

0

10,0

00,0

00

2,50

0,00

0

4,

800,

000

1,

000,

000

2,50

0,00

0

1,0

00,0

00

3,00

0,00

0

6,00

0,00

0

219,

800,

000

Pro

mo

te t

ota

l sa

nita

tion

(no

open

def

ecat

ion)

, w

ithb

est

av

aila

ble

tec

hn

olo

gie

s su

ch

as

ec

osa

n,

bio

-gas

e

tc.

star

ting

from

Sun

darij

al t

oot

her

area

s of

Zon

e 1;

Pre

vent

dis

pos

al o

f so

lidw

aste

in a

nd a

roun

d w

ater

bodi

es;

Pre

vent

po

llutio

n o

f riv

ersy

stem

from

exc

essi

ve u

seo

f ag

ro-c

he

mic

als;

an

de

nc

ou

rag

e

org

anic

farm

ing

Est

ablis

h

syst

em

s fo

rre

gula

r m

onito

ring

of r

iver

wat

er q

ualit

y tw

ice

a ye

arat

eig

ht l

ocat

ions

Pre

par

e re

stor

atio

n p

lans

of

exi

stin

g

cu

lture

an

dh

eri

tag

e

site

s an

das

soc

iate

d

cu

ltura

lac

tiviti

es;

and

Ren

ova

te a

nd c

ons

erve

tem

ples

suc

h as

Shi

vade

vB

asah

a, B

uddh

a sc

ulpt

ure

and

ghat

s in

Sun

darij

al

Dev

elop

and

enf

orce

cod

eof

con

duc

t;

Div

ers

ify

ec

o-t

ou

rism

pro

du

cts

su

ch

as

adve

ntu

re

spo

rts,

b

ird

wat

ch

ing

, si

gh

t se

ein

g,

etc.

; an

d

Des

igna

te t

rekk

ing

rout

esan

d

de

velo

p

tou

rism

infr

astr

uc

ture

alo

ng

th

ero

utes

.

TOTA

L

Activ

ity 3

: To

mai

ntai

n an

den

hanc

e th

eriv

er w

ater

qual

ity

Act

ivity

4:

Tore

nova

te a

ndco

nser

ve t

hecu

ltura

l an

dhe

ritag

e si

tes

Act

ivity

5:

Top

rom

ote

tour

ism

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

4.1

4.2

5.1

5.2

5.3

58Ta

ble

8.4

: BU

DG

ET

FOR

BA

GM

ATI A

CTI

ON

PLA

NZ

ON

E 2

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EAR

3Y

EAR

4Y

EAR

5PA

RTN

ER A

GEN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

MEN

TATI

ON

AC

TIVI

TIES

NTN

C/V

DC

/NG

Os

VD

C/N

GO

s/M

PP

W

VDC

/Loc

al N

GO

s

MP

PW

/VD

Cs

DW

SS

/NG

Os

NG

Os/

VDC

NG

Os/

VDC

HP

CID

BC

/VD

C/lo

cal

com

mun

ities

1,50

0,00

0

4,00

0,00

0

12,0

00,0

00

1,0

90,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

11,0

00,0

00

1,0

00,0

00

1,50

0,00

0

4,00

0,00

0

12,0

00,0

00

2,18

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

11,0

00,0

00

1,0

00,0

00

1,50

0,00

0

4,00

0,00

0

12,0

00,0

00

3,27

0,00

0

2,00

0,00

0

11,0

00,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

2,90

0,00

0

7,50

0,00

0

750,

000

4,00

0,00

0

12,

000,

000

10,9

00,0

00

3,0

00,0

00

11,0

00,0

00

2,90

0,00

0

3,00

0,00

0

750,

000

4,00

0,00

0

12,0

00,0

00

4,36

0,00

0

3,0

00,0

00

11,0

00,0

00

5,80

0,00

0

15,0

00,0

00

13

,500

,000

44,0

00,0

00

30,5

40,0

00

19,2

60,0

00

39

,000

,000

25,0

00,0

00

Pro

mo

te

rain

w

ate

rha

rves

ting

at

hous

eho

ldan

d c

om

mun

ity l

evel

by

cons

truc

ting

soak

pits

or

thro

ugh

exis

ting

wel

ls;

Re

hab

ilita

te 1

7 e

xist

ing

po

nd

s (C

hap

agau

n

6,

Ch

ham

pi

1,

San

khu

5,

Bal

ambu

1, D

adhi

kot 1

and

Tokh

a 3

) to

re

ch

arg

eg

rou

nd

wat

er

thro

ug

hra

inw

ater

har

vest

ing;

Min

imiz

e w

ater

ext

ract

ion

with

the

sup

por

t of

loc

alco

mm

unity

; an

d

De

velo

p a

nd

im

ple

me

nt

land

use

pla

n to

reg

ulat

eu

rban

g

row

th

and

ind

ustr

ial

activ

ities

Pro

mot

e on

-site

san

itatio

nw

ith

be

st

avai

lab

lete

ch

no

log

ies

suc

h

ase

co

san

, b

io-g

as,

safe

tyta

nk e

tc.

Co

nst

ruc

t c

om

mu

nity

man

age

d

DE

WA

TSd

em

on

stra

tion

si

te

inS

ankh

u; a

nd

Pro

mo

te

DE

WA

TS

in

inst

itutio

ns s

uch

as a

rmy

and

p

olic

e

bar

rac

ks,

go

vern

me

nt

off

ice

s,sc

hool

s, c

olle

ges,

hou

sing

colo

nies

, m

onas

terie

s an

din

dus

trie

s.

Pre

par

e a

nd

im

ple

me

nt

land

scap

e pl

an o

f rip

aria

nla

nd

to

mai

nta

in g

ree

nco

rrid

or;

Act

ivity

1:

Und

erta

keva

rious

mea

sure

s to

en

han

ce

wat

er f

low

in

the

river

Act

ivity

2:

Top

reve

ntdi

scha

rge

ofw

aste

wat

eran

d so

lidw

aste

int

oriv

ers

Act

ivity

3:

Toco

nser

veaq

uatic

bio

div

ersi

tyan

d r

ipar

ian

land

scap

e

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

2.1

2.2

2.3

3.1

59Ta

ble

8.4

Con

td...

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EAR

3Y

EAR

4Y

EAR

5PA

RTN

ER A

GEN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

MEN

TATI

ON

AC

TIVI

TIES

Mo

PP

W

DW

IDP

/DD

C/V

DC

s

DW

IDP

/DD

C/V

DC

s

DO

R

MO

PE

/NG

Os

Sch

ool,

Loca

l O

rgan

izat

ions

VD

C/D

OA

DO

A/V

DC

/Mun

icip

ality

VD

C/D

OA

DO

A

DO

A,

DO

I

20,0

00,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

150,

000,

000

1,02

0,00

0

500,

000

20,

000

100,

000

4,00

0,00

0

800,

000

500,

000

20,0

00,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

150,

000,

000

1,02

0,00

0

500,

000

20,

000

100,

000

4,00

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

800,

000

20,0

00,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

150,

000,

000

1,02

0,00

0

500,

000

20,0

00

100,

000

4,00

0,00

0

1,50

0,00

0

1,50

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

20,0

00,0

00

1,50

0,00

0

150,

000,

000

1,02

0,00

0

500,

000

20,0

00

100,

000

4,0

00,0

00

1,20

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

20,0

00,0

00

1,50

0,00

0

10,0

00,0

00

6,12

0,00

0

500,

000

120,

000

600

,000

4,0

00,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

800,

000

62,0

00,0

00

43,0

00,0

00

3,00

0,00

0

610,

000,

000

10,2

00,0

00

2,50

0,00

0

2

00,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

20,0

00,0

00

5,50

0,00

0

4,60

0,00

0

Car

ry

ou

t ri

ver

be

dre

stor

atio

n w

orks

suc

h as

ch

ec

k d

ams

atS

und

arija

l—A

lap

ot

Are

a,C

han

gu

nar

ayan

an

dTo

kha;

Car

ry o

ut b

ank

prot

ectio

nw

ork

s u

sin

gb

ioe

ng

ine

eri

ng

(6

1

kmba

sed

on s

urve

y)

Intr

od

uc

e f

ish

lad

de

r at

Gok

arna

bar

rage

;

Con

stru

ct a

cces

s ro

ads/

foot

tra

ils a

long

bot

h th

eba

nks

of t

he r

iver

Est

ablis

h

a sy

ste

m

for

regu

lar

mon

itorin

g of

riv

erw

ater

qua

lity

twic

e a

year

at 1

7 lo

catio

ns;

and

Cre

ate

aw

are

ne

ss

by

form

ing

eco-

club

s

Pre

par

e a

n i

nve

nto

ry o

fex

istin

g h

erita

ge

site

s in

the

zone

;

Pre

par

e re

stor

atio

n p

lans

of i

mpo

rtant

her

itage

site

san

d a

sso

cia

ted

cu

ltura

lac

tiviti

es;

and

Co

nse

rve

an

d

rest

ore

de

teri

ora

ted

te

mp

les

(Tok

ha C

hand

eshw

ari

and

Gok

arna

Mah

adev

)

Pro

mot

e or

gani

c fa

rmin

g

Pro

mo

te

scie

ntif

icd

rain

age

syst

em i

n or

der

to r

educ

e so

il er

osio

n fro

mth

e fie

ld

Act

ivity

4:

Tore

nova

te a

ndco

nser

ve t

hecu

ltura

l an

dhe

ritag

e si

tes

Act

ivity

5:

Pro

mo

tesu

stai

nab

leag

ricul

tura

lp

ract

ices

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

4.1

4.2

4.3

5.1

5.2

60Ta

ble

8.4

Con

td...

