Dúlra Bhalana EXPLORING BALLON’S BIODIVERSITY

Ciarán Byrne BSc (Hons), MSc

ciaranbyrne87@gmail.com

October 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ 2

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 3

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4

1.1 What is biodiversity? .............................................................................................................. 4

1.2 Why protect biodiversity?...................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Project aims ............................................................................................................................ 6

1.4 Site location & description ..................................................................................................... 6

2 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 9

2.1 Desk study and consultations ................................................................................................ 9

2.2 Field survey ............................................................................................................................. 9

2.2.1 Habitat survey ................................................................................................................ 9

2.2.2 Bird survey .................................................................................................................... 10

2.2.3 Bat survey ..................................................................................................................... 10

2.2.4 Amphibian survey ......................................................................................................... 10

2.2.5 Invertebrate survey ...................................................................................................... 10

3 Biodiversity of Ballon and environs ............................................................................................. 11

3.1 Habitats ................................................................................................................................. 11

3.2 Birds ...................................................................................................................................... 19

3.3 Bats ....................................................................................................................................... 21

3.4 Amphibians ........................................................................................................................... 22

3.5 Invertebrates ........................................................................................................................ 23

4 Community action for biodiversity .............................................................................................. 26

4.1 Biodiversity enhancement & awareness ............................................................................. 26

4.2 Future community biodiversity enhancement actions ....................................................... 30

4.3 Public involvement ............................................................................................................... 31

4.4 Biodiversity monitoring........................................................................................................ 33

5 References .................................................................................................................................... 36

Appendix A Ballon biodiversity inventory ....................................................................................... 37

Appendix B Butterfly larval foodplants ........................................................................................... 45

Appendix C Native trees & shrubs in Ireland .................................................................................. 47

Report cover images: Ballon community apple orchard, Peacock butterfly, Ashy Mining Bee. All images copyright Ciarán Byrne unless

otherwise stated.

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FOREWORD

Ballon Improvement Group, utilising funding from the Heritage Council Grants Programme 2015, and in consultation with ecologist Ciarán Byrne, has prepared a biodiversity audit and management plan for Ballon village and environs.

This study is an extension of the work previously undertaken by Ballon Improvement Group, in accordance with the guidelines of the Nature and Wildlife section of the Tidy Towns Competition. Our nature and wildlife amenities will now benefit from some very helpful guidelines for future development in this area.

The survey unearthed many biological indicators of healthy ecosystems. It also highlights the crucial role that biodiversity and the health of our countryside play, not only in terms of economic prosperity but also as an inextricable link to our mental health and well-being.

“Look deeper into Nature and you will understand everything better”.

Albert Einstein

A key component of our work is to empower young people to appreciate the wonders of the world that surrounds them. Our goal is to further develop and expand our reach in this area, helping to engage younger generations with the beauty of nature.

We wish to thank all who have contributed to the successful development of this biodiversity survey and management plan.

Is feidir linn

Máire George, Ballon Improvement Group Chairperson

October 2015

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Dúlra Bhalana was prepared on behalf of Ballon Improvement Group with support and funding from

the Heritage Council.

I would like to thank all those who either assisted with the biodiversity survey or provided species

records and other information relating to the biodiversity of Ballon, including:

Brian Power (Local ecologist)

Lorcan Scott (National Parks and Wildlife Service)

Lisa Dowling (Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland)

Máire George (Ballon Improvement Group)

Paul Cutler (Head Gardener at Altamont Gardens and Birdwatch Ireland member)

Eileen Murphy (Ballon Business & Training Centre)

Michael Martin (Webmaster of Ballon village website)

I’m also most thankful for the enthusiasm, cooperation and hospitality of all the residents of Ballon

village who facilitated survey work.

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1 INTRODUCTION Ciarán Byrne was commissioned by Ballon Improvement Group to carry out a biodiversity audit and

management plan for Ballon village and environs, Co. Carlow.

1.1 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?

Biodiversity, which is short for biological diversity, is the term used to describe the variety of life on

Earth. It encompasses the whole range of animals, plants, fungi, micro-organisms and the natural

systems that support them.

Biodiversity refers to more than just individual species (species diversity) and includes the genes

they contain (genetic diversity) and the ecosystems in which they live (ecological diversity).

Biodiversity also highlights the interdependence and interconnectedness of all living things.

Biodiversity is not restricted to rare or threatened species, but is equally concerned with widespread

and common species. Biodiversity is found all around us, in gardens, hedgerows, woodlands, lakes

and rivers, uplands, wetlands and the sea.

Ireland’s biological diversity

For its relatively small size, Ireland has a rich biological diversity. More than 30,000 species occur in Ireland within 117 distinct habitats. Only 10% of these are “familiar” species such as plants, birds and mammals. 62% are invertebrates, animals that lack a backbone such as butterflies and ladybirds (DAHG, 2014).

Figure 1: 7-spot ladybird (bóín Dé), Ballykealey lane

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1.2 WHY PROTECT BIODIVERSITY?

We as human beings are an integral part of biodiversity and we can influence it in a positive or

negative way. In addition to our moral obligation to conserve biodiversity for future generations,

biodiversity provides numerous ecosystem services that are crucial for our survival. Ecosystem

services encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems help sustain human life on

Earth. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) outlines 4 main types of ecosystem service:

Provisioning services are the products obtained from ecosystems such as food, fresh water,

wood, fibre, genetic resources and medicine.

Regulating services are defined as the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem

processes such as climate regulation, natural hazard regulation, purification of air and water,

detoxification and decomposition of wastes, pollination of plants and pest control.

Cultural services include non-material benefits that people obtain from ecosystems such as

recreation, physical and mental health, ecotourism, sense of place, inspiration, aesthetic,

spiritual and religious.

Supporting services which are necessary for all other ecosystem services such as soil formation,

nutrient cycling and primary production.

Many different human activities threaten biodiversity on local, regional, and global scales. In 1996

the Irish government ratified the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The CBD

marked an historic agreement and commitment by the nations of the world to address

comprehensively all aspects of biological diversity including genetic resources, species and

ecosystems. In 2002, parties to the CBD committed themselves to achieve by 2010 a significant

reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss. In 2006 the European Commission set out a target

of halting biodiversity loss by 2010; a target that has not been reached.

As part of its commitments under the CBD Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2020 and new objectives

set out in the European Union biodiversity strategy to 2020, Ireland is currently in the process of

implementing its second National Biodiversity Plan, Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016. The overall

aim of the plan is that biodiversity loss and degradation of ecosystems are reduced by 2016 and

progress is made towards substantial recovery by 2020. The plan recognises habitat degradation,

fragmentation and loss as the primary threat to biodiversity in Ireland (DAHG, 2011).

Habitat degradation, fragmentation & loss in Ireland

Habitat fragmentation is the process whereby natural and semi-natural habitats are separated into a number of smaller patches through land-use change and urban development. The fragmentation of habitats results in a loss of connectivity and of the ability of flora and fauna to disperse between and within ecosystems.

Factors contributing to habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss in Ireland include changes in agricultural practices, commercial forestry, fisheries overexploitation, peat extraction, air and water pollution, invasive alien species, land clearance and development, tourism and recreational activities, and climate change (DAHG, 2011).

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1.3 PROJECT AIMS

The National Biodiversity Plan, Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016 highlights local-level action and

raising public awareness of biodiversity issues as key to conserving local biodiversity. The overall aim

of this project was to assess, evaluate and communicate the biodiversity of Ballon village and

environs through the preparation of a biodiversity audit and management plan.

In undertaking an assessment and evaluation of the biodiversity of Ballon village the following was

undertaken:

A desktop review of existing information pertaining to the biodiversity of Ballon village

Consultations with knowledgeable local individuals with unpublished information on the

biodiversity of Ballon village

Field survey of habitats, flora, birds, mammals, amphibians and selected invertebrate groups of

Ballon village

An assessment of current pressures impacting on the biodiversity of Ballon village

Following completion of the above, recommendations are made on conserving and enhancing

biodiversity, and promoting biodiversity awareness in Ballon village.

1.4 SITE LOCATION & DESCRIPTION

Ballon village is located in the east of County

Carlow. The historic village is situated on the

N80 national road approximately 11km from

Carlow town. The village had a population of

709 in 2011.

Ballon village was originally part of the former

300 acre estate of Ballykealey, seat of the

Lecky family from 1649. The present house,

known to locals as “Ballykealey Manor” was

built around 1830. Ballon Hill, a prominent hill

(circa 131m) is also of historical significance as

an important Bronze Age burial site.

The study area (Figure 4) encompassed by the

biodiversity management plan was generally

the area of Ballon village within the 50 kph

speed limits with an additional area of high

amenity value to the village, comprising the

grounds around Ballykealey House Hotel.

Figure 2: Study area location (after Wikipedia, 2010)

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Figure 3: Historic 6 inch map of Ballon village from 1839

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Figure 4: Ballon village and environs study area

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2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 DESK STUDY AND CONSULTATIONS

A desktop review was undertaken to determine nature conservation designations, protected species

and biodiversity data pertaining to the study area. The following data sources were reviewed:

Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSI) maps

OSI aerial photography

National Biodiversity Data Centre records

Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland records

National Parks and Wildlife maps and information on designated areas and protected species

Consultation were also made with knowledgeable local individuals and organisations listed in the

Acknowledgements, who provided additional biodiversity data pertaining to the study area.

