bangladesh and global studies-v-0

Published byNational Curriculum and Textbook Board

69-70, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka - 1000

(All rights reserved by the publisher)

Trial Edition

First Edition: November, 2012

Co-ordinatorMd. Mosle Uddin Sarkar

GraphicsJahirul Islam Bhuiyan Shetu

DesignNational Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka

To be distributed at free of cost by the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh under the Third Primary Education Development Program

Printed by: Mousumi Of-set Press, 38 B anglabazar, Dhaka.

PrefaceA child is a great wonder. There is no end to the thinking about his world of wonder. A child is a subject of contemplation for educationists, scientists, philosophers, child specialists, psychologists --- for all intellectuals. The fundamental principles of child education outlined in the National Education Policy 2010 have been defined in the light of these contemplations. The curriculum for primary education has been revised to develop a child on the potentials of his innate amazement, unbounded curiosity, endless joy and enthusiasm. Keeping in view the all round development of children's potentials, the aims and objectives of primary education were modified in the revised curriculum of 2011. Utmost considerations have been given to the total development of children in determining all aspects beginning from the terminal competencies of primary education to the subject wise terminal competencies, grade and subject based achievable competencies and finally to the learning outcomes. On this perspective each step of the curriculum has been carefully followed in the newly developed textbook.The society and environment of Bangladesh, tradition, culture, the history of liberation war, basic needs, children right, duties and responsibilities of children, sense of cooperation and compassion toward all walks of people of the society, attaining the qualities for becoming good citizens of the society, being respectful to the culture and occupation of others, proper use and maintenance of resources, social environment and disaster, population and human resources all these issues have been introduced in the book in the context of Bangladesh.Although revision of curriculum is a continuous process, bringing basic changes into the curriculum depends on some other matters as well. Especially teaching the learners a new topic is related to the acquiring knowledge on the topic by the teachers. Despite this challenge, issues like how children can manage unfavourable conditions or disasters have been introduced. Besides, a number of new topics have been included to create sense of acceptability and develop a sense of harmony in the minds of the children for the people of all walks of the society, professionals, rich-poor, and children with special ability. Keeping the security of the children in mind, relevant idea has been provided in this book so that awareness can be developed in the minds of the children in the respective issues. Exercises with planned activities along with colourful pictures have been designed in such a way so that through pleasure and without memorization children can grasp the topics very easily. It is noteworthy that the biography of the Father of the nation, the true history of the Liberation War and the related facts presented in the book comply with the constitution of the country. Constitution has been followed in the usage of the term 'ethnic minority' in this book. The improvement of curriculum is a constant process. The text books are composed on the basis of curriculum. It is worth mentioning that in 2009, Government of Bangladesh took a great step through the introduction of four colours in the text books which make the books more attractive and endurable helping the learners to be more keen, inquisitive and attentive. Consequently, this time too this text book has been published in a short time under the light of the revised curriculum using four colours/pictures along with improved papers. Special attention has been given to make the contents of the book, as far as possible, plain and lucid to our tender aged learners.Despite the relentless, careful efforts of the associated people, the book may not be completely error free. Therefore, for the further development and enhancement of the book, any constructive and rational advice will be taken into serious consideration.I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and thanks to those who have facilitated at various steps of writing, editing, evaluating and publishing of this book. We will consider all our efforts successful if the children for whom this book has been prepared are benefited.

Professor Md. Mostafa KamaluddinChairman

National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka

Contents

Chapter Subject Page

One Our Liberation War 1

Two Our Bangladesh: The British Rule 14

Three Historical Places and Monuments of Bangladesh 23

Four Economy of Bangladesh: Agriculture and Industry 34

Five Population of Bangladesh 48

Six Climate and Disaster 56

Seven Human Rights 65

Eight Our Duties and Responsibilities 71

Nine We All Are Equal 79

Ten Democratic Attitude 83

Eleven Gender Equality 88

Twelve Some Minor Races and their Cultures in Bangladesh 95

Thirteen Bangladesh and the Rest of the World 104

Chapter OneOur Liberation War

The great Liberation War in 1971 is a very glorious history for our nation. We have already learned about different movements and struggles that took place before the Liberation War. Among them some of the notable events are mentioned in the following chart:

1952 Language Movement.

1966 Six-Point Movement.

1969 Mass Upsurge.

1970 Awami League's overwhelming victory in general election.

25th March, 1971 Barbaric genocide by Pakistani armed forces.

26th March, 1971 Beginning of the great Liberation War by the declaration of Bangabandhu.

Since the birth of Pakistan in 1947, the rulers of West Pakistan have ruled and exploited the people of the then East Pakistan for long 23 years. To get rid of the domination and exploitation, our Liberation War started on 26 March, 1971. The undisputed leader of this war was the Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. After his call the Bengali nation got involved in war against the Pakistani regime. All Bengali men and women including farmers, laborers, students, teachers and the Bengali members of armed forces participated in this war. The nine months long war ended on 16th December, 1971 when the Pakistani Army surrendered at the Race Course ground and we achieved the final victory. Independent Bangladesh is emerged in the world's atlas.Formation of Mujibnagar GovernmentWithin few days after the war, on 10th April, 1971, Bangladesh's interim government was formed, known as Mujibnagar Government. This

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government took oath on 17th April on Meherpur district's Baidyanathtala village (current Mujibnagar Upazila) at a place named Aambagan.

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was appointed as the president of this Government. But at that time he was being held captive at a jail in West Pakistan. In his absence, the vice-president Syed Nazrul Islam played the role of acting president. Tajuddin Ahmed became the Prime Minister. This government played very crucial role in conducting the Liberation War and creating public opinions and getting supports from both home and abroad. Since the formation of this government a large number of people participated in the armed war to liberate the country.

Bangladesh and Global Studies

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

Tajuddin AhmedSyed Nazrul Islam

3

Muktibahini (Freedom Fighters)To operate the Liberation War Mujibnagar government constituted Muktibahini on 11 July, 1971. Colonel Muhammad Ataul Goni Osmani (later General) was appointed as the Commander-in-Chief and group captain A K Khondoker was appointed as the Deputy Chief of Muktibahini. Lt. Colonel Abdur Rob was made the Chief of Armed forces. For the operation of War of Liberation this time Bangladesh was divided into 11 sectors. The following map shows the 11 sectors of Bangladesh at a glance:

Our Liberation War

General Muhammad Ataul Goni OsmaniSector 1: Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts and up to Feni River.Sector 2: Noakhali, Comilla, Akhaura, Vairab and parts of Faridpur and Dhaka district.Sector 3: Akhaura, east of Vairab rail line to Comilla district, Habiganj, Kishoreganj and parts of Dhaka district.Sector 4: Eastern parts of Sylhet district, Khowai, Daoki road on eastern and northern sides of Shayestaganj rail line.Sector 5: Western parts of Sylhet, from Daoki road of Sylhet up to Sunamganj and borderline of greater Mymensingh.Sector 6: Entire Rangpur and Thakurgaon district excluding the riparian areas of Brahmaputra.Sector 7: Entire Rajshahi, Dinajpur excluding Thakurgaon, and entire Pabna and Bogra district excluding riparian areas of Brahmaputra.Sector 8: Entire Kushtia and Jessore districts, parts of Faridpur and from Daulatpur Satkhira road up to Khulna district.Sector 9: Entire southern regions of Khulna district including Satkhira Daulatpur road and greater Barisal and Patuakhali districts.Sector 10: Inland waterways and coastal sea regions, Chittagong and Chalna.Sector 11: Entire Mymensingh region except Kishoreganj.Sectors of Liberation war

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There were some sub-sectors under these sectors. Apart from this the battlefield was also divided into three brigade forces. These were 'Z force', 'S force' and 'K force'. The commander of 'Z force' was Major Ziaur Rahman followed by Major K M Shafiullah of 'S force' and Major Khaled Mosharrof of 'K force'. Moreover Bangladesh Liberation Force (BLF) was formed nearly at the end of the war.Muktibahini was formed by combined participation of military and civil people. The regular liberation force consisted of the military officers and soldiers. They were called 'Muktifouz'. On the other hand the irregular force was formed with the representative of different strata of civil people. Some small battalions were also formed within the different regions of the country. Bongobir Kader Siddiki's "Kaderiya Bahini" and Mofazzal Hossain Chowdhury Maya's "Maya Bahini" are the most notable among them. The freedom fighters were trained in different regions of the country and in different places of India. Many women also took training for the war. Guerilla attack and frontal war was our main war strategy. The fearless freedom fighters managed to hold steady resistance andattack the Pakistani military for nine months using this strategy.

Combatant freedom fighters


5

During the war numerous common people stood beside the freedom fighters by taking risks of their lives. They inspired the freedom fighters to keep fighting by helping them with food, shelter, information and other essentials. Women played very important roles in these tasks. Moreover, cultural activists played vital roles in performing similar tasks. The ethnic minorities of this country actively participated in this war. Muktibahini and numerous freedom-hungry people took all kinds of risks and created resistance against the Pakistani military both in cities and villages. The Liberation War took the momentum through the participation of all segments of people."Joy Bangla" was the most favorite slogan of the freedom fighters. They used this slogan to express their joys for victories in the battlefield. They used this slogan to know their whereabouts in the warzones. The Pakistani invaders used to get very scared whenever they heard "Joy Bangla".

Genocide by Pakistani ForcesFrom the very beginning of the war the Pakistani military showed extreme cruelty to eliminate the Bangalees (Bengalis). Massacre of the Pakistani military began on the dark night of 25th March when they suddenly attacked and took lives of many helpless Bangalees. The operation was named 'Operation Searchlight'. Thousands of unarmed Bangalees around the country including Dhaka were indiscriminately massacred at that night. Mass murders by the Pakistani military continued for the next nine months.

Women freedom fighters

Our Liberation War

6

They also carried out indiscriminate looting and unjust arrests. Many villages were burned down. The Pakistani raiders did not spare men, women, children or elderly. They killed millions of people and turned

numerous places of Bangladesh into slaughter land. The Bangalees fled their houses fearing the murders, tortures and loots by the Pakistani military. This time more than 10 million Bangladeshi took refuge in India. Most of the people of Bangladesh were in support of independence;

yet some people of this country were against the liberation war and collaborated with the Pakistani army. Some of the major organizations of these people were named 'Shanti Committee', 'Rajakaar', 'Al Badr' and 'Al Shams'. They made lists of the freedom fighters, their families and those who supported the war and gave the names to the Pakistani raiders. They gave directions, Bangalee language meanings and helped the Pakistani military to carry out their torture rampage. Their torture often was more brutal than Pakistani army. Conceding the defeat, the Pakistani military and their collaborators took a plan to make this country out of intellectuals. Many of our talented artists,

Tyranny and oppression of Pakistani military and Rajakars

People leaving their houses in search of safer shelters


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litterateur, teachers, intellectuals, physicians and journalists were captured and murdered from 10th December till 14th December. Among them were Professor Govindachandra Dev, Professor Munir Chowdhury, Professor Jyotirmoy Guho Thakurta, Professor Santosh Chandra Bhattacharjee, Professor Mofazzal Haider Chowdhury, Professor Anwar Pasha, Professor Rashidul Hasan, Journalist Selina Parvin, Dr Aleem Chowdhury, Dr Fazley Rabbi, Dr Golam Murtaza, Dr Azharul Haque and many more. We observe 'Shahid Buddhijibi Dibosh' every year on 14th December in memory of these intellectual martyrs.

The Surrender of Pakistani Force The Pakistani military was unable to win even after carrying out many brutal killings, tortures and repressions. They became scared by continuous attacks of our combative freedom fighters. The liberation war became strong on November and December of 1971. Our neighboring country India has supported us in the war from the beginning. The Indian government provided food, clothes, shelters and medicines to the Bangalees vulnerable refugees in their country. They also gave military support at the end of the

Dr Aleem Chowdhury

Prof. Munir Chowdhury Prof. Jyotirmoy Guho Thakurta Prof. Rashidul Hasan

Dr Azharul HaqueJournalist Selina Parvin

Our Liberation War

Prof. Govindachandra Dev

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war. This supporting military force from India was called 'Mitrabahini'. Muktibahini and Mitrabahini formed another separate military force on 21st November, 1971. After Pakistani military attacked India on 3rd December,

the combined force of Muktibahini and Mitrabahini attacked Pakistan by land, water and air roots. Pakistani force was bound to surrender on this strong attack. On the afternoon of 16th December, 1971 the Chief of Pakistani army Lieutenant General Niyazi and the Chief of the combined military Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Arora signed a document of surrender at the Race Course

ground of Dhaka. A new independent country named 'Bangladesh' was emerged. Since then every year we celebrate our Victory Day.

Surrender of Pakistani military

Victory celebration of freedom fighters


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Damages Caused by the WarA country achieving its independence through a war of only nine months is a very rare case. Although the time was short, this war was very brutal. The loss of property and other things were infinite and irreparable. Almost three million people lost their lives and many more were injured. More than one crore people became homeless. Pakistani military and their collaborators burned down numerous houses and shops. They destroyed our roads, bridges and ports. Schools, colleges, universities, banks, offices and factories were closed. All these made "Sonar Bangla" very miserable.

Significance of the Liberation WarWe achieved our country through the Liberation War. We are the citizens of an independent country in this world because of this war. We got our own land and our flag. Irrespective of nationality, race, religion and gender all segment of people participated in this war. Thus the liberation war is for everyone and everyone has equal right in this country. It is our responsibility to make this country beautiful. We will also have to remember the sacrifice of so many people during the war. We must not forget those millions of freedom fighters who sacrificed their lives including those who are still alive with injury. The contribution of common people who supported the freedom fighters is also enormous. We will always love our country like the freedom fighters.

Hardinge Bridge of Bangladesh destroyed in war

Our Liberation War

10

National Titles of the Freedom FightersFor bravery and courage of the freedom fighters, they were given some certain gallantry titles by the Government of Bangladesh. They are as follows:1. Birshrestho : This is the highest award given for bravery. It was given to those who fought with endless bravery and died for their country in the liberation war. Seven people were given this title.2. Bir Uttam : This is the second award given to those who showed courage and sacrificed in the war.3. Bir Bikram : This is the third award given to those who showed courage and sacrificed in the war.4. Bir Protik : This is the fourth award given to those who showed courage and sacrificed in the war.

Numerous people contributed in the war. We respect all of them.

Flight Lieutenant Motiur Rahman

Sipahi Mostafa Kamal

Squadron Leader Ruhul Amin

Lance Naik Munsi Abdur Rauf

Lance Naik Nur Mohammad Sheikh

Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir


Sipahi Hamidur Rahman

SevenBirshreshto

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Review1. The first interim government of Bangladesh was formed on 10th

April, 1971. It is known as Mujibnagar government.2. Muktibahini was formed by Mujibnagar government in order to

operate the war.3. During the war Bangladesh was divided into 11 sectors and the

battlefield was divided into 3 brigade forces.4. Muktibahini was formed by combination of military and civil people.