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EAR

3Y

EAR

4Y

EAR

5PA

RTN

ER A

GEN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

MEN

TATI

ON

AC

TIVI

TIES

500,

000

500,

000

300,

000

800,

000

300,

000

200,

000

212,

130,

000

500,

000

500,

000

300,

000

800,

000

400,

000

300,

000

213,

920,

000

500,

000

500,

000

300,

000

800,

000

400,

000

500,

000

217,

410,

000

800,

000

800,

000

300,

000

800,

000

400,

000

300,

000

235,

790,

000

600,

000

600,

000

300,

000

800,

000

300,

000

200,

000

89,4

50,0

00

2,90

0,00

0

2,90

0,00

0

1,50

0,00

0

4,00

0,00

0

1,80

0,00

0

1,50

0,00

0

968,

700,

000

Dis

co

ura

ge

u

se

of

pes

ticid

es a

nd c

hem

ical

fert

ilize

r

Intr

od

uc

e a

n i

nte

gra

ted

pest

man

agem

ent

syst

em

Enco

urag

e to

rec

ycle

cro

pw

asta

ge

an

d

use

lives

tock

s m

anur

e

Pre

par

e a

nd

im

ple

me

nt

land

use

pla

n

Dis

cour

age

wat

er p

ollu

ting

and

w

ate

r c

on

sum

ing

ind

ustr

ies

Ensu

re I

EE/E

IA s

tudi

es f

orin

du

stri

es

and

o

the

rco

nstr

uctio

n ac

tiviti

es i

nan

d ar

ound

the

riv

er

TOTA

L

Act

ivity

6:

Reg

ulat

eur

ban

gro

wth

and

ind

ustri

alac

tiviti

es

5.3

5.4

5.5

6.1

6.2

6.3

MoA

C,D

oA,

DoP

RM

DoA

, D

oPR

M

DoA

, M

OES

T

ShN

P/M

OF/

Loca

l co

mm

uniti

es

Med

ia,

loca

l or

gani

zatio

ns

MO

EST,

NTN

C

61Ta

ble

8.5

: BU

DG

ET

FOR

BA

GM

ATI A

CTI

ON

PLA

N Z

ON

E 3

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EA

R 3

YEA

R 4

YE

AR

5PA

RTN

ER

AG

EN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

VDC

s/ N

GO

s/M

PP

W

VDC

s/N

GO

s/ M

PP

W

DW

SS

/ VD

C/N

GO

s

NG

Os/

VD

C

NG

Os/

MoE

ST/

VDC

s

VD

C

SW

MR

MC

NG

O's

, VD

C's

1,00

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

250,

000,

000

1,00

0,00

0

50,

000,

000

500,

000

3,00

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

1,0

00,0

00

250,

000,

000

1,00

0,00

0

120,

000,

000

500,

000

5,00

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

1,0

00,0

00

250,

000,

000

2,00

0,00

0

100,

000,

000

1,00

0,00

0

6,00

0,00

0

650,

000

5,00

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

450,

000,

000

3,00

0,00

0

80,0

00,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

5,00

0,00

0

650,

000

2,00

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

500,

000,

000

3,00

0,00

0

50,0

00,0

00

2,00

0,00

0

3,00

0,00

0

1,30

0,00

0

10,

000,

000

5,0

00,0

00

1,70

0,00

0,00

0

10,0

00,0

00

400,

000,

000

5,00

0,00

0

22,0

00,0

00

Pro

mo

te

rain

w

ate

rha

rves

ting

at h

ouse

hold

and

co

mm

un

ity

leve

ls

by

co

nst

ruc

ting

so

ak p

its o

rth

roug

h ex

istin

g w

ells

;

Re

hab

ilita

te

6

exi

stin

gp

on

ds

(Th

ec

ho

3

,C

hap

agao

n 5

, D

hap

akhe

l1

, Jh

aru

war

asi

1

and

Su

nak

oth

i 3

) to

re

ch

arg

eg

rou

nd

wat

er

thro

ug

hra

inw

ater

har

vest

ing;

Pro

mot

e on

site

san

itatio

n at

hous

ehol

d a

nd c

omm

unity

leve

ls t

hro

ug

h m

eas

ure

ssu

ch a

s se

ptic

tan

ks,

feca

lssl

ud

ge

man

age

me

nt

and

oth

er

app

rop

riat

ete

chno

logi

es;

Co

nst

ruc

t c

om

mu

nity

man

age

d

DE

WA

TS

at

vario

us l

oca

tions

suc

h as

Phu

tung

, S

ang

la,

Kat

unje

and

Sat

unga

l;

Pro

mo

te

DE

WA

TS

in

inst

itutio

ns;

such

as

arm

yan

d

po

lice

b

arra

ge

s,g

ove

rnm

en

t o

ffic

es,

scho

ols,

col

lege

s, h

ousi

ngco

loni

es,

mon

aste

ries

and

ind

ustr

ies

Co

nst

ruc

t in

terc

ep

ting

sew

era

ge

sys

tem

al

on

gbo

th t

he b

anks

o

fth

e riv

ers;

and

Pro

mo

te

ho

use

ho

ld

and

co

mm

un

ity

leve

l w

aste

man

agem

ent

syst

em

Co

nst

ruc

t se

pta

ge

trea

tmen

t p

lant

s fo

r fa

ecal

slu

dg

e

man

age

me

nt

atlo

cat

ion

s su

ch

as

Bh

akta

pu

r,

Kir

tipu

r,H

aris

idd

hi a

nd B

unga

mat

i

Act

ivity

1:

Toim

prov

e riv

erw

ater

qua

lity

and

qua

ntity

thro

ugh

prop

erm

anag

emen

tof

wat

er a

ndw

aste

wat

er

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

62Ta

ble

8.5

Con

td...

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EA

R 3

YEA

R 4

YE

AR

5A

CTI

VITI

ES

750

,000

12,8

00,0

00

48,0

00,0

00

100,

000,

000

720,

000

5,96

0,00

0

200,

000

20,0

00

150

,000

1,00

0,00

0

476,

100,

000

750

,000

12,8

00,0

00

48,

000,

000

240,

000,

000

720,

000

11,9

20,0

00

200,

000

20,0

00

150,

000

1,00

0,00

0

694,

060,

000

2,25

0,00

0

12,8

00,0

00

48,0

00,0

00

200,

000,

000

720,

000

17,8

80,0

00

200,

000

20,0

00

150,

000

1,00

0,00

0

644,

020,

000

2,25

0,00

0

12,8

00,0

00

48

,000

,000

160,

000,

000

720,

000

47,6

80,0

00

200,

000

20,0

00

150,

000

1,00

0,00

0

818

,470

,000

1,50

0,00

0

12,8

00,0

00

48,

000,

000

100,

000,

000

4,32

0,00

0

35,7

60,0

00

200,

000

120,

000

900,

000

1,00

0,00

0

766,

250,

000

7,50

0,00

0

64,0

00,0

00

240

,000

,000

800,

000,

000

7,20

0,00

0

119,

200,

000

1,00

0,00

0

200,

000

1,5

00,0

00

5,00

0,00

0

3,39

8,90

0,00

0

Intr

od

uc

e

fish

la

dd

er

un

de

rne

ath

th

e S

esh

mat

iK

ho

la

bri

dg

e

of

Dha

rmas

thal

i V

DC

;

Pre

par

e

and

im

ple

me

nt

land

scap

e of

rip

aria

n la

ndto

mai

ntai

n gr

een

corr

idor

;

Car

ry o

ut b

ank

pro

tect

ion

wo

rks

(80

km

) u

sin

gb

ioen

gine

erin

g te

chni

que

;

Co

nst

ruc

t ac

ce

ss r

oad

s/fo

ot

trai

ls a

lon

g b

oth

th

eba

nks

of t

he r

iver

s; a

nd

Est

ablis

h

a sy

ste

m

for

reg

ular

mo

nito

ring

of

river

wat

er q

ualit

y at

12

loca

tions

Verif

icat

ion

and

relo

catio

n of

all

squa

tters

fro

m t

he r

iver

ban

ks

Con

trol

the

enc

roac

hmen

to

f th

e

rive

r b

anks

b

ysq

uatte

rs

Pre

par

e

an

inve

nto

ry

of

exis

ting

herit

age

site

s;