2.2 FIELD SURVEY

2.2.1 HABITAT SURVEY

Habitat survey work was carried out during March, April and May 2015, with an initial site visit and

walkover survey carried out in mid-March 2015. An extended Phase 1 habitat survey (Joint Nature

Conservation Committee, 2007) of the study area was conducted during April and May 2015. Phase

1 survey provides relatively rapid classification of semi-natural vegetation and wildlife habitat based

principally on vegetation, with reference to topographic and substrate features.

Field methodology for habitat survey followed the Heritage Council’s Best Practice Guidance for

Habitat Survey and Mapping (Smith et al, 2011). Minimum habitat size thresholds for habitat survey

followed Smith et al (2011) and are outlined in Table 1. Habitat features below this size were either

mapped as point features or subsumed as variation in a wider habitat type.

Threshold Recommended minimum size

Polygon v. polyline >4 metre width

Mappable polygon 400 m2

Mappable polyline 20 m

Table 1: Recommended minimum habitat size thresholds (Smith et al, 2011)

Ordnance Survey of Ireland (OSI) high flown orthophotography from 2005 was used as base map for

annotation in the field. Broad identifiable habitat blocks were mapped and classified according to

Fossitt (2000) level 3 classification. Each habitat polygon and linear feature was mapped and

recorded with a unique habitat number corresponding to a note on field data sheets. Information

recorded on field data sheets included field surveyor’s name, survey date, habitat parcel number

corresponding to the field-annotated map, plant species composition and structure, habitat type

according to Fossitt and target notes.

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Fossitt habitat types were mapped using QGIS 2.6.1 software using both OSI aerial photography and

vector mapping data as base maps. Aerial photography used was OSI high flown orthophotography

from 2005. Habitats were digitised in QGIS using field data and represented by polygon and polyline

features. Polygons were used for habitats best depicted as a discrete area in two dimensions, such

as woodland, while linear habitats, such as hedgerows were represented by polyline features.

2.2.2 BIRD SURVEY

Bird survey methodology broadly followed Birdwatch Ireland Countryside Bird Survey methodology

(Anon, undated) whereby two parallel 1km transects within the study area were walked and all birds

recorded by visual observation and/or song. Each transect line was divided into five equal sections of

200m in length. Transect lines were walked at a slow and methodical pace with birds recorded at

designated distance categories, measured at right angles to the transect line. Distance categories

included within 25 metres either side of the line; between 25 and 100 metres either side of the line;

more than 100 metres either side of the line; and birds in flight only (at any distance).

2.2.3 BAT SURVEY

Habitat features observed during the habitat survey with potential to support bats such as old

building and trees were noted and evaluated. Bats species were also recorded using a heterodyne

bat detector. Bat surveys were carried at selected survey sites starting half an hour before dusk for a

duration of 3 hours.

2.2.4 AMPHIBIAN SURVEY

Amphibians are best observed at night when they are more active. From dusk, suitable habitats such

as ponds and drainage ditches were searched thoroughly using a powerful torch. The torch survey

involves walking around the perimeter of the water body, checking for Smooth Newts in the beam of

the torchlight. In addition to recording the presence of Smooth Newts, any presence of Common

Frog was also recorded. The surveys were only undertaken during suitable weather conditions

(temperatures above 5°C and little to no wind or rain) between April and June.

2.2.5 INVERTEBRATE SURVEY

Field survey of invertebrates was focused on highly visible, well-known invertebrates such as

butterflies, dragonflies and hoverflies. Given the huge diversity of the Irish invertebrate fauna, the

results of the invertebrate survey provides only a snapshot of species diversity in the area.

Invertebrates outside these targeted groups but which were encountered during field survey work

were also recorded. In addition to direct observations of invertebrates, habitat features of potential

importance for invertebrates were noted.

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3 BIODIVERSITY OF BALLON AND ENVIRONS

A total of 328 plant and animal species were recorded within Ballon village and environs. These are

listed in Appendix A.

3.1 HABITATS

Habitats are the places where plants and animals live. They are characterised by distinctive

combinations of plant and animal communities and their physical environment. Habitats are

classified according to Fossitt habitat categories, the standard scheme for describing habitats in

Ireland.

The Fossitt guide (Fossitt, 2000) identifies 11 broad habitat groups at level 1 (e.g. F-Freshwater), 30

habitat subgroups at level 2 (e.g. FW-Watercourses), and 117 separate habitats at level 3 (e.g. FW1-

Eroding/upland river) in Ireland. Habitats within the study area were recorded and mapped to

Fossitt level 3 classification.

A total of 20 different habitat types were recorded within the study area as presented in Table 2

below. A habitat map showing the location and extent of habitat types within the study area is

presented in Figure 12. The following paragraphs provide a detailed description of each of the

habitat types recorded within the study area.

Habitat category Habitat type Habitat code

Freshwater Other artificial lakes and ponds FL8

Drainage ditches FW4

Grassland and marsh Improved agricultural grassland GA1

Amenity grassland GA2

Dry meadows and grassy verges GS2

Wet grassland GS4

Woodland and scrub Wet willow-alder-ash woodland WN6

Mixed broadleaved woodland WD1

Mixed broadleaved/conifer woodland WD2

Conifer plantation WD4

Scattered trees and parkland WD5

Immature woodland WS2

Hedgerows WL1

Treelines WL2

Exposed rock and disturbed ground Recolonising bare ground ED3

Cultivated and built land Arable crops BC1

Tilled land BC3

Flower beds and borders BC4

Stone walls and other stonework BL1

Buildings and artificial surfaces BL3

Table 2: Habitat types recorded in Ballon village & environs

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3.1.1 OTHER ARTIFICIAL LAKES AND PONDS (FL8)

This category is used for artificial or ornamental bodies of standing water and occurs in the grounds

surrounding Ballykealey Manor Hotel. Ponds are small waterbodies that hold water for all or part of

the year and are not fed by a stream or river, but depend on rain and groundwater.

Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus), Bulrush (Typha latifolia), Common Reed (Phragmites australis) and

Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) dominate the edges of the lake. Other species occurring along the

lake fringes include Lesser Spearwort (Ranunculus flammula), Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata)

Water Mint (Mentha aquatica), Water Forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides), Water-cress

(Nasturtium officinale) and Marsh Violet (Viola palustris).

Figure 5: Yellow Iris (Feileastram), Ballykealey lake

3.1.2 DRAINAGE DITCHES (FW4)

Drainage ditches are linear water bodies that are entirely artificial in origin. Drainage ditches in the

study area follow field boundaries and aid in the drainage of productive agricultural land

surrounding Ballon. Instream vegetation is limited in fast flowing sections, however slower flowing

sections are dominated by Common Duckweed (Lemna minor) and Fool’s Water-cress (Apium

nodiflorum). These ditches provide an ideal habitat for numerous aquatic invertebrates.

3.1.3 IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL GRASSLAND (GA1)

Improved agricultural grassland occurs in areas of productive farmland around Ballon. Improved

agricultural grasslands includes swards that have been drained, fertilized and re-seeded, usually with

Perennial Rye-grass (Lolium perenne) and White Clover (Trifolium repens) dominating the sward.

Other species present included Daisy (Bellis perennis), Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) and Creeping

Buttercup (Ranunculus repens).

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3.1.4 AMENITY GRASSLAND (GA2)

Amenity grassland includes areas of managed grassland that occur in housing estates, school

playgrounds, and private gardens. This type of grassland is species-poor, often having been

reseeded, regularly fertilised and regularly mown to maintain very short swards. Flowering plant

species found in areas of amenity grassland in Ballon include Daisy, Lesser Trefoil (Trifolium dubium),

Dandelion (Taraxacum agg.), Field Wood-rush (Luzula campestris) and Clovers (Trifolium spp.).

3.1.5 DRY MEADOWS AND GRASSY VERGES (GS2)

Dry meadows that are rarely fertilised or grazed, and are mown only once or twice a year for hay are

now rare in Ireland (Fossitt, 2000). This type of habitat is represented in neglected fields in and

around Ballon village. In these areas there is little or no grazing or fertiliser application which results

in grasslands with a high proportion of tall, tussocky grasses such as False Oat-grass (Arrhenatherum

elatius) and Cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata). The broadleaved herb component is dominated by

species such as Cow Parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris), Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), Nettle

(Urtica dioica), Bush Vetch (Vicia sepium) and Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense).

3.1.6 WET GRASSLAND (GS4)

Wet grassland is confined to the north of the study area where the ground is flat and poorly-drained.

Soft Rush (Juncus effusus) dominates in association with Creeping Buttercup, Ragged Robin (Silene

flos-cuculi), Cuckooflower (Cardamine pratensis) and Yorkshire Fog (Holcus lanatus). This area of wet

grassland is bounded to the north and to the south by wet willow-alder-ash woodland.

Figure 6: Wet grassland at Ballykealey

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3.1.7 WET-WILLOW-ALDER-ASH WOODLAND (WN6)

This habitat category is confined to an area fringing Ballykealey Lake and an adjacent area separated

by an area of wet grassland described above. Woodland of this type occurs on permanently

waterlogged areas in Ballon and is dominated by both Grey Willow (Salix cinerea) and Alder (Alnus

glutinosa) with occasional Ash (Fraxinus excelsior). These waterlogged areas of woodland in addition

to Ballykealey Lake are an important habitat for both Common Frog and Smooth Newt in Ballon.

3.1.8 MIXED BROADLEAVED WOODLAND (WD1)

Apart from areas of wet woodland surrounding Ballykealey Lake, the majority of woodland in Ballon

is made up of non-native trees. Mixed broadleaved woodland is the most common woodland type in

Ballon. Woodland of this type in the area is typically dominated by Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus)

and Beech (Fagus sylvatica). Ash, Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur), Holly (Ilex aquifolium),

Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and Hazel (Corylus avellana) are also common elements. Cherry

Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) with its evergreen leaves and tolerance of shade is abundant in an area

of woodland to the north of Ballykealey lane. Cherry Laurel is considered an invasive species,

shading out any woodland understorey and preventing woodland regeneration. Lesser Periwinkle

(Vinca minor), another non-native species is also dominant in areas of this woodland.

The ground flora typically comprises Lesser Celandine (Ficaria verna), Ivy-leaved speedwell (Veronica

hederifolia), Lords-and-Ladies (Arum maculatum), Primrose (Primula vulgaris), Early dog-violet (Viola

reichenbachiana), Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), Soft shield-fern (Polystichum setiferum) and

Hart’s-tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium). Wet patches in woodland immediately south of

Ballykealey lane contained wetland species such as Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage

(Chrysosplenium oppositifolium), Yellow Iris and Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria). Tree species in

these areas were dominated by Alder, Grey willow and Silver birch (Betula pendula).

Figure 7: Lesser Celandine (Grán arcáin), an early flowering spring species

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3.1.9 SCATTERED TREES AND PARKLAND (WD5)

This habitat category is used to describe areas of scattered trees that cover less than 30% of the

total habitat area but are a prominent structural or visual feature of the habitat (Fossitt, 2000). This

habitat type is confined to ground surrounding Ballykealey Manor Hotel. Although species diversity

is low, mature trees provide structural diversity and roosting potential for birds and bats. Tree

species include Ash, Beech, Pedunculate Oak, Horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and Lime

(Tilia cordata x platyphyllos).

3.1.10 HEDGEROWS (WL1)

Hedgerows are linear strips of shrubs with occasional trees that typically form field or property

boundaries and occur throughout the study area. Hawthorn and Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)

dominate along with Elder (Sambucus nigra) and Bramble (Rubus fruticosus agg.). Other hedgerow

species which were recorded as occasional included Sycamore, Ash, Beech, Ivy (Hedera hibernica)

and Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum). Hedges provide nesting, roosting and feeding

opportunities for wildlife in Ballon. Hedges can also act as wildlife corridors between isolated

patches of woodland.

Figure 8: Hawthorn (Sceach gheal) fruit or “haws”, an important food source for birds

3.1.11 TREELINES (WL2)

A treeline is a narrow row or single line of trees that is greater than 5 metres in height and occurs

along field or property boundaries within the study area. Sycamore, Ash, Hawthorn, Blackthorn and

Elder dominate. Other species recorded as occasional included Grey willow, Wych Elm (Ulmus

glabra), Beech and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris).

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3.1.12 RECOLONISING BARE GROUND (ED3)

Recolonising bare ground is used to describe areas where bare or disturbed ground has been

invaded by vegetation. This habitat type is confined to two areas of derelict land within the study

area. Typical species of this habitat in Ballon include Colt’s-foot (Tussilago farfara), Common

Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), Scentless Mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum), Dandelion, Nettle,

Bush vetch, Hogweed and Cow Parsley. Occasional trees and shrubs include Grey Willow, Butterfly-

bush (Buddleja davidii) and Gorse (Ulex europaeus).

Figure 9: Common Ragwort (Buachalán buí), an important nectar source for a wide range of invertebrates

3.1.13 STONE WALLS AND OTHER STONEWORK (BL1)

In the more built-up parts of Ballon, walls constructed from natural stone are important wildlife

habitats. Species diversity is higher in areas where walls are left in a natural state and not cleaned or

sprayed with herbicides. Stone walls support a diverse flora in Ballon with flowering plants such as

Ivy-leaved Toadflax (Cymbalaria muralis) and Ivy-leaved speedwell, along with ferns such as Wall

Rue (Asplenium ruta-muraria), Maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes) and Rustyback

(Asplenium ceterach).

Figure 10: Ivy-leaved Toadflax (Buaflíon ball) (left) & Rustyback fern (Raithneach rua) (right)

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3.1.14 OTHER HABITATS

Conifer plantation (WD4) within the study area comprises an area covering 0.55 acres dominated by

Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis). Conifer plantations are characterised by even-aged stands of trees

that are planted in regular rows.

Immature woodland (WS2) includes areas that are dominated by young or sapling trees. Immature

woodland within the study area occurs in the northeast of the study area and is dominated by

willows (Salix spp).

Arable crops (BC1) are a dominant feature of the productive agricultural land surrounding Ballon. A

large proportion of the land categorised as arable crops is managed for the production of cereal

crops.

Figure 11: Arable field margins are important habitats for species such as Corn Marigold (Buíán)

Tilled land (BC2) is confined to the northwest of the study area. Tilled land includes areas where

land has been tilled and prepared for planting but where the crop, or future use of the land, cannot

be established.

Buildings and artificial surfaces (BL3) includes buildings and areas of land that are covered with

artificial surfaces of tarmac, cement, paving stones, bricks or blocks within Ballon. Areas of flower

beds and borders (BC4) occur within areas of buildings and artificial surfaces.

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Figure 12: Habitat map of Ballon village and environs

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3.2 BIRDS

Birdwatch Ireland and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in Northern Ireland (RSPBNI) have

developed a list known as the Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland (BoCCI) list. Birds which

breed and/or winter in Ireland are classified into three separate lists (Red, Amber and Green), based

on the conservation status of the bird. Birds on the Red List are those of highest conservation

concern, Amber List birds are of medium conservation concern and the Green List birds are not

considered threatened.

Bird species recorded during the field survey are listed in Appendix A along with the conservation

status according to the BoCCI list. During the bird surveys 44 bird species were recorded, 1 red listed

species and 10 amber listed species. All other bird species recorded were green listed species that

are common and widespread in the Irish countryside.

Figure 13: Yellowhammer (Buíóg), a red-listed species associated with arable farmland in Ballon (Photo: Brian Power)

In more built up areas of Ballon gardens, hedgerows and treelines support species typical of gardens

and urban areas such as Blackbird, Blue tit, Chaffinch, Collared dove, Dunnock, Great tit, Greenfinch,

House sparrow, Jackdaw, Pied wagtail, Robin, Song thrush, Starling, Swallow and Wren. Many of

these species visit gardens to avail of feeding opportunities on offer whilst others will nest in

gardens or buildings in urban areas.

Lowland farmland is the dominant land-use within the study area and comprises improved

grassland, arable crops and associated hedgerows and treelines which act as field boundaries.

Hedgerows provide birds with nesting, roosting and foraging sites. Some birds are dependent upon

farming practices and the habitats they create whilst other non-specialist species use farmland

regularly for breeding and feeding. Many species recorded in areas of farmland largely overlap with

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species recorded in built up areas with the addition of some more generalist species Hooded crow,

Magpie and Rook. Species typically associated with farmland in Ballon include Yellowhammer,

Skylark, Tree Sparrow, Linnet, Buzzard, Kestrel, Snipe and Pheasant. Winter migrants Redwing and

Fieldfare were also recorded in areas of farmland. These winter migrants arriving from Scandinavia

feed on grassland rich in soil invertebrates or hedgerow berries such as Hawthorn.

Bird species associated with woodland occur throughout the study area. Woodland in the area is

predominantly mixed deciduous woodland, conifer woodland and hedgerows. Species associated

with woodland habitats in Ballon include Bullfinch, Chiffchaff, Goldcrest, Long-eared Owl, Long-tailed

tit, Mistle thrush, Treecreeper and Woodpigeon. Species such as Wren, Robin, Blackbird, Chaffinch

and Dunnock are abundant species, nesting in hedgerows.

Figure 14: Tree sparrow (Gealbhan crainn), an amber-listed species which nests in holes in trees and old buildings (Photo: Peter Cutler)

Ballykealey Lake provides the habitat for a number of species associated with areas of wetland.

Wetland species recorded at Ballykealey Lake include Moorhen, Mallard, Grey Heron, Mute Swan

and Teal.

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3.3 BATS

3 species of bat were recorded within the study area which included Common Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus

pipistrellus), Soprano Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pygmaeus) and Leisler’s Bat (Nyctalus leisleri). Habitat

features observed during the habitat survey with potential to support bats were also noted and

evaluated.

Bats typically roost in buildings, crevices of built structures such bridges, and within cavities of

mature trees such as Ash, Oak, Beech and Scot’s pine. Bats need different roosting conditions at

different times of the year. In summer, female bats form summer nursery roosts or maternity

colonies where the young are born. In winter bats use hibernation roosts. Bats hibernate during

winter, usually, depending on the weather, from mid-November to the end of March.

Figure 15: Leisler's bat (Ialtóg Leisler), Ireland’s largest bat species (Photo: Máire George)

The main threats to the conservation of bat species in Ireland are building renovation, roost

disturbance, loss of foraging habitat, and loss of hedgerows and other linear landscape features in

the vicinity of known roosts (NPWS 2008, Marnell 2009). Removal of linear landscape features are

damaging as many Irish bats rely on features such as treelines, stonewalls and hedgerows to

navigate and commute from roosts to feeding sites. Other threats to Irish bat species include

unsympathetic repairs to old bridges, woodland management practices, badly sited windfarms, and

loss of roost sites due to deterioration of old buildings (NPWS 2008, Marnell 2009). Many Irish bats

are sensitive to disturbance during hibernation, which can damage local populations.