There were some regional forces too. They are all freedom fighters.5. Irrespective of religion, ethnicity, gender all participated in the war of

liberation.6. 14th December is 'Shahid Buddhijibi Dibosh' (Intellectual Day for

Martyrs).7. On 16th December of 1971 Pakistani military surrendered. This is

our Victory Day.8. Three Million people lost lives in the Liberation war.9. Birsreshtho, Bir Uttam, Bir Bikram and Bir Protik are four national

titles given to freedom fighters for their bravery and sacrifices in thewar.

Planned Activities1. Fill in the box below:Name of military forces in favour of Liberation War Name of military forces against Liberation War

a. a.

b. b.

c. c.

2. Collect pictures of the liberation war and arrange an exhibition underteacher's supervision.

3. Play an act on the story of the Liberation War.4. Collect photos of the martyrs and make a photo album.5. Invite a freedom fighter from your area in your classroom and listen

to his/her experiences.

Our Liberation War

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Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer:1.1 When did Mujibnagar government take oath?

a. 25th April, 1971 b. 10th April, 1971c. 17th April, 1971 d. 20th April, 1972

1.2 Who was the president of Mujibnagar government?a. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman b. Syed Nazrul Islamc. Tajuddin Ahmed d. Maulana Bhashani

1.3 Who was the chief of Z Brigade Force?a. Major K M Shafiullah b. Major Ziaur Rahmanc. Major Khaled Mosharraf d. Colonel Osmani

1.4 On which date do we observe Shahid Buddhijibi Dibosh ?a. 7th March b. 26th Marchc. 17th April d. 14th December

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable wordsa. _________________ was the president of Mujibnagar government.b. Muktibahini was formed by combined participation of military and

civil ______________.c. Almost _______________ people lost lives at the Liberation War.d. A ____________ was formed by merging of Muktibahini and

Mitrabahini on 21st November of 1971.

3. Cross match the correct answers:

a. Chief of Muktibahinib. Bangladeshi collaborator

supporting Pakistanc. Highest national title given for

bravery and courage in ward. Chief of Joint force

Lt. General Jagjit Singh AroraColonel Ataul Goni OsmaniRajakarBir BikramBirshrestho


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4. Answer briefly:a. Where and when was Mujibnagar government formed ? Who were

the members ?b. Describe the importance of Mujibnagar government in our liberation

war.c. Who formed the Muktibahini ?d. How did ordinary people participate in the liberation war ?e. What kind of tortures and oppressions carried out by Pakistani army

during the liberation war ?f. Why do we observe Shahid Buddhijibi Dibosh on 14th December ?g. Describe the significance of Liberation War.

Our Liberation War

Chapter Two

Our Bangladesh: The Br itish Rule

The British came to Bengal to do trading. Apart from the British, the Portuguese, Dutch, French and other European merchants also came to this land for trading. Gradually they started to interfere in local politics and rules in order to get benefits in their own trades. Among all these European powers, only the British survived the competition. The British rule started in Bengal from 23rd June, 1757 through the battle of Palashi. As a consequence the Bengal lost its political freedom. This rule also brought massive changes in Bengali society and culture. The British ruled this country for about 200 years (1757-1947 AD).The Battle of PalashiSiraj-ud-Daulah was the last independent Nawab of Bengal. He was the grandson of Nawab Alibardi Khan. Siraj-ud-Daulah became Nawab of Bengal only at the age of 22 after the death of Nawab Alibardi Khan in

1756. As soon as he ascended the throne, the young Nawab had to face many conspiracies and rivalries. On one hand he had to face the gradual growing power of the English, on the other the conspiracy by his close people like his aunt Ghaseti Begum and the commander-in-chief of his army Mir Zafar Ali. In addition the influential merchants like Rai Durlabh and Jagat Seth planned conspiracies against him. At this time the organization of British merchants in Bengal was named British East India Company. The British had many disagreements with the Nawab for various reasons. The opposition Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah

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forces of Nawab made an alliance with English as part of conspiracy. All of them kept trying to dislodge the Nawab. A a result finally the British and the Nawab's army had a battle on the borders of Palashi on 23rd June, 1757. The Nawab lost because of his army chief Mir Zafar's betrayal on the battlefield. Later Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah was murdered. The British rule in the Bengal was introduced because of this war.The Br itish RuleThe British merchants did not take over the rule of Bengal as they lack experience of ruling a country. They rule the country with the help of local people who were loyal to them. At first the throne was given to Mir Zafar and later to Mir Quasim. Mir Qasim was freedom lover and as a consequence he had wars twice against the English. He lost in the battle of Baksar on 1764 and since then the British took control over the Bengal government. East India Company ruled over the Bengal for a century from 1757 till 1857. This period is known as the Company Rule. The first governor of Company was Lord Clive. After almost 100 years there was a sepahi mutiny against the company's policy and exploitation. Although the English were able to suppress the mutiny, the administration was not same as before. In 1858 the British government annulled the Company rule and took over the administration, continued till 1947.One of the policies of the British rule was 'Divide and Rule'. They used to take advantage by differentiating between religion, caste, nationality and rationality among people and making them fight against each other to fulfill their vested interests.

Battle of Palashi

Our Bangladesh: The British Rule

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The Impact of Br itish Rule in BengalThe main objective of the British rule was exploitation and making profit. During the 200 years of British rule huge amount of wealth and resources were drained out from the country. The agriculture and loom, the backbone of Bengal economy, were almost destroyed. Industries and businesses of the Bengal were also damaged in many ways. Numerous craftsmen became unemployed. During the Company rule there was a devastating famine occurred in Bengal in 1770 (Bengali year 1176). This is known as 'Chhiyattor er Monnontor'.At this time majority of the Bengal people was farmers and poor. On the other hand a small number of Zamindars were rich and had special advantages. The women were in a backward position. In this situation the British introduced English education. Schools, colleges and universities were established for expansion of education. Communication became improved with the introduction of trains and telegraph. Education was more easily spread due to development of printing press. Gradually an English educated class of people was formed in Bengal due to introduction of modern and English education. A portion of these people started to become conscious. They started to become aware of many of the existing society's prejudice and bad customs. These people helped to create Bengal renaissance in the 19th century. There was a social reform and expansion of education, literature and science. Some of the contributors of renaissance were Raja Ram Mohan Rai, Iswarchandra Bidyasagar, and Michael Madhusudan Dutta and others. Sir Syed Ahmed

Khan, Nawab Abdul Latif and Syed Amir Ali played important roles in improving the society and education for the Muslims.

Raja Ram Mohan Rai Iswarchandra Bidyasagar Nawab Abdul Latif Syed Amir Ali


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Movement against the Br itish RuleThe people of Bengal did not just accept the rule of the British without resistance. Several resistance movements held by the Bengals since the late 18th century till 19th century. Among them Fakir-Sannyasi mutiny, Titumir's mutiny, Forayezi movement, Saotaal mutiny are prominent. The story of Titumir's bamboo fort is still highly talked. Titumir built a fort with bamboos in Narkelbariya village of Chobbish Porgona district in the West Bengal of present India. The fort was made to get rid of exploitations and tortures of the British and the Zamindars. He died during the war.

The SIpahi mutiny of 1857 was the first anti-British freedom fight. The main objective of this mutiny was to end the era of British rule and to make India independent. This sipahi mutiny which started from the Bengal began to spread around many places of the British-occupied India. The first mutiny in the West Bengal was led by sipahi Mangal Pandey in Barrackpur. The British controlled this mutiny very rigorously. Many innocent people

Bamboo Fort of Titumir


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were executed indiscriminately. The rebel sipahi of Bengals were executed in Dhaka's Bahadur Shah Park. Although the sipahi were defeated but the fall of the East India Company began from this mutiny. Since this mutiny the rule of Queen Elizabeth of the British was started.As a result of advanced education and renaissance the sense of nationality has been developed in Bengal or India in the 19th century. This has helped to form a political party 'Indian National Congress' in 1885. The British government decided to divide the Bengal province in 1905 to stop the nationalist movement. A new province was formed taking East Bengal and Assam together. There was an intense

movement against this division of the Bengal. Thus the British were forced to annul their attempt to divide the Bengal province in 1911. Meanwhile, in 1906 a political party named Indian Muslim League was formed to put forward the claims and demands of the Muslim society. The people of Bengal started to become conscious about their homeland when the British wanted to divide the Bengal province. As a result Home-Rule (Swaraj) movement, Non-cooperation (Oshohojog) movement and Armed Youth

Master-da Suryasen Pritilata Waddedar Khudiram

Memorial built in Bahadur Shah Park


19

mutiny occurred. The sacrifice and courage of Khudiram, Master-da Suryasen and Pritilata Waddedar during armed youth movement is ever remembered. Khudiram and Master-da Suryasen were executed for taking part in campaign against the British rulers. After the end of the successful campaign Pritilata voluntarily sacrificed her life when she was caught by the British. Moreover, many Bengali leaders also played important roles in n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e m o v e m e n t . Among them Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, C h i t y a r a n j a n Das, Sher-e-Bangla A K Fazlul Haque are prominent. The British were forced to leave this country at one point because of these diversified and continuous movements against them. The writings of Bankimchandra Chatterjee, Shorot Chandra Chatterjee, Poet Rabindra Nath Thakur and Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam inspired the Bengalis even more to fight for their land and rights. Begum Roquia Sakhawat Hussain, the pioneer of women's liberation movement, worked very hard to spread education among the

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Sher-e-Bangla A K Fazlul Haque

Rabindra Nath Thakur Kazi Nazrul Islam Begum Roquia Sakhawat Hussain


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women of the undivided Bengal. In 1947 India became independent andtwo separate states were formed namely India and Pakistan. The EastBengal, now Bangladesh, became part of the then Pakistan.Review

1. The Battle of Palashi between Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and BritishEast India Company took place in 23rd June, 1757.

2. Sipahi mutiny occurred in 1857. The leader of this mutiny in theBengal was Sipahi Mangal Pandey.

3. The British ruled this country for almost 200 years (1757-1947AD).4. India became independent in 1947. Two nations named India and

Pakistan was formed. East Bengal, now Bangladesh, was included inthe then Pakistan.

Planned Activity1. Fill in the box below:

a. East India Company

b. Year and date of the Battle of Palashi

c. Year 1857

d. What did Bidyasagar do?

e. Year 1947

2. Write names of three people in the box below:

Social Reformer Politician/Revolutionary

a. a.

b. b.

c. c.

3. Make a chart of all the important events during the British rule.4. Play an act on Siraj-ud-Daulah and The Battle of Palashi.


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Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer:1.1 When did the Battle of Palashi happen?

a. 1st January, 1755 b. 30th October, 1756c. 23rd June, 1756 d. 23rd June, 1757

1.2 What happened in the year 1905?a. Sipahi mutiny b. Division of Bengalc. Division of India d. Fakir-Sannyasi mutiny

1.3 Who was involved in renaissance?a. Khudiram b. Chittaranjan Dasc. Titumir d. Ishwarchandra Bidyasagar

1.4 On which year did India become independent?a. 1945 b. 1947c. 1949 d. 1950

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:a. Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula was the last _________________ Nawab of

the Bengal.b. The British ruled this country for almost _______________ years.c. The sipahi mutiny in 1857 was the biggest planned anti British

________________ campaign.d. People became conscious because of advanced education and

___________________.3. Cross-match the correct answers:

a. Company's rule

b. First governor of East India Company

c. Bamboo fort of Titumir is situated in

d. Pritilata fought

Lord CliveNarkelbariya1757-1857 ADagainst Pakistaniagainst the British


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4. Answer briefly:a. Why did the Battle of Palashi take place? What was the result of this

battle?b. What was the impact of British rule upon the economy and

education of the Bengal?c. Describe the importance of the sipahi mutiny in 1857.d. How did Titumir, Suryasen and Pritilata contribute in the freedom

campaign against the British?e. What was the result of renaissance in Bengal?


Mahasthangar

Chapter Three

Histor ical Places and Monuments of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is our beloved motherland. The history and heritage of this country are very rich. People of different ethnicity and religion have been living here for ages. Many rulers reined this country. Many historic places have been built. There are many monuments in different sites of the country. Now we will learn about some historical places and monuments.

MahasthangarMahasthangar is a famous historic site of Bangladesh. This carries evidence of history of Bangladesh since 400 years BC to the next 1500 AD. The ruins of the most ancient and largest city of Bangladesh, Pundranagar, situated here. This city was built during the Maurya Dynasty. It is situated in the western banks of Korotoa river, thirteen kilometers away from Bogra city. There are important monuments of

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ancient heritage in this place. Numerous historic monuments have been discovered after digging the soils of Mahasthangar. A Brahmin inscription was found here. It is the most ancient inscription of the Bengal. Plates and sculptures made terracotta, gold and silver coins and stone and glass beads were also found here. Religious antiquities like 'Govinda Bhita', 'Lakshindarer Medh' and 'Gokul Medh' have been found in Mahasthangar. An old shattered fortress is also be seen here. At the eastern side of the fortress there is Korotoa river and at the three sides there are sign of wide ditches. There are still many broken stones inside the fortress. A special kind of stone was found here named 'Khodai Pathor'. This stone is 3.35 meters long and 0.91 meters wide. At the south east corner of Mahasthangar there is a one domed mosque which was built during the Mughal period. It is known as the Mahasthangar Mosque.In the box below, write four names of monuments found in Mahasthangar:

1. 2.

3. 4.

Many monuments are kept in the museum of Mahasthangar. Some of the historic findings are also kept in Borendra Museum of Rajshahi and the National Museum in Dhaka.

Wari-BateshwarWari and Bateshwar are two neighboring villages located in the Norshingdi district. Few years back very important archaeological site was found which is known as "Wari-Bateshwar". Like Mahasthangar, it is an ancient historical monument of Bengal. It is thought that during 4th BC a civilization was formed in the Maurya Dynasty. This region was connected with sea trade. Printed currency has been found spread all over around some kilometer of that area. Some weapons and beads of stone were also found. Research is still going on in Wari Bateshwar. More and more ancient monuments are hoped to be found here in near future.


