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لِ م اَ وَ ع ل ا“The Governors” By Zaynud-Din Muhammad ibn Bir Ali al-Birgivi Translated by

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Page 1: Awamil - Al-Birgivi (English)

الع�و�ام�ل

“The Governors”By

Zaynud-Din Muhammad ibn Bir Alial-Birgivi

Translatedby

Amienoellah Abderoef

Page 2: Awamil - Al-Birgivi (English)

الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم

In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

All Praise be to Allah, the Lord and Cherisher of the worlds. Blessings and Peace be upon our Master Muhammad and all of his family (and companions).

Thereafter, know that it is incumbent on everyone who desires to know

the science and art) اإلعراب of syntactic analysis) to know a hundred things:

Sixty of which are called governor) عامل i.e. that which causes the ending of another word to change),

Thirty of which are called / governed) معمول governee i.e. the word whose ending is changed by the governor) and

Ten of which are called \ عمل إعراب (governing effect / declension

i.e. the particular change that is effected by the ال�ع�ام�ل at the end of the

ع�م�و�ل .( ال�م�

I will explain to you – with Allah’s Permission – these three (categories) briefly in three sections:

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Page 3: Awamil - Al-Birgivi (English)

Section One: The Governor

(العامل)

It is of two types: �ظ�ي .i.e) ل�ف� a concrete word) and �ع�ن�و�ي .i.e) م� an abstract idea).

1 The ظ�فالل��ي constitutes two groups: اع�م�س��ي (i.e. it is confined to oral

transmission and hearsay) and اس�ي�ق��ي (i.e. it follows a rule instead of being confined to oral transmission and hearsay).

1.1 The اع�مالس��ي comprises forty-nine (words) and its classes are five:

The first class constitutes particles which cause only one م to become اس�

و�ر �ر , م�ج� and are called ر�ج((�ال ف�و�ر�ح(( and �ة�اف�ض((�اإل ف�و�ر�ح(( (prepositions / genitive particles), and they are twenty:

1) اء�ب�ال (with, through, by means), like:

" �ن�ت ب�ه� ب�الله�، آم� �ب�ع�ث�ن و� أل� "

(I believe in Allah and, By Him! I will be raised)

2) �ن�م (from, of), like:

" �ن� ت�ب�ت ذ�ن�ب8 ك�ل م� "

(I repented from every sin)

3) ى�ل�إ (to, towards), like:

" �ت�ع�ا�ل�ى الله� إ�ل�ى ت�ب�ت "

(I turn to Allah – Most High – in repentance)

4) �ن�ع (from, about, of), like:

" �ت ف� ام� ع�ن� ك�ف� ر� ال�ح� "

(I was restrained from what is unlawful)

5) ى�ل�ع (on, on top), like:

" �ب ب�ة� ي�ج� ل�م8 ك�ل ع�ل�ى التو� م�س� "

(Repentance is incumbent on every sinner)

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Page 4: Awamil - Al-Birgivi (English)

6) مالال (for, belonging to, to), like:

" �ن�ا ت�ع�ال�ى لله� ع�ب�ي�دC أ "

(I am a small and insignificant servant of Allah – Most High)

7) :like ,(in, at) ف�ي�

" �نة� ف�ي ال�م�ط�ي�ع ال�ج� "

(The obedient one is in Paradise)

8) اف�ك�ال (like, same as), like:

ث�ل�ه� ل�ي�س� ءC ك�م� ي� ش�

(There is nothing like unto Him)

9) ىت�ح (until, up to including), like:

" �تى الله� أ�ع�ب�د و�ت� ح� ال�م� "

(I will worship Allah until death)

10) ب�ر (perhaps, sometimes), like:

" ب �آن� ي�ل�ع�ن�ه� ت�ال8 ر ر� �ال�ق "

(Perhaps there is a reader whom the Qur’an curses)

11) �م�س�ق�ال او�و (the ال�و�او indicating oath i.e. “by”), like:

" الله�، � و� ع�ل� ال ال�ك�ب�ائ�ر� أ�ف� "

(By Allah, I will never perform major / grave sins)

12) �م�س�ق�ال اء�ت ((the التاء indicating oath i.e. “by”), like:

" ع�ل�ن ت�الله�، �ف� ائ�ض� أل� ر� ال�ف� "

(By Allah, I will perform the obligatory acts_

13) ا�اش�ح (except, excluding), like:

" ل�ك� ا الناس� ه� اش� ال�ع�ال�م� ح� "

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Page 5: Awamil - Al-Birgivi (English)

(All the people are doomed except the learned person)

14) �ذ�م (since, from the time), like:

" �ن� ت�ب�ت ع�ل�ت�ه� ذ�ن�ب8 ك�ل م� ذ� ف� �م� م غ� ي�و� ال�ب�ل�و� "

(I repented from every sin I performed since puberty)

15) �ذ�ن�م (since, from the time), like:

" �ب ال�ة� ت�ج� ن�ذ� الص �م� م غ� ي�و� ال�ب�ل�و� "

(Ritual prayer is compulsory since the day of puberty)

16) �ال�خ (except, excluding), like:

" ل�ك� و�ن� ه� �� ال�ع�ال�م ال ل� خ� ه� ال�ع�ام� ب�ع�ل�م� "

(The learned people are doomed except the one who acts in accordance with his knowledge)

17) ا�د�ع (except, excluding), like:

" ل�ك� ل�و�ن� ه� ل�ص� ع�د�ا ال�ع�ام� ال�م�خ� "

[All those who act (in accordance with their knowledge) are doomed except the sincere person]

18) �ال�و�ل (had it not been for, if it was not for, was it not for), like:

" ة� ي�ا – ل�و�ال�ك� م� ح� ل�ك� – الله� ر� الناس� ل�ه� "

(Had it not been for You – O Mercy of Allah – then all the people would have been doomed)

19) ي��ك (for), like:

" ه� ي�ت� ك�ي�م� ع�ص� "

(For what i.e. Why did you disobey?)