Other mammals recorded within the study area included Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Red Fox

(Vulpes vulpes), Irish Hare (Lepus timidus hibernicus), Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus), Hedgehog

(Erinaceus europaeus), American Mink (Mustela vison) and Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis).

22

3.4 AMPHIBIANS

There are 3 species of amphibian that occur in Ireland-Common Frog (Rana temporaria), Smooth

Newt (Lissotriton vulgaris), and Natterjack Toad (Epidalea calamita), which is confined to sand dunes

in Kerry and Wexford. Two of these, the Common Frog and the Smooth Newt were recorded within

the study area. Both species were recorded in and around Ballykealey Lake.

Figure 16: Smooth Newt (Earc luachra)

Figure 17: Common Frog (Loscán)

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3.5 INVERTEBRATES

13 species of butterfly, 22 species of hoverfly, 7 species of bee, 10 species of beetle, 5 shieldbugs, as

well as a range of species from other insect groups were recorded. One of the bumblebee species

recorded, the Large Red Tailed Bumblebee (Bombus lapidarius) is classified as near threatened in

Ireland. The Birch shieldbug (Elasmostethus interstinctus) was the first record for Co. Carlow. Other

notable records included Comma (Polygonia c-album) and Ruddy Darter (Sympetrum sanguineum).

Figure 18: Birch shieldbug (Fríd Scéithe) (left) & Large Red Tailed Bumblebee (Bumbóg) (right)

13 butterfly species were recorded within the study area. The availability of specific larval foodplants

is key in butterfly life cycles. Butterfly eggs are laid on a particular plant species that are then eaten

by the caterpillar. Different species require different foodplants, many of which although critical in

the butterfly life cycle are considered “weeds”. For example, Nettle is the larval foodplant of several

species including Comma, Peacock, Red Admiral & Small Tortoiseshell. A list of foodplants of

butterflies recorded in Ballon can be found in Appendix B.

Figure 19: Orange-tip (Barr buí) male (left) & eggs laid by female on larval foodplant Cuckooflower (right). It is uncommon to find more

than one egg per plant as the larvae are cannibalistic.

24

6 damselfly species and 3 dragonfly species were recorded over the survey period. Dragonflies and

damselflies are predatory insects of freshwater habitats which are characterised by their elongate

bodies, long wings and large eyes. Figure 20 below outlines the key features of adult damselflies and

dragonflies.

Damselflies are distinguished by: Dragonflies are distinguished by:

Typically small size and dainty proportions Robust form

Flight usually weak and brief Flight powerful, often persistent and hovering

Wings usually held together over back Wings held out at right angles to the body at rest

Front and hind wings identical in shape Front and hind wings have different shapes

Eyes separated Eyes touch in most species

Figure 20: Large Red damselfly (left) & Four Spotted Chaser (right) (after Brooks et al, 2014)

The life cycle of both damselflies and dragonflies consists of a long larval phase and a short adult

phase. Eggs are laid either by inserting them into aquatic plants or on the water surface. Larvae

hatch from eggs after two to five weeks and spend all their development in water. Dragonfly larvae

catch only moving prey which includes insect larvae, snails, small fish and tadpoles. While in the

water the larvae undergo a series of moults as they grow. Once the larva is ready to become an adult

it leaves the water by crawling up a plant stem and undergoes its final moult-the skin of the larva

splitting to release the winged adult.

22 hoverfly species were recorded within the study area. Hoverflies are an attractive group of flies,

often black with white or yellow markings. Some species mimic bees and wasps and play an

important role in pollination. The larvae of many species are popular with gardeners as they feed on

aphids. Although adult hoverflies are found in a wide range of habitats in Ballon, hoverfly larva are

restricted to particular habitat features in which they develop. Habitat features important for

hoverfly larvae include tree sap runs, rotting wood, tree rot-holes, accumulations of wet or rotting

vegetation, and cow dung.

25

Figure 21: Selection of hoverflies recorded in Ballon, an attractive group of flies important in pollination

8 species of bee were recorded which included 4 bumblebee species and 3 solitary bees. Other

invertebrates recorded included 5 shieldbug species and 4 ladybird species. A full list of invertebrate

species recorded within the study area can be found in Appendix A.

Figure 22: Solitary bee on Dandelion (Caisearbhán), an important food source for pollinators

26

4 COMMUNITY ACTION FOR BIODIVERSITY

4.1 BIODIVERSITY ENHANCEMENT & AWARENESS

Ballon Improvement Group was formed in 2001 with the aim of acting in the overall interests of

Ballon community with respect to:

The improvement, enrichment and development of the community environment

The promotion of good morale and an atmosphere of good neighbourliness

The encouragement of greater interaction among local people and the creation of a healthy

living environment

The enhancement and protection of the natural environment of Ballon and its surroundings

The development of whatever facilities are deemed necessary to cater for the social needs

of the community

The development of community based waste management initiatives

Ballon Improvement Group have been instrumental in enhancing and raising awareness of

biodiversity in Ballon village through a combination of interpretative signage projects, community

events, and habitat improvement and creation.

Interpretative signage projects carried out by Ballon Improvement

Group include Slí na Sceach “The Way of the Hedge”, a Native Tree

Trail and the Ballykealey Lane 365 Wildflower Project. These

projects all highlight the importance of biodiversity and increase

awareness of native trees and wildflowers.

Slí na Sceach highlights the history, structure, management and

importance of hedgerows in the Irish landscape. The walk includes

12 stops which provide interpretative information on tree and

wildflower species encountered along the route. The walk, located

at the Forge restaurant on the Wexford road has proved hugely

successful with more and more people enjoying and appreciating

wildlife along the Slí.

The Native Tree Trail was developed as a follow-on project after the success of Slí na Sceach and was

launched during Heritage Week 2015. The short trail through Ballon village passes by 12 tree species

which are numbered and labelled in both English and Irish. The trail includes only native Irish species

and emphasises the importance of native planting to biodiversity in the village. Native plants and

animals are those that arrived naturally in Ireland after the last glaciation. Non-native tree species

such as Sycamore, Horse-chestnut and Beech have been brought into Ireland by humans either

intentionally or accidentally.

Figure 23: Slí na Sceach signage

27

Figure 24: Ballon Native Tree Trail signage

Ballykealey Lane 365 Wildflower Project provides information on the wildflowers captured by local

photographer Michael Martin on Ballykealey Lane over a 12 month period. The board includes 72

wildflower and tree species which can be found on the lane throughout the year.

Figure 25: Ballykealey Lane 365 Wildflower signage (Photo: Michael Martin)

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Ballon Improvement Group have also run a number of community events which have aimed to

increase both awareness and practical participation in protecting biodiversity including:

Dawn and dusk chorus events in conjunction with Birdwatch Ireland’s National Dawn Chorus

Days. The group is also a member of Birdwatch Ireland.

Nature walks and talks. As part of National Heritage Week 2015 the group held a nature

walk around Ballon village for children under 12 showcasing local biodiversity and native

planting schemes. The walk was led by local man Michael Martin with the aim of getting

closer to nature and learning to love the outdoors.

Re-enactment of hedge school of the 1800’s at Slí na Sceach. Children experienced arriving

to school barefoot through the fields, writing on slates, song, dance, storytelling and

foraging.

Hedge laying demonstration at Slí na Sceach

Eco nature camps held at Slí na Sceach, Altamont gardens and Malone fruit farm

A wildlife area was created at the Garda barracks and planted with native Irish wildflower

seed. Seeds were also handed out to local school children to plant at home.

The group installed two top-bar beehive as part of a Pollinator Project with assistance from

John Blanche, Chairman of Carlow Beekeepers Association. The project serves as an

educational resource for children and honey is sold through Siopa Glas.

Planting of two community apple orchards as well as other native plantings throughout the

village.

Figure 26: Michael Martin leading a wildlife walk around Ballon village as part of Heritage Week (Photo: Unknown photographer)

The group are hoping to add to their interpretative signage and are developing a wildlife trail

through the village using the findings of Dúlra Bhalana. The group has also applied for funding for a

1916 commemorative garden by landscape designer Deirdre Pender. The theme of the garden is

“Machnamh” or reflection and will symbolise the connection between Ireland’s past and present.

The garden will include engraved standing stones, native hazel trees and native wildflowers.

29

Ballon National School has also been instrumental in increasing awareness and encouraging

protection of biodiversity in Ballon village. Ballon NS is a hugely successful participant in the Green

Schools Programme. Green Schools is an environmental education programme, environmental

management system and award scheme that promotes and acknowledges long-term, whole school

action for the environment. Green Schools is a themed programme whereby schools work through

seven steps one theme at a time. The themes are Litter & Waste, Energy, Water, Travel, Biodiversity,

Global Citizenship-Litter & Waste, and Global Citizenship- Energy.

Ballon NS have worked through 5 of these themes and have been awarded Green Flags for Litter &

Waste, Energy, Water, Travel, and Biodiversity. In working towards each flag the school has

participated in a number of projects promoting biodiversity protection and awareness including the

following:

Biodiversity calendars: An art competition with a biodiversity theme was held with winner’s

pictures featuring in the calendar. The calendar was sold through the school to raise funds

for St. Vincent de Paul and a project in Kenya with which the school is associated with.