25

Wari-BateshwarPaharpurPaharpur is situated in Bodolgachi Upazila of Naogaon district in Rajshahi division. An archaeological evidence of Pala dynasty is found here. This archaeological place is almost 24 meters high with an area of 0.10 square kilometers or 10 hectares. The most important antiquity of Paharpur is known as 'Swampur Mahabihar'. It was built in the period of King

Dharmapala (approximate 781-821AD). There are 177 secret chambers surrounding the convent. In the center there is a tall temple. There are

Historical Places and Monuments of Bangladesh

Ancient ruins of Paharpur

26

many small temples and ponds around it. Moreover there are signs of kitchen, dining room, brick drains and a well. Inside the ruins of Paharpur some images of terracotta statue were found. Most of them are statues of animals Bengal. Also some lime soil and metal sculptures were found. The antiquities of Paharpur are one of the unique historic monuments of ancient Bengal's religion and culture. Every year many local and foreign tourists visit Paharpur. There is a museum and restroom for the travelers.In the box below, let we write the names of four monuments found in Paharpur:

1. 2.

3. 4.

MynamatiMynamati is situated eight kilometers south west from Comilla city. The legend of King Manik Chandra's wife, Mynamati is related to this place. The ancient monuments of Mynamati carry the historic prominence of 400 years of south-eastern Bengal for eight to twelve centuries. Many archaeological places are found here. Among them the notable are 'Shalbon Bihar', 'Kutila Mura', 'Raanir Bungalow', 'Ananda Bihar', 'Rupban Mura', 'Bhoj Bihar' and 'Mynamati Dhibi'. Many monuments of the Bengal Buddhists civilization were found here. Apart from the monuments of Buddhist religion many statues of Jain and Hindu gods were also found.The monuments indicate that there was good facility to practice education in that period. There are signs of residential accommodation facilities for teacher and students. The temples had beautiful artistries. Terracotta plates were used on the outer walls and different rooms of the temple for its beautification. The Terracotta plates had images of miraculous animals and mythological sceneries. Among these the most attractive images and sceneries are of real creatures like lions, weasel


27

fighting a cobra snake, horse, running elephant, swan in the lotus, etc. There were also notable sceneries warriors with swords in hand, men and women in dancing position etc. Many gold, silver and bronze coins were found in Mynamati. Stone sculptures and terracotta plates of inscriptions have been found.Lets write some of the names of monuments found in Mynamati in the box below:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

A museum is built in Mynamati, where many monuments have been kept.

Mynamati


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Panam City

SonargaonSonargaon is another historic location of Bangladesh. It is 27 kilometers south east from Dhaka at the western shore of Meghna river. It is currently within Narayanganj district. It was the capital city of the Bengal Sultans in the medieval age at the period of Muslim rule. It was the capital of Isa Khan and his son Musa Khan, the most powerful among the twelve Bhuiya of the Mughal Empire. It was the famous business center at that time. Some of the monuments of those glorious days can still be found here and there in Sonargaon. Among them the notable are huge lake, soil mass, destroyed fort, mosque and the ruins of Panam City.

Tomb of Giasuddin Azam ShahThere is the tomb of Sultan Giasuddin Azam Shah in Sonargaon. There are also the tombs of five other priests. When Dhaka was established as the capital city during the period of Tomb of Giasuddin Azam Shah


29

Mughal Subedar Shayestha Khan, the importance of Sonargaon gradually started to decrease.

Shilpacharya Jainul Abedin made a museum of folk art in 1975 so that the pride of Sonargaon lasts.

Lalbagh For tThe fort of Lalbagh is one of the notable historic monuments. It is situated at the south west end of the current Old Dhaka near the Buriganga river. The construction of this fort began 1678 during Dhaka's Subedar by Shahjada Mohammad Azam, son of Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb. He could not finish his work

Folk Museum in Sonargaon

Lalbagh Fort


30

because he had to leave Dhaka. So it remained incomplete. There are two entrance paths at the north and south sides of the fort. At the south entrance there are many secret tunnels to exit. There is a court hall named 'Diwan-e-Aam', three domed mosque and a pond inside the fort. There is also the tomb of Pori Bibi, daughter of Shayestha Khan.The specialty of the Lalbagh fort is that it is completely made of bricks. There are high brick walls around it. There is an open space in the center of the fort. The Mughal rulers used to live in beautiful tents in the open space. There is a small two-storied palace. It has been made a museum now.

Ahsan ManzilAhsan Manzil was the palace of the nawabs of Dhaka. It is situated in Kumartuli at the bank of Buriganga river. It was built by Zamindar Sheikh Enayetullah, the owner of Zamalpur Porgona of Barisal during the Mughal period. The French people bought it from Matiullah, son of Enayetullah, and turned it into trade center. Dhaka's Nawab Khaja

Aleemullah bought if from the French in 1830 and turned it into palace again. Nawab Abdul Gani named it Ahsan Manzil after his son

Ahsan Manzil


31

Ahsanullah. Ahsan Manzil is one of the most notable architecturalmonuments of Bangladesh. There is a long corridors at the south andnorth end of the palace. There is a beautiful dome named 'Kumud Koli'.'Jalsa Ghar', 'Darbar Hall' and 'Rang Mahal' are the most illustrious roomsof Ahsan Manzil. Ahsan Manzil lost its significance after the abolition ofthe Zamindari system. In 1985, Bangladesh government has taken over assupervisor of Ahsan Manzil in order to keep its historic importance.Currently Ahsan Manzil has been turned into a museum.Apart from the monuments mentioned above there are some smallhistoric monuments in different places of Bangladesh. These monumentscarry the significance of our ancient civilization and culture. Thesemonuments make us feel proud. We will visit these historic sites andmonuments. We will do our best to preserve all these.

Review1. Mahasthangar carries evidence of history of Bangladesh since 400

years BC to the next 1500 years.2. Wari-Bateshwar is an ancient historic heritage like Mahasthangar.3. An archaeological place of the kings of Pala Empire was found in

Paharpur.4. There was good facility to practice education in Mynamati.5. Sonargaon was the capital city of the Bengal sultan in the medieval

age at the period of Muslim rule.6. Lalbagh Fort was built in the period of prince (shahzada) Mohammad

Azam, son of the Mughal emperor Aurangazeb.7. Nawab Abdul Gani named Ahsan Manzil after his son Ahsanullah.

Planned Activities1. Make a list of various monuments found in the archaeological sites of

Bangladesh.2. Collect photos of the historic places of Bangladesh.


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MahasthangarWari BateshwarMoynamoti

PaharpurLalbag Fort

Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer:1.1 Ruins of which ancient city of the Bengal is in Mahasthangar ?

a. Panam City b. Pundranagarc. Pandua d. Vasubihar

1.2 What was found within few kilometers around Wari-Bateshwar ?a. Printed currency b. Terracotta platesc. Shields of steel d. Brass utensils

1.3 In which king's period 'Shompur Mahabihar' was built ?a. Gopal b. Devpalc. Dharmapal d. Mahipal

1.4 Where is Bangladesh's folklore museum located ?a. Paharpur b. Moynamotic. Wari Bateshwar d. Sonargaon

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:a. A __________ inscription was found in Mahasthangar.b. Many monuments of _____________ civilization were found in

Maynamoti.c. High walls made of ____________ were found surrounding Lalbagh

Fort.d. There is a beautiful _____________ named Kumud Koli in Ahsan

Manzil.3. Cross Match with right answers:

a. Naoga district's Bodolgachi Upazila

b. Khodai Pathor

c. Weapons and bullets of stone

d. Gold, silver and bronze coins


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4. Answer briefly:a. Describe some of the historic monuments of Mahasthangar.b. What monuments were found in Shompur Bihar?c. What images were there in the terracotta of Moynamoti?d. Of which period's historic monuments were found in Sonargaon?e. Describe the monuments of Lalbagh Fort.f. Why should we be respectful towards the historic monuments of

Bangladesh?


Chapter Four

Economy of Bangladesh: Agr iculture andIndustry

Bangladesh is a developing country. Agriculture, industry, exports,imports etc. play important roles in the economy of Bangladesh. Now wewill learn about of agriculture, industry, exports and imports ofBangladesh.Agriculture of BangladeshBangladesh is an agriculture dominant country. Most of the people areinvolved in agriculture. About 80% of Bangladesh's population is directlyor indirectly depended on agriculture. The agriculture sector works as themain source of food supply for the densely populated Bangladesh.Moreover, a significant amount of this country's export revenue comesfrom agricultural products. Agriculture sector contributes 20% of the netnational income of Bangladesh's current fiscal year (2011-2012).Main Agr icultural ProductsVarious agricultural products are produced in Bangladesh. Among thesesome are agricultural food products and some are agricultural cashproducts. We will learn hear about the agricultural food products andagricultural cash products.Agricultural Food ProductsPaddy, wheat, maize, potato, oilseed and spices are main agriculturalfood products. The details of these products are given below.PaddyRice is the main food of the people of Bangladesh. So paddy is the maincrop of Bangladesh. The climate of all regions of Bangladesh is suitablefor cultivating paddy. Therefore paddy is cultivated everywhere in thiscountry. In Bangladesh three types of paddy is cultivated: Aush, Amonand Boro. The technique of paddy cultivation is improving day by day.

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As a result, annual paddy production keeps increasing. In each year 3.4 crore metric tons rice is extracted from the paddy crops in Bangladesh.

Most of the domestic demand of rice can be met by the produced paddy in our own country.WheatFood, made of wheat is getting increased popularity in Bangladesh. As a result there is an increase in cultivation of wheat. Wheat is cultivated in

winter. Generally wheat is cultivated most in the north and west regions of Bangladesh. Every year Bangladesh produces almost one million

Paddy Field

Wheat Field

Economy of Bangladesh: Agriculture and Industry

36

metric tons of wheat. However, almost 0.5 million metric tons of wheat needs to be imported yearly to meet the demand of this country.PulsesPulse is another important agricultural product. Many kinds of pulses are produced here. Some of them are 'chhola', 'moshur', 'motor', 'muug', 'maskolai', 'khesari', 'orhhor' etc. Pulses are cultivated more in north and west regions of Bangladesh. Around 0.7-0.8 million metric tons of pulses are produced every year in Bangladesh. However, there is a demand of 3.5 to 4 million metric tons of pulses in Bangladesh every year. Therefore a large amount of pulses are imported from abroad.PotatoIn many countries potato is the main food. Potato is an important food in Bangladesh too. The fertile and sandy-loamy soil of this country is

suitable for cultivating potato. Different kinds of potatoes are produced here. However, round potatoes and sweet potatoes are cultivated more. Every year about 4 million metric ton potatoes of different varieties are produced here.

Potato


37

OilseedsOil is one of the very significant food requirements. In Bangladesh there is a high demand of edible oil every year. Generally oilseeds that are cultivated in this country are mustard oil, almond oil and linseed oil. In

total Bangladesh produces nearly 0.5 million metric tons of oil every year. The local oilseed production can only partially fulfill the demand of oil. Thus large quantity of oil needs to be imported from overseas.SpicesDifferent types of spices are produced in Bangladesh. Among them the especially mentionable are onion, garlic, ginger and chili. These crops

fulfill most of the demand of spice in our country. However some amount of spices needs to be imported too.

Chilly Field


Mustard Field

38

Cash CropsThe main cash crops of Bangladesh are- jute, tea and tobacco. The majoramount that is earned from exporting agricultural products comes fromthese three crops.JuteJute is the main cash crop in Bangladesh. The highest amount of jute inthe world is produced in Bangladesh. Bangladesh earns a large amountof foreign currency every year by exporting jute and jute products. Thusjute is called the 'Golden Fiber' in Bangladesh. The soil and the climate ofthis country are especially suitable for cultivating jute. Jute is cultivatedin all regions of the country. However, it is mainly grown in the districtsof greater Dhaka, Mymensigh, Faridpur, Comilla, Pabna, Kushtia, Jessore

and Khulna. Every year about 4.5 million metric tons of jute is producedin Bangladesh. A large number of people of this country are involved injute cultivation and trading. As a result the major part of economy ofpeople of Bangladesh depends on jute.

Jute Field


39

TeaLike jute, tea also plays an important role in the economy of Bangladesh. The climate of Bangladesh is suitable for cultivating tea. Tea is mostly produced in the districts of east and south regions of Bangladesh. Among these Sylhet, Chittagong and Chittagong hill tracts of are mostly prominent. However, recently tea cultivation started in the districts of

Dinajpur and Panchagar. There are many tea gardens in Bangladesh. Bangladesh produces huge amount of tea every year. After fulfilling the needs of our country, a large amount of tea is exported to foreign countries. The tea of Bangladesh is famous in foreign countries. Bangladesh earns a lot of foreign currency from exporting tea.TobaccoTobacco is cultivated in many regions of Bangladesh. But most of the tobaccos are produced in Rangpur, Dinajpur, Lalmonirhat, Kushtia, Meherpur, Chuadanga, Jhinaidaha, Manikganj, Bandarban, and Cox's Bazar. In these regions various kinds of local and foreign tobaccos are produced. Tobacco is usually used in making cigarettes and biri. It is also used to make scented tobaccos. Bangladesh earns a significant amount of foreign currency every year by exporting tobaccos and tobacco products. However, tobacco is harmful for human health. Thus cultivation of tobacco is discouraged.

Tea Garden


40

Apart from these cash crops cotton, betel nut, silk, rubber etc are also produced. The farmers of Bangladesh are also involved in some productive activities such as cultivation of apple plums (apple kool), strawberries, fish and poultry rearing.

Industr ies of BangladeshIndustries play an important role in every country's economy. In the current fiscal year (2011-2012) about 30% national income of Bangladesh is contributed by industries. The industrial system of Bangladesh is still comparatively weak. However, gradually it is spreading. The leading industries of Bangladesh are - jute industry, garments industry, sugar industry, pharmaceutical industry, compost industry, paper industry and leather industry. We will now learn about these.Jute IndustryThere are numerous jute mills in Bangladesh. The mills are mainly situated in Narayangonj, Chandpur, Khulna, Daulatpur including river banks of others areas. Various types of jute products are produced in these

factories. Among these hessian, sacks and different kinds of gunny bags are prominent. Carpets are made of jute. Recently clothes are being made from thread of jute. These products fulfill the demands of this country. These are exported as well. That brings a lot of foreign currency into our country. Numerous people of Bangladesh are involved in jute industry.