Pre

pare

res

tora

tion

plan

s of

impo

rtant

her

itage

site

s an

das

soci

ated

cul

tura

l act

iviti

es;

and

Co

nse

rve

an

d

rest

ore

det

erio

rate

d r

elig

ious

site

ssu

ch

as

M

ahal

axm

i an

dB

ishn

udev

i te

mp

les

TOTA

L

Act

ivity

2:

Und

erta

keva

rious

mea

sure

s to

prot

ect

rvie

rsi

de l

ands

,aq

uatic

bio

div

ersi

tyan

d a

esth

etic

valu

es o

f riv

ers

and

itssu

rrou

ndin

gs

Act

ivity

3:

Con

trol

and

relo

cate

squa

tter

sett

lem

ents

from

the

riv

erb

anks

Act

ivity

4:

Con

serv

e an

dre

gen

erat

ecu

ltura

l an

dhe

ritag

e si

tes

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

3.1

3.2

4.1

4.2

4.3

PAR

TNE

R A

GE

NC

IES

FOR

IMP

LEM

EN

TATI

ON

DW

IDP

/DD

C/V

DC

s

VD

C/lo

cal

com

mun

ities

DW

IDP

/DD

C/V

DC

s

DO

R

MO

PE/

NG

Os

DU

DB

C/

VDC

/NG

Os

MoH

, M

unic

ipal

ities

VD

C/D

OA

DO

A/V

DC

VD

C/D

OA

63

Tab

le 8

.6: B

UD

GE

T FO

R B

AG

MAT

I AC

TIO

N P

LAN

ZO

NE

4

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EA

R 3

YEA

R 4

YE

AR

5PA

RTN

ER

AG

EN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

NG

Os/

Mun

icip

aliti

es/M

PP

W

NG

Os/

Mun

icip

aliti

es/M

PP

W

KU

KL/

Mun

icip

ality

KU

KL/

Mun

icip

ality

KU

KL/

Mun

icip

ality

KU

KL/

Mun

icip

ality

NG

O's

, M

unic

ipal

ities

KU

KL/

Mun

icip

ality

KU

KL/

Mun

icip

ality

NG

O's

, M

unic

ipal

ities

7,50

0,00

0

30,6

70,0

00

1,03

0,00

0

400

,000

200,

000,

000

45,0

00,0

00

1,

000,

000

200,

000,

000

7,50

0,00

0

30,6

70,0

00

1,03

0,00

0

400,

000

200,

000,

000

45,0

00,0

00

1

,000

,000

200,

000,

000

7,50

0,00

0

30,6

70,0

00

1,28

0,00

0

26,0

00,0

00

1,03

0,00

0

400,

000,

000

400,

000

45,0

00,0

00

400,

000,

000

2,90

0,00

0

37,5

00,0

00

153,

350,

000

3,84

0,00

0

156,

000,

000

5,15

0,00

0

400,

000,

000

2,00

0,00

0

225,

000,

000

400,

000,

000

2,90

0,00

0

15,0

00,0

00

61,3

40,0

00

1,28

0,00

0

78,0

00,0

00

2,06

0,00

0

350,

000,

000

800,

000

90,0

00,0

00

350,

000,

000

5,80

0,00

0

75,0

00,0

00

306,

700,

000

6,40

0,00

0

262,

060,

000

9,04

0,00

0

1,55

0,00

0,00

0

93,2

00,0

00

362

,000

,000

1,55

0,00

0,00

0

Pro

mo

te

rain

w

ate

rh

arve

stin

g

at

ho

use

ho

ldle

vel

by

cons

truc

ting

soak

pits

or t

hrou

gh e

xist

ing

wel

ls;

Re

hab

ilita

te

32

e

xist

ing

po

nd

s (L

alitp

ur

7,

Kat

hm

and

u

7,

Th

imi

7,

Bha

ktap

ur 6

and

Kirt

ipur

5)

for

rain

wat

er h

arve

stin

g to

rech

arge

gro

und

wat

er;

Reh

abili

tate

Kod

ku W

WTP

at B

alku

mar

i to

cat

er

tow

aste

w

ate

r fr

om

c

ore

Lalit

pu

r ar

ea

and

Ban

esh

war

b

ase

d

on

FSD

ED (

2003

);

Re

hab

ilita

te

Han

um

ante

WW

TP ;

Con

stru

ct a

dditi

onal

WW

TPat

Guh

eshw

ari

and

upgr

ade

the

exis

ting

WW

TPs;

Co

nst

ruc

t se

pta

ge

tre

atm

en

t p

lan

t at

HP

CID

BC

, G

uhes

hwar

i, fo

rfe

cal

slud

ge m

anag

emen

t;

Co

nst

ruc

t D

EW

AT

S

atH

anum

ante

and

Man

ahar

aco

nflu

ence

;

Re

hab

ilita

te

Sal

lag

har

iW

WT

P;

Re

hab

ilita

te

and

e

xpan

dD

hobi

ghat

WW

TP b

ased

on

UN

-Hab

itat

(200

8);

Con

stru

ct D

EWAT

S a

t Th

imi

and

Kirt

ipur

mun

icip

aliti

es;

Act

ivity

1:

Toim

prov

e riv

erw

ater

qua

ntity

and

qua

lity

thro

ugh

prop

erm

anag

emen

tof

wat

er a

ndw

aste

wat

er.

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

64Ta

ble

8.6

Con

td...

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EA

R 3

YEA

R 4

YE

AR

5PA

RTN

ER

AG

EN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

NG

Os/

MO

PE/

VDC

s

KU

KL,

Mun

icip

aliti

es

VD

C/M

unic

ipal

ities

DW

SS

/ M

unic

ipal

ities

/NG

Os

VD

C/M

unic

ipal

ities

/NG

O's

MO

ES

T/M

unic

iap

aliti

es,

NG

O's

Mun

icip

ality

/loca

l co

mm

uniti

es

DD

C/M

unic

ipal

ity/D

WID

P

DO

R

1,00

0,00

0

100,

000,

000

50,0

00,0

00

2,00

0,00

0

30,0

00,0

00

1,20

0,00

0

6,00

0,00

0

10,5

00,0

00

100,

000,

000

1,00

0,00

0

200,

000,

000

120,

000,

000

2,00

0,00

0

80,0

00,0

00

1,20

0,00

0

6,00

0,00

0

10,5

00,0

00

200,

000,

000

4,00

0,00

0

200,

000,

000

100,

000,

000

1,00

0,00

0

80,0

00,0

00

1,20

0,00

0

6,00

0,00

0

10,

500,

000

200,

000,

000

6,00

0,00

0

100,

000,

000

80,0

00,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

50,0

00,0

00

1,20

0,00

0

6,00

0,00

0

10,5

00,0

00

200,

000,

000

6,00

0,00

0

100,

000,

000

50,0

00,0

00

1,00

0,00

0

30,0

00,0

00

7,20

0,00

0

6,00

0,00

0

10,5

00,0

00

100,

000,

000

18,0

00,0

00

700,

000,

000

400,

000,

000

7,00

0,00

0

270,

000,

000

12,0

00,0

00

30,0

00,0

00

52,5

00,0

00

800,

000,

000

Pro

mo

te

DE

WA

TS

at

inst

itutio

nal

leve

ls s

uch

asar

my

and

po

lice

bar

rac

k,g

ove

rnm

en

t o

ffic

es,

scho

ols,

col

lege

s, h

ousi

ngco

loni

es,

mon

aste

ries

and

ind

ustr

ies;

Co

nst

ruc

t,

rep

air

and

man

age

in

terc

ep

ting

sew

erag

e sy

stem

alo

ng

both

the

ban

ks o

f th

e riv

ers

Co

nst

ruc

t w

aste

w

ate

rtr

eatm

ent

pla

nts

with

bes

tav

aila

ble

tech

nolo

gy a

t tw

osi

tes

of

Bag

mat

i riv

er a

ndon

e si

te e

ach

of B

ishn

umat

ian

d

Dh

ob

ikh

ola

as

dem

onst

ratio

n p

lant

s

Pro

mot

e on

-site

san

itatio

nat

h

ou

seh

old

an

dco

mm

unity

lev

els

thro

ugh

mea

sure

s su

ch a

s se

ptic

tank

s;

Est

ablis

h

fec

al

slu

dg

em

anag

emen

t sy

stem

s; a

nd

Est

ablis

h

a sy

ste

m

for

reg

ular

mo

nito

ring

of

river

wat

er q

ualit

y tw

ice

a ye

ar a

t20

loc

atio

ns

Pre

par

e

and

im

ple

me

nt

land

scap

e of

rip

aria

n la

ndto

mai

ntai

n gr

een

corr

idor

;

Car

ry o

ut b

ank

pro

tect

ion

wo

rks

(70

km

) u

sin

gb

ioen

gine

erin

g te

chni

que

;

Co

nst

ruc

t ac

ce

ss r

oad

s/fo

ot

trai

ls a

lon

g b

oth

th

eba

nks

of t

he r

iver

s en

surin

gc

on

serv

atio

n

of

exi

stin

ggh

ats

and

herit

age

site

s;

Act

ivity

2:

Take

mea

sure

s to

prot

ect

river

side

lan

d,aq

uatic

bio

div

ersi

tyan

d a

esth

etic

valu

e of

riv

ers

and

thei

rsu

rrou

ndin

gs

1.11

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.15

1.16

2.1

2.2

2.3

65Ta

ble

8.6

Con

td...