20) �ل��ع�ل (hopefully) in the dialect of ‘Uqail, like:

" ر� – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ل�ع�ل ذ�ن�ب�ي� ي�غ�ف� "

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(Hopefully, Allah – Most High – will forgive my sin)

The second class is و�ف �ر �ب� ح م� ت�ن�ص� ع� االس� ف� ت�ر� ب�ر� و� ال�خ� (particles

that govern the م ب�ر and the الن�ص�ب in the case of االس� in the case of ال�خ�

ف�ع :and they are eight (particles) ( الر

1) :like ,(indeed, truly, definitely) إ�ن

" ء8 ك�ل ع�ال�م� – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� إ�ن ي� ش� "

(Indeed, Allah – the Most High – knows everything)

2) ن�أ (that, to), like:

" دت اد�رC – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� أ�ن اع�ت�ق� ء8 ك�ل ع�ل�ى ق� ي� ش� "

(I believe that Allah – Most High – has power over everything)

3) ن�أ�ك (as if), like:

" ام� ك�أ�ن ر� ن�ارC ال�ح� "

(As if the unlawful is fire)

4) ن�ك�ل (but), like:

" ا از� م� ل� ف� اه� ائ�زC ال�ع�ال�م� ل�ك�ن ال�ج� ف� "

(The ignorant person is not victorious but the learned person is victorious)

5) ت��ي�ل (how I wish), like:

" و�قC ال�ع�ل�م� ل�ي�ت� �ز ر� د8 ل�ك�ل م� أ�ح� "

[How I wish that knowledge was a means of subsistence provided to everyone]

6) ل�ع�ل (hopefully), like:

" ر� الله� ل�ع�ل ذ�ن�ب�ي� غ�اف� "

(Hopefully Allah – Most High – will forgive my sin)

These six (particles) are called و�ف �ر �به�ة ال�ح ع�ل� ال�م�ش� ب�ال�ف� (the particles that are likened to the verb).

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Page 7: Awamil - Al-Birgivi (English)

7) " �ع�ط�ق�ن�م�ال �اء�ن�ث�ت�االس ي�ال" ف�إ [ " �ال used in a sentence (i.e. but) "إwhere the object is different in kind from the whole from which it is excluded], like:

" �ي�ة ع�ص� ب�ع�د�ةC ال�م� �نة� ع�ن� م ال�ج� �ال ب�ةC الطاع�ة� إ ر ق� �ا م ن�ه� م� "

[Disobedience distances from Paradise but obedience brings (one) close to it]

8) " �س�ن�ج�ال �ي�ف�ن�" ل�ال ["� used to deny the whole genus / class (i.e. No) "الin the absolute sense], like:

" � ل� ال اع� رg ف� ائ�زC ش� ف� "

(No doer of evil is victorious)

The third class is ر�ب((�خ�ال �ان�ب�ص�ن�ي�و �م�االس �ان�ع�ف�ر�ي �ان�ف�ر�ح (two

particles that govern the م�االس in the case of ع�فالر and the ر�ب�خ�ال in the

case of ب�صالن ), and they are:

1) ا�م (not)and

2) �ال (not)

(both of) which are likened to in) ل�ي�س� meaning and function), like for example:

" ا h – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� م� كنا ت�م� �ك�ان8 م ب�م� "

(Allah – Most High – is not firmly located/positioned in a place)

" � ءC ال ي� h ش� اب�ها ت�عال�ى – لله� م�ش� "

(Nothing resembles Allah –Most High)

The fourth class is و�ف �ر �ب� ح ع�ل� ت�ن�ص� ار�ع� ال�ف� ال�م�ض� (particles that

govern the ار�ع ب�صالن in the case of ال�م�ض� ), and they are four particles:

1) :like ,(to, that) أ�ن�

" ب ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� أ�ط�ي�ع� أ�ن� أ�ح� "

(I love to obey Allah – Most High)

2) :like ,(will / shall never) ل�ن�

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" ر� ل�ن� ر�ي�ن� – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ي�غ�ف� ل�ل�ك�اف� "

(Allah – Most High – will never forgive the unbelievers)

3) :like ,[to, that (in order)] ك�ي�

" ب ر� ط�و�ل� أ�ح� �ل� ك�ي� ال�ع�م ص ال�ع�ل�م� أ�ح� "

(I love long life in order that I may acquire knowledge)

4) �ذ�ن� :like when you say ,(In that case) إ

" �ذ�ن� ل� إ �نة� ت�د�خ ال�ج� "

(In that case you will enter Paradise)

(in response) to someone who says:

" �ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� أ�ط�ي�ع "

(I obey Allah – Most High)