Jute Industry


41

Textile IndustryTextile industries are established in different places of Bangladesh to fulfill the demand of 15 Crore people. But most of the Textile industries are situated in Dhaka, Narayanganj and neighbouring districts. Bangladesh is unable to meet the demand of clothing of her country. Thus some textile products need to be imported.Garments IndustryCurrently one of the most important industries of Bangladesh is garments industry. Garments factories are established in different places of Bangladesh. Garments are made in these factories. Most of these garments are exported to foreign countries. Few million women and men

work in garments factories of Bangladesh. This country earns lots of foreign currencies by exporting garment products.Sugar IndustrySugar is also an important industry of Bangladesh. There are fifteen governmental sugar mills in Bangladesh. There are also some private sugar mills. Among these the sugar mills of Faridpur, Jaipurhat, Mobarakganj, Natore, Rajshahi, Rangpur and North Bengal suger mill are particularly important. Almost 0.2 million metric tons of sugar is produced every year in Bangladesh. However, there is a demand of

Garments Factory


42

around 1.4 million metric tons of sugar in this country. As a resultBangladesh needs to import a huge amount of sugar every year.Fer tilizer IndustryThere are fertilizer industries in Fenchuganj, Ghorashal, Ashuganj,Chittagong, Tarakandi and other places of Bangladesh. The amount offertilizers produced in these factories is unable to fulfill the total demandsof this country. As a result huge amount of fertilizer need to be imported.Paper IndustryThere are some paper mills in Bangladesh. The government own papermills are situated in Chandraghona, Khulna and Pakshi. Some privatepaper mills have been established in areas of the country. The papersproduced in these factories mostly fulfill the demands of this country.However, some papers need to be imported from abroad.Cement IndustryThere are number of cement industries in Bangladesh. Among these theindustries such as Chatak cement, Shah cement, Meghna cement, Akijcement, Lafarge Surma cement and Holcim cement industries areparticularly important. Most of the demand of this country is fulfilled bythese industries.Pharmaceutical IndustryBangladesh is advanced in pharmaceutical industry. High qualitymedicines are produced here. The medicines of Bangladesh are alsoexported in foreign countries. The mentionable medicine factories of thiscountry are ACI, Opsonin, Square Pharma, Beximco Pharma etc.Small and Cottage Industr iesThere are many kinds of small and cottage industries in Bangladesh.Among these industries leather, soap, biri, loom, silk, pottery, brass andwood industries are particularly important. These industries have beenfulfilling the daily needs of people of this country since ages. Hugenumber of people is getting employment in these industries. Small andcottage industries have been playing crucial role in Bangladesh economy.


43

Leather IndustryLeather industry is one of the notable industries of Bangladesh. Shoes,bags etc are made of animal skins in these industries. The leatherproduced goods are also exported in abroad.Soap IndustrySoap is used for washing and cleaning purposes. Every day there is hugedemand of soap in this country. The soap factories fulfill these demands.Tobacco IndustryCigarettes, biri and scented tobacco (jorda) etc are produced in tobaccoindustries of Bangladesh. Smoking tobacco is harmful for health. Stillmany people are chain smokers. Every day there is a demand of millions ofcigarettes and biri in Bangladesh. This demand is fulfilled by the tobaccoindustries. The tobacco products of this country are also imported abroad.Loom IndustryLoom industry is an ancient industry of Bangladesh. There is a highdemand of loom in our country. There are lots of loom in towns and

villages of Bangladesh. A major portion of clothes demand in this countryis made of loom. Jamdani, Tangail saree, Monipuri saree are notableamong clothes weaved in loom. Moreover, lungi, towels (gamcsa), bedsheets (chador) etc are weaved in loom. Many people employed throughthese industries are maintaining their livelihoods.

Handloom


44

Silk IndustryCocoons are cultivated in the northern regions of Bangladesh. Silk is extracted from these cocoons. Sarees and clothes are made with silk threads. This industry fulfills our demand for our favorite clothing.Wood IndustryMany wood products are used in Bangladesh. Among these palang, khaat, chouki (bed), sofa, almirah (cupboard), chair, table and bench are notable. Houses are also made of wood. Therefore a number of wood industries are established in different places of Bangladesh. The wood of Sundarban, Chittagong hill tracts and hilly regions of Sylhet are mainly used in these industries.Potter IndustryPotter industry is closely related to the civilization, culture and economy of Bangladesh. Products made of clay are still used in many purposes in

our society. For example clay pitchers, plates and dishes, tubs, flower vase, dolls etc. The potter industry fulfills this demand.Brass IndustryWe use products made of brass in many purposes. Brass industry fulfills this demand. Islampur of Jamalpur district, Kagmari of Tangail district and Dhamrai of Dhaka district are famous for brass industry.

Pottery


45

Expor t-Impor t GoodsThe significance of exports and imports on the economy of Bangladesh is enormous. Bangladesh imports various types of goods from foreign countries. They also export many goods.

Impor ted GoodsBangladesh needs to import many goods every year. The main imported goods are different machineries, raw materials for industries, food products, and petroleum and petrol products.Expor ted GoodsBangladesh exports some goods every year. Among these frozen foods, readymade garments, raw jute, jute products, leather, tea etc are particularly important. Bangladesh import more goods than exports. Thus there is an economic imbalance between import and export in Bangladesh.Both the agriculture and industrial sectors contribute in the economy of Bangladesh. We need to increase production in agriculture to make our economy stronger. The industrial system also needs to be stronger. We need to increase exports and decrease import. Only then Bangladesh would be able to develop. Apart from various types of products, Bangladesh also exports manpower which also earns a lot of foreign exchange to our country.

Chittagong Sea Port


46

Review1. About 80% people of Bangladesh are directly or indirectly depend on

agriculture.2. Paddy, wheat, maize, potato, oilseed and spices are main national

agricultural food products.3. The main agricultural cash crops of Bangladesh are jute, tea and

tobacco.4. The leading industries of Bangladesh are - jute industry, garments

industry, sugar industry, pharmaceutical industry, fertilizer industry,paper industry and leather industry.

5. Small and cottage industries play significant role in the economy ofBangladesh.

6. Every year Bangladesh imports various types of goods from foreigncountries. Many goods are also exported from Bangladesh.

Planned Activities1. Make a list of the main agricultural and industrial products of

Bangladesh.2. Make a list of the main export and import goods of Bangladesh.

Exercise1. Tick ( ) the correct answer:

1.1 Which is the main national food crop of Bangladesh?a. Paddy b. Wheatc. Maize d. Potato

1.2 Which country produces the largest amount of jute?a. India b. Chinac. Bangladesh d. Nepal

1.3 Exporting which good Bangladesh earns the highest amount offoreign currency?

a. Tea b. Tobaccoc. Sugar d. Garments


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1.4 What is the percentage of contribution of industries in the nationalincome of Bangladesh?a. 20% b. 25%c. 30% d. 35%

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable wordsa. Bangladesh is a ______________________based country.b. In many countries _________________________ is the main food.c. Bangladesh earns ________________________ by exporting

agricultural cash crops.d. There is economic _______________ in the exports and imports of

Bangladesh.3. Cross match the correct answers

a. Most of the people of Bangladesh

b. Bangladesh's food made of wheat

c. Jute, tea and tobacco

d. Bangladesh's small and cottageindustry

4. Answer brieflya. Write the names of main agricultural products of Bangladesh.b. Describe two agricultural cash crops of Bangladesh.c. Mention the contributions of industries on economy of Bangladesh.d. Describe the importance of garments industry in Bangladesh.e. Write about the importance of small and cottage industries in

Bangladesh.f. Write the names of main export-import goods of Bangladesh.

agricultural cash cropLoom, silk, brass and potter

Food products, readymade garments,raw materials of industriesHas earned popularityIs involved in agriculture


Chapter Five

Population of Bangladesh

We have learned about the number of population, causes of population density and growth of Bangladesh, in class four. In this chapter we will discuss about the impact of high growth population on basic needs of the population of Bangladesh. We will also learn about human resources ways to transform population of Bangladesh to human resources.The Impact of population growth on basic needsWe know food, clothing, home, education, health etc. are the basic needs of human beings. In developing countries like Bangladesh it is almost impossible to fulfill the basic needs of the excessive population. This effects the total population of the country.Impact of population growth on foodEvery year Bangladesh experiences about 2.5 million tons of food deficits. Excessive population is one of the main causes of food deficit in Bangladesh. As a result, despite being an agricultural country, Bangladesh faces food deficiency. Population is far higher compared to our available lands. Thus we have to import food from foreign countries to fulfill the demand of food for our excessive population. Due to demand of human settlement for excessive population, our farming land is also declining. If there is lack of food children and the poor people suffer from malnutrition. There is acute crisis of pure drinking water as well. The crises of food and drinking water stand as barrier for the development of our future generation.Impact of population growth on clothingClothing is one among many basic needs of human population. But the parents cannot afford to buy essential clothing for their children when if the number of family members in high. Many children do not want to go to school because they do not have proper dresses.

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Impact of population growth on housingAccording to the data of United Nations there are about 1 million homeless people in Bangladesh. At the current rate of population growth every year additional houses are required for meeting the demand of at least 0.3 million growing population. The government is unable to provide additional houses because of scarcity of resources. The picture below shows the inhumane conditions of homeless people living in the city.

Impact of population growth on educationThe educated population is the most unique resource of a country. But more than half of the population of Bangladesh is illiterate. Despite some successes in education, the literacy rate of education is not increasing as expected. The main cause of this is lack of resources compared to population. Therefore necessary class rooms, teachers and

Floating people in cities


50

other related facilities are not been given in the education sector. Moreover many poor parents are unable to send their children to schools. Thus many children are not able to enroll in school or they have to be dropped out before they complete education.Impact of excessive population on healthThere is a negative impact on our health due to high growth of population. Fulfilling the nutrition demand of the excessive population is getting restricted. It has become almost impossible for the state to ensure health care services for everyone. Almost half of the population of Bangladesh is getting deprived from health care services. There is only one trained physician for every 4043 people. Compared to the available services in the hospitals or community clinics, number of patients is high. As a result many people are deprived from proper health care services.Impact of population growth of standard of livingThe standard of living is determined by the availability of food, clothing, housing, health care etc. We have discussed on this topic earlier. Because of excessive population poverty reduction is interrupted, unemployment is increasing and the living standard is not improving. It is difficult to

arrange sufficient transportation for the excessive population. Increase of social unrest and barrier to development are also related with high growth

Excessive people in various transports


51

population. Excessive population is also a barrier for the development of woman. Expansion of women's education is precondition for women's development. Increase in employment is required. Social status needs to be increased. Women's participation in decision-making is also necessary. But women's development is hampered because they need to spend more time and resources in birth and caring.Impact of population growth on environmentCurrently the environmental problem of Bangladesh is a mostly discussed issue. Because of the demand of excessive population, many chemicals, fertilizers and insecticides are used for additional production of crops. These are polluting the water of ponds and rivers. Moreover, the inhabitants of overcrowded are also polluting the environment in many

ways. People are cutting down trees of forests to make houses or to earn a living. Excessive underground water is extracted from for meeting the demand of growing population. Due to ever growing population, the existing environment and climate are changing. As a result, this country is moving towards a great crisis.Human ResourcesHuman resources and natural resources are two of the three elements of a country's economic development. The third one is capital. However, for utilizing natural resources and capital we need to develop human resources. Human resource is the labour force of a country. Although

Houses are built through cutting down trees of forests Water and air being polluted by industries and factories


52

People being trained in technical training centers

Bangladesh lacks adequate capital, she is enriched by natural and human resources. However, experts believe economic development can be achieved by transforming the excessive population to skilled human resources.Ways of transform population into human resourcesEven though there is not adequate capital in Bangladesh, there is sufficient population. It is possible to transform the population into human capital by making them skilled. The proper utilization of capital and resources depend on skilled human resource. Therefore, skilled human resource is one of the most essential and major precondition for developing the economy. If the excessive population of Bangladesh is transformed into skilled human population will be supportive for economic development, not a challenge for the country. Some means for developing skill human resources are discussed here:Education: Education is the fundamental element of human resource development. By massive improvement of education system, it is possible to create skilled human resources. Therefore, government has to give proper attention for improving the human resources through updating the education system. There is a need for expansion of vocational training programs for developing job-oriented education system.Skill development: The prerequisites of improving the skills of manpower are: education, training and health care services and increasing their working capacities and qualities.


53

Solution of population problemMore resources often are required in order to increase the skills of growing population. But if the population is reasonable it is possible to make them skilled using the limited resources. The quality of education and training can be maintained if the population is reasonable. However, to solve the current population problem, it is necessary to provide required education and training. If that can be done this population can be transformed into skilled human resources.Improving the living standardsThe major elements of good health are proper housing, better environment and quality of standard living, balanced and nutritious food, etc. The excess population can be turned into human resources by providing proper food and nutrition, environment-friendly housing and good health care services.Manpower planningProper planning and implementation are needed to develop skilled human resources of the population of Bangladesh. We need to continuously work on achieving this aim.Increasing employment oppor tunitiesUnemployment is acute in Bangladesh as there is scarcity of skilled labour force. Human resources can be improved and unemployment rate can be reduced if enough importance is given on increasing employment opportunities and improving skills of the workers.Expor ting ManpowerIf we able to increase the skills of labour forces, it is possible to transform this huge human population into human resources. Some countries around the world have capital or natural resources but they lack skilled manpower. If Bangladesh can export its skilled manpower in these countries, the economy of the country will be rich. Those who are going abroad sometimes they are unable to earn much foreign exchange due to lack of skills. Many of them return experiencing deceived. If skilled population with good training go to overseas will be able to earn huge


54

foreign currency and the condition of Bangladesh will be improved.Other than these there are many ways to transform human population intohuman resources.Review

1. The basic needs of people cannot be fulfilled if the country'spopulation is too high.

2. There are opportunities to transform human population of Bangladeshto human resources.

3. It is possible to have economic growth by transforming the growingpopulation into skilled human resources.

4. There is scope to earn lot of foreign currencies by exporting skilledmanpower.

Planned Activity1. Based on your own observation, identify and describe the impacts of

excessive population on basic needs and living standards of people.2. Give your ideas on the contents through demonstrating pictures,

charts, etc.

Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer:1.1 Which of these is not a determinant of living standard?

a. Food b. Clothingc. Status d. Health care

1.2 How many elements are there for economic development of thecountry?a. One b. Twoc. Three d. Four

1.3 Which is not one of the main ways of transforming population intohuman resources?a. Education b. Trainingc. Recreation d. Exporting human resources


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Determines the living standardof people

Men

Is the major talked about issue

The rate of education is notincreasing

'Human capital' can be developed

1.4 What quantity of food deficit is there in Bangladesh every year?a. Almost 2.5 million b. Almost 2.4 millionc.Almost 2.6 million d. Almost 2 million

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable wordsa. Our population compared to our land is ____________________.b. Increase of human population _______________ impact on our

health.c. There is one trained physician for every _____________ number of

people in Bangladesh.d.Human resource is a country's ___________________.

3. Cross match the following

a. Although there is success in education

b. By increasing skills of human resources

c. Environment problem in Bangladesh

d. Food, clothing, housing and health careof the country constitute

4. Answer briefly.a. What are the basic needs of human?b. Write the impacts of population growth on food.c. What are the problems in education excessive population?d. What is manpower?e. Write the ways to transform a population into human resource.


Chapter Six

Climate and Disaster

Climate and DisasterVarious kinds of disaster occur in different countries of the world due tonatural and social causes. The weather and climate is changing for manyreasons in the whole world. As a result many kinds of disaster areoccurring or increasing. We will learn about weather, climate and disasterin this chapter.Weather and ClimateWeather is the average of air, temperature, rainfall etc of a certainlocation within a small period of time, i.e. 1 to 7 days. Generally theaverage weather of more than thirty years is called climate.Causes of climate changeThe world climate is changing for many reasons. Factories, smokesemitted by vehicles, decline of forests and jungles, decaying of rivers,filling the reservoirs, etc are some of the causes for degradation of nature.Global warming causes melting of ice and rise of the sea level water.Climate change occurs due to different activities of human.Impact of climate change in BangladeshClimate change causes different impacts in Bangladesh. Such as -� Increase of average temperature� Occurrence of heavy rainfall or less rainfall� Increasing number of tornados� Frequent occurrence of severe floods� Damaging agricultural land due to increase of salinity� Trees and animals are getting destroyed� Ground water level is going down.Climate Change is causing many more such problems in Bangladesh. Asa result Bangladesh is facing various disasters.

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DisasterDisaster is a severe situation. Disaster causes harms to humans, animals, resources and environment. The amount of damages is so huge that it is almost impossible to compensate with a country's own resources.Impact of disaster on individual, family, society and environmentWe have already learned that climate is changing because of various human activities and natural causes. Due to climate change Bangladesh has become one of the most disaster prone countries in the world. Every year heavy rainfall, flood, tornado, tidal surge etc are occurring because of climate change. Environment is also getting damaged, such as - forests are getting destroyed, fertility of farming lands is getting spoiled and water and air is becoming polluted. Thus we need to be specially prepared for facing the disasters.It is estimated that by the year 2050, 20% of Bangladesh will go under the seas. This may reduce the production of food, crops and other goods. Environment will be damaged and billions of people will be homeless. There are frequent attacks of tornados caused by climate change like Aila and Sidr. People are losing their houses. They are leaving their own areas and staying somewhere else. Problems like unemployment, density of population, etc are also increasing to a greater extent because of climate induced disasters.Flood and tornados harm humans, animals, fishes and other creatures, crops, houses, trees, roads and everything. In times of these disasters people face a lot of troubles in getting shelter, water, food, health care, employment and many other necessities. Children cannot go to schools. As a result there education is hampered. Water enters into houses during floods and tornados. Many people have to leave their houses and go to shelters. Many families often make platforms on high roads or dams and stay there. Many people become sick because of scarcity of food and pure water. Among these most diseases are caused by water, such as - diarrhea, dysentery, skin disease etc. Many people are forced to come to city from villages and live a life as floating population after losing all their possessions due to disasters.


58

Disaster prone areas of BangladeshIn Class Four, we have learned about some of the major disasters of Bangladesh such as flood, tornado, tidal surge and fire. Now we will learn about some more disasters like - river bank erosion, drought and earthquake. Different kinds of disasters occur in almost 64% of areas in Bangladesh. Among these southern coastal areas, northern region, chor, haor and the river bank areas are especially mentionable.River bank erosionIn Bangladesh, there are large number of rivers and their branches. The banks of these rivers become eroded for many reasons. These occur due to natural as well as human activities. Among the natural reasons there are ebb and flow, earthquakes, etc. Human activities, on the other hand, include unplanned river excavation, sand extraction, cutting down trees near the rivers etc. Although flood happens due to natural causes but the human activities increases its intensity. Severe flooding is one of the major causes of river erosion. During floods river erosion becomes very

extreme. As a result, agricultural land, houses, locality and even a whole village get grabbed by the river. According to government estimate, every year 10000 hectares of land become eroded due to river erosion. Millions

Riverbank erosion


59

of people become homeless. Social life becomes interrupted. Education of children becomes hampered.DroughtDrought occurs due to dry weather for longer periods and insufficient rainfall. High population, unplanned development, cutting down trees, air pollution etc makes the atmosphere of Bangladesh dry. These also causes

Dhaka

Jhinaidah

Bagerhat

Jessore

Netrokona

Bandarban

Jhalak

athi

Barguna

NoakhaliBarisal

Khagrachari

Nilphamari

Cox's Bazar

Chittagong

Bhola

Patuakhali

Pero

jpur

Brahmanbaria

Chandpur

Cumilla

FeniLakshmipur

Rangamati

Gazipur

Faridpur

Gopalganj

Jamalpur

Sherpur

Kishoreganj

Madaripur

Manikganj

Munshiganj

Mymensingh

Narayanganj

Narsingdi

Rajbari

Shariatpur

Tangail

Chuadanga

Khulna

Kushtia

Magura

Meherpur

Narail

Satkhira

Bogra

Naogaon

Nawabganj

Sirajganj

Pabna

NatoreRajshahi

Dinajpur

Gaibandha

Kurigram

Lalmonirhat

Panchagarh

Rangpur

Thakurgaon

Maulvibazar

Sunamganj Sylhet

Joypurhat

Drought-prone areas ofBangladesh

Habiganj

Drought


60

decline in rainfall. All of these causing increase in drought in the northern districts of Bangladesh. Due to climate change the temperature of drought prone regions becomes high. Wells, lakes and canals become dry. The

normal flow of rivers reduces. The ground water level goes down and the humidity of the earth reduces. It becomes hard to cultivate crops in the fields. Fodder for cattle p o p u l a t i o n b e c o m e s scarce. Most of

the people of north regions of Bangladesh directly rely on rain for drinking water, farming and rearing animals. Thus drought is a severe disaster to them. Children cannot go to schools and study properly because of excessive

Drought prone region

People of drought affected regions


61

heat. Many of them suffer from fever, diarrhea, measles, influenza, dysentery and many other diseases. Ducks and chickens die. There is not much work during droughts. As a result many people lose their income.Ear thquakeNowadays, mild and medium earthquakes are occurring in Bangladesh. Scientists say small earthquakes are forecasts of massive earthquake. There will be a lot of damage if a mass earthquake happens. We need to be prepared for facing the earthquake. Steps should be taken to construct earthquake tolerant houses. Damages can be reduced in this way.

Let us know what we need to do during earthquake:� Stay completely calm.� Do not get terrified and run here and there.� Cover your head with a pillow if in bed.� Take refuge under a wooden table or any other strong furniture.� Stay away from balcony, cupboards, windows or any hanging photo

frames.� Stand near a beam if in a building.� After the first earthquake ends, get out of the houses making a line and

stay in an open space.� First aid must be kept in house.� Discuss about the risks of earthquake and what to do in times of

earthquake with friends, classmates, teachers and relatives.

An area destroyed by earthquake


62

Apart from these disasters there are also norwester, tornado, tidal surge, cold wave, arsenic contamination in ground water, water logging, increase in salinity etc occur in Bangladesh. The trends of these disasters are increasing because of climate change and resources are becoming destroyed. Thus we will be

prepared to face every disaster. We will not do anything that will cause environmental imbalance, change in climate and causes disaster. Whenever we get any forecast of disaster we will announce over mike in our locality and make them alert.

People are made aware of possible disaster using loudspeeker

Preparing to face disaster

Preparing to face disaster


63

Review1. Climatic change is occurring regularly due to different natural and

social activities.2. Climate change is causing different kinds of disasters in the world.3. The normal life of human population becomes hampered because of

all these disasters.4. We will try to learn about these disasters properly and take

preparation to face them.

Planned Activity1. The students will prepare a team and write a short article (highest one

page) about disaster in their area and will present it to the class.2. Students will demonstrate their collected information and photos of

disasters in class.3. Student will present a mock of their skill on how to face disaster.

Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer:1.1 By which year 20% of Bangladesh may go under water?

a. 2020 b. 2030c. 2040 d. 2050

1.2 What happens because of dry weather and insufficient rainfall?a. Flood b. Droughtc. River erosion d. Earthquake

1.3 How many hectares of land are destroyed because of Riverbankerosion?a. 7000 b. 8000c. 9000 d. 10000

1.4 Scarcity of which causes drought?a. Air b. Waterc. Livestock d. Crops


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Are signs of massive earthquakes

Is increasing chances of drought

Climate change occurs

We should plant trees

Has been marked as the most disasterprone countries in the world

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable wordsa. Increase in salinity of land is causing _____________ to agricultural

land.b. Climate change causes the tendency of disaster to _____________ .c. During drought many people's ______________ becomes stop.d. Stay completely ______________ during earthquake.

3. Cross match the following words

a. Due to climatic change,Bangladesh

b. In the districts of northernregions of Bangladesh

c. Surrounding the houses

d. Small earthquakes

4. Answer brieflya. What is weather and climate ?b. What damages are caused due to climate change ?c. What problems happen because of drought ?d. What problems are the children facing because of different disasters ?e. What points should we remember in managing earthquakes ?


Chapter Seven

Human Rights

Human RightsWe are humans. As humans we have the rights to live a healthy andbeautiful life. We need some facilities for this. For example - we study.We move freely. Express our ideas. Follow our own religions. When wefall into trouble the law enforcing agencies help us to get rid of theproblems. As members of society we need more such facilities. Access tothese rights, necessary for people to live smooth lives, are called 'HumanRights'. On 10th December, 1948 United Nations declared these rights ofpeople as 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights'. According to thisdeclaration people in all countries around the world irrespective of theirrace, religion, age, gender, and financial status have the rights to haveaccess to these.Our r ights as humansWe will learn about some basic human rights in the chart below:� All people born free

� Rights to move freely

� Equal status and rights for all inthe society

� Right to have education

� Right to have security for everyone

� Not violating or torturing anyone

� Not arresting or hold captiveanyone for one's own will

In our country everyone has these rights irrespective to race, religion andethnicity.

� All people are equal before law

� Everyone has the right to haveequal wage

� Right to have justice

� Rights to property

� Right to follow one's own religion

� Right to freedom of expressingideas and speech

� Equal rights for women and men

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Significance of Human RightsThe human rights help people to make a good life for them. Create scopes for one to live in society with ability and dignity through becoming educated. It helps to enhance a person's good qualities. Create harmony among people. It helps to establish peace in the society. Thus there is no alternative of human rights to have a free, healthy and to make a sound society.We get the human rights from our family, society and the state. It is the duty for all of us to implement these rights. We will try to have these rights in every aspects of our life. We will also have to keep in mind that we don't hamper rights of other people. We should never do any work that would affect someone's rights.Some of the activities that violate the human r ightsWe have learned that human rights are applicable for all of us. Thus we should respect everyone's human rights. Let us think properly - do we follow these rights?Too often we hear about violation of human rights in our society. Sometimes we do things that violate the human rights for not being aware. Let us read about some of the examples of violation of rights in our society.Many people are deprived from education in our country, especially the children. Many children are bound to work because of poverty. Children work in agricultural land, brick kilns farms in villages. In towns children work in households, shops and factories. Many children just roam around in streets. Child labors usually don't get the opportunity to study. Not only children, many elderly people are also deprived from education. Yet

A child carrying bricks over his head


67

education is one of the major human rights. Thus everyone should be given scope to become educated.Sometimes we hurt children or others for very tiny or no reason at all. Generally the domestic helpers are victims of such kind of incidents. They are often are not given the food, cloth, health care and other facilities that of other members of the home get. These violate their human rights. Such injustice behavior should not be shown to any human.

Women and children are being victims of human trafficking too often from our country. They are forced to do various risky and inhuman activities. Many get hurt while doing these jobs. Some even die. Members of their families also become very hurt for this. Trafficking of women and children are violation of human rights. We must inform the police or others if we encounter such incidents.According to human rights all women and men have equal rights irrespective of race, religion and colour. But in many cases it is not followed. In our society there is gender discrimination in education, food, wages and other context. Socially and physically challenged people also face

Domestic Helper being tortured Women and children are being trafficked

More wage is given to men and less to women

Human Rights

68

discriminated. It is our duty to give everyone the equal rights. There should not be any discrimination among human beings.Human rights are violated in many more ways in our society like the above. Too often we get to know about these incidents in newspapers and radio-televisions. These incidents should not be occurred. We will have to be aware about protecting human rights of everyone.Write about what we should do to protect everyone's human rights in the box below

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Violation of human rights is a despicable act. We must respect everyone's rights for the welfare of all people and equal development in the world. Our society will be more beautiful if all of us make a habit to follow these. For this we will work to protect the human rights of all. If anyone in home, school and neighborhood do anything that violates the human rights we will make them aware of it. We will protest if it is necessary.

We will abide by the laws enacted by the government. We will participate in different activities in establishing human rights. It is our duty as citizens.

People giving slogans with festoons to protect human rights


69

Review1. The rights required for people to live properly as human beings are

called human rights. These are strongly required to live a healthy andbeautiful life.

2. These rights are equally applicable to all people irrespective of race,religion and colour.

3. We will respect human rights of all in society and be aware to protectthese.

Planned Activities1. Teachers in consultation with students will highlight the

commitments for not to break human rights. At the end of thechapter oath will be taken from students to follow the commitments.Children will write the commitments in posters and will hang thosein the classroom.

2. Exercise the positive attitudes through group play on implementationof human rights.

Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.1.1 What is Human Right ?

a. Rights of the people in lower class b. Rights as humansc. Children's rights d. Rights of the people in upper class

1.2 In which year did United Nations approve 'The UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights'?a. 1940 b. 1945c. 1948 d. 1950

1.3 Which is an example of Human Rights?a. Torturing people b. Hold captivec. Child Trafficking d. Freedom of Speech

Human Rights

70

UNICEF

Violation of human rights

Should be respected

United Nations

All are equal

Basic human rights

1.4 Which is a violation of human rights?a. Providing security b. Able to follow religionc. Equal rights for all d. Not providing chance for education

1.5 Whose responsibility is it to implement human rights?a. Family and state b. Family and societyc. State and society d. Family, society and state

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.a. As humans we all have the right to live ______________________.b. The rights required for humans to live properly are called _________ .c. All people have the rights to have their own _______________d. Human rights improve people's good ______________________.e. Violation of human right is a ______________________ task.

3. Cross match the words.

a. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

b. Before law

c. Women and children trafficking

d. Everyone's human right

e. Right to education

4. Answer briefly.a. What is Human Right ?b. Write the necessity of human rights.c. Why should women and children trafficking be combat ?d. How can we practice human rights in our homes ?e. What should we do to protect human rights ?


