Seminar on

Role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Disease Suppression and Plant Growth Promotion

OUTLINES Introduction Definition of PGPRDifferent genera of PGPR Mechanism of action of PGPR

1 Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen 2 Solubilization of mineral phosphates

3 Production of phytohormones 4 Antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms

5 Induction of systemic resistance (ISR)

Prospectus Conclusion

INTRODUCTION Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have gained world

wide importance and acceptance for agricultural benefits

The use of microorganisms with the aim of improving nutrients

agriculture (Freitas et al 2007)

To develop and utilize effective low cost ecofriendly technologