bangunan pantai & lepas pantai

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KU-1286 PENGANTAR REKAYASA INFRASTRUKTUR

FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL DAN LINGKUNGANINSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG Lecture 5

INFRASTRUKTUR PANTAI dan LEPAS PANTAI

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FTSL-ITBInfrastructure Definition

The Associated General Contractorsof America (AGCA, 1982):

The nations infrastructure is its system of public facilities, both publicly and privately funded, which provide for the delivery of essential services and a sustained standard of living..

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FTSL-ITBInfrastructure facility categories:

Transportation Water and wastewater Waste management Energy production and distribution Buildings Recreation facilities Communication(Hudson, Haas, Uddin, 1997)

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FTSL-ITBUses of the Ocean

Fisheries and aquaculture Recreation and Tourism Transportation and Telecommunication Human Settlements on the Coast Offshore Oil, Gas and Mining Energy Marine Biotechnology Non-Consumptive Uses Ocean Dumping and Ship Wastes Disposal of Waste from Land

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FTSL-ITBLearning Objective

The objective of this session is to introduce students to types,

function, and management of onshore & offshore infrastructure

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FTSL-ITBLearning Objective

In particular this lecture will discuss:WavesTideCurrentShore Protection StructurePorts & HarborsOffshore StructureSubsea pipelines

7FTSL-ITBThe Ocean

Over 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by oceans.

The oceans play a major role in weather and climate

The atmosphere picks up most of its moisture and heat from the oceans

The weather patterns and climate are controlled by the oceans.

The oceans vary considerably in their depth. These features effect the circulation of the oceans and the ecosystems that inhabit the oceans.

http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm8

FTSL-ITBOcean & Coastal Zone

Coastal zones are continually changing because of the dynamic interaction between the oceans and the land.

Waves and winds along the coast are both eroding rock and depositing sediment on a continuous basis, and rates of erosion and deposition vary considerably from day to day along such zones.

http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

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FTSL-ITBOcean & Coastal Zone

The energy reaching the coast can become high during storms, and such high energies make coastal zones areas of high vulnerability to natural hazards.

Understanding of the interactions of the oceans and the land is essential in understanding the hazards associated with coastal zones.

Tides, currents, and waves bring the energy to the coast


FTSL-ITBOcean basins


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FTSL-ITBOcean Basins

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FTSL-ITBHeights and Depths

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Tides

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FTSL-ITBTides

Tides are due to the gravitational attraction of Moon and the Sun on the Earth.

Because the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun, it has a larger effect and causes the Earth to bulge toward the moon.

At the same time, a bulge occurs on the opposite side of the Earth due to inertial forces

Tides are a product of Gravitational forces andInertial (or Centrifugal) forces

The Moon has about 2x the effect of the Sun

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FTSL-ITBTides

Excess inertial force

MoonCentrifugal forces

Gravitational forces

Center of Mass for the Earth-Moon system

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http://www tulane edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones htm

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FTSL-ITBTides

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The tidal bulges result in a rhythmic rise and fall of ocean surface, which is not noticeable to someone on a boat at sea

The tidal bulges is magnified along the coasts. Usually there are two high tides and two low

tides each day a variation in sea level occur as the tidal bulge

passes through each point on the Earth's surface.


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FTSL-ITBTypes of Tidal Regime

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FTSL-ITBTidal Records (examples)

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Neap Tide22

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Spring Tide

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FTSL-ITBImportant Tidal Elevation

HHWL

LLWL

MLWS

MHWL

MLWL

MSL

MHWS

TidalRange

HHWL Highest High Water LevelMHWS Mean High Water SpringMHWL Mean High Water Level MSL Mean Sea Level MLWL Mean Low Water Level MLWS Mean Low Water SpringLLWL Lowest Low Water Level 24

FTSL-ITBTide Tables

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Oceanic Currents

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FTSL-ITBOceanic Currents

The surface of the oceans move in response to winds blowing over the surface.

The winds, in effect, drag the surface of oceans creating a current of water that is usually no more than about 50 meters deep.

Surface ocean currents tend to flow in patterns similar to the winds, and they are reinforced by the Coriolis Effect.

unlike winds, the ocean currents are diverted when they encounter a continental land mass.


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FTSL-ITBOceanic Currents

`

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FTSL-ITBOcean Conveyor Belt System

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FTSL-ITBIndonesian Through Flow (ITF)

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Waves in the Ocean

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FTSL-ITBWhat Causes Waves?

Wind Waves are generated by winds that blow

over the surface of oceans.

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FTSL-ITBWind Generation of Waves

The type of wave generated by wind is determined by: Wind velocity Wind duration Fetch (distance over which wind blows)

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FTSL-ITBWind Generation of Waves

wave size increasesas the strength and duration of the wind, and distance over which it blows increases.

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FTSL-ITBProgressive Waves

Wind-generated waves are progressive waves because they travel across the sea surface.

Progressive Wave Types Sea - irregular waves in the area of

generation Swell - more regular waves beyond area of

generation Surf - waves that have reached the coast,

grow in height, and break

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FTSL-ITBTransformation of Shallow-water Waves

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FTSL-ITB

Surfs Up!

depending on the slope of the bottom

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FTSL-ITBWave Refraction

Waves generally do not approach shoreline parallel to shore.

In shallow water, the sea bottom transforms the waves properties.

This leads to wave refraction

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Properties of Ocean Waves

An ocean wave is an undulation of the sea surface. Wave crest Wave trough Wave height Wave length Wave period

Progressive wavesmove across the sea surface.

Standing waves oscillate about a fixed point.

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Wave Parameters

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FTSL-ITBWave Motions

Two basic motions associated with an ocean wave The forward movement of the wave form. The orbital motion of water particles

beneath the wave. It is wave energy not water particles that

moves across the sea surface.

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FTSL-ITBDeep Water Waves

In a wave, water particles travels in loops. Since the surface is the area affected, the

diameter of the loops decreases with depth.

The diameters of loops at the surface is equal to wave height (H).

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Deep Water Waves

Waves DO NOT interact with the seafloor. Orbits of the water particles are circular.

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FTSL-ITBShallow Water Waves

When waves approach shore The water depth decreases and the wave

will start feeling bottom. Because of friction,

the wave velocity decreases, period (T) remains the same Thus, the wavelength (L) will decrease.

as the wave "feels the bottom", the circular loops of water motion change to elliptical shapes

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FTSL-ITBShallow Water Waves

Waves DO interact with the seafloor.Orbits of the water molecules become elliptical.

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FTSL-ITBBreaker

As the wavelength (L) shortens, the wave height (H) increases.

Eventually the steep front portion of wave cannot support the water as the rear part moves over, and the wave breaks.

This results in turbulent water of the surf, where incoming waves meet back flowing water.

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Transformation of Waves

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Wave Erosion Rigorous erosion of sea floor takes place in the surf zone( between shoreline and breakers )

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Coastal Zone

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FTSL-ITBCoastal Zone

A coastal zone is the interface between the land and water.

These zones are important because a majority of the world's population inhabit on coastal zones.


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http://earthtrends.wri.org/

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http://earthtrends.wri.org/52

FTSL-ITBTop Ten Largest Cities

Tokyo, Japan - Coastal Mexico City, Mexico - Inland Mumbai, India - Coastal So Paulo, Brazil - Inland New York City, USA - Coastal Shanghai, China - Coastal Lagos, Nigeria - Coastal Los Angeles, USA - Coastal Calcutta, India - Coastal Buenos Aires, Argentina - Coastal

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Coastal Erosion and Sediment Transport

Coastlines are zones along which water is continually making changes.

Waves can both erode rock and deposit sediment.

Because of the continuous nature of ocean currents and waves, energy is constantly being expended along coastlines and they are thus dynamically changing systems


FTSL-ITBTransport of Sediment by Waves

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FTSL-ITBRocky Coasts

rocky coasts with cliffs along the shoreline. Due to resistance to erosion, a wave cut bench

and wave cut cliff develops. The cliff may retreat by undercutting and

resulting mass-wasting processes.


FTSL-ITBProtection of the Shoreline

Shoreline protection can be divided into two categories:

hard stabilization in which structures are built to reduce the action of the waves

soft stabilization which mainly refers to adding sediment back to a beach as it erodes away.


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FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization

Seawalls Interrupts the force of the waves. built parallel to the coastline to protect

structures on the beach. usually built of concrete or piles of large

rocks. Waves crash against the seawall and are

prevented from running up the beach.



Breakwaters Interrupts the force of the waves. built slightly offshore preventing the force of the waves from

reaching the beach Protect ports and harbors from waves


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FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization Attached BW

cause sediment to be redistributed along the shoreline.


FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization Detached BW



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groins and jetties, Interrupts the flow of sediment along the

beach. built at right angles to the beach to trap sand

and widen the beach.


FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization - Jetty



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FTSL-ITBHard Stabilization - Groin


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FTSL-ITBSoft Stabilization

primarily accomplished by adding (filling) sediment to the coastline

usually by dredging sediment from offshore and pumping it onto the coastline.

Addition of sediment will need to be periodically repeated.

Combination with Hard Stabilization to avoid/reduce periodic sediment filling.


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FTSL-ITBSubmerge Breakwater

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Offshore Oil and Gas Production

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FTSL-ITBExploration

Looking for a location of oil or gas trap. The task of geologists. (Using seismic survey vessel)

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FTSL-ITBExploratory Drilling

to confirm weather oil or gas is exist or not.

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Offshore Operation Exploratory Drilling

JackUp Rig

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FTSL-ITBType of Offshore Platform

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FTSL-ITBComponent of Offshore Platform

Topside Top portion of Platform as

a place for all equipments to drilling and production of oil or gas.

Other terminology : Deck , Upper Structure

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FTSL-ITBComponent of Offshore Platform

Supporting Structure To support deck/topsides

and withstand/protect from loads and environmental such as wave, current, winds and earthquake.

Other terminology : Sub Structure

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FTSL-ITBType of Supporting Structure

selection is based on : Water depth & environment condition Platform function and topside loads.

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FTSL-ITBFix Structures

Structure directly supported to seabed. Designated to shallow to medium water

depth (50 m 412 m). Examples :

Jacket, Concrete Gravity Structure.

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FTSL-ITBJacket Platform

Fixed Platform types. supported directly by

piles which is driven to seabed up to some depth.

For shallow to medium water depth up to 1353 ft / 412 m (Bullwinkle 1991, GOM).

Commonly used around the world.

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FTSL-ITBJacket Platform

Topside Facility(Upper structure/Deck)

Jacket (Sub structure)

Piles / Foundation

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FTSL-ITBFix Structures jacket structure installation

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FTSL-ITBFix Structures gravity base structure

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Fix Structures gravity base structure

installation

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FTSL-ITBFloating Structures

Structure floats in sea water and moored to seabed by mooring/tendon.

Designated to deep water (500 m 3000 m).

Examples : SPAR FPSO Tension Leg Platform (TLP).

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FTSL-ITBFloating Structures deep water system

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FTSL-ITBTension Leg Platform (TLP)

Floating Platform type. Designated for deep water, 1000 ft - 4700 ft (Magnolia 2004, GOM).

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PipelineEngineering

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FTSL-ITBWhat is Pipeline actualy

Pipeline

Piping

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Pipeline Design

Flowchart

PIPELINE DESIGN

FORMULATEDESIGN CRITERIA

DATA GATHERING

OPERATIONALENVIRONMENTALSURVEYOTHERS

PRELIMINARY DESIGN

WALL THICKNESSBUCKLING CHECK

STABILITY DESIGN

PIPELINE MATERIALAND STEEL GRADE

SELECTION

PIPELINE PROPERTIES

NATURAL BENDSPANNINGTHERMAL

CROSSINGS

INPLACE DESIGN

CORROSION COATANODE DESIGN

CORROSIONPIPELINE MATERIAL

DESIGN PROTECTIONEVALUATEHAZARDS

ISPIPELINE

SAFE

DESIGN ADDITIONALSTABILIZATION

NO

PIPELAYLIFTING

ISPIPELINELAYABLE

DESIGNREPORT

INSTALLATIONDESIGN

YES

YES

NO

INCREASE WALLTHICKNESS OR

MATERIAL GRADE

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FTSL-ITBHydrodynamic Load

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FTSL-ITBCross Section of Line Pipe

Concrete coating Corrosion coating

Polypropelene Adhesive FBE

Steel pipe

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FTSL-ITBRoute Selection

Routing Design Criteria Minimize cost Minimize risk Minimize impact

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FTSL-ITBFree Span

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FTSL-ITBOffshore Installation Methods

Laybarge Method S-Lay or J-Lay technique Laybarges (S-Lay) differentiated by generation

Reelbarge Method Horizontal reel or vertical reel

Towing Method Bottom Off-Bottom Mid-Depth (Controlled Depth Tow Method) Surface and Near Surface

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FTSL-ITBLay Barge Method

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FTSL-ITBReel Barge Method

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FTSL-ITBTowing Method

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FTSL-ITBTowing Method

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