Providing homes and habitats for wildlife within the school grounds. These have included

nest boxes, bird feeders, insect hotels, log piles, pond and the creation of a woodland area.

Bird feeders were made by the local Men’s Shed in Tullow and launched during a coffee

morning at Siopa Glas.

Talks from local experts on biodiversity and wildlife related topics.

School gardening club

Figure 27: Ballon NS organic gardening club members with Máire George & assistant principal Bernie Mullins (Photo: Michael Martin)

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4.2 FUTURE COMMUNITY BIODIVERSITY ENHANCEMENT ACTIONS

Ballon Improvement Group and Ballon NS are a great examples of the importance of community

groups in coordinating and delivering local action for both biodiversity enhancement and awareness.

The report aims to highlight the importance of these local actions for biodiversity and will act as a

baseline against which the success of future actions can be measured.

We all have a role in protecting and encouraging our local biodiversity. The simplest way in which we

can encourage local biodiversity is to make the most of what is already there. It is important to

remember that excessive tidiness can be detrimental to local wildlife. Wildlife is increasingly given

consideration in TidyTowns adjudication. Ballon’s score this year under the Wildlife and Natural

Amenities category of the competition improved on the previous year. The adjudicator praised the

village’s efforts and looked forward to the completion of both Dúlra Bhalanna and Ballykealey Lane

365 Wildflower Project. Recommendations for future community biodiversity enhancement are

listed below in Table 3.

Code Recommendation Priority Level/Timescale

CBEA1 Vegetation management – Amenity grassland

Reduce mowing frequency of amenity grassland to allow wildflowers to grow. Where possible, grassy areas should only be mown once or twice annually. They should be cut in early September to allow wildflowers to flower and set seed. Remove grass when cut in order to reduce coarse grasses and increase wildflower diversity. If necessary, an early cut can be carried out in late spring.

High/Ongoing

CBEA2 Vegetation management – Pesticide use

Reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides. Many species typically considered weeds (e.g. Nettles) act as larval foodplants for species such as butterflies and moths. Birds such as Goldfinches also make use of species considered weeds (e.g. Groundsel) eating the seed heads.

High/Ongoing

CBEA3 Vegetation management – Stonework

Stonework should be left in a natural state and not cleaned or sprayed with herbicides. If managed correctly stonework can provide valuable habitat for wildflowers, ferns, mosses and lichens. Stonework can also provide nesting and roosting opportunities for bats and birds.

High/Ongoing

CBEA4 Vegetation management – Hedgerows

Hedgerows should be trimmed in January or February to avoid the destruction of bird’s nests (present from March to August). Trim on a two- or three-year rotation, rather than annually, to ensure that thick nesting cover is available and to boost the valuable berry crop.

High/Ongoing

CBEA5 Vegetation management – Invasive species

Invasive species including Japanese Knotweed and Winter Heliotrope occur within Ballon village. Specialist advice should be sought on appropriate eradication techniques.

High/Ongoing

CBEA6 Habitat creation - 1916 commemorative garden

Implement garden plans from landscape designer Deirdre Pender which incorporate native plantings.

Moderate/Medium term

Table 3: Community biodiversity enhancement actions

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4.3 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

Although the report focuses on biodiversity promoting actions of community groups, it will hopefully

raise awareness and encourage increased local ownership and guardianship of biodiversity in the

area. Biodiversity enhancement to date has focused on areas of publicly accessible or community

owned areas of land. As illustrated in the habitat map (Figure 12), a large proportion of land in Ballon

village is comprised of privately owned residential and business development. These areas could

potentially contribute hugely to Ballon’s biodiversity resource if managed with wildlife in mind.

Habitat creation and enhancement in urban areas is vital to increase local habitat diversity.

Recommendations to increase public participation and engagement in biodiversity conservation are

listed in Table 4 below.

Code Recommendation Priority Level/

Timescale

PBEA1 Vegetation management – Wildflower planting

Grow flowers, shrubs and trees that provide nectar and pollen from spring right through to winter e.g. Willow (early spring), Primrose/Bluebell (spring), Clovers/Honeysuckle (early summer), Knapweed/Teasel (late summer), Ivy (autumn) and Mahonia (winter).

High/Annual

PBEA2 Species enhancement – Bird feeding and nesting provision

Provide feeding and nesting opportunities for birds in your garden. Peanuts are a popular food for garden birds and attract a wide range of species. It is also important to provide birds with access to clean water to drink. Clean and wash your feeders and feeding areas regularly with a 5% disinfectant solution.

Nesting opportunities may be provided by garden trees and shrubs or installation of nest boxes. Nest boxes should be faced somewhere between north and east, away from prevailing south-westerly wind and away from the midday sun (south). Open fronted (robin, wren, spotted flycatcher) and small hole (tits, sparrows) boxes would suit a range of species found in Ballon.

Moderate/ Medium term

PBEA3 Interpretative information – Wildlife Trail and pamphlet

Develop a wildlife trail using the findings of Dúlra Bhalana highlighting the rich biodiversity of the village. Signage design should follow previous interpretative information projects in the village to provide continuity. A pamphlet summarising the findings of the report could be developed to provide supplementary biodiversity information for trail users.

High/Short term

PBEA4 Interpretative information – Guided walks and talks

Continue to organise walks and talks throughout the year to increase local knowledge and awareness of wildlife. Walks and talks could be organised in conjunction with national events (e.g. Heritage Week, National Tree Week, National Dawn Chorus Day, Biodiversity Week, etc.) or as standalone events (butterfly walks, bird walks, etc.).

High/Ongoing

PBEA5 Species enhancement – Pond creation

Incorporate a water feature, no matter how big or small into your garden. For any pond design, the most important factor is to have gently sloping sides and plenty of native vegetation so that wildlife can easily enter and exit the water. Be careful to avoid introducing non-native invasive species. Invasive species have the ability to threaten our native wildlife, cause damage to our environment, economy or human health. Identification tips for invasive aquatic plants can be found at http://goo.gl/m6xeSr

Moderate/ Medium term

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PBEA6 Biodiversity promotion/awareness – Organise a Bioblitz

A bioblitz is a race against time to see how many species can be recorded over a specific time period at a given site. Invited experts would assist with the recording and all records could be added to the village’s biodiversity inventory. The event would highlight local biodiversity and promote wildlife recording. The day would also highlight and promote the importance of local community action in halting global biodiversity loss.

High/Annual

PBEA7 Biodiversity promotion/awareness – Biodiversity website

Develop a website to highlight the biodiversity of Ballon village. The website could include information on Ballon’s wildlife, interpretative signage projects, nature calendar (species to look out for throughout the year), biodiversity inventory and ways in which people can get actively involved in conserving biodiversity.

High/Ongoing

PBEA8 Biodiversity promotion/awareness – Youth initiatives

Continue to support and promote the Green Schools Programme at Ballon NS. The school are hugely successful participants of the scheme. Other initiatives such as Eco nature camps and wildlife walks and talks are excellent ways to promote and increase awareness of biodiversity conservation in Ballon village.

High/Ongoing

PBEA9 Species enhancement – Log piles

Create a log pile. Dead or decaying wood can support a wide range of fungi and invertebrates. Log piles are also an important habitat for over-wintering and hibernating wildlife.

Moderate/ Medium term

PBEA10 Vegetation management – Native hedgerow planting

Plant a native hedgerow as a property boundary rather than a wall or fence. Hedgerows provide food, shelter and commuting routes for local wildlife.

Moderate/ Medium term

PBEA11 Vegetation management – Seed saving

Learn about seed saving and save your own native tree seeds to plant in your garden and local area. A guide to collecting and growing native trees from seed is available at http://goo.gl/C8N8bf

Moderate/ Medium term

Table 4: Actions to increase public participation and engagement in biodiversity conservation

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4.4 BIODIVERSITY MONITORING

The overall aim of this project was to assess, evaluate and communicate the biodiversity of Ballon

village. Hopefully the report will serve to raise awareness of Ballon’s biodiversity and encourage

local ownership and guardianship of biodiversity in the area.

The desktop review of biodiversity information pertaining to Ballon village revealed gaps in habitat

and species records. To conserve biodiversity it is important to keep records of what species are

present in Ballon. This information can be used to monitor changes in wildlife over time and allows

the success of biodiversity management measures to be assessed. Although this report provides

baseline information on the Ballon’s biodiversity, it is important that wildlife recording is ongoing

and encouraged amongst the local community.

It is a common perception that towns and villages such as Ballon support only limited biodiversity. It

is hoped that the report will highlight the rich diversity of wildlife in Ballon and the importance of

local actions in protecting and enhancing biodiversity. It is also hoped that the report may foster an

increased appreciation of local wildlife and active participation in biodiversity monitoring and

conservation amongst Ballon residents. Ways in which individuals and Ballon as a community can

further develop their interest in wildlife and become more active citizens in protecting and

monitoring biodiversity are listed below in Table 5.

Code Recommendation Priority Level/Timescale

BM1 Biodiversity monitoring – Species inventory

A biodiversity inventory of all species recorded in Ballon should be setup and maintained. The species list in Appendix A could form the baseline.