The fifth class constitutes ك�ل�م�ات �ز�م ار�ع� ت�ج� ال�م�ض� (words that govern the

ار�ع م in the case of ال�م�ض� ز� :and they are fifteen (words) ,( ال�ج�

1) :like His Statement ,(did not, has / have not) ل�م�

ل�م� ي�ل�د� ل�م� ل�د� و� ي�و�

(He does not give birth nor was He given birth to)

2) ا :like ,(did not yet, has / have not yet) ل�م

" ا ع� ل�م ر�ي� ي�ن�ف� ع�م� "

(My life has not been of benefit yet)

3) ر� ال�م األ�م� (the الالم denoting a command), like:

" ل� h ل�ي�ع�م� ال h ع�م� ال�حا ص� "

(Let him do righteous deeds)

4) " ي� ال�" ف�ي النه� (the "� :used for prohibition), like "ال

" � ت�ذ�ن�ب� ال "

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Page 9: Awamil - Al-Birgivi (English)

(Do not sin)

these four cause one ف�ع�ل to be و�م �ز , م�ج�

5) " :like ,(…… , …… if) "إ�ن�

" ر� ت�ت�ب� إ�ن� ب�ك� ت�غ�ف� ذ�ن�و� "

(If you repent your sins will be forgiven)

6) ا م� ه� :like ,(…… , ...… whatever) م�

" ا م� ه� ع�ل� م� أ�ل� ت�ف� ع�ن�ه� ت�س� "

(Whatever you do, you will be asked about)

7) ا :like ,(…… , …… whatever) م�

" ا ع�ل� م� ن� ت�ف� ي�ر8 م� د�ه� خ� ن�د� ت�ج� الله� ع� "

(Whatever you do of good you will find it with Allah)

8) " ن� :like ,(…… , …… whoever) "م�

" ن� ل� م� h ي�ع�م� ال h ع�م� ال�حا h ي�ك�ن� ص� يا ن�اج� "

(Whosoever does righteous works will be successful)

9) " �ي�ن� :like ,(…… , …… wherever) "أ

" �ي�ن� و�ت� ي�د�ر�ك�ك� ت�ك�ن� أ ال�م� "

(Wherever you are death will overtake you)

:like ,(…… , …… whenever) م�ت�ى(10

" د� م�ت�ى �س ل�ك� ت�ح� ت�ه� "

(Whenever you show jealousy you will be doomed)

:like ,(…… , …… wherever) أ�نى(11

" ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ي�ع�ل�م�ك� ت�ذ�ن�ب� أ�نى "

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Page 10: Awamil - Al-Birgivi (English)

(Wherever you sin, Allah knows you – Most High)

12) �ي:like ,(…… , …… whichever) أ�

" ه� ي�ت�ك�بر� ع�ال�م8 أ�ي ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ي�ب�غ�ض� "

(Whichever scholar is arrogant, Allah – Most High – hates him)

ا(13 ي�ث�م� :like ,(…… , …… wherever) ح�

" ا ي�ث�م� ع�ل� ح� ع�ل�ك� ي�ك�ت�ب� ت�ف� ف� "

(Wherever you do something your action will recorded)

ا(14 �ذ�م� :like ,(.…… , …… whenever) إ

" ا �ذ�م� ب�ل� ت�ت�ب� إ ب�ت�ك� ت�ق� ت�و� " (Whenever you repent, your repentance will be accepted)

ا(15 �ذ�ام� :like ,(…… , …… whenever) إ

" ا �ذ�ام� ل� إ ي�ر� ت�ك�ن� ب�ع�ل�م�ك� ت�ع�م� الناس� خ� "

(Whenever you act according your knowledge, you will be the best of people)

These eleven cause two ع�ال�ن� to ف� be ان� و�م� �ز which م�ج� are called "

ر�ط (condition) "ش((� and اء" ز� response) "ج((� / result of the condition) respectively.

1.2 The �ي ي�اس� :comprises nine (categories) ال�ق�

1) The ع�ل generally speaking; for every ال�ف� makes ف�ع�ل و�ع �ف ر� and م�

و�ب �ن�ص :like , م�

" ل�ق� ء8 ك�ل – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� خ� ي� ش� "

(Allah – Most High – created everything)

" ل� آن� ن�ز� ر� �h ال�ق ال و� �ن�ز "

(The Qur’an came down definitely)

It is necessary for every to have a ف�ع�ل و�ع �ف ر� and if م� the sentence is

complete with it (i.e. with that و�ع �ف ر� ع�ل then it (i.e. the ( ال�م� " is called ( ال�ف�

ت�ام� ف�ع�ل " (a complete verb), like:

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" ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ع�ل�م� "

(Allah – Most High – knows)

and if the sentence is not complete with it but instead requires a ب�ر that is خ�

و�ب �ن�ص it (i.e. the , م� ع�ل is called ( ال�ف� " ن�اق�ص ف�ع�ل " (an incomplete verb), like:

" h – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ك�ان� h ع�ل�ي�ما ك�ي�ما ح� "

(Allah – Most High – is All-knowing, All-wise)

" ار� ي� ص� q ال�ع�اص� قا ت�ح� ل�ل�ع�ذ�اب� م�س� "

(The disobedient one has become deserving of punishment)

" ا ال� م� ذ�ن�ب� ز� �h ال�م ن� ب�ع�ي�دا ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� م� "

(The sinner continues to be distant from Allah – Most High)