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EA

R 3

YEA

R 4

YE

AR

5PA

RTN

ER

AG

EN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

NG

O's

Mun

icip

ality

/NG

O

DU

DB

C/M

unic

ipal

ity/N

GO

MoH

,Mun

icip

aliti

es

DoA

/Mun

icip

aliti

es

DoA

/Mun

icip

aliti

es

DoA

/Mun

icip

aliti

es

DoA

/Mun

icip

aliti

es

16,0

00,0

00

8,00

0,00

0

37,0

80,0

00

500,

000

100,

000

30

0,00

0

10,0

00,0

00

4,21

7,60

0

1,59

0,77

7,60

0

16,0

00,0

00

24,0

00,0

00

98,8

80,0

00

500,

000

100,

000

300,

000

10,

000,

000

4,21

7,60

0

1,99

4,43

7,60

0

16,0

00,0

00

8,00

0,00

0

74,1

60,0

00

500,

000

600,

000

1,

800,

000

10,0

00,0

00

4,21

7,60

0

1,37

7,35

7,60

0

80,0

00,0

00

40,0

00,0

00

247,

200,

000

2,50

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

3,

000,

000

50,

000,

000

21,0

88,0

00

6,95

4,48

8,00

0

Initi

ate

plan

tatio

n at

rip

aria

nla

nd a

t S

ankh

amul

, P

acha

liB

hai

rab

, c

on

flue

nc

e

of

Bag

mat

i—B

ishn

umat

i an

dS

und

arig

hat;

and

Co

nst

ruc

t m

un

icip

alco

mpo

stin

g pl

ants

tar

gete

dto

Kal

imat

i veg

etab

le m

arke

tan

d Te

ku f

ruit

mar

ket

Ve

rify

an

d

relo

cat

e

the

squ

atte

rs

fro

m

the

ri

ver

ban

ks;

Co

ntr

ol

en

cro

ach

me

nt

of

the

river

ban

ks b

y sq

uatte

ran

d ot

hers

Up

dat

e

the

in

ven

tory

o

fex

istin

g he

ritag

e si

tes;

Pre

pare

res

tora

tion

plan

s of

impo

rtant

her

itage

site

s an

das

soci

ated

cul

tura

l act

iviti

es;

and

Co

nser

ve a

nd r

egen

erat

ed

ete

rio

rate

d

tem

ple

s(B

om

bir

B

ikat

esh

war

,B

ish

nu

B

ikra

nta

, B

him

Mu

kte

shw

ar,

Laxm

isw

ar)

and

sat

tals

an

d g

hat

s in

San

kham

ul,

Teku

, D

allu

and

Sho

bha

Bha

gwat

i.

Reh

abili

tate

pub

lic s

pac

eal

on

g

Teku

—T

hap

ath

ali

stre

tch

as r

ecom

men

ded

byth

e

Teku

T

hap

ath

ali

Res

earc

h G

roup

(19

94)

and

prom

ote

the

area

for

tour

ism

dev

elop

men

t

TOTA

L

Act

ivity

3:

Con

trol

and

relo

cate

squa

tter

sett

lem

ents

from

the

riv

erb

anks

Act

ivity

4:

Mai

ntai

n an

dre

nova

tehe

ritag

e si

tes

Act

ivity

5:

Top

rom

ote

tour

ism

2.4

2.5

3.1

3.2

4.1

4.2

4.3

5.1

16,0

00,0

00

24,7

20,0

00

500,

000

100,

000

3

00,0

00

10,0

00,0

00

4,21

7,60

0

1,16

2,13

7,60

0

16,0

00,0

00

12,3

60,0

00

500

,000

100,

000

3

00,0

00

10,0

00,0

00

4,21

7,60

0

829,

777,

600

66Ta

ble

8.7

: BU

DG

ET

FOR

BA

GM

ATI A

CTI

ON

PLA

NZ

ON

E 5

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EA

R 3

YEA

R 4

YE

AR

5PA

RTN

ER

AG

EN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

DW

SS

/VD

C/N

GO

NG

O

VDC

s/N

GO

NG

Os/

VD

Cs/

MP

PW

KU

KL,

Mun

icip

aliti

es

MoE

ST/

VD

Cs/

NG

Os

DW

IDP

DW

IDP

VD

Cs/

loca

l co

mm

uniti

es

DW

IDP

/DD

C/V

DC

s

DoR

2,0

00,0

00

2,38

4,25

0

1,00

0,00

0

650,

000

100,

000,

000

120,

000

6,00

0,00

0

43,8

00,0

00

100,

000,

000

2

,000

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4,76

8,50

0

1,00

0,00

0

650,

000

200,

000,

000

120

,000

6,00

0,00

0

43,

800,

000

200,

000,

000

2,

000,

000

7,15

2,75

0

2,00

0,00

0

650,

000

200,

000,

000

120,

000

6,00

0,00

0

43,8

00,0

00

200,

000,

000

2,

000,

000

23,8

42,5

00

3,00

0,00

0

3,25

0,00

0

100,

000,

000

120,

000

1

,190

,000

70

0,00

0

6,0

00,0

00

43,8

00,0

00

200,

000,

000

2,

000,

000

9,53

7,00

0

3,00

0,00

0

1,30

0,00

0

100,

000,

000

720,

000

510,

000

300,

000

6,00

0,00

0

43,8

00,0

00

100,

000,

000

10,

000,

000

47,6

85,0

00

10,0

00,0

00

6,50

0,00

0

700,

000,

000

1,20

0,00

0

1,70

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

30,0

00,0

00

21

9,00

0,00

0

800,

000,

000

Pro

mot

e on

-site

san

itatio

nin

clud

ing

ecos

an;

Co

nst

ruc

t D

EW

AT

S

atS

ainb

u;

Pro

mo

te

DE

WA

TS

at

inst

itutio

nal

leve

ls s

uch

asar

my

and

pol

ice

bar

rack

s,g

ove

rnm

en

t o

ffic

es,

scho

ols,

col

lege

s, h

ousi

ngc

olo

nie

s, m

on

astr

ies

and

ind

ustr

ies;

Reh

abilit

ate

exis

ting

pon

ds

(Kho

kana

2 a

nd B

ungm

ati

5)

for

rain

wat

er h

arve

stin

gto

rec

harg

e gr

ound

wat

er;

Co

nst

ruc

t in

terc

ep

ting

sew

erag

e sy

stem

at

certa

inar

eas;

and

Est

ablis

h

a sy

ste

m

for

reg

ular

mo

nito

ring

of

river

wat

er q

ualit

y at

4 l

ocat

ions

Des

ign

and

impl

emen

t w

eirs

in t

he r

iver

bed

to

faci

litat

eae

ratio

n; a

nd

Co

nst

ruc

t flo

atin

g w

aste

co

llec

tion

p

on

ds

do

wn

stre

am

of

Ch

ob

har

gorg

e

Pre

par

e

and

im

ple

me

nt

land

scap

e p

lan

of r

ipar

ian

lan

d

to

mai

nta

in

gre

en

corr

idor

;

Car

ry o

ut b

ank

pro

tect

ion

me

asu

res

(70

km

) u

sin

gb

ioen

gin

eerin

g t

echn

ique

;an

d

Co

nst

ruc

t ac

ce

ss r

oad

s/fo

ot

trai

ls a

lon

g b

oth

th

eba

nks

of t

he r

iver

Act

ivity

1:

Toim

prov

e riv

erw

ater

qua

ntity

and

qua

lity

thro

ugh

prop

erm

anag

emen

tof

wat

er a

ndw

aste

wat

er

Act

ivity

2:

Toim

pro

ve t

hese

lf-p

urifi

catio

npr

oces

s of

the

river

Act

ivity

3:

Und

erta

keva

rious

mea

sure

s to

prot

ect

river

side

lan

d,aq

uatic

bio

div

ersi

tyan

d a

esth

etic

valu

e of

riv

ers

and

thei

rsu

rrou

ndin

gs

1.

1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

2.1

2.2

3.1

3.2

3.3

67Ta

ble

8.7

: Con

td...

TOTA

LY

EAR

1Y

EAR

2Y

EA

R 3

YEA

R 4

YE

AR

5PA

RTN

ER

AG

EN

CIE

SFO

R IM

PLE

ME

NTA

TIO

NA

CTI

VITI

ES

VD

C/D

OA

DoA

/VD

Cs

VD

C/D

oA

NG

Os/

loca

l co

mm

uniti

es

NG

Os/

loca

l co

mm

uniti

es

NG

Os/

loca

l co

mm

uniti

es

20

,000

100

,000

5

00,0

00

400

,000

400

,000

500,

000

257,

874,

250

20

,000

10

0,00

0

500

,000

40

0,00

0

400,

000

500,

000

460,

258,

500

2

0,00

0

100,

000

500

,000

400,

000

400

,000

500,

000

463,

642,

750

2

0,00

0

100,

000

5

00,0

00

400

,000

40

0,00

0

500,

000

385,

822,

500

12

0,00

0

600,

000

50

0,00

0

400,

000

400,

000

500,

000

269,

687,

000

20

0,00

0

1,00

0,00

0

2,5

00,0

00

2,00

0,00

0

2

,000

,000

2,50

0,00

0

1,83

7,28

5,00

0

Pre

par

e

an

inve

nto

ry

of

exis

ting

herit

age

site

s;

Pre

pare

res

tora

tion

plan

s of

exis

ting

herit

age

site

s an

das

soci

ated

cul

tura

l act

iviti

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69

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49. xfd|f] afudtL ;+:s[lt–dbgdf]xg ld>

50. afUdtL ;Eotf ;+/If0f ;+3if{sf afX jif{, x't/fd j}B,g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;bkof]u kmfpG8];g, 2059

51. :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ tyf :yflgo lgsf; -cfly{s k|zf;g_ lgodfjnL, @)%^ >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg'g, Gofotyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

52. hn tyf pmhf{;DaGwL P]g–lgod ;ª\u|x ljleGg gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfo{of]hgftyf u}/;/sf/L ljlwljwfg Pjd\ 3f]if0ffkqx?;d]t;+nUg, ;ª\sng÷;Dkfbg uf]kfn l;jfsf]6L …lrGtg /tg e08f/L

53. P]g ;+u|x d""n bkmf;lxt Ps l6Kk0fL (Comment on Acts with Precedent), 1fOGb|afxfb'/ >]i7 k}/jL k|sfzg

54. k|fs[lts ;|f]t;Dkbf;DaGwL P]g–lgod ;ª|u|x, ;ª\sng÷;Dkfbg uf]kfn l;jfsf]6L …lrGtg' /tg e08f/L

55. g]kfn P]g ;ª|u|x v08 & -s_ @)^!, >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

56. g]kfn P]g ;ª|u|x k"/s v-8, @)^$ -s_, g]kfn ;/sf/ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

57. g]kfn P]g ;ª\u|x v08 * -v_, @)^@, >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

58. g]kfn P]g ;ª\u|x v08 * -s_ @)^@, >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

59. g]kfn P]g ;ª\u|x k"/s v08, @)^# -3_, g]kfn ;/sf/ sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

60. g]kfn P]g ;+u|x v08 % -v_ @)^@ >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

61. g]kfn P]g ;+u|x v08 % -s_ @)^@, >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

62. g]kfn P]g ;+u|x v08 ! @)^!, >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt

63. jftfj/0f sfg"gsf] ?k/]vf, ljgf]bk|;fb zdf{

74

Models reviewed

Yamuna Action Plan

Ganga Action Plan

Hood River Watershed Management Plan

Sammamish River Action Plan

Manistique River Management Plan

Yarra water shed management, Melbourne

Fraser River Action Plan

Carbunup River Action Plan

River front Development Master plan, City of Fargo

Om River Action Plan, Hungary

Mekong River Basin, AUSAID

Danube river basin, strategic action plan

Rhine river action plan

The Fu and Nan Rivers project, Chengdu, China

64. Functional indicators of river ecosystem health –an interim guide for use in New Zealand by Ministry for the Environment - SustainableManagement Fund Contract 2208

65. Measuring River ecosystem health in Western Massachusetts-The Mill River by Instream Habitat Program,Department of NaturalResources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

And Massachusetts Cooperative Extension, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA

66. How to know the freshwater algae, Third Edition, G.W. Prescott, University of Montana, The Pictured Key Nature Series

67. Water harvesting Presents Great Potential for Increasing Agricultural and Fodder Crop

68. Production in Baluchistan by Syed Ghulam Muhammad

69. Urban Water Problem in Asian Big Cities Nepal.

70. Wastewater as a controversial, contaminated yet coveted resource in south Asia

71. Population pressure and land resources in Nepal: a revisit, twenty years later

72. Rural water supply and water quality status in Nepal

73. Surface Water Pollution in Three Urban Territories of Nepal, India, and Bangladesh

74. Integrated Development and Management of Water resources for productive and Equitable use in the Indrawati River Basin, Nepal,Bhattarai, M. et. al.

75. Integrated catchment management in an urban context the great and little lotus rivers, cape town report no. 846/1/01

76. Project Report on “An Approach for Bagmati River Water Pollution Control”

75

Stakeholders working in the field of Bagmati conservation

Annex 1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

S.N. Name Address/contact person Key functions/activities

Bagmati Sarokar Samiti

Bagmati Sewa Samiti

Bishnumati Sarokar Samiti

Centre for Integrated UrbanDevelopment (CIUD)

Damaichaghat Puspalal ToleSudhar Samiti

Development Centre (DC)Nepal

Didi Bahini

Environmental Camps forConservation Awareness(ECCA)

Environment and Public HealthOrganisation (ENPHO)

Friends of Bagmati

Forum for Protection of PublicInterest (ProPublic)

27 local committees are formedalong the Bagmati river fromSundarijal to Chobhar (each in onekilometre)

Sankhamul, Lalitpur

Tamsipakha, Ward No. 18,Kathmandu

Gusingal, Lalitpur

Ward No. 19, Kathmandu

Aditi Marg, Tinkune, Kathmandu

Anamnagar, Kathmandu

Jwagal, Lalitpur

Adarsha Marg, Baneshwor,Kathmandu

Hotel Dwarika’s

Gautam Buddha Marg,

Anamnagar

Mobilise community level activities to conserve theriver and lobby for improvement of the Bagmati river

Involved in conserving the heritage sites alongBagmati, particularly in Sankhamul area andproviding service to people who come to the ghats

Recently formed to coordinate activities along theBishnumati river. Clean-up campaigns from Balajuto Teku Dovan

Involved in supporting urban planning andcommunity-based water and sanitationprogrammes. Recently prepared a wastewatermanagement plan for Madhyapur ThimiMunicipality

Clean-up campaigns and tree plantation along theBishnumati River

Promoting ecological sanitation and solid wastemanagement in Mulpani, Gokarna, Bungamati andBadikhel

Involved in a small Water and Sanitation project inwards 7 and 8 (Dalit Basti) of Alapot VDC, fundedby Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Fund Board

Recently implemented KAPRIMO project withsupport from EU. The project included:

Legal analysis and recommendation concerningenvironmental regulations/responsibilitiesRiver monitoring and GIS trainingImplementation of the river monitoring system intwo segmentsAwareness raising activitiesCreate and develop a network and informationsystem on river quality

Monitoring river water qualityCommunity based sanitation in peri urbancommunitiesTraining on household composting and solid wastemanagementPromotion of decentralized waste watermanagementDeveloping a project together with BORDA fordecentralized sanitation

Signed an agreement with BASP to manage 1 kmstretch of Bagmati below Jorpati bridge

Awareness raising programmesInvolved in promoting environmental justice andPublic Interest Litigation. Have filed the followinglegal cases related to Bagmati:

Cases against solid waste dumping alongBagmati (Guheshwari, Gokarna and Balkhu)Case against construction of 20 metre roadalong the Bagmati river without preservingarchaeological monumentsCase against decision to construction of UNPark in the Bagmati river bed

76

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

SN Name Address/contact person Key functions/activities

Indrabinayak Club

Kathmandu EnvironmentalEducation Project (KEEP)

Kathmandu Tole Sudhar Samaj

Khadgi Sewa Samaj

Lions Club of Pashupatinath

Lumanti

Narayan Pariwar Club

National Trust for NatureConservation (NTNC)

Nepal Basobas BastiSamrakchhan Samaj

Nepal Mahila Ekta Samaj

Nepal Pollution Control andEnvironment ManagementCentre (NEPCEMAC)

Nepal River Conservation Trust(NRCT)

Nepal Forum for EnvironmentalJournalists (NEFEJ)

NGO Forum for Urban Waterand Sanitation

Nodan Club

Rotary Club of Yala

Sagarmatha EnvironmentDevelopment Centre (SEDC)