Moderate/Ongoing

BM2 Biodiversity monitoring – Identification skills

Promote NBDC identification workshops to local residents to improve community expertise in biodiversity monitoring. Workshops cater for the needs of beginners through to advanced and cover a wide range of topics.

Moderate/Ongoing

BM3 Biodiversity conservation – Environment/Wildlife group membership

Join a local environmental or wildlife group e.g. Birdwatch Ireland, Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland, Irish Wildlife Trust, Bat Conservation Ireland, etc. These groups are a great way of meeting likeminded people and help support the group’s conservation efforts.

Moderate/Ongoing

BM4 Biodiversity monitoring – Citizen science

Become a citizen scientist by participating in a wildlife monitoring scheme e.g. Birdwatch Ireland’s Garden Bird Survey, National Biodiversity Data Centre’s (NBDC) Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, NBDC’s Bumblebee Monitoring Scheme, Bat Conservation Ireland’s All Ireland Daubenton’s Bat Waterways Survey, etc.

Moderate/Ongoing

BM5 Biodiveristy awareness – Share your wildlife experiences

Photograph and share your findings on social media. Facebook groups such as “Wild Carlow”, “Insects/Invertebrates of Ireland” and “Wildflowers & Fungi of Ireland & UK” provide a platform for people to share, identify and increase appreciation of their local wildlife.

Moderate/Ongoing

Table 5: Biodiversity monitoring promotion actions

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Figure 28: 14-spot (left), 2-spot (top right) & 22-spot ladybirds (bottom right) recorded in Ballon

The NBDC manages biodiversity data in Ireland. The NBDC provides an online system for people to

submit wildlife records which are added to the national biodiversity database. All wildlife sightings

are valuable and submitting them to the NBDC means that they can be used to help conservation. A

guide to submitting records to the NBDC is available at http://goo.gl/CHucvI.

Records of wildlife sightings can be submitted to the NBDC at http://records.biodiversityireland.ie/

or through their mobile phone app. An example of a record submission form is shown in Figure 29.

Information typically includes location details, observer details, record date and species name.

The NBDC also provides a number of identification guides which help recorders to identify a range of

different groups. A number of pocket-sized identification swatches (Figure 30) are available from the

NBDC online shop for ladybirds, bumblebees, butterflies, dragonflies and shieldbugs. Free

identification guides (Figure 30) are also available to download for the identification of bumblebees,

solitary bees, hoverflies, butterflies and invasive species.

35

Figure 29: NBDC record submission forms. Online form (left) & mobile app (right)

Figure 30: NBDC identification resources examples. Butterfly swatch (left) & butterfly identification guide (right)

36

5 REFERENCES

Brooks, S., Cham, S. & Lewington, R. (2014) Field Guide to the Dragonflies & Damselflies of Great

Britain and Ireland. British Wildlife Publishing,

DAHG (2011) Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016. Ireland’s National Biodiversity Plan. Department of

Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.

DAHG (2014) Ireland’s Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Department of

Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.

Fossitt, J.A. (2000) A Guide to Habitats in Ireland. Heritage Council, Kilkenny.

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC). (2007) Handbook for Phase 1 habitat survey-a technique for environmental audit. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

Institute of Environmental Assessment (1995) Guidelines for Baseline Ecological Assessment. E & FN

Spon, London.

Marnell, F., Kingston, N. & Looney, D. (2009) Ireland Red List No. 3: Terrestrial Mammals, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being. Synthesis. Island

Press, Washington, DC.

NPWS. (2008) The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland. National Parks & Wildlife

Service, Department of Environment, Heritage & Local Government, Dublin.

Rose, F. (1989) Colour Identification Guide to the Grasses, Sedges, Rushes and Ferns of the British Isles and north-western Europe. Penguin Group, London.

Rose, F. (2006) The Wildflower Key. Penguin Books, London.

Smith, G.F., O’Donoghue, P., O’Hora, K. & Delaney, E. (2011) Best Practice Guidance for Habitat

Survey and Mapping. Heritage Council, Kilkenny.

Stace, C.A. (2010) New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Wikipedia (2010) Island of Ireland location map [online image], Available from: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Carlow.svg> [Accessed 5 March 2015]

37

APPENDIX A BALLON BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY

Species group Common name Scientific name Conservation status

Amphibians Common Frog Rana temporaria

Amphibians Smooth Newt Lissotriton vulgaris

Bees Common Carder Bee Bombus pascuorum

Bees Early Bumblebee Bombus pratorum

Bees Grey Mining Bee Andrena cineraria

Bees Honey Bee Apis mellifera

Bees Large Red Tailed Bumblebee Bombus lapidarius Near threatened

Bees Marsham’s Nomad Bee Nomada marshamella

Bees Solitary bee Andrena carantonica

Bees White-tailed Bumblebee Bombus lucorum agg.

Beetles 14-spot Ladybird Propylea quattuordecimpunctata

Beetles 22-spot Ladybird Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata

Beetles 2-spot Ladybird Adalia bipunctata

Beetles 7-spot Ladybird Coccinella septempunctata

Beetles Cereal Leaf Beetle Oulema melanopus

Beetles Common Red Soldier Beetle Rhagonycha fulva

Beetles Green Dock Beetle Gastrophysa viridula

Beetles Leaf beetle Gastrophysa polygoni

Beetles Prasocuris phellandrii

Beetles Cantharis nigricans

Birds Blackbird Turdus merula

Birds Blue tit Parus caeruleus

Birds Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula

Birds Buzzard Buteo buteo

Birds Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs

Birds Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita

Birds Collared dove Streptopelia decaocto

Birds Dunnock Prunella modularis

Birds Fieldfare Turdus pilaris

Birds Goldcrest Regulus regulus

Birds Great tit Parus major

Birds Greenfinch Carduelis chloris

Birds Grey Heron Ardea cinerea

Birds Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea

Birds Hooded crow Corvus cornix

Birds House sparrow Passer domesticus Amber list

Birds Jackdaw Corvus monedula

Birds Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Amber list

Birds Linnet Carduelis cannabina Amber list

Birds Long-eared Owl Asio otus

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Birds Long-tailed tit Aegithalus caudatus

Birds Magpie Pica pica

Birds Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

Birds Meadow pipit Anthus pratensis

Birds Mistle thrush Turdus viscivorus

Birds Moorhen Gallinula chloropus

Birds Mute swan Cygnus olor Amber list

Birds Pheasant Phasianus colchicus

Birds Pied wagtail Motacilla alba yarrellii

Birds Raven Corvus corax

Birds Redwing Turdus iliacus

Birds Robin Erithacus rubecula

Birds Rook Corvus frugilegus

Birds Skylark Alauda arvensis Amber list

Birds Snipe Gallinago gallinago Amber list

Birds Song thrush Turdus philomelos

Birds Starling Sturnus vulgaris Amber list

Birds Swallow Hirundo rustica Amber list

Birds Teal Anas crecca Amber list

Birds Tree sparrow Passer montanus Amber list

Birds Treecreeper Certhia familiaris

Birds Woodpigeon Columba palumbus

Birds Wren Troglodytes troglodytes

Birds Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella Red list

Butterflies Comma Polygonia c-album

Butterflies Common Blue Polyommatus icarus

Butterflies Green-veined White Pieris napi

Butterflies Holly Blue Celastrina argiolus

Butterflies Large White Pieris brassicae

Butterflies Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina

Butterflies Orange-tip Anthocharis cardamines

Butterflies Peacock Inachis io

Butterflies Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta

Butterflies Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus

Butterflies Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae

Butterflies Small White Pieris rapae

Butterflies Speckled Wood Pararge aegeria

Conifer Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris

Damselflies Azure Damselfly Coenagrion puella

Damselflies Banded Demoiselle Calopteryx splendens

Damselflies Beautiful Demoiselle Calopteryx virgo

Damselflies Blue-tailed Damselfly Ischnura elegans

Damselflies Emerald Damselfly Lestes sponsa

Damselflies Large Red Damselfly Pyrrhosoma nymphula

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Dragonflies Common Darter Sympetrum striolatum

Dragonflies Four-spotted Chaser Libellula quadrimaculata

Dragonflies Ruddy Darter Sympetrum sanguineum

Ferns Hart’s-tongue Asplenium ceterach

Ferns Maidenhair Spleenwort Asplenium trichomanes

Ferns Rustyback Asplenium ceterach

Ferns Soft Shield-fern Polystichum setiferum

Ferns Wall-rue Asplenium ruta-muraria

Flies Hoverfly Eristalis tenax

Flies Hoverfly Eristalis pertinax

Flies Hoverfly Platycheirus albimanus

Flies Hoverfly Eristalis intricaria

Flies Hoverfly Syrphus torvus

Flies Hoverfly Helophilus pendulus

Flies Hoverfly Epistrophe eligans

Flies Hoverfly Leucozona lucorum

Flies Hoverfly Myathropa florea

Flies Hoverfly Anasimyia lineata

Flies Hoverfly Syritta pipiens

Flies Hoverfly Volucella bombylans

Flies Hoverfly Volucella pellucens

Flies Hoverfly Xylota segnis

Flies Hoverfly Scaeva pyrastri

Flies Hoverfly Chrysogaster solstitialis

Flies Hoverfly Eristalis arbustorum

Flies Hoverfly Melanostoma mellinum

Flies Hoverfly Platycheirus manicatus

Flies Hoverfly Platycheirus scutatus agg

Flies Hoverfly Riponnensia splendens

Flies Hoverfly Sphaerophoria scripta

Flies Noon Fly Mesembrina meridiana

Flies Tachinid fly Eriothrix rufomaculata

Flowering plants Alder Alnus glutinosa

Flowering plants Annual Meadow-grass Poa annua

Flowering plants Ash Fraxinus excelsior

Flowering plants Atlantic Ivy Hedera hibernica

Flowering plants Barren Strawberry Potentilla sterilis

Flowering plants Beech Fagus sylvatica

Flowering plants Black Medick Medicago lupulina

Flowering plants Blackthorn Prunus spinosa

Flowering plants Blue Water-Speedwell Veronica anagallis-aquatica

Flowering plants Bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta

Flowering plants Bog Stitchwort Stellaria alsine

Flowering plants Bracken Pteridium aquilinum

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Flowering plants Bramble Rubus fruticosus agg.

Flowering plants Broad-leaved Dock Rumex obtusifolius

Flowering plants Bugle Ajuga reptans

Flowering plants Bulrush Typha latifolia

Flowering plants Bush Vetch Vicia sepium

Flowering plants Cat’s-ear Hypochaeris radicata

Flowering plants Celery-leaved Buttercup Ranunculus sceleratus

Flowering plants Cherry Laurel Prunus laurocerasus Invasive

Flowering plants Cleavers Galium aparine

Flowering plants Cock’s-foot Dactylis glomerata

Flowering plants Colt’s-foot Tussilago farfara

Flowering plants Common Chickweed Stellaria media

Flowering plants Common Couch Elytrigia repens

Flowering plants Common Duckweed Lemna minor

Flowering plants Common Field-speedwell Veronica persica

Flowering plants Common Hemp-nettle Galeopsis tetrahit

Flowering plants Common Ivy Hedera helix

Flowering plants Common Knapweed Centaurea nigra

Flowering plants Common Mouse-ear Cerastium fontanum

Flowering plants Common Nettle Urtica dioica

Flowering plants Common Ragwort Senecio jacobaea

Flowering plants Common Ramping-fumitory Fumaria muralis

Flowering plants Common Reed Phragmites australis

Flowering plants Common Sorrel Rumex acetosa

Flowering plants Common Spike-rush Eleocharis palustris

Flowering plants Common Vetch Vicia sativa

Flowering plants Common Water-crowfoot Ranunculus aquatilis

Flowering plants Compact Rush Juncus conglomeratus

Flowering plants Corn Marigold Glebionis segetum

Flowering plants Cow Parsley Anthriscus sylvestris

Flowering plants Creeping Buttercup Ranunculus repens

Flowering plants Creeping Cinquefoil Potentilla reptans

Flowering plants Creeping Soft-grass Holcus mollis

Flowering plants Creeping Thistle Cirsium arvense

Flowering plants Crested Dog’s-tail Cynosurus cristatus

Flowering plants Cuckooflower Cardamine pratensis

Flowering plants Curled Dock Rumex crispus

Flowering plants Cut-leaved Crane’s-bill Geranium dissectum

Flowering plants Daisy Bellis perennis

Flowering plants Dame’s-violet Hesperis matronalis

Flowering plants Dandelion Taraxacum agg.

Flowering plants Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill Geranium molle

Flowering plants Early Dog-violet Viola reichenbachiana

Flowering plants Elder Sambucus nigra

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Flowering plants Enchanter’s-nightshade Circaea lutetiana

Flowering plants False Brome Brachypodium sylvaticum

Flowering plants False Fox-sedge Carex otrubae

Flowering plants False Oat-grass Arrhenatherum elatius

Flowering plants Fern-grass Catapodium rigidum

Flowering plants Field Forget-me-not Myosotis arvensis

Flowering plants Field Horsetail Equisetum arvense

Flowering plants Field Maple Acer campestre

Flowering plants Field Pansy Viola arvensis

Flowering plants Field Wood-rush Luzula campestris

Flowering plants Fool’s Parsley Aethusa cynapium

Flowering plants Fool’s-water-cress Apium nodiflorum

Flowering plants Fox-and-cubs Pilosella aurantiaca

Flowering plants Garlic Mustard Alliaria petiolata

Flowering plants Germander Speedwell Veronica chamaedrys

Flowering plants Gorse Ulex europaeus

Flowering plants Great Willowherb Epilobium hirsutum

Flowering plants Greater Plantain Plantago major

Flowering plants Greater Stitchwort Stellaria holostea

Flowering plants Grey Willow Salix cinerea

Flowering plants Ground-elder Aegopodium podagraria

Flowering plants Ground-ivy Glechoma hederacea

Flowering plants Groundsel Senecio vulgaris

Flowering plants Hairy Bitter-cress Cardamine hirsuta

Flowering plants Hairy Sedge Carex hirta

Flowering plants Hairy Tare Vicia hirsuta

Flowering plants Hard Rush Juncus inflexus

Flowering plants Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna

Flowering plants Hazel Corylus avellana

Flowering plants Hedge Bindweed Calystegia sepium

Flowering plants Hedge Woundwort Stachys sylvatica

Flowering plants Hemp-agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum

Flowering plants Herb-Robert Geranium robertianum

Flowering plants Hogweed Heracleum sphondylium

Flowering plants Holly Ilex aquifolium

Flowering plants Honeysuckle Lonicera periclymenum

Flowering plants Hornbeam Carpinus betulus

Flowering plants Horse-chesnut Aesculus hippocastanum

Flowering plants Ivy-leaved Speedwell Veronica hederifolia

Flowering plants Ivy-leaved Toadflax Cymbalaria muralis

Flowering plants Japanese Knotweed Fallopia japonica Invasive

Flowering plants Jointed Rush Juncus articulatus

Flowering plants Knotgrass Polygonum aviculare

Flowering plants Lesser Celandine Ficaria verna

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Flowering plants Lesser Periwinkle Vinca minor

Flowering plants Lesser Spearwort Ranunculus flammula

Flowering plants Lesser Stitchwort Stellaria graminea

Flowering plants Lesser Trefoil Trifolium dubium

Flowering plants Lime Tilia cordata x platyphyllos

Flowering plants Lords-and-Ladies Arum maculatum

Flowering plants Marsh Cudweed Gnaphalium uliginosum

Flowering plants Marsh Foxtail Alopecurus geniculatus

Flowering plants Marsh Marigold Caltha palustris

Flowering plants Marsh Speedwell Veronica scutellata

Flowering plants Marsh Thistle Cirsium palustre

Flowering plants Marsh Violet Viola palustris

Flowering plants Marsh Yellow-cress Rorippa palustris

Flowering plants Marsh-bedstraw Galium palustre

Flowering plants Meadow Buttercup Ranunculus acris

Flowering plants Meadow Foxtail Alopecurus pratensis

Flowering plants Meadow Vetchling Lathyrus pratensis

Flowering plants Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria

Flowering plants Navelwort Umbilicus rupestris

Flowering plants Nipplewort Lapsana communis

Flowering plants Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage Chrysosplenium oppositifolium

Flowering plants Oval Sedge Carex leporina

Flowering plants Oxeye Daisy Leucanthemum vulgare

Flowering plants Pendulous Sedge Carex pendula

Flowering plants Perennial Rye-grass Lolium perenne

Flowering plants Petty Spurge Euphorbia peplus

Flowering plants Pignut Conopodium majus

Flowering plants Pineappleweed Matricaria discoidea

Flowering plants Primrose Primula vulgaris

Flowering plants Procumbent Pearlwort Sagina procumbens

Flowering plants Purple-loosestrife Lythrum salicaria

Flowering plants Ragged Robin Silene flos-cuculi

Flowering plants Raspberry Rubus idaeus

Flowering plants Red Clover Trifolium pratense

Flowering plants Red Dead-nettle Lamium purpureum

Flowering plants Red Fescue Festuca rubra

Flowering plants Red Valerian Centranthus ruber

Flowering plants Redshank Persicaria maculosa

Flowering plants Remote Sedge Carex remota

Flowering plants Ribwort Plantain Plantago lanceolata

Flowering plants Rosebay Willowherb Chamerion angustifolium

Flowering plants Rough Meadow-grass Poa trivialis

Flowering plants Rowan Sorbus aucuparia

Flowering plants Scarlet Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis

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Flowering plants Scentless Mayweed Tripleurospermum inodorum