" �ب�ل ب�ة� ت�ق� ا التو� ح� د�ام� م� h الرو� ال ال�ب�د�ن� ف�ي د�اخ� "

(Repentance is accepted for as long as the soul is inside the body)

" h – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ل�ي�س� ما س� ج� "

(Allah – Most High – is not a body)

2) The م ل� اس� اع� ال�ف� (Active Participle); for it performs the ال�ع�م�ل of its

ع�ل ع�ل�و�م which is ال�ف� :like , م�

" د8 ك�ل و� �س ر�قC ح� د�ه� م�ح� س� ل�ه� ح� ع�م� "

(Every jealous person ‘s jealousy burns down his action)

3) The م ع�و�ل� اس� ف� ال�م� (Passive Participle); for it performs the ال�ع�م�ل of

its ع�ل و�ل which is ال�ف� �ه :like , م�ج�

" ب�و�لC ت�ائ�ب8 ك�ل ق� ب�ت�ه� م� ت�و� "

(Every one that repents his repentance is accepted)

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4) The ة ف� به�ة الص(( م ال�م�ش((� ( )ب�اس((� ل� اع((� ال�ف� (Descriptive noun

resembling the م ل� اس� اع� ال�ف� ), for it also performs the ال�ع�م�ل of its

ع�ل :like , ال�ف�

" �نC ال�ع�ب�اد�ة س� ا ح� اب�ه� ث�و� "

(Worship has a good reward)

5) The م ي�ل� اس� ض� التف� , for it also performs the ال�ع�م�ل of its ع�ل , ال�ف�like:

" ا ن� م� ل8 م� �ج ن� ر� س� ي�ه� أ�ح� ل�م� ف� ن�ه� ال�ح� ال�ع�ال�م� ف�ي م� "

(There is no man in whom clemency is better than the scholar)

6) The د�ر of ال�ع�م�ل for it also performs the ,(Infinitive / Verbal Noun) ال�م�ص�

its ع�ل :like , ال�ف�

" ب h ع�ب�د�ه� ل�ه� إ�ع�ط�اءh – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ي�ح� ما ه� د�ر� "

(Allah – Most High – loves his servant to give a dirham for His Sake)

7) The ض�اف�ر� of ال�ع�م�ل (Annexed Noun), for it also performs the ال�م ال�ج�, like:

" �ب�اد�ة ي�رC – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ع� خ� "

(Worshiping Allah – Most High – is good)

8) The م ب�ه�م االس((� �ام� ال�م الت(( (Complete Vague Noun), for it also

performs the ال�ع�م�ل of النص�ب , like:

" �ي�ح او� و�ن� التر� �ر ك�ع�ةh ع�ش� ر� "

(Tarawih is twenty bowings)

9) ع�ن�ى ع�ل� م� ال�ف� (Verbal Meaning), that is, every word from which the

meaning of a ف�ع�ل is understood, like:

" ات� ي�ه� ذ�ن�ب� ه� �ن� ال�م ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� م� "

(Distant is the sinner from the Mercy of Allah – Most High)

" اك� h ت�ر� ذ�ن�با "

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(Abandon sinning)

" ا ةC الدن�ي�ا ف�ي م� اح� ر� "

(There is no peace of mind in this Life)

" q ي�ك�و�ن� أ�ن� ل�ل�ع�ال�م� ي�ن�ب�غ�ي� د�يا م ه� م�ح� �ل�ق �خ "

(It is necessary for the scholar to be Muhammadi / Muhammad-like in his character

2. The �ع�ن�و�ي :is of two (types) ال�م�

2.1 The اف�ع ب�ت�د�إ ر� �ب�ر� ال�م ال�خ� و� (that which causes the ب�ت�د�أ � and ال�م

ب�ر و�ع to be ال�خ� �ف ر� :like ,( م�

" Cد م لى م�ح� و�ل� ع�ل�ي�ه� الله� )ص� �س ( ر� لم� الله� و�س� "

[Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah]

2.2 The اف�ع ع�ل� ر� ار�ع� ال�ف� ال�م�ض� (that which causes the ل ع((� ال�ف�ار�ع و�ع to be ال�م�ض� �ف ر� :like ,( م�

" �م ح� التائ�ب� – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ي�ر� "

(Allah – Most High – shows mercy to the one who repents)

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Section Two: The Governed / Governee

(المعمول)

It is of two kinds: ع�م�و�ل ال�ة� م� ص�ب�األ� (governed directly) and ع�م�و�ل م�

that is, its declension is the same as the ,(governed by succession) ب�التب�ع�ية�

declension of its و�ع�ت�ب .(the noun which it follows) م�

The first kind (i.e. the و�ل�ع�م ال�ة� ال�م� ص�ب�األ� ) is of four types: و�ع �ف ر� , م�

و�ب �ن�ص و�ر, م� �ر م�ج� – (the latter of) which is specific to the م and ,االس�

و�م �ز ع�ل which is specific to the – م�ج� . ال�ف�

As for the و�ع �ف ر� :it comprises nine (things) ال�م�

1. The اع�ل :like ,(Doer / Subject of the Verbal Sentence) ال�ف�

" م� ح� التائ�ب� – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ر� "

(Allah – Most High – showed mercy to the one who repents / May Allah – Most High – show mercy to the one who repents)