Ina Tole, Kathmandu

Thamel, Kathmandu

Ward No. 19, Kathmandu

Indrasabha Tole, kathmandu

Tahachal, Kathmandu

WandeWard No. 12, Kathmandu

Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

Sankhamul, Kathmandu

Ekantakuna, Lalitpur

Thamel, Kathmandu

Thapathali, Kathmandu

Tripureshwor, Kathmandu

Basantapur, Kathmandu

Mangal Bazar, Lalitpur

Ratopul, kathmandu

Clean-up campaigns and tree plantation along theBishnumati river

Involved in occasional education and clean upcampaigns

Clean-up campaigns

Recently constructed a large bio-gas plant, withsupport from World Vision and KathmanduMetropolitan City, along the Bishnumati river toprocess waste from slaughtering activities

Lobbying for environmental improvement inPashupati area and establishment of acrematorium at Aryaghat

Working with slum and squatter communities,many of which are located along the Bagmati,Bishnumati and Manahara rivers

Involved in mobilising local youths for theconservation of Bishnumati river

Involved in preparing Bagmati Action Plan and pilotprojects for conservation of Bagmati

Advocacy for welfare of squatter communities

Advocacy for welfare of squatter communities,particularly women

Collecting waste from about 12,000 households.Operating small scale compost plants in Ward 5Kathmandu and Central Zoo

Involved in promoting household composting andvermi-composting, as well as regular clean-upcampaigns

Organised the annual Bagmati River Festival since2001; festival activities include clean-upcampaigns; sporting events (Dunga Daud, BagmatiEco-Challenge); exhibitions, heritage walks, musicconcerts, award ceremony, etc.

Environmental programmes on Radio Sagarmatha

Aankhi Jhyaal Television Programme

Hakahaki Magazine

Regular interaction programmes for journalists

Involved in lobbying for urban water and sanitationissues

Organises cultural tours for youth as well as cleanup campaigns

Contributing towards the conservation ofShankhamul ghat

Collecting waste from households; operating asmall compost plant along the Dhobikhola river atRatopul

77

List of community consultations

1. Badikhel: Kodku khola

2. Balkhu: Balkhu river

3. Bungmati, Lalitpur: Nakkhu river

4. Chapagaun: Nakkhu river

5. Chhampi Madhyamik Vidhyalaya, Chhampi

6. Chilaune Gaun, Sundarijal:Bagmati river

7. Ghattekulo Sudhar Samaj, Anamnagar: Dhobikhola

8. Gundu: Hanumante

9. HEMS School, Ratopul: Dhobikhola

10. Inatole, Bishnumati river

11. Jagat Sundar Bonekuthi, Dallu: Bishnumati river

12. Mulpani: Manahara river

13. Nayapati/Alapot, Sundarijal community: Bagmati

14. NEPCEMAC, Ekantakuna: Nakkhu

15. Okhreni, Sundarijal: Bagmati

16. Satungal, Matatirtha: Balkhu river

17. Siddhipur: Godavari river

18. Sundarighat: Bagmati river

19. Teku: Bagmati and Bishnumati

20. WEPCO, Kupondole: Bagmati river

Annex IIIField survey to various sites

1. Visit to Okhreni, Chilaune, Mulkharka of Shivapuri National Park;

Bagmati watershed

2. Visit to Bishnumati dwar—Bishnumati, Sangla and Manahara

rivers; Sankhu

3. Visit to Sundarijal—Gokarna corridor

4. Cultural walk along Bishnumati and Bagmati rivers (Shobha

Bhagwati—Gokarna)

5. Visit to waste water treatment plants of the Kathmandu Valley

6. Visit to ICIMOD demonstration site, Godavari

7. Visit to different sites, viz., Teku, Sundarighat, Sankhamul and

Chobhar for reorganisation of plantation sites

8. Visit to different mining sites of the Kathmandu Valley

9. Visit to different river stretches of the Kathmandu Valley, viz.,

Bagmati, Bishnumati, Manahara, Hanumante, Dhobikhola,

Godavari, Nakkhu, Balkhu, Sangla, Mahadev Khola, Tukucha and

Karmanasa

10. Visit from Chobhar to the confluence of Bosan Khola to learn the

existing condition towards the downstream and to survey local

and migratory birds of the area

11. Visit to Katuwal daha

12. Visit to different water diversion sites for hydrological surveys

such as Godamchaur, Tika Bhairab and Sangla chhap

13. Visit to the Dhap to know the possibility of water recharge area

during dry season and the condition of the wetland

Annex II

29.

30.

31.

SN Name Address/contact person Key functions/activities

Urban EnvironmentManagement Society

Women Environment Group(WEG)

Women EnvironmentPreservation Committee(WEPCO)

Saugal, Lalitpur

Kopundole, Lalitpur

Kopundole, Lalitpur, Nepal

Improvement of well and other traditional watersources; promotion of household composting

Waste collection from 300 households;

involved in river clean-up campaigns

Involved in solid waste management (wastecollection from 1,000 households, composting, bio-gas generation and paper recycling). Also involvedin school education programmes in 43 schools andother activities related to awareness campaigns.

78

Annex IVList of squatters in different river segments

Bagmati river and its tributaries Name of squatters Number of households Population

Bagamati river Shantinagar 360 1,632

Bijaynagar 25 118

Jagritinagar 120 462

Gairigaun 46 207

Chandani Tole 48 222

Pragati Tole 11 56

Kalimati Dole 16 67

Bansighat 96 486

Kuriyagaun 10 46

Sankhamul 105 503

Kimal Phant 26 104

Bishnumati river Dhikure Chouki 26 112

Kumaristhan, Buddhajyoti Marga 73 320

Balaju Jagriti Tole 126 691

Sangam Tole 36 214

Ranibari 45 227

Tukucha Narayan Tole, Maharajgunj 30 108

Khadipakha, Maharajgunj 146 735

Dhobikhola Shanti Binayak 42 192

Devinagar 32 129

Bishalnagar 37 178

Kalopul 6 20

Pathibhara 154 728

Hanumante river Manahara, Bhaktapur 589 2,422

Other locations Palpakot 30 158

Anamnagar 17 79

Maijubahal 25 152

Kumarigal 11 52

Radhakrishna Chowk 16 97

Mulpani 12 60

Kapan, Dhungen 13 63

Subigaun 34 200

Ramhiti 122 668

Mahankal 15 77

Dhumbarahi, Sukedhara 14 69

Mandikhatar 78 362

Golfutar 24 123

Saranpur, Budhanilkantha 80 373

Hattigauda 6 33

Khadka Bhadrakali 33 181

TTTTTotalotalotalotalotal 2,7352,7352,7352,7352,735 12,72612,72612,72612,72612,726

79

Annex V

Discharge of surface water during wetand dry seasons

Annex VI

Different bird species observed duringthe field visits

Location Surface water (m3/day) Total

Wet season Dry season

Balaju 8,230 3,000 11,230

Bansbari 3,000 3,000

Bir Dhara 4,600 9,000 13,600

Sundarijal 46,000 18,000 64,000

Saibu 18,000 1,250 19,250

Dudh Pokhari 2,900 1,980 4,880

Chapagaun, Nallu 5,400 2,700 8,100

Sundarighat 3,000 2,500 5,500

Lunkot 500 200 700

Mahadev Khola 4,320 2,500 6,820

Thini Bada 4,320 2,500 6,820

Source: Shivapuri Management plan, 1995

SN Name Scientific Name

1. Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus

2. Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica

3. Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus

4. Black Kite Milvus migrans

5. Black-headed Munia Lonchura malacca

6. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis

7. Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnus malabaricus

8. Common Myna Acridotheres tristis

9. Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos

10. Common Stonechat Saxicola torquatus

11. Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus

12. Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea

13. Grey-headed Lapwing Vanellus cinereus

14. Hodgson’s Bushchat Saxicola insignis

15. House Crow Corvus splendens

16. House Sparrow Passer domesticus

17. Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii

18. Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius

19. Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach

20. Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis

21. Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata

22. Red Avadavat Amandava amandava

23. Red-Rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica

24. Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer

25. Rock Pigeon Columba livia

26. Scaly Thrush Zoothera dauma

27. Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis

28. White Wagtail Motacilla alba

29. White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnesis

80

Annex VIICultural and heritage sites at risk along the Bagmati river

Shivadev Basaha and Buddha Sculpture,Taglung in Budhanilkantha

Shivadev Basaha is located at Bishnu Budhanikantha VDC. It includes

the earliest inscription of Nepal, dating back to 4th/5th century. The

shivalinga is said to be built in the reign of King Mandev. At present,

the shivalinga is in vulnerable condition due to construction of new

houses in the premises. A traditional pati existed there before but

new construction made it extinct. Hence, there is urgent need of

attention and awareness.

Budha Sculpture is located to the east of Budhanilkantha, in the

upstream of Dhobikhola. It lies in an open field, in isolation. Its

history dates back to 5th/6th century. Immediate works for its

conservation is required.