Flowering plants Shepherd's-purse Capsella bursa-pastoris

Flowering plants Silver Birch Betula pendula

Flowering plants Silverweed Potentilla anserina

Flowering plants Smooth Hawk's-beard Crepis capillaris

Flowering plants Soft-brome Bromus hordeaceus

Flowering plants Soft-rush Juncus effusus

Flowering plants Spear Thistle Cirsium vulgare

Flowering plants Square-stalked St John's-wort Hypericum tetrapterum

Flowering plants Sticky Mouse-ear Cerastium glomeratum

Flowering plants Sweet Chesnut Castanea sativa

Flowering plants Sweet Vernal-grass Anthoxanthum odoratum

Flowering plants Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus

Flowering plants Thale Cress Arabidopsis thaliana

Flowering plants Thyme-leaved Sandwort Arenaria serpyllifolia

Flowering plants Thyme-leaved Speedwell Veronica serpyllifolia

Flowering plants Tufted Vetch Vicia cracca

Flowering plants Upright Hedge-parsley Torilis japonica

Flowering plants Wall Speedwell Veronica arvensis

Flowering plants Water Forget-me-not Myosotis scorpioides

Flowering plants Water Horsetail Equisetum fluviatile

Flowering plants Water Mint Mentha aquatica

Flowering plants Water-cress Nasturtium officinale

Flowering plants Wavy Bitter-cress Cardamine flexuosa

Flowering plants White Clover Trifolium repens

Flowering plants Wild Angelica Angelica sylvestris

Flowering plants Wild Carrot Daucus carota

Flowering plants Wild Privet Ligustrum vulgare

Flowering plants Wild Strawberry Fragaria vesca

Flowering plants Wild Turnip Brassica rapa subsp. campestris

Flowering plants Winter Heliotrope Petasites fragrans Invasive

Flowering plants Wood Avens Geum urbanum

Flowering plants Wood Dock Rumex sanguineus

Flowering plants Wood-sedge Carex sylvatica

Flowering plants Wych Elm Ulmus glabra

Flowering plants Yarrow Achillea millefolium

Flowering plants Yellow Iris Iris pseudacorus

Flowering plants Yellow Loosestrife Lysimachia vulgaris

Flowering plants Yellow-rattle Rhinanthus minor

Flowering plants Yew Taxus baccata

Flowering plants Yorkshire-fog Holcus lanatus

Grasshoppers Common Field Grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus

Mammals American Mink Mustela vison Invasive

Mammals Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus

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Mammals Common Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus

Mammals Eastern Grey Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Invasive

Mammals Irish Hare Lepus timidus hibernicus

Mammals Leisler's Bat Nyctalus leisleri

Mammals Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus

Mammals Red Fox Vulpes vulpes

Mammals Soprano Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus

Mammals West European Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus

Moths Cinnabar Tyria jacobaeae

Spiders Nursery Web Spider Pisaura mirabilis

True bugs A mirid bug Liocoris tripustulatus

True bugs A mirid bug Closterotomus norwegicus

True bugs A mirid bug Dicyphus epilobii

True bugs A mirid bug Stenodema laevigata

True bugs Birch Shieldbug Elasmostethus interstinctus

True bugs Black Kneed Capsid Blepharidopterus angulatus

True bugs Bulrush Bug Chilacis typhae

True bugs Common Damsel Bug Nabis rugosus

True bugs Green Shieldbug Palomena prasina

True bugs Hairy Shieldbug Dolycoris baccarum

True bugs Hawthorn Shieldbug Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale

True bugs Marsh Damsel Bug Nabis limbatus

True bugs Red-legged Shieldbug Pentatoma rufipes

True bugs Stiltbug Metatropis rufescens

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APPENDIX B BUTTERFLY LARVAL FOODPLANTS

Common Name Scientific Name Primary Foodplant for Secondary Foodplant for

Bent grasses Agrostis spp. Meadow Brown

Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil

Lotus corniculatus Common Blue

Black Medick Medicago lupulina Common Blue

Bramble Rubus fruticosus Holly Blue

Charlock Sinapsis arvensis Green-veined White Orange-tip, Small White

Cock’s-foot Dactylis glomerata Meadow Brown, Ringlet, Speckled Wood

Common Couch Elytigia repens Ringlet, Speckled Wood

Common Nettle Urtica dioica Comma, Peacock, Red Admiral, Small Tortoiseshell

Crucifers Cruciferae family Large White, Small White Green-veined White

Dogwoods Cornus spp. Holly Blue

Elms Ulmus spp. Comma

False Brome Brachypodium sylvaticum

Meadow Brown, Ringlet, Speckled Wood

Fescue grasses Festuca spp. Meadow Brown

Garlic Mustard Alliaria petiolate Green-veined White, Orange-tip Small White

Gorses Ulex spp. Holly Blue

Hedge Mustard Sisymbrium officinale Green-veined White Orange-tip, Small White

Holly Ilex spp. Holly Blue

Ivy Hedera helix Holly Blue

Lesser Trefoil Trifolium dubium Common Blue

Meadow grasses Poa spp. Meadow Brown, Ringlet

Nasturtium Tropaeolum majus Small White Green-veined White, Large White

Pellitory-of-the-wall Parietaria judaica Red Admiral

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Spindle Euonymus europaeus Holly Blue

Tufted Hair-grass Deschampsia cespitosa Ringlet

Turnip Brassica rapa Orange-tip

Water-cress Nasturtium officinale Green-veined White

White Clover Trifolium repens Common Blue

Winter-cress Barbarea vulgaris Orange-tip

Yorkshire-fog Holcus lanatus Speckled Wood

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APPENDIX C NATIVE TREES & SHRUBS IN IRELAND

Species Preferred Site Height (max) Biodiversity value

Alder

Alnus glutinosa

Prefers wet ground & stream banks. Tolerates poor soil.

29 metres Early flowering, good source of pollen and nectar for insects. Seeds are eaten by tits, siskins & redpolls

Ash

Fraxinus excelsior

Prefers well drained neutral to alkaline soils

37 metres Gives light shade which promotes rich ground flora. Good for insects. Seeds are eaten by birds & mammals

Birches

Betula pubescens

Betula pendula

Prefers light infertile soils.

24-30 metres Gives light shade which promotes rich ground flora. Good for insects. Seeds are eaten by birds & mammals

Blackthorn

Prunus spinosa

Prefers open, sunny conditions. Tolerates a wide range of soils

4 metres Early flowering, good source of pollen and nectar for insects. Provides nesting cover and autumn food source (sloes) for birds

Broom

Cystisus scoparius

Grows best on light, dry, acid soils

2 metres Good for insects. Foodplant of the Green Hairstreak butterfly

Cherry, Bird

Prunus padus

Prefers damp fertile soils 19 metres Early flowering, good source of pollen and nectar for insects. Food source for birds and mammals

Cherry, Wild

Prunus avium

Prefers fertile woodland soils but tolerates clay as well

31 metres Early flowering, good source of pollen and nectar for insects. Food source for birds and mammals

Crab apple

Malus sylvestris

Prefers neutral to alkaline soils, but thrives in all fertile including heavy soils

10 metres Early flowering, good source of pollen and nectar for insects. Food source for birds and mammals

Dog-rose

Rosa canina

Tolerates a wide range of soils but prefers calcareous to neutral soils

3 metres Good for insects. Hips are an important food source for birds and small mammals. Provides shelter

Elder

Sambucus nigra

Prefers nutrient rich soils, hardy

10 metres Good source of nectar for insects and food source for birds and mammals

Elm, Wych

Ulmus glabra

No particular preference but thrives in fertile free draining soils

37 metres Early flowering. Birds eat the seeds and the leaves are a foodplant for several moth species

Gorse

Ulex europaeus

Prefers well drained soils 2 metres Provides good nesting cover for birds. Foodplant of the Green Hairstreak butterfly

Guelder Rose

Viburnum opulus

Prefers alkaline fertile clay soils. Also like neutral wet soils

4 metres Berries are an important food source for birds such as Bullfinch and Mistle Thrush

Hawthorn

Crataegus monogyna

Tolerates a wide range of soils but flowers and fruits best in full sun

10 metres Early flowering, good source of pollen and nectar for insects. Provides nesting cover and an important food source (haws) for

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winter migrants such as Fieldfare and Redwing

Hazel

Corylus avellana

Prefers heavier fertile soils. Will tolerate some shade

6 metres Early flowering, good source of pollen and nectar for insects. Food source for birds and mammals. Associated with rich ground floras

Holly

Ilex aquifolium

Hardy species, tolerant of exposed sites and shade. Prefers neutral to acid peaty soils

23 metres Berries are an important food source for birds and mammals. Foodplant for Holly Blue butterfly. Good roost site for birds in winter

Oak, Sessile

Quercus petraea

Tolerates poorer, lighter, more acid soils than Pedunculate Oak.

42 metres Excellent for a variety of wildlife. Foodplant for Purple Hairstreak butterfly. Supports rich diversity of invertebrates. Holes and crevices provide roosting and nesting for bats and birds.

Oak, Pedunculate

Quercus robur

Prefers clay soils and damp lowlands but generally tolerant

40 metres Excellent for a variety of wildlife. Foodplant for Purple Hairstreak butterfly. Supports rich diversity of invertebrates. Holes and crevices provide roosting and nesting opportunities for bats and birds

Rowan/Mountain Ash

Sorbus aucuparia

Grows in poor thin acid soils. Very hardy. Tolerant of exposed sites

18 metres Early flowering, good source of pollen and nectar for insects. Autumn food source for birds

Scots Pine

Pinus sylvestris

Prefers light sand soils/also peaty acid soils

36 metres Good nesting and roosting site for birds. Cones are an important food source

Spindle

Euonymus europaeus

Prefers alkaline soils but tolerates a wide range of non-acid soils

5-8 metres Flowers are a rich source of nectar and pollen. Larval foodplant of several moth species

Strawberry Tree

Arbutus unedo

Nutrient rich, well-drained soil in sun or semi-shade

5-11 metres A rare species native in only three counties in Ireland and throughout the Mediterranean

Whitebeam, Irish

Sorbus hibernica

Prefers alkaline soils but grows in a wide range of soils

7 metres Berry crop which provides food for birds. Larval foodplant of several moth species

Yew

Taxus baccata

Prefers well drained alkaline soils. Tolerates shade

28 metres Berries are an important food source for birds and mammals