axial skeleton - vertebrae locomotion protects spinal cord suspends trunk

57
Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Upload: kerry-richardson

Post on 24-Dec-2015

217 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae

LocomotionProtects spinal cordSuspends trunk

Page 2: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 3: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 4: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae

CentrumBody of vertebraSurrounds or replaces notochord

Page 5: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 6: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Centrum shape

Amphicelous (most fish, tailed amphibians)Opisthocelous (terrestrial salamanders, gar)Acelous (mammals)Procelous (reptiles, frogs)

Page 7: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 8: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae

Vertebral archNeural archNeural spine = spinous processNeural canal = vertebral canal

Page 9: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 10: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae

Hemal archChevron bone in amniotesVentral archway for caudal blood vesselsHemal spine

Page 11: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 12: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 13: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae

Transverse processDiapophysis

Page 14: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 15: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae

ZygaphophysesTetrapod featurePrezygapophyses – cranialPostzygapophyses - caudal

Page 16: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 17: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Development of vertebrae

AncientSclerotomes around notochordIntersegmental from the somitesCartilage replacement of notochordBone replacement of notochord

Page 18: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 19: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 20: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae in advanced fish

Centrum replaces notochordDiplospondyly in tail

Page 21: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae in fish

Regional differentiationDorsal = TrunkCaudal = tail

Page 22: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 23: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - fish

Craniovertebral jointNo movement

Page 24: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - Amphibians

Terrestrial lifeSpine must support bodyResists bending but provides mobility

Page 25: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 26: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Phylogeny of tetrapod vertebrae

Tetrapod centrum is the descendant of the Pleurocentrum, not the intercentrum

Page 27: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 28: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - amphibians

Zygapophyses

Page 29: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - amphibians

Regional differentiationCervical – usually oneTrunk = dorsal – ribs presentSacral – oneCaudal – no zygapophysesUrostyle – fused post-sacral vertebrae in

anurans

Page 30: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Skeletal support

Cervical vert.Cervical vert.

Trunk vert.with ribsTrunk vert.with ribs

Sacral vert.Sacral vert.

Caudal vert.Caudal vert.

Page 31: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 32: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - amphibians

Craniovertebral joint1-2 occipital condyles

Page 33: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - Reptiles

Centrum replaces notochordProcoelous centrumPleurocentrum is phylogenetic ancestral

centrum

Page 34: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - Reptiles

ZygapophysesNot in tail

Page 35: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - reptiles

Cervical – 8 including atlas and axisDorsals = Trunk (thoracic and lumbar)Sacral – 2 for stronger supportCaudal

– Chevron bone = hemal arch– Autonomy

Page 36: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 37: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 38: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - reptiles

Craniovertebral jointBall & socket type of jointSingle occipital condyle

Page 39: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 40: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - reptile

Atlas = C1Axis = C2

– Odontoid process for rotationProatlas in crocodiles anterior to atlas

Page 41: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 42: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - Birds

Centrum is heterocoelous

Page 43: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 44: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - birds

Numerous cervical vertebraeSingle occipital condyleTrunk = Thoracic vertebrae (tend to fuse)Synsacrum

– Last thoracic, all lumbar, 2 sacral, some caudalCaudal vertebrae

– Pygostyle supports tail feathers

Page 45: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 46: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 47: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - Mammals

Centrum is acelous 7 cervical Thoracics vary Lumbars vary Sacrum 3-5 Caudal

– Chevron bone– Coccyx

Page 48: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 49: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 50: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 51: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 52: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 53: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - Mammal

Intervertebral discFibrocartilagePulpy nucleus

Page 54: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 55: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Vertebrae - Mammal

Craniovertebral joint2 occipital condylesAtlasAxisFlex, extend, circle, rotate

Page 56: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk
Page 57: Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae Locomotion Protects spinal cord Suspends trunk

Key Points – Evolutionary trend of vertebrae

Regional differentiation?Head/neck?Sacral stability?Zygapophyses?Loss of notochord?