Ghats in Sundarijal

The ghats are symbols of culture. Today, with the change in lifestyle,

the rituals associated with ghats are eroding fast and have been

encroached and used for various other purposes. In Sundarijal, the

ghats have been covered with vegetation. New ghat is built slightly

downward and used by the people due to unfeasible to utilize the

previous ghat. Documentation of all the monuments and temples of

the area are necessary and steps should be taken to conserve the

ghats.

Tokha Chandeswari

Tokha Chandeswari is a historically important temple and is popular

in the Newar community. As the old temple was totally dismantled,

a new monument has been constructed. The confluence where the

temple is located is known as Sapan Tirtha. Festival occurs on 1st

Baishak in this tirtha.

Temples, sattals and ghats nearGokarneswar Mahadev

Some temples located near Gokarneshwar Mahadev temple in

Gokarna are inaccessible, as surrounding lands have been encroached.

The artefacts of these temples are either already lost or if remain is

not in its original place. Most of the small artifacts are gather together

and kept at a corner. Another example is the temple being encroached

by new construction and used as a store.

Sattal beside VDC office is in poor state and another similar type is

dismantled. Sattal along the ghat built by Bhimsen Thapa is

maintained and is in use whereas the ghats in front of the sattals are

covered with vegetation. This area is not only important from cultural

point of view but also important from ritual perspective. Most of the

people visit this place during Father’s Day in memory of their late

father.

Changunarayan Temple along Manaharariver

It is one of the seven heritage sites of the Kathmandu Valley.

Religiously and culturally significant temple, its structures and doors

are in dilapidated state. Hence, it should be preserved.

Shankha Daha, south of Changu NarayanTemple

It is one of the important components of Changunarayan premises.

It is in ruined state at present because of landslide and sand mining

in the Manahara river.

Mahalaxmi Temple, Balambu

Ancient Shiva sculpture and pati are found in the temple complex.

The heritage site is deteriorating and is at risk. There is also a small

primary school located in the premises. Hence, the norms of the

Department of Architecture should be strictly followed to save this

historical temple. The pati near the temple is awaiting renovation.

Vishnudevi Temple, Tinthana

The shrine is placed at the confluence of Balkhu khola and a small

stream. It consists of an open stone platform with patis and trees.

The open pit contains natural stone images of the Astamatrikas and

two carved stone images of Sinhini and Byagrihini. The images are

severely deteriorated. This holy shrine is now used a cremation site.

Mahadevsthan Naikap, a relatively new shrine, is built on the other

side of Balkhu Khola. It contains an image of the Ichcha Brinkeshwar

Mahadev, in the form of a four-faced linga dating back to the 6th

century. Other stone images of Saraswati, Uma Maheshwar,

shivalingas, stone lion, etc. are also present.

81

People throng to this place for worship, particularly during Shivaratri

and Sripanchami, and Satungal Jatra, which is held every year.

Bombirbikateswor Mahadev of Teku

This temple, built during the middle of 19th century by prime minister

Bom Bahadur Kunwar Rana, has a unique architecture. Having a

rectangular plan with eight doorways, it has a single sanctum with

three towers. It is surrounded by two-storey buildings (sattals) on all

sides. At present, the temple is on the verge of collapse. The temple

and its complex is owned by guthi.

Ping dyo

This site is located near the Modern Indian School in Kirtipur. It is the

platform where Kalash is put bringing water from river for bath to

Adinath, one of the important Lokeshwars (Rato Machhindranath).

Adinath is said to be dated in fifteenth century but according to an

inscription, it was reconstructed in 1640. The site of ping dyo is in a

poor state, and preservation and awareness activities should be

carried out.

Vishnu Vikranta sculpture of Tilganga

The sculpture of Vishnu Vikranta is located near Tilganga,

Pashupatinath. It has King Mandev’s inscription dating back to 5th

century. In today’s context, this sculpture is in an isolated place. It is

situated below the road level and has nothing to protect against the

weather conditions. It is one of the earliest inscriptions available

and hence steps should be taken to preserve the sculpture as well as

the inscription.

Bhim Mukteshwar Temple

This two-storey temple, built by Mathavar Singh Thapa in memory

of Bhimsen Thapa, has been built of brick with dome and gajura on

its top. The temple, although situated at the heart of the city in

Kalimati, is unknown to majority of the people. The main entrance

and the sattals surrounding the temple are on the verge of collapse.

Sattal of Laxmishwar Temple

Laxmishwar Mahadev temple was built in the middle of a paved

courtyard on the bank of the Bagmati river. It is a three-storey

temple constructed by King Rana Bahadur Shah and is surrounded by

sattals with some well carved windows. The sattals are under the

dilapidated condition and is awaiting renovation.

An example of heritage in danger can be seen in the pati in

Kankeshwari premises. The pati, with medieval architecture, has

been changed thus completeley losing its ancient ambience.

Purneshwar Temple, Tripureshwar

This temple is located in Tripureshwar on the way to Vishwa Niketan

Campus. Constructed during Rana Bahadur Shah’s period, the original

architecture of this temple has been changed and restored in new

form. This kind of work needs legal permission from the Department

of Archaeology and hence the offender should be punished according

to the Ancient Monument Preservation Act.

The Statue of God Bishnu

This statue is located in between Purneshwar temple and Vishwa

Niketan Campus, Tripureshwar. The statue is important as it has

different reincarnation of God Bishnu. Currently, it is in neglected

state and hence needs immediate protection.

Patis of Dallu bridge and ShobhaBhagwati

The patis along the surroundings of Kankeshwari and Shobha

Bhagwati temples have been changed over time. The patis are either

in a dilapidated condition or has been changed using different modern

construction materials. Similarly, many areas are encroached and

the statues of gods and goddesses are stolen.

© BAP Study Team

82

Annex VIII (a)

Physical features of zones

Zone/Physical features Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

Altitude (m) 2720—980 2080—1310 1620—1280 2020—1260 1760—1220

Total area Built up area 0.94 5.5 19.33 61.81 1.4

covered (sq.km) Cultivated land 92.64 73.49 71.69 28.63 22.22

Cultivated with settlement 29.13 40 15.85 1.72 3.04

Park and greenery area 0.07 0.24 0.29 0.98 1.9

Vegetation (Forest) 204.37 8.71 7.26 4.76 0.92

Water body (ponds) 0.75 0.43 0.9 2.16

Oxidation and treatment plant 0.28

Human settlements Population 50,719 231,337 283,499 995,966 34,687

Population density 1570 sq.km 1542sq.km 2512sq.km 9912 sq.km 1179 sq.km

Major river networks Sailmati, Suryamati Manahara, Nakhu, Bosan

Nagmati Khola Dobikhola,

Tukucha,Bishnumati,

Balkhu

Zone/Physical features Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

Urbanization

Cultural Heritage

urbanizationcomparativelynegligible

Sundarimai,

Sankhu Bajrayogini,

Tika Bhairab,Dakshinkali,Sheshnarayan,Champadevi,

Godavari Kunda,Ichangunarayan

Slighty urbanized

Changunarayan,

GokarneswarMahadev,

Uttar Gaya,

Budhanilkantha,

Machhenarayan,Bishankhunarayan,Kageshwari, NeelBode, Matatirtha

Moderatelyurbanized

Ashok Chaitya,Mahalaxmi temple,Bishnudevi,Bajrabarahi,Karyabinayak,Harisiddhi

Dominant of built-uparea

Pashupati,Sankhamul,Thapathali-Tekustretch, Kankeswor,Shovabhagwati,Pachali, Bhatbateni,Nil Saraswati, TudalDevi, Bagh Bhairab

comparatively lessthan Zone 4

Jalbinayak,Karyabinayak,Anangaghat,Sundarighat

83

Annex VIII (b)

Physical features of zones (List of VDCs and Municipalities)

Bad Bhanjyang (partial)

Badikhel (partial)

Bageshwari

Baluwa (partial)

Bhardeu

Bhimdhunga (partial)

Bishankhunarayan (partial)

Bishnu Budhanilkantha(partial)

Chalnakhel (partial)

Chapagau (partial)

Chapali Bhadrakali (partial)

Chhaimale

Chhaling (partial)

Chitapol (partial)

Dahachok (partial)

Devichaur

Gagalphedi (partial)

Ghusel

Godavari (partial)

Goldhunga (partial)

Gundu (partial)

Ichangu narayan (partial)

Jhor (partial)

Jitpurphedi (partial)

Kabhresthali (partial)

Lamatar (partial)

Lapsiphedi

Lele

Lubhu (partial)

Machchhegaun (partial)

Mahadevsthan (partial)

Matatirtha (partial)

Nagarkot

Nallu

Nangkhel (partial)

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

Alapot

Bad Bhanjyang (partial)

Badikhel (partial)

Balambu (partial)

Baluwa (partial)

Bhadrabas

Bhimdhunga (partial)

Bishankhunarayan (partial)

Bishnu Budhanilkantha(partial)

Changunarayan

Chapagaun

Chapali bhadrakali (partial)

Chhaling (partial)

Chhampi (partial)

Chitapol (partial)

Chunikhel (partial)

Dadhikot (partial)

Dahachok (partial)

Dharmasthali (partial)

Dukuchhap (partial)

Gagalphedi (partial)

Godamchaur (partial)

Godawari (partial)

Gokarneshwar

Goldhunga (partial)

Gundu (partial)

Ichangunarayan (partial)

Indrayani

Jhor (partial)

Jitpurphedi (partial)


Lamatar (partial)

Lubhu (partial)


Mahadevsthan (partial)

Balambu (partial)

Balkot

Chhaling (partial)

Chitapol (partial)

Chunikhel (partial)

Dadhikot (partial)

Dhapakhel (partial)

Dhapasi

Dharmasthali (partial)

Duwakot

Godamchaur (partial)

Goldhunga (partial)

Gongabu

Gothatar (partial)

Harisiddhi

Ichangunarayan (partial)

Imadol

Jharuwarasi

Jhaukhel

Jorpati


Kapan

Katunje (partial)

Khadka Bhadrakali


Mahankal

Manamaiju

Mulpani

Naikap Naya Bhanjyang

Naikap Purano Bhanjyang

Nangkhel (partial)

Phutung

Ramkot (partial)

Sangla (partial)

Satungal

Siddhipur

KathmanduMeteropolitan City

Madhyapur ThimiMunicipality

Lalitpur Sub-metropolitan City

Bhaktapur Municipality

Kirtipur Municipality

Bungmati

Chalnakhel (partial)

Chhampi (partial)

Daksinkali

Dukuchhap (partial)

Khokana

Sainbu Bhainsepati

Saukhel (partial)

84

Nanglebhare

Nayapati (partial)

Ramkot (partial)

Sangla (partial)

Sankhu pukhulachhi(partial)

Sankhu suntol

Sankhu Bajrayogini (partial)

Saukhel (partial)

Shesnarayan

Sipadol (partial)

Sudal (partial)

Sundarijal (partial)

Talku dudechaur

Tathali (partial)

Thankot (Partial)

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

Matatirtha (partial)

Nangkhel (partial)

Nayapati (partial)

Ramkot (partial)

Sangla (partial)

Sankhu pukhulachhi

Sankhu Bajrayogini

Sipadol (partial)

Sirutar (partial)

Sudal (partial)

Tathali (partial)

Thaiba (partial)

Thali danchhi

Thankot (partial)

Tokha chandeshwari(partial)

Sipadol (partial)

Sirutar (partial)

Sitapaila

Sudal (partial)

Sunakothi

Syuchatar

Tathali (partial)

Thaiba (partial)

Thecho

Tikathali

Tinthana

Tokha Chandeshwari(partial)

Tokha Saraswati

85

Bagmati River Festivals

Annex IX

The Bagmati river festival was started in 2001 to provide a platform

for all interested individuals and organizations to express their

concerns and provide solutions to overcome the plight of the river.

The festival comprises several events, including clean-up campaign,

tree plantation programme, heritage walk, rafting, dunga daud,

corporate challenge, poetry, drama, essay and photography

competition at school levels, Bagmati eco challenge, training on

waste management to several groups of women living along the

bank of the Bishnumati/Bagmati river, school student’s kayak race,

professional down river kayak race, Bagmati friendship float,

student’s theatre programme, technical workshop on Bagmati/

Bishnumati river, sharing scientific findings about the river, public

exhibition on various activities done by partner organisations,

Bagmati conservation campaigns and rallies, anti-plastic campaigns,

women for Bagmati cycle rally, exhibition of environmental models

prepared by the students of high school, live music concerts, etc.

11111ststststst Bagmati River Festival Bagmati River Festival Bagmati River Festival Bagmati River Festival Bagmati River Festival: : : : : Nepal River Conservation Trust (NRCT),

in partnership with Friends of the Bagmati (FoB), organised the 1st

Bagmati River Festival, a project that attempted to draw maximum

public attention to the critically degraded condition of the Bagmati

river, and provide a platform for action.

22222ndndndndnd Bagmati River Festival Bagmati River Festival Bagmati River Festival Bagmati River Festival Bagmati River Festival: : : : : NRCT and FoB jointly organised the 2nd

Bagmati River Festival 2002. The festival was supported by All Nepal

River Guide Association, Bagmati Sewa Samiti and Rotary Club Yala

and was promoted by Nepal Tourism Board (NTB). The festival was

basically divided into three sessions: kayak race from Sundarijal to

Guheshwari; rafting from Tilganga to Shankamul; and

environmental/schools/music programme at Shankamul.

3rd Bagmati River Festival:3rd Bagmati River Festival:3rd Bagmati River Festival:3rd Bagmati River Festival:3rd Bagmati River Festival: NRCT in association with the Forum for

Management and Research Nepal (FERN), organised the 3rd Bagmati

river festival on August 23, 2003. Over 25 river guides and more

than 100 rafting enthusiasts, environmentalists, tourists, journalists

and satirists donned face masks and traveled through a section of

Bagmati river. The excursion was aimed at drawing the attention of

the river’s sorry state, and urged the community and government to

take immediate actions.

44444ththththth Bagmati River Festival: Bagmati River Festival: Bagmati River Festival: Bagmati River Festival: Bagmati River Festival: In association with over 50 co-organisers,

NRCT took the Bagmati river festival in 2004 to greater heights.

From a one-day festival the previous three years to a three-month

long 4th Bagmati river festival was a big leap. Starting from the

World Environment Day on June 5, the festival ended with a kayak

race and cultural programme on August 21, 2004. Over 50 river

guides and rafting enthusiasts, environmentalists, tourists, journalists,

school, college, university students, corporate houses and hundreds

of local people participated in the festival creating the much needed

awareness about the dismal state of the Bagmati river.

55555ththththth Bagmati River Festival: Bagmati River Festival: Bagmati River Festival: Bagmati River Festival: Bagmati River Festival: The World Environment Day was

the auspicious occasion chosen to inaugurate the 5th festival.

More than 100 participants from several schools, colleges, locals

and journalists gave hands to whip up the rubbish from the

heavily polluted Bagmati river. The Bagmati clean-up campaign

was from the Aryaghat-Pashupatinath to the Tilganga Eye

Hospital stretch. Series of conservation programmes, clean-up

campaigns, river rafting, kayaking, etc. were organised

throughout the festival.

66666th th th th th BBBBBagmaagmaagmaagmaagmati Rivti Rivti Rivti Rivti River Fer Fer Fer Fer Feeeeessssstivtivtivtivtival:al:al:al:al: NRCT, Sustainable Tourism Network

(STN) and Nepal Tourism Board (NTB) jointly organised the festival

awareness raising programmes. In 2006, NRCT added some new

programmes like fund raising concerts and started its course from

2nd June 2006.

© S

iddh

arth

a/N

TN

C

Celebration of the Bagmati River Festival

86

© N

TN

C

PROJECT HEADSiddhartha B. Bajracharya, PhDNational Trust for Nature Conservation

STUDY TEAMAstra Development Network, Tripureshwor, KathmanduGeospatial Systems Private Limited, Pulchwok, LalitpurInnovative Solutions Private Limited, Chakupat, Lalitpur

EDITORIAL TEAMMahesh Banskota, PhDProf. Pramod K. JhaKishore ThapaDeependra Joshi (Editor)Ratna Raj Timsina

CONTRIBUTORSMahesh Bahadur Basnet, Chairman, BCIDCKrishna KC, Former Chairman, BCIDCAnil Bhadra Khanal, Project Manager, BCIDCSubrato Sinha, PhD (UNEP/ROAP)Richard Luff (UNICEF Nepal)Dipak Gyawali, Nepal Water Conservation Foundation, KathmanduRoshan Raj Shrestha, PhD, UN-Habitat, NepalNgamindra Dahal, NTNCEPLC/UNEP, South KoreaLocal stakeholders and communities of Bagmati catchment areaNTNC Team

Published by : High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilizationand National Trust for Nature Conservation

© 2009 Government of Nepal & National Trust for Nature ConservationJawlakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal

ISBN No: 978-993933933-702-8-4

Citation: GoN/NTNC (2009) Bagmati Action Plan (2009–2014). Kathmandu, Nepal.

Photos: Dr. Siddhartha B. Bajracharya, National Trust for Nature ConservationCover Photo: Dhap Area, Shivapuri National Park

BAGMATI ACTION PLAN

(2009–2014)

National Trust for Nature ConservationP.O. Box 3712, Khumaltar, Lalitpur , NepalTel: 977-1-5526571,5526573Fax: 977-1-5526570E-mail: [email protected]: www.ntnc.org.np