Chapter Eight

Our Duties and Responsibilities

As a member of the society citizen of state we enjoy different kinds offacilities and rights. Rights and responsibilities are closely linked. Thuswe have some duties and responsibilities towards society and the state.As children it is our duty to keep ourselves safe. If we children grow upproperly then our family, society and country will be benefitted. We willgrow up as active citizens in future. We will be successful to work for thesociety and the country.This is why we must know about our duties and responsibilities. In thischapter we will learn about our duties and responsibilities toward thesociety and state. We will learn what should we do to protect ourselves.Our duties and responsibilities towards the societyWe are the members of society. It is duty for all of us to make the societybeautiful and disciplined. All of us should work together for this. Weshould abide by the rules and regulations, behavior of the society. Thereare many kinds of resources in the society (such as roads, bridges,transport, trees, crops, ponds, parks, clubs etc), which make our lifeeasier and beautiful. It is our duty to protect these. We will work for thedevelopment of the society. We will respect the elderly and love theyounger people. There are many troubled people in our society. We willshow our empathy and extend cooperation to them. We will stay awayfrom all activities that affect peace in the society. We will not harmanyone. We will try to help everyone. If we perform these duties properlyour society will be a better place to live in. As a result the members ofthe society will be able to live a proper life.Let us think and write about what are more responsibilities we canperfom towards the society and write below

1.

2.

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3.

4.

Our duties and responsibilities towards the stateAs citizens of state we have many responsibilities and duties. Such as -Being devoted to the nationThis is one of the main duties for us being a citizen. We will respect therules of the state. We will give our country more importance thananything else.Abide by the lawsThere are many laws and sanctions to maintain peace and order of thecountry. The government also composes different laws from time to time.It is a duty as citizens to abide by these laws. We will never disobeythese laws. If we don't obey the laws we will be punished.Pay taxes regular lyLot of capital is required to run a state. This money is required tomaintain many organizations and for providing various facilities to thecitizens. Government does these with revenue earned from the taxes paidby citizens. Thus it is the citizens' duty to pay taxes regularly.Casting votesCitizens above 18 years can cast votes in our country. Through this thecitizens participate in ruling of the country. Casting votes is a veryimportant duty of all citizens. We should vote honest and worthy peoplefor ensuring good governance in the country.Help to make the state per form efficientlyThe government takes many programs to administer state. Our duty ascitizens is to help the government to implement these programssuccessfully. Hence, we will observe our duties properly that have beengiven to us.Get educatedLiterate citizen are highly required in order to develop the country. It is aresponsibility of every parent to make their children educated. To studywith concentration is our responsibility.


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Duties and responsibilities of children to keep them safeRemaining safe out of homeEvery day we do different types of activity outside of our homes. Weoften face some accidents while doing these. Let us read two stories ofsuch incidents below.

Incident 1Rakib went outside alone to play with his friends. Evening passed intonight, but Rakib did not return. Rakib's parent informed the police. Thepolice rescued Rakib after ten days from a village. It is known that twostrangers took Rakib to a shop and gave him an ice cream which madehim unconscious. They took him away and kept him captive and askedfor 10 million taka ransom money from Rakib's family.

Incident 2Bipasha was going to school with her mother. To reach school quicklythey crossed the road by walking instead of using the over bridge in frontof the school. A speedy bus came and hit them. As a result, Bipasha andher mother became severely injured. They had to stay in hospital formany days. This has affected her studies very badly.What did we learn from these two incidents? Discuss with friends.We hear about these types of incidents too often. The consequences canbe even worse because of accidents like these. We should not goanywhere with strangers. We should not eat anything from strangers. Ifany stranger forces to go somewhere or eat something we should informthe people around us. This way we can get rid of many dangers.Accidents in the road can occur for many reasons. Moving carelessly isone of the main reasons of accidents. Not following traffic rules alsocause accidents. For example - many times we walk in the middle of theroad instead of using the footpaths. Although there are zebra-crossingswe cross the road using any place without using the zebra-crossing.


74

Sometimes we cross the road in the middle of roads. There are over bridges in different roads, but we try to cross roads without using them. Many people face accidents everyday for all these reasons. We can be victims of these accidents too. We will have to be aware of our safety when we move on the road. We will have to become habituated with the rules of using roads. Thus we need to do the following activities:

Lets follow the road rules to move

We will cross the roads by zebra-crossing after observing both sides of the roads

We will walk on footpaths and not in the

middle of the road

We will use over-bridge to cross the roads


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Safety precautions at homeWe often face many accidents at our homes. We make injuries in hands-legs while playing with knives and scissors or while using them carelessly. Some get electric shocks while touch a wire with wet hands or when are bare footed. Sometimes many people take wrong medicines or pesticides mistakenly or due to lack of awareness. There life can be risked because of these. Many people forget to off the gas stoves, which causes gas leakages. When the stove is being lighted the fire may cause burn to our bodies or spreads around the home. It is also often heard that stove made with soil causing such accidents if not handled properly. We will have to be alert about these matters. Let us write about how we can be alert to avoid accidents in the box below.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Nowadays, stealing and robbery are happening in many houses, especially in the cities. Many times people's lives are threatened. We will have to stay alert about this. We will have to keep our houses locked properly. If any stranger comes and knock the door we should not open the door. Those of us whose parents do jobs or go out for work should be more aware about it. Then we can stay somewhat safe.We will have to keep a first aid kit in our house. We can provide primary treatment at home first if anyone gets hurt. Then we should take the patient to hospital promptly.


First Aid Box

Cotton

Bandage

Scissors

Tape

AntisepticsThermometer

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Safety precautions in school and play groundsThere can be accidents in schools and play grounds too. Sometimes we jump on chairs, tables and desks. Climb up walls and trees. Use the swings and other playing items carelessly. These can cause into injuries by falling down and bruise arms, legs, head or any part of body.Some get into ponds or other water courses without knowing how to swim. As a result many get drowned. We do many such activities taking such risks and become victims of accidents.Children should not do anything that hampers their safety. It is our first duty to keep ourselves safe. All of us should be aware of these facts.

Review1. We have different duties towards the society and the state. We should

follow them properly.2. Children can become victims of accidents within and outside homes.3. We have to be aware so that the children do not get hurt at homes,

streets, schools, play grounds etc.Planned Activity

1. Make a list of duties and responsibilities towards the society and the state.

2. Make a list of ways to keep the children safe through group activities.3. Play act on our duties and responsibilities and practice the techniques

to maintain safety.

A kid falling off the wall


77

Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer:1.1 Which is a negligence of our duties towards the society?

a. Following the rules b. Protecting wealthc. Cooperating others d. To harm others

1.2 In our country people of which age can cast votes?a. 18 b. 20c. 22 d. 24

1.3 What type of people should be voted for having good governancein country?a. Honest and compatible person b Rich and famous personc. People of own party d. Influential person

1.4 What we should not do while moving on the road?a. Using zebra-crossing b. Using over bridgec. Using the footpaths d. Walking in the middle of the roads

1.5 What kind of citizen is needed for the development of country?a. Educated b. Illiteratec. Businessman d. Political leader

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable wordsa. Rights and ____________________ are closely linked.b. We will show________________ towards the socially troubled

people.c. There will be ______________ in the society if we break the laws.d. We should keep a __________________ box in all of our homes.e. We should cross the road using __________________.f. We should walk on _______________ instead of walking in the

middle of the road.


78

3. Cross match the correct answers

a. If we walk carelessly in the roads

b. If we follow the traffic rules

c. To vote honest and compatible person

d. Responsibility is closely connected to

e. If something that hampers security

4. Answer brieflya. Write five of your social responsibilities.b. Why should the citizens of a state pay tax regularly ?c. Write about the moral of the story of Rakib's incident.d. How should we move in the roads to stay safe ?e. Do you follow the safety rules in the roads? If not then write what

should be done ?f. What should those do whose parents do job or work outside ?

We can walk safely in the roads

Should be abide by the state

We will have accidents

We should not do it

Citizen's duty

Rights


Chapter Nine

We All Are Equal

There are different types of people around us. Class mates in same class are not exactly the same. There are some similarities as well as dissimilarities among them. For example - some of us like to talk too much and some prefer keeping quiet. Some love to paint, some love to learn music and some are good in sports. Each of us has different talents and our behaviors are also different. But some have very different behaviors. These friends with different behaviors do not usually want to be our friends and they also do not wish play together. They always remain quiet and they do not prefer to become noisy as of other but staying alone. They do not respond when are called by their names. They do not look at other people's eyes. Among them there are many who cannot tolerate other people's touch. So they get angry if anyone tries to show them affection and they look like they do not understand love. If they like anything they just pull ones hands and take to it instead of uttering anything. These friends of ours cannot talk normally sometimes because they cannot remember many words. Sometimes they utter same words over and over again. Sometimes they talk in third person instead of talking in first person; for example - they say "Raju wants rice" instead of saying "I want rice". They do same works repetitively, like - switching on and off a switch over and over again, or rotating head, moving fingers in front of the eyes, swinging their body etc.This behavior causes by a developmental problem called "autism". Children who suffer from this disorder are called "autistic children". This is not a disease that can be cured by treatment. We can help them have to a normal life by doing research about their problems.

Let us know about some characteristics of autism:

But let us keep in mind some of these symptoms are just temporary in some children. Thus just by few symptoms we should not think of a child autistic. Only the experts can detect autism by doing some tests and observing their behaviour.

Someautistic children are

highly talented in certain things like, painting, doing

mathematics and singing

They are sometimes

addicted to a certain toy and always keeps it

with them

Someautistic children

can study just like normal student

Autisticchildren are in good physical

health

They want to do everything in

the same process; if there is a change in their daily

life routine they get very hyper

They are sensitive to light, sound, speed, touch,

smell or taste. (For example - some children have sensitive skin so they don't

want to wear certain clothes)

Even if they do not play with a

certain toy they will hold it tightly and smell it or keep

looking at it for hours

80


By now we have understood what autism is. There might be some friendsin our school or class who are like this. We know about their problem;now think how can we support them? We will not do anything with themthat get hurt or become excited. So we will find out what our friends likeand what they hate. We all will help them together. We will keep in mindthat they do not get disturbed. We will also help our class teachers so thatthey can take special care of these children. Then all of them would beable to become developed equal to us.

Review1. Behaviors of autistic children are slightly different but some have

very different behaviors.2. These friends always keep quiet. They don't respond when called by

their names. Many don't look directly into others eyes.3. Some autistic children possess excellent talents.4. We will help our class teachers so that they can take special care of

these children. Then, with the help of us, all of them would be ableto become developed equal to us.

Planned Activities1. Make a list of characteristics of an autistic child.2. Play a friendly act on these friends.

Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer:1.1 How do the autistic friends behave ?

a. Play with everybodyb. Become everybody's friendsc. Stays calm with self-overwhelmedd. Always get along with everyone

81

We All Are Equal

1.2 Which is a characteristic of an autistic friend ?a. Sometimes they becomes too excited by hearing normal soundb. Behaves good with everyonec. Likes to hear everyone talkingd. Keeps their things tidy

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.a. Autistic friends do not want to ______________________ with us.b. They ________________ if anyone tries to show affection to them.c. The children are very ____________________ to light, sound, speed,

smell or taste.d. Sometimes they get ___________________ by normal sounds too.

3. Cross match the words.

a. Detecting autistic child

b. Autism

c. Talents of autistic children

4. Answer briefly.a. Which children are called autistic children ?b. Mention two characteristics of autistic friends.c. How can you help the autistic friends in your class ?

Problem in eyes

Is a development problem

By tests and observations

Singing, painting

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Chapter Ten

Democratic AttitudeWe do different type of work every day. We have to make many decisions while doing these works. Different people give different opinions while making a decision. But it is not possible to make decisions according to everyone's varying suggestions. On the other hand decision of only one person might not be the write one too. Others might object to the decision. That is why unity is required. Decision has to be taken following the opinions of majority of the people. That decision has to be obeyed. Making a decision based on the opinions of majority of people and obeying the decision, is called democratic attitude. Democratic attitude is an individual and social quality. All members of a society should have such quality.Let us read an example on how we can behave in democratic ways.There will be election to select a class captain in the class. Teacher asked which students are willing to be class captains. Five students showed willingness to participate. But only two students can become class captain. The teacher got an idea. He wrote the names of the interested students on the board. He gave all the students two pieces of paper and told them to write two names of students from the board and drop the papers in a box. After everyone cast their votes the teacher opened the paper and counted who got how many votes. He then wrote them in the board beside the names. The one who received the highest votes was made the class captain 1 and who got the second highest votes was made the class captain 2. Everyone accepted these two leaders happily as they have been elected based on opinions of all of them.What have we learned from the story above? Discuss with our friends and write in copy.

Democratic practice in electing class captain

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Many times in school, play grounds and many places we work in groups. We need to select a group leader to work as a team. The team needs to work under the leadership of the group leader. We should show democratic attitudes in selecting group leader just the way the class captains were selected. The group leader has to be elected based on agreed opinions of majority members of the group.Democracy means rules of the people. The meaning of this word is to respect everyone's opinions and take decision on the basis of the opinion of majority. No one is forced to do anything in democracy. Decision is taken on basis of the opinions of majority and thus everyone remains happy. They learn to be tolerant of others' opinions and learn to become tolerant. They learn to get along with each other which help the society to have peace and tranquility. Therefore, democratic attitude is essential for maintaining peace in the society. Democracy allows people to express their opinions freely and also to participate in elections.Bangladesh is a democratic country. Democracy is the main principle of ruling our state. The people of this country have struggled long to establish democracy. Thus as a citizen of this country all of us should have democratic attitudes. We will show democratic behavior in home, school, play grounds etc. Through this democracy of our country will be stronger.Practicing democratic attitudes at homeWe will show democratic attitudes at our homes. We will discuss the issues listed below with our parents and siblings and take decisions altogether:� Where and how to go for vacation ?� What to buy for the home ?� How to decorate the rooms ?� What to do in festivals ? Democratic attitude in family


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Practicing democratic attitudes in classroom and schoolWe will show democratic attitudes in our classrooms and schools too. We will do different activities based on the decisions of the majority. Various activities of the classroom like - organizing chairs, tables and benches, decorating the classroom, cleaning etc should be discussed with classmates. We will complete the activities by

taking opinions of majority. Different programs of school, such as - cultural program, sports, picnic etc should also be discussed with classmates and make decisions. To run the programs efficiently we have to take opinions of everyone and we should help each other.

Like this we will show democratic behavior in every aspects of life. Then our country will transform into a better democratic state.

Review1. Democratic behavior is a personal and social quality.2. Decisions are taken based upon opinions of majority. This brings

peace in the society.3. We have to achieve and exercise democratic attitudes to make run our

society smoothly.

Democratic attitude in teamwork

Democratic attitude in teamwork

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Planned Activities1. Elect a leader while doing academic activities of class in a group.2. Use democratic way to elect a class captain.3. Play an act to show democratic attitudes on any matter.

Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.1.1 What is basis of taking decisions in democratic system?

a. One's opinion b. Opinion of team leaderc. Opinions of 2-3 persons d. Opinions of majority

1.2 What is the meaning of democracy?a. Rule of the family b. Rules of one personc. Rules of a political party d. Rules of People

1.3 Which is not acceptable in democracy?a. Imposing an opinion on someone forcefully b. Endurancec. Tolerant of others' opinions d. Peace and harmony

1.4 Where should we practice democratic behavior?a. Home b. Schoolc. Classroom d. Everywhere

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.a. Democracy is to take decision on the _____________________ of

majority.b. Democracy means ___________________ rule.c. We will exercise _______________________ in every aspects of

life.d. Democracy is the main principle of ruling our _____________.


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3. Cross match the following words.

a. Based on opinion of majority

b. Democratic behavior

c. The principle of ruling the stateof Bangladesh

d.Team leader should be elected

4. Answer briefly.a. What is democratic attitude ?b. Why should the members of the society be democratic ?c. How does democracy help to form a peaceful society ?d. As a citizen of Bangladesh why do we need to have democratic

attitudes ?e. How can we practice democracy in our homes ?

Democracy

Decision should be taken

Rule of people

Is a social quality

In a democratic way

Democratic Attitude

Chapter ElevenGender Equality

A country's development depends on her population. And populationconsists of both male and female. We have already learned that there arepeople of different occupation, class and age in the society. They grow upas a male child or a female child with other members in the family. In afamily there are mothers, fathers, brothers, sisters and other relatives. Ofthem some are males and some are females. There are also male andfemale teachers in schools. In this way women and men are playingdifferent roles from their own positions in this society. About 49%, i.e.half of the people of Bangladesh are women. Without equal participationof women and men the development of a country becomes interrupted. Ifwomen and men do not enjoy equal opportunities and rights, the overalldevelopment of the country does not occur. In this context poet KaziNazrul Islam said,

"Everything that is great in the world,must be credited half to women, and half to men."(E prithibir ja kischu sundar chiro kolyankarOrdhek taar koriasce nari, ordhek taar nor.)

Recently gender equality has become a very important issue in ourcountry. There was a time when the schools had very small number offemale students. Girls were not enrolled in schools due to social barriers.The main cause this was the lower social status of women.Here we can mention about Begum Roquia Sakhawat Hussain, thepioneer of women's liberation movement. A century ago she said, "Weconstitute one half of the society. If we are left behind, how can thesociety progress? If a person's one leg is tied, how far can he walk? Theinterests of men and women are not different; they are the same for both".Now we will learn about Begum Roquia.

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Begum RoquiaBegum Roquia was born in Pairaband village of Rangpur district in the year 1880. She grew an interest on education in her childhood seeing her

brothers studying. But at that time the Bengali Muslim women did not have the opportunity to study. Seeing her attraction to education, her elder brother started to teach her at home. After her marriage her education became spanned with the support of her husband. Gradually she wrote numerous articles and books. In these writings she made outstanding contributions in making people aware of gender equality and women's educational rights. After few months of her husband's death in 1905 Begum Roquia opened a girls school at Bhagolpur named after her husband,

"Sakhawat Memorial Girls' School". Initially the number of students in this school was only five. Later on, this school was built in Kolkata where the number of students was eight. Begum Roquia used to go from door to door to request and appeal the parents to send their daughters to school as of their sons. The school was acknowledged as primary school in 1915 when the number of students was increased and reached to fifth grade. Because of Begum Roquia's tireless efforts, the women gradually started to get the light of education. She had the concept that a society and country can achieve overall development while women and men are cooperative and supportive to each other; not by creating divisions and discriminations between them. In 1932 this great woman passed away.We can see from Begum Roquia's life that with the help of two men, her brother and husband, she was able to make such great contribution to the society. Although Begum Roquia has said about gender equality hundred years ago, even today it has not been fully implemented in Bangladesh. In

Begum Roquia

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this society girl children and women are deprived from their rights in many ways. People behave differently to female and male children. Household

works such as - making the house tidy, looking after younger siblings, helping mother in cooking are done by the girls. Usually boys are not asked to do these works. Girls and boys are not treated equally in case of games

and giving gifts as well. For example - girls are given dolls and boys are given balls. Due to such differential behavior towards boys and girls from early childhood, they started to think of them differently as human beings. For many reasons girls discontinue study or drop out from schools earlier than boys.Gradually positive changes are made in different international and local policies. Various policies like -- education for all or universal primary education, poverty reduction programs, employing 60% of female teachers in primary schools etc have resulted into girls and boys getting equal opportunities in primary education. When grown up these students are participating in the development of society as humans, not as a male or a female.

Brother and sister together tidies the room

Girls and boys studying in classroom together


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Not only in schools or higher education sectors, women and men are playing their different roles in all sectors of the society. Some are involved in farming. Some do business. Some work as teachers. Some work in industries and factories. Some do job and some live on daily wage. In this manner women and men are equally contributing in all sectors. However, in some places men and women don't get equal status and wages. Women's rights are hampered in many other ways. Since 1910 International Women's Day is observed worldwide to reduce the social and economic differences between men and women. Let us know about the story of this day.

International Women's DayIn New York of United States of America, women and men used to work together in a sewing factory. But they did not get fair wages even after working 12 hours daily. On 8th March of 1857 the female laborers of the factory got onto street with their demands for fair wages and eight hours of work. At that time the police attacked and arrested many of them. Keeping this date in mind thousands of female laborers held a protest meeting to stop child labor and getting voting rights for women in 1908. On 1910 in an international socialists conference, German woman leader Clara Zetkin declared 8th March as international International Women’s Day being observed

Gender Equality

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women's day. Later on UN declared 8th March as International Women's Day. On this day programs are held on different issues to create awareness in society including ensuring women's rights. Many proposals are also submitted to achieve gender equality.

Violence against womenApart from International Women's Day there are many other charters and policies to maintain equality among the genders. The main objective of these charters is to make recognition of women's rights as part of human rights. But we often get the news of violence against women. As a result women's rights are diminished.According to the World Health Organization (2012), in Bangladesh, every one hour at least one woman is being a victim of violence. The main reason of violence against women is because of the low social status of women compared to men. Moreover, lack of education, poverty, economic dependence, different kind of prejudice etc, are also some of the causes.The effect of violence against women is very harmful. Like - if a girl becomes victim of domestic violence then it will affect her both physically and mentally. The mothers who are subject to torture due to domestic violence, the children's physical and psychological growth are interrupted. Oppressed women cannot go to work in time; so they become financially looser.A crucial reason of violence against woman at household level is dowry. This is spread in the society like a disease. Because of demand for dowry, female children are treated as burden. Girls are being harassed many ways in the streets while going to schools and returning from school.This kind of torture has negative effect on the society. If we become that much sincere in ensuring gender equality and equal rights at home, school and every sphere of society, only then violence against women may be stopped.Therefore, since childhood we should not differentiate between boys and girls; rather we should treat them as humans. We will help our parents in


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our house for the betterment of the society. We will not consider anywork specifically for boys or girls. We will be respectful to all thewomen members of the family and society. We will do our own tasks. Wewill study and play with all students irrespective of gender. We will stayalert so that no girl gets humiliated in family, school or streets. In thisway we can become real human provided both boys and girls are able tostay together.Review

1. We will not see a person as a boy or girl, but as a human.2. Not by creating divisions and discrimination between female and

male rather on the basis of cooperation and sympathy, a society or acountry can have overall development.

3. 8th March is observed as International Women's Day to ensure therights of women.

4. Violence against women is harmful both for human and the society.Planned Activity

1. Highlight the significance of gender equity and equal rightsirrespective of men and women by narrating stories, acting,examples, observing women's day etc.

Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.1.1 What is in the core of a country's development?

a. Government b. Environmentc. Population d. Geographic condition

1.2 What is the name of the school founded by Begum Roquia?a. Sakhawat Girls School b. Sakhawat Memorial Girls Schoolc. Sakhawat Memorial School d. Begum Roquia Girls School

1.3 which day is observed as International Women's Day?a. 8th January b. 8th Februaryc. 8th March d. 8th April

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In the year 1932BhagolpurCountry's development is interruptedWith only five studentsGerman women leaderIn the year 1880

1.4 Since which year did International Women's Day being observed ?a. 1910 b. 1920c. 1930 d. 1940

1.5 Usually who do the job of cleaning the house, looking afteryounger siblings, helping mother to cook ?a. Son b. Daughter

c. Son and daughter d. Elders2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

a. In a society the boy child and girl child in the family are grown upwith different _______________ with others.

b. Begum Roquia was born in the year ___________in Payrabondvillage of Rangpur.

c. One of the main reasons of torture of women through domesticviolence is ________________.

d. In primary school _____ % women are being employed as teachers.3. Cross match the following words.

a. If there is no equal participationof men and women

b. Begum Roquia started schoolc. Begum Roquia died ond. Clara Zetkine. Sakhawat Memorial Girls School

4. Answer briefly.a. Briefly write about the contribution of Begum Roquia in women's

education.b. What sort of treatment is done towards the male child and female

child in our society ?c. Briefly describe about women's day.d. What are the main reasons of violence against women ?e. What are the negative effects of violence against women ?


Chapter TwelveSome Minor Races and their Cultures in

BangladeshThere are many minor races in Bangladesh. In the hilly regions there are 11 nationalities who have been living here since ancient times. They are Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Mro, Tanchangya, Bawm, Pankho, Chak, Khyang, Khumi and Lushai. In the north and the north east part of greater Mymensingh there are Garo, Hazang and Koch. And in greater Sylhet there are Khasi, Patro and Monipuri population. Moreover, in the north and north west regions of Bangladesh especially in Dinajpur, Rangpur, Rajshahi, Bogura, Pabna, some small ethnic minorities such as - Saontal, Oraon, Mahali, Malo, Munda, Malpahari etc. live. In addition, in the south east regions of the country like Cox's Bazar, Patuakhali and Barguna there is Rakhain population. There are some more minor races in Bangladesh for example, Rajbangshi, Suryabangshi Burman, Dalu, Hadi, Mahato, Banai, Pathor, Koal etc. Let us see the locations of these minor races in the map.

Locations of some minor races in Bangladesh

Chakma

Marma

Murang

Saontal

Saontal

Saontal

Monipuri

Monipuri

Garo

Garo

Tripura

Boam

Hazang

Khyang

Mro

Chak

Tanchangya

Khumi

Pankho

Lushai

Bogra

Dinajpur

Rangpur

TangailKushtia

Rajshahi

Faridpur

MymensinghSylhet

Noakhali

Chittagong

Cumilla

Jessore

Barisal

Patuakhali

Khulna

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In Class 4 we have learned briefly about the culture of four minor racessuch as Chakma, Marma, Saontal and Monipuri. Now we will learn about some more minor races such as Garo, Khasi, Mro, Tripura and Oraons those who live in both hills and plain lands.GaroGaro people live in the districts of greater Mymensingh, Tangail and Netrakona and some places of Haluwaghat and surroundings. However, there are some garos in greater Sylhet and Sunamganj districts. The Garo people likes to identify themselves as 'achikmandi' or hilly people.HousingIn the past the Garo used to build their houses at the bottom of the hills or near the river banks. These houses were usually large and two fold long shaped. These houses were called 'nokmandi'. Now a days these traditional houses are not available. Now they make normal houses with corrugated iron sheets or traditional houses that built in the plain lands of Bangladesh.Social SystemGaros society is matriarchal. This means the mother is the head of the family and the daughters inherit the ancestral property. On the other hand, the father looks after the family. After marriage he stays at the wives' houses with in law's and do the family affairs. Although the matrilineal customs is prevailing but just like the Bengali society, their cultural attitude and practices are also changing.LanguageThe Garos speak in 'Obeng' language but this language doesn't have any written form.ReligionMost of the Garos are now Christians. They celebrate the Christmas and all other festivals of the Christian religion. The name of the traditional religion of the Garos is 'Sangsarek'. Some people in Modhupur of Tangail district are the followers of this religion.Food HabitThe Garos eat meat, fish, and vegetables with rice, just like the normal


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Bengali dishes. Their speciality is the dishes made with the stem of soft bamboos.ClothingThe Garo women's traditional dress is called 'Unfang' and 'dokbanda or Dokshari'. The men wear shirt, lungi and dhoti.FestivitiesThe name of the main festival of Garos is 'Wangala'. This is the symbol

of sun and is celebrated in the honor of god 'Sazlong', symbol of fertile soil. They put oblation on their farming lands and then the children, women and men get involved in joyful festives.

KhasiThe Khasis live in the district of Sylhet, Molvibazar, Srimangal and Habiganj. It is assumed that there was a kindgdom named Jayanta or Jaintiya in the past. It is thought that the Khasis used to live in this kingdom.Social SystemThe Khasis have matriarchal society. Their clan, tribe and lineage are grown following the matriarchal ancestor. Traditionally the youngest daughter inherits most of the property of the family. They maintain a very plain and simple life. The Khasis usually maintain their livelihood on

Festival of the Garo

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farming. But a sect of population, called 'Nar' or 'Pnar', who subsist by cultivating betel leaves. Apiculture is also important part of their livelihood.Food HabitsThe main foods of Khasis are rice, meat, dry fish, honey etc. They find betel nut and betel leaves very sacred. They entertain their guests with betel, betel leaves and tea.ReligionThe Khasis worship different gods. Name of their chief god is 'Ublei Nangthau' whom they think to be the creator of Earth. They consider their father as god and adore him.

ClothingThe Khasi girls wear a blouse type cloth and lungi named 'Kazim Pin'. The men wear shirt without pocket and a lungi, called 'Fungo Marung'.LanguageThe Khasis have their own language called 'Mon Kheme'. But there is no written alphabets of this language.FestivalsDance and music are very popular in the Khasi society. In all types of occasions like - puja festival, wedding, drought, heavy rainfall, destruction of crops, funeral etc. they arrange festivals of dance and song.


Khasi mother and child

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MroThe Mros are the 4th largest tribe of hill region. The Mros call themselves 'Mro' or 'Marusa', but the Bengali people sometimes call them 'Murang'. They live in the upazilas of Ruma, Thanchi, Lama and Alikadam of Bandarban district. Mros can be seen in the Chimbook hill, situated near the Bandarban city.Social SystemThere are many groups and tribes in Mro society. The head of the Mro family is the father. They have village-based social organization. The Mros call their house as 'kim'. Usually the build their houses with bamboo wall with straw roof along with bamboo platform.ClothingThe cloth that all the girls irrespective of their age, wear around their waist is called 'wanglai'. The men wear short white cloths. Food HabitThe main food of Mros are rice, dry fish and various types of meat. The name of the most delicious food they eat is called 'Nappi'.ReligionMros are generally Buddhists. Some of them are the followers of Christian religion. The name of their traditional religion is 'Torai'. They also have a religious sect called 'krama'.

Mro women, men and child


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Tripura women performing dance

FestivalsThe Mros celebrate various customs and festivals in the occasions of birth, wedding, death etc. One of the rituals in Mro society is to pierce the ear of both boys and girls when they become 3 years old.