2. The ل� ن�ائ�ب اع� ال�ف� (Agent of the Doer), like:

" م� ح� �التائ�ب� ر " (The one who repented was shown mercy to / May the one who repents be shown mercy to)

3. The ب�ت�د�أ �(Subject of the Nominal Sentence), and ال�م

4. the ب�ر (Predicate) ال�خ�

" Cد م ال�ة� ع�ل�ي�ه� – م�ح� ال�م� الص ات�م� – و�الس ن�ب�ي�اء� خ�ل�ي�ن� األ� س� ر� �ال�م و� "

(Muhammad – On him be Peace and Blessings – is the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers)

5. The م ا اس� ات�ه� و� أ�خ� " و� "ك�ان� (Noun of " :and its Sisters), like "ك�ان�

" h – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ك�ان� h ع�ل�ي�ما ك�ي�ما ح� "

(Allah – Most High – is All-knowing and All-wise)

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6. The ب�ر ا خ� ات�ه� و� أ�خ� " و� "إ�ن (Predicate of " :and its Sisters), like "إ�ن

" قy ال�ب�ع�ث� إ�ن ح� "

(The Resurrection is real)

7. The ر ب((� ي� خ� ن�س� "ال�" ل�ن�ف� ال�ج� (Predicate of "� used "ال for the absolute negation of the genus), like:

" � ل� ال اء8 ع�م� ر� �ب�و�لC م ق� م� "

(The deeds of the show-off will not be accepted)

8. The م ت�ي�ن� اس� به� ا" و�"ال�" ال�م�ش� ب�("ل�ي�س� "م� " (Noun of "ا and "م�

"� " which are likened to "ال :like ,( "ل�ي�س�

" ا h التك�بر� م� ل�ل�ع�ال�م� ال�ئ�قا "

(Arrogance is not befitting for the scholar)

" � دC ال س� h ح� ال�ال ح� "

(Jealousy is not lawful)

9. The ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ال�ي� ال�م�ض� ب� ع�ن� ال�خ� از�م� النو�اص� و� ال�ج� و� (the

ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ال�م�ض� that is stripped of the النو�اص�ب and و�از�م ال�ج�), like:

" ب ع� الله� ي�ح� �التو�اض "

(Allah loves humbleness / humility)

As for the و�ب �ن�ص :it comprises thirteen (things) ال�م�

1. The و�ل�ع ال�م�ط�ل�ق ال�م�ف� (Absolute / Unrestricted Object), like:

" �ب�ةh ت�ب�ت h ت�و� و�حا �ن�ص "

(I made sincere repentance)

2. The و�ل�ع ب�ه� ال�م�ف� (Direct Object), like:

" �ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� أ�ع�ب�د "

(I worship Allah – Most High)

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3. The و�ل�ع ي�ه� ال�م�ف� ف� (Adverbial Object), like:

" م� �ر� ص ه� ان� ش� م�ض� ر� "

(Fast the month of Ramadhan)

4. The و�ل�ع ل�ه� ال�م�ف� (Object of Purpose / Reason), like:

" ل� h ا�ع�م� اة� ط�ل�با ض� ر� ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ل�م� "

(Do deeds seeking the pleasure of Allah – Most High)

5. The و�ل�ع ع�ه� ال�م�ف� م� (Object of Accompaniment), like:

" ن�ى ال� ي�ف� ت�ب�ق�ى ال�م� ل�ك� و� و�ع�م� "

(Wealth will perish and you will remain with your deeds)

6. The ال :like ,(State / Condition) ال�ح�

" h – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ا�ع�ب�د� ائ�فا h خ� يا اج� ر� "

(Worship Allah Most High – fearing and hoping)

7. The ي�ي�ز :like ,(Specification) التم�

" ب�اد�ةh ال�ع�ال�م� ط�اب� ع� "

(The scholar is good in ‘ibadah)

8. The ت�ث�ن�ى :like ,(Exceptive / Noun Excluded) ال�م�س�

" �ل �نة� ي�د�خ الناس� ال�ج� �ال ر� إ ال�ك�اف� "

(The people will enter Paradise except the unbeliever)

9. The ب�ر "ك�ان� ب�اب� خ� " (Predicate of the Class of " :verbs), like "ك�ان�

" ب�اد� ال�م�ال�ئ�ك�ة� ك�ان�ت� ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ع� "

(The angels are the servants of Allah – Most)

10. The م "إ�ن ب�اب� اس� " (Noun of the Class of " :particles),like "إ�ن

" قy السؤ�ال� إ�ن ح� "

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[Truly, the questioning (on the Day of Judgment) is real]

11. The م ي� اس((� ن�س� "ال�" ل�ن�ف� ال�ج� (Noun of "� for "ال the absolute negation of the genus), like:

" � غ�ت�اب8 ط�اع�ة� ال �ل�ةC م ب�و� ق� م� "

(The obedience of the backbiter is not accepted)

12. The ب�ر ت�ي�ن� خ� به� ا" و�"ال�" ال�م�ش� ب�("ل�ي�س� "م� " (Predicate of ا" "م�

and "� " that are likened to "ال :like ,( "ل�ي�س�

" ا h ال�غ�ي�ب�ة� م� ال�ال ح� "

(Backbiting is not lawful)

" � ةC ال ي�م� ةh ن�م� ائ�ز� ج� "

(Slandering is not permissible)

13. The ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ل� الذ�ي� ال�م�ض� ه� د�خ� د�ى ع�ل�ي((� ب� إ�ح((� النو�اص((� (the ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ال�م�ض� that has one of the النو�اص�ب preceding and governing it), like:

" ب ر� أ�ن� أ�ح� ب�ي� ت�غ�ف� ذ�ن�و� "

(I love that my sins would be forgiven)

As for the و�ر �ر :it comprises two (things) ال�م�ج�

1. the و�ر �ر ف� ال�م�ج� ر� ر ب�ح� ال�ج� (the Noun governed in the case of �ر ال�ج�by means of the genitive particle / preposition), like:

" ل� ال�ص8 ا�ع�م� ب�إ�خ� "

(Do deeds with sincerity)

2. the و�ر �ر ة� ال�م�ج� اف� ب�اإل�ض� (the Noun governed in the case of �ر by ال�ج�means of annexation), like:

" �د� ال�ع�ب�د� ذ�ن�ب و ل�ب�ه� ي�س� ق� "

(The sin of the servant blackens his heart)

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As for the و�م �ز :it comprises one (thing only) ال�م�ج�

The ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ذ�ي� ال�م�ض� ل� ال( ه� د�خ(� د�ى ع�ل�ي(� و�از�م إ�ح(� ال�ج(� (the

ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ال�م�ض� that has one of the و�از�م preceding and governing ال�ج�it), like:

" ل�ص� إ�ن� ب�ل� ت�خ� ل�ك� ي�ق� ع�م� "

(If you are sincere your deeds will be accepted)

The second kind (i.e. the و�ل�ع�م ب�التب�ع�ية� ال�م� ) is of five types:

The first is the ة ف� :like ,(attributive adjective) الص

" ال�ع�ظ�ي�م� الله� ا�ع�ب�د� " (Worship Allah, the Magnifecent)

The second is ال�ع�ط�ف (conjunction) by means of one of the ten و�ف �ر � ال�ح:

1. the ال�و�او (and), like:

" و�ل� الله� أ�ط�ع� �س الر و� "

(Obey Allah and the Messenger)

2. the اء :like ,(immediately after) ال�ف�

" �ب ة� ت�ج� ت�ت�اح� ت�ك�ب�ي�ر� ي�ام� االف� ال�ق� ف� "

(The Takbirah of Consecration is compulsory, then the standing position)

3. :like ,(after awhile) ثم

" �ب ل� ث�م ال�ع�ل�م� ي�ج� ال�ع�م� "

(Knowledge is compulsory then action)

4. تى :like ,(even, until, up to including) ح�

" ات� تى الناس� م� ن�ب�ي�اء� ح�م� – األ� ال�ة� ع�ل�ي�ه� ال�م� الص و�الس "

(People are mortal and will die even the Prophets – May Peace and Blessings be upon them)

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5. و�� :like ,(or) أ

" ل h الضح�ى ص� ب�عا ر�� و� أ

� h أ ان�يا ث�م� "

[Prayer the Dawn prayer four or eight (bowings)]

6. ا :like ,(or) إ�م

" ل� ا ا�ع�م� h إ�م با اج� ا و� إ�م q و� با ت�ح� م�س� "

(Do either what is compulsory or what is highly recommended)

7. �م� :like ,(or) أ

" اء� ر�ض��م� ت�ط�ل�ب� الله� أ� ط�ه� أ خ� س� "

(Is it the Pleasure of Allah that you seek or His Anger)

8. � :like ,(not) ال

" ل� h ا�ع�م� ال�حا � ص� h ال يئا س� "

(Do what is righteous not what is evil)

9. :like ,(even better, rather, instead) ب�ل�

" h ا�ط�ل�ب� ال�ال h ب�ل� ح� ط�يبا "

(Seek what is lawful even better the good things)

10. :like ,(but) ل�ك�ن�

" � ل ال ي�اءC ي�ح� ال�صC ل�ك�ن� ر� إ�خ� "

(Showing-off is not lawful but sincerity is)

The third is the التأ�ك�ي�د (corroboration), like:

" ال�ص� ا�ط�ل�ب� ال�ص� اإل�خ� اإل�خ� "

(Seek sincerity sincerity)

" ك� ��ت�ر ا الذن�و�ب� ا ك�له� "

(Abandon sin, all of it)

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The fourth is the ال�ب�د�ل (Substitute), like:

" بك� الله� ا�ع�ب�د� ر� "

(Worship Allah, your Lord and Cherisher)

" �ب�غ�ض� ن� الناس� ا م� الله� ع�ص�ى م� �ن�ه م� "

(Hate the people, those who disobey Allah amongst them)

" ظ� ف� ه� – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ا�ح� ق ح� "

(Protect Allah – Most High – His Right)

The fifth is the ال�ب�ي�ان� ع�ط�ف (Explicative / Explanatory Apposition)

" نا د8 ب�ن�ب�ين�ا آم� م ال�ة� ع�ل�ي�ه� – م�ح� ال�م� الص و�الس "

(We believe in our Prophet, Muhammad – Upon him be Peace and Blessings)

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Section Three: The Governing Effect / Declension

( \ اإلعراب العمل )

It is either a ة ك((� ر� ,(vowel) ح� a ر�ف (letter/consonant) ح((� or ذ�ف ح((�(omission).

The ك�ة ر� :constitutes three (things) ال�ح�

1. مة ض�

2. ة ت�ح� ف�

3. ة ر� ك�س�

The ر�ف constitutes four (things) ال�ح�

1. و�او

2. ي�اء

3. أ�ل�ف

4. ن�و�ن

ذ�ف :constitutes three (things) that are specific to the al-fi‘l ال�ح�

1. ذ�ف ك�ة� ح� ر� ال�ح� (omission of the vowel)

2. ذ�ف ف� ح� ر� ال�ح� (omission of the letter)

3. ذ�ف النو�ن� ح� (omission of the النو�ن ). The sum total is ten.

The types of ع�ر�ب � (declinable word) – with reference to what they have ال�مbeen afforded of these ten (signs) – are nine, because their declension is either

by means of ك�ات ر� ض�ة ال�ح� ال�م�ح� (i.e. pure vowel-markings), or و�ف �ر � ال�حة ض� .i.e) ال�م�ح� pure letters) – which are specific to the م or – االس� by

means of ك�ات ر� ع� ال�ح� ذ�ف� م� ال�ح� (vowel-markings plus

omission) or و�ف �ر �ع� ال�ح ذ�ف� م� ال�ح� (letters plus omission) – which are

specific to the ع�ل . ال�ف�

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The first (i.e. that which is declined by means of ك�ات ر� ض�ة ال�ح� ال�م�ح� ) is either:

�اب� ت�ام اإل�ع�ر� (complete in its declension) by being و�ع �ف ر� with the م�

مة و�ب, الض �ن�ص م� with ة ت�ح� و�ر and ال�ف� �ر ة with the م�ج� ر� – ال�ك�س�and that is the د ر� ر�ف ال�م�ف� ن�ص� �ال�م (fully-declinable singular noun), like:

" اء�ن�ا و�ل� ج� �س ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� – الر الس "

(The Messenger – Upon him be Peace – came to us)

" ن�ا دق� و�ل� ص� �س ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� – الر الس "

(We believe the Messenger – Upon him be Peace)

" نا و�ل� آم� �س ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� – ب�الر الس "

(We believe in the Messenger – Upon him be Peace)

" ل� ن� ن�ز� اء� م� م� ك�ت�بC الس "

(Books descended from Heaven)

" ن�ا دق� ال�ك�ت�ب� ص� "

(We believe the Books)

" نا ب�ال�ك�ت�ب� آم� "

(We believe in the Books)

اب� ن�اق�ص اإل�ع�ر� (incomplete in its declension), which is of two

groups: a group which is و�ع �ف ر� مة with the م� و�ب, الض �ن�ص م� and

و�ر �ر ة with the م�ج� ت�ح� :like , ال�ف�

" اء�ن�ا د� ج� م� ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� – أ�ح� الس "

(Ahmad – Upon him be Peace – came to us)

" ن�ا دق� د� ص� م� ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� – أ�ح� الس "

(We believe Ahmad – Upon him be Peace)

" نا د� آم� م� ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� – ب�أ�ح� الس "

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(We believe in Ahmad – Upon him be Peace)

and a group which is و�ع �ف ر� with م� the مة و�ب, الض �ن�ص م� and

و�ر �ر ة with the م�ج� ر� :like , ال�ك�س�

" اء�ن�ا اتC ج� ز� ع�ج� �م "

(Miracles came to us)

" ن�ا دق� ات8 ص� ز� ع�ج� �م "

(We believe Miracles)

" نا ات8 آم� ز� ع�ج� �ب�م "

(We believe in Miracles)

The second (i.e. that which is declined by means of و�ف �ر �ض�ة ال�ح ال�م�ح� ) is either:

�اب� ت�ام اإل�ع�ر� (complete in its declension), by being و�ع �ف ر� with the م�

و�ب, ال�و�او �ن�ص م� with the and األ�ل�ف و�ر �ر with the م�ج� – ال�ي�اء and that is the اء م� تة األ�س� ع�ت�لة الس �اف�ة ال�م ال�م�ض�

�ل�ى ت�ك�لم� ي�اء� غ�ي�ر� إ �د�ة ال�م ر� ة ال�م�ف� ر� ك�ب(( �ال�م (i.e. the six weak-

ended nouns annexed to a noun other than the ال�ي�اء of the first person singular and which are singular and non-diminutive), and they are:

�ه �ب�و� ه� ,(his father) أ و� �ا ,(his brother) أ�خ و�ه� �م ه� ,(her in-law) ح� ن�و� his) ه�

shameful object), �ه و� �ال8 ذ�و� (his mouth) and ف م� (possessor of wealth i.e. wealthy), like:

" اء�ن�ا �ب�و ج� م� أ اس� ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� – ال�ق� الس "

(The Father of Qasim – Upon him be Peace – came to us)

" ن�ا دق� �ب�ا ص� م� أ اس� ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� – ال�ق� الس "

(We believe Father of Qasim – Upon him be Peace)

" نا ب�ي آم�م� ب�أ� اس� ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� – ال�ق� الس "

(We believe in Father of Qasim – Upon him be Peace)

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اب� ن�اق�ص اإل�ع�ر� (incomplete in its declension), which are two groups:

(a) a group which is و�ع �ف ر� و�ب, ال�و�او with the م� �ن�ص م� and و�ر �ر م�ج�with the ال�ي�اء, which is the م�ع ذ�كر� ج� �ال�م ال�م الس (sound masculine

plural) as well as " " and "أ�ول�و� و�ن� �ر :and its sisters, like "ع�ش�

" اء�ن�ا ل�و�ن� ج� س� ر� �م� – ال�م ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� الس "

(The Messengers – Upon them be Peace – came to us)

" ن�ا دق� ل�ي�ن� ص� س� ر� �م� – ال�م ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� الس "

(We believe the Messengers – Upon them be Peace)

" نا ل�ي�ن� آم� س� ر� �م� – ب�ال�م ال�م� ع�ل�ي�ه� الس "

(We believe in the Messengers – Upon them be Peace)

(b) a group which is و�ع �ف ر� with م� the و�ب, األ�ل�ف �ن�ص(( م� and

و�ر �ر " as well as (dual) التث�ن�ي�ة which is the ,ال�ي�اء with the م�ج� �ث�ن�ان� "اand "� م�ر annexed to a "ك�ال :like ,(personal pronoun) م�ض�

" اء�ن�ا ي� االث�ن�ان� ج�ا" أ� م� �السنة� ال�ك�ت�اب� ك�ال�ه و�

(The two, both of them, came), that is, the Book and the Sunnah

" �تب�ع�ن�ا ا االث�ن�ي�ن� ا م� ك�ل�ي�ه� "

(We follow the two, both of them)

" ل�ن�ا ا ب�االث�ن�ي�ن� ع�م� م� ك�ل�ي�ه� "

(We act according to the two, both of them)

The third (i.e. that which is declined by means of ك�ات ر� ع� ال�ح� ذ�ف� م� ال�ح� ) is only complete in its declension, and comprises two groups:

(a) a group which is و�ع �ف ر� with م� the مة و�ب, الض �ن�ص(( م� with the

ة ت�ح� and ال�ف� و�م �ز with the م�ج� ذ�ف ك�ة� ح� ر� ال�ح� (omission of the vowel),

which is the ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ل� ل�م� الذ�ي� ال�م�ض� ي�تص� ر�ه� ي�رC ب�آخ� م� و� ض� �فC و�ه ر� ي�حC ح� ح� ص� (i.e. the ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ال�م�ض� that

does not have a personal pronoun attached at its ending with the latter being a strong letter), like:

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" ب ع� أ�ن� ن�ح� ف� ل�م� ت�ش� م� و� ر� ن�ح� "

[We would like that you (O Muhammad) intercede (for us) and that we not be deprived)

(b) a group which is و�ع �ف ر� with م� the مة و�ب, الض �ن�ص م� with the

ة ت�ح� and ال�ف� و�م �ز with the م�ج� ذ�ف ر� ح� اآلخ� (omission of the ending),

which is the ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ل� ل�م� الذ�ي� ال�م�ض� ي�تص� ر�ه� ي�رC ب�آخ� م� و� ض� �فC و�ه ر� ي�حC ح� ح� ص� (i.e. the ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ال�م�ض� that

does not have a personal pronoun attached at its ending with the latter being a weak letter), like:

" و� أ�ن� – ت�ع�ال�ى – الله� ن�د�ع�و �ل�م� ع�نا، ي�ع�ف ن�ا و� م� النار� ف�ي ي�ر� "

(We beseech Allah – Most High – to pardon us and not cast us in the Fire)

The fourth is only incomplete in its declension, which is the

ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ذ�ي� ال�م�ض((� ل� ال(( ر�ه� اتص((� آخ� ي�رC ب((� م� عC ض((� و� �ف(( ر� ر� م� غ�ي((� .i.e) النو�ن� the ع�ل ار�ع ال�ف� ال�م�ض� that has a personal pronoun that is

و�ع �ف ر� other than the م� attached at its ending). It is النو�ن و�ع �ف ر� with م�

the النو�ن , and و�ب �ن�ص و�م and م� �ز ذ�ف with the م�ج� النو�ن� ح� , like:

" �ل�ي�اء و�اء� األ� ال�ع�ل�م� ع�ان� و� ف� م� ي�ش� ة�، ي�و� ي�ام� و� ال�ق� �ج ن�ر� ع�ا أ�ن� ف� ف� ي�ش�

ل�م� ل�ن�ا ا و� ع�نا ي�ع�ر�ض� "

[The Friends (of Allah) and Scholars will intercede on the Day of Resurrection, so we hope that they will intercede for us and not turn away from us]

Thereafter, اب ر� (declension) اإل�ع((� – if it is evident in ظ oral) اللف((�

expression) – it is called �ظ�ي like in the case ,(orally expressed / explicit) ل�ف�

of the previous examples, and – if it is not evident in but instead is اللف�ظ

implied at its ending – it is called �د�ي�ر�ي :like ,(implied / implicit) ت�ق�

" �ن�ا ي� أ ال�ع�اص� "

(I am the one that is disobedient)

and – if it is not evident at its ending (whether in اللف�ظ or د�ي�ر it is – ( التق�

called �لي ح� :like ,(place-related) م�

" كل�ن�ا ن� ع�ل�ى ت�و� � م� ي�ر� ي�أ�ت�ي ال ال�خ� �ال ن� إ ت�ه� م� ه� ج� "

(We put our trust in the One from Whose “Direction” alone Good comes)

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End

العالمين رب لله والحمد

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