TripuraTripura people live in the districts of Rangamati, Khagrachori and Bandarban of Bangladesh. But most of them live in the district of Khagrachori. Moreover, some Tripura people live in the districts of Sylhet, Comilla and Chittagong.

Social SystemTripura people live in a collective group. They call their group as 'dafa'. There are total 36 'dafa'. Among them 16 are located in Bangladesh 20 are in the Tripura state of India. Tripura people belong to patriarchal society. But their lineage is count from both the decent. For example - son belongs to father's clan and daughter belongs to mother's clan. Inheritance of property is determine in this way. In general, the houses of Tripura are better elevated than the houses of Chakma and Marma. They use stairs to climb up to their house.ReligionThe Tripura people of Chittagong hill tracts are the followers of orthodox religion. They observe the durga puja of Hindu religion. They also adore some of their own gods and goddesses. For example, they worship 'ker' for the betterment of all village people.


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ClothingTripura boys and girls wear various cloths of different colors and designs. The lower part of the women's clothes are called 'rinai' and upper part is called 'risa'. The men wear dhoti, towel, lungi and shirt. The women wear various types of bead jewelleries and ear rings called 'natong'.FestivalsTripura people follow many ritualistic occasions in the eve of birth, death, wedding and other programs. They celebrate 'boishu' on the last two days of year and the first day of New Year in the Bengali year. In this occasions, they visit villages, and the young girls wear flowers on their ears, display necklaces, made of money, use beads necklace and 'kuchibala' in hand and get involved in joyful festivals. The most attractive part of 'boishu' festival is the 'ghoroya nritya'. The children of Tripura love to play with a type of seed called 'khila' (gila) or 'sukui'. They call it 'sukui thunmung'. They also play ha-du-du and dariyabandha.

OraonThe Oraon live in the districts of Dinajpur, Rangpur, Rajshahi etc. of North Bengal. Most of these people's language is 'kudukh'.Social SystemOraon society has few tribes. In Bangladesh they have three tribes called 'haat sangiya', 'opar sangiya' and 'katriya'. Oraon society is patriarchal. In the rural area they have one village leader whom they call 'Mahato'. Although the houses of Oraon are very simple but there are some very beautiful designs on it. Oraon people are depended on farming. Many also work as coolies or daily wage laborers.

Oraon women at work


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ReligionOraons worship various gods. They believe 'dharmi' or 'dharmesh' is thecreator of the world.FestivalsIn every month and every season the Oraons celebrate different religiousinitiation festivals. Their main festival is 'fagua' which is celebrated onthe last day of Falgun.ClothingThe men wear dhoti, lungi, pant, shirt, pajama-panjabi etc. The womenwear saree and blouse made of coarse cloths.Food HabitThe main food of Oraon is rice. They also eat vegetables, fish, meat ofanimals and birds including other food.In this chapter we became familiar with some minor races who live in thehills and plain lands of Bangladesh. There are many more small ethnicgroups of people. We all study and play together. We will try to knoweach other in many ways. We will participate to each other's festival andoccasions. We will show our respect to each other's tradition and culture.We all love Bangladesh. We will work together for this country'sdevelopment.Review

1. In our country there are many minor races including Garo, Khasi,Mro, Tripura and Oraon.

2. Every ethnic group has its own society, culture and ritualisticoccasions.

3. We will respect the cultural tradition of minor races.4. We will respect each other's tradition and culture.

Planned Activity1. Make a list of different religions and minor races of Bangladesh.2. Demonstrate an act or a story showing how we can stay close and

help each other, maintain friendship, sympathy and empathy.


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Delicious food of the Mros'Nar'Patrilineal'Wangala''Mahato'Dress of women of Mro

Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer:1.1 Which minor races is known as 'achikmandi'?

a. Mro b. Garoc. Tripura d. Oraon

1.2 What religion does the Mro society generally follow?a. Christian b. Orthodoxc. Sansarek d. Buddhism

1.3 How many groups of Oraon are in Bangladesh?a. One b. Twoc. Three d. Four

1.4 Which is the main attraction of 'Boishu' festival?a. 'Ghoroya Nrity' b. 'Faguwa'c. 'Wangala' d. 'Ker'

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.a. The name of the traditional cloth of the Garo women is __________.b. The name of the main god of Khasi is ________________.c. In the Mro society houses are called ____________________.d. Tripura people celebrate ____________________ in the New Year.

3. Cross match the following words.a. 'Wanglai'b. The society of Oraonsc. 'Nappi'd. The Khasi tribee. Name of the great festival of the Garo

4. Answer briefly.a. Describe the houses of Garo.b. Write about the society of the Khasi.c. Where do the Mro ethnic people live ?d. Describe the festivals of Tripuara.e. Why should we be respectful towards all the ethnic group of people ?


Chapter Thir teen

Bangladesh and the Rest of the Wor ld

There are 196 countries including Bangladesh in the world. Among these some countries are very near or close to us. But most of them are situated far away. The countries that are located outside our country are called the Rest of the World. This world consists of our country and the rest of the world.

Political map of the Earth

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Impor tance of fr iendship and brotherhood among different countr ies of the wor ldAlliance and brotherhood among countries of the world is very essential. As men cannot survive without each others' support, similarly different states of world cannot survive without each others' support. Different countries of the world are dependent on each other for various purposes. This is how alliance, friendship and supportive relations have been developed within countries.This cooperative relationship among countries is very essential for maintaining world peace and global development. There is no alternative of brotherhood and alliance among different countries for promoting social and economic development and reducing hunger and poverty.Many countries have formed different organizations which assure co operation among nations and these organizations also helping their own country to develop. The United Nations and SAARC are such organizations. SAARC is a regional cooperative organization. This is formed by some of the countries situated within the same region as neighbors. On the other hand, the United Nation is an international cooperative organization. Any independent country can be the member of this organization.

United NationsThere have been two World Wars till now. Crores (millions) of people of different states have lost their lives. Many more were injured. We know about the atrocity of dropping of nuclear bombs in Japan during World War II. Millions of people were dead because of it. Numerous people were injured and handicapped. Other nations of the world were also incurred losses. The gruesomeness of the Second World War make frightened the people of all states. They get the perception that there is no alternative of peace for protecting the human population. As a result, with the cooperation of all countries to establish peace of the world, United Nations

Flag of the United Nations

Bangladesh and the Rest of the World

106

was formed on 24th October, 1945. United Nations is an international or global organization. Any independent country of this world can become a member of UN. Bangladesh got the membership of United Nations on 17th September of 1974. At present, there are 193 member countries of UN. The head office of UN is situated in New York, America.

Objectives of the United NationsUnited Nations has been formed with some great intentions to be achieved. The objectives are as follows:1. To make peace in the world.2. To make alliance among different nations or among different countries.3. To make economic, social and cultural cooperation among different countries.4. To show respect to the liberty and basic rights of all people irrespective of ethnicity, religion and caste. 5. To settle the ongoing disputes among different countries.

Headquarter of the United Nations


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United Nation is doing various programs in order to achieve her objectives. It has six branches. The programs of UN are run through these branches. We will now know about the structures and tasks of different organizations.

The General AssemblyAll the state members are the members of General Assembly. The number of current members is 193. The General Assembly deliver important decisions including appointment of Secretary General, new membership for a state, cancelling the membership of a state, conducting election for electing members for its different branch, discussing the problems of different countries of the world etc. The General Assembly calls a meeting in every year. The member nations cast votes and elect a president for the General Assembly. In 1986 Bangladesh acted as the president of the General Assembly.

The Secur ity CouncilThis is the defense council of United Nation. It is the duty of this council to maintain peace and security of the world. It has five permanent members these are United Kingdom, United States of America, Russia, France and China. Ten states are also made temporary members of this council for every two years. Bangladesh performed her responsibility twice as temporary member of this council. The Security Council tries to resolves any dispute through negotiations that arise among different states. If this doesn't work the council uses military power to bring back peace. The UN has no military of its own. The UN uses the military power of her member states. Bangladesh military's participation in UN peace keeping army has been praiseworthy. The soldiers of Bangladesh have earned reputation by discharging their duties in Bosnia, Kuwait, Congo, and Sierra Leone with bravery and devotion. Many brave soldiers of Bangladesh sacrificed their lives on the mission to protect the peace in many countries.

The Economic and Social CouncilThe task of this council is to improve the living standard of different


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nations. The council's major tasks include economic and socialprogramme, such as resolve the unemployment problem, eradication ofilliteracy, reducing poverty, establishing children's rights and humanrights, improving the women's social condition etc.

The Trusteeship CouncilThe objective of this council is to facilitate the independence to thepeople of under developed and under privileged regions so that they canrule their own.The International Cour t of JusticeAny nation can ask for justice in this court regarding to any disputeincluding the border dispute with any neighboring country. The memberstates normally accept whatever the judgment is given by this court. In2012, the International Court of Justice gave a judgment regarding to themaritime dispute of Bangladesh with Myanmar. Consequently,Bangladesh regained its possession on a big portion of the Bay of Bengal.The Secretar iat of United NationsAll the administrative tasks of the United Nations are done by theSecretariat. The secretariat is constituted with the secretary general,other officers and staffs of the UN. Ban Ki-moon is the current secretarygeneral of UN. He is a citizen of South Korea.The Role of Development Organizations of the United NationsWe learned that UN perform different development activities for itsmember states. The UN has many organizations. The UN runs thesedevelopment programs in different nations through these. We will nowlearn more about some of these organizations and their tasks.

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)UNICEF works for the development of children in the world. UNICEF isthe abbreviation for United Nations International Children's EmergencyFund. In short, it is called United Nations Children's fund or UNICEF. Itshead office is situated in New York, U.S.A. There are many activities ofUNICEF in Bangladesh and many other countries.UNICEF works for promoting primary education for children, supplying


109

pure drinking water in the villages, providing sanitary latrines, providing health care for children and mothers, providing preventive vaccines for children etc. in villages. UNICEF is concerned about securing the rights of children globally. In Bangladesh UNICEF are running many welfare projects for children.

UNICEF helps to provide health care to mother and children, prevent children from diseases, overcome the malnutrition of children, ensure the education of children and so on.

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)Its main objective is to manage the development works in different countries and coordinate them with the UN. The UN is working in Bangladesh for improving the environment, reducing the poverty, etc.

Giving vaccine to a child


Developmental work

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United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)This organization of United Nations works for welfare of children and other people. The head office of UNESCO is situated in Paris, France. All member states of UN, including Bangladesh, are member of UNESCO. This organization works for improving, developing and conserving education, science and culture of the member states. By the initiative of UNESCO, 21st February was declared as the International Mother language Day. Besides, UNESCO is helping to conserve the Sundarbans, Sixty Domes Mosque(Shat Gombuj Mosjid) and Paharpur.

Food and Agr iculture Organization (FAO)Food is the basic need of human being. There is a scarcity of food in the

world. FAO was formed to resolve the global food crises. Its head office is situated in Rome, Italy. FAO works for managing the challenge of food scarcity and improving the health and nutrition of Bangladesh. A Centre for

Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific was established in Bangladesh by the initiative of FAO. This organization provides food in times of shortage of food caused by natural disasters.

World Health Organization (WHO)World Health Organization was formed in order to improve people's

Lv`¨ weZiY


Food distribution

111

health. Its objective is to make people aware of health and diseases and to promote health education and training. Every year World Health Day is observed on 7th April to make people aware of necessity and precaution about health. Bangladesh is a member country of WHO. This

organization is working to improve health of the women and children, their nutrition, family planning etc. This organization has helped to eradicate small pox from earth.

World Bank (WB)World Bank is situated in Washington, United States. World Bank provides funds in various nations' development programs. Bangladesh gets financial support for education, communication etc from World Bank.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)SAARC was formed by seven countries of the south Asia on 8th

December, 1985. Later on Afghanistan joined in. Eight countries of south Asia are its member. The countries include: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Afghanistan. The full name of SAARC is South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. In brief it is called SAARC.

Healthcare

Educational activities

Logo of SAARC


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The aims and objectives of forming the SAARCThe main objective of SAARC is to improve the living standards of people of the member nations by their combined effort and cooperation.

There are some more objectives too. These are: 1. Rapidly develop the economic, social and cultural status of the member

countries.2. To help the member countries to become self reliant.3. To develop the countries by establishing cooperative relationships with

different organizations.4. To create brotherhood and mutual friendship among the member countries.5. To protect the freedom of the member countries and geo-political integrity.6. To make sure that one nation does not interfere in another nation's internal

affairs.

Map of SAARC countries


BangladeshIndia

Pakistan NepalBhutan

Sri LankaMaldives

Afghanistan

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Review1. To create alliance, brotherhood and cooperation among member

countries is essential for ensuring world peace and development.2. United Nation is an international cooperative organization trying to

establish peace globally.3. SAARC is a regional cooperative organization which consists of

eight South Asian countries. Its aim is to promote economic andsocial development among the member nations.

Planned Activities1. Identify the SAARC nations on a map.2. Make a list of United Nations' tasks.3. Use the media to collect information on current projects of SAARC

and United Nations.

Exercise

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer:1.1 What is the main objective of the United Nation ?

a. Ensuring peace in the World b. Children's developmentc. Economic development d. Development of Trade and Commerce

1.2 Which organization's target is to improve the living standards ofthe member nations ?a. United Nations b. SAARC

c. UNICEF d. UNESCO1.3 Which is the work of World Bank ?

a. Fulfilling the demand of foodb. Improving the health situation of World Populationc. Electing the secretary generald. Providing loans and assistance


1.4 Which section of United Nations does the administrative work ?a. The General Assembly b. The Trusteeship Councilc. The Secretariat d. The Security Council

1.5 Whose duty is it to conduct and coordinate the developmentprojects of different countries ?

a. UNDP b. FAOc. UNESCO d. World Bank

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.a. The nations of the world cannot ____________ without each other'ssupport.b. The brotherhood and cooperation within the nations is essential inmaking _________________.c. The objective of SAARC is to improve the __________________standard of the member nations.d. It is the duty of ________________ council to protect world peace.e. UNICEF works for ________________ development of the world.3. Cross match the following words.

a. Bangladesh became the member of UN on

b. Gave the judgment on Bangladesh andMyanmar's conflict on maritime boundary

c. The Secretary General of United Nations

d. Regional cooperative organization

4. Answer briefly.a. Why are brotherhood and alliance required between nations ?b. What is the aim of forming SAARC ?c. Mention the reason of founding United Nations.d. What does Economic and Social Council of the United Nations

work for its member nations ?e. Distinguish between the objectives of SAARC and United Nation.

In the year 2012

SAARC

1974

Citizen of South Korea

International Court

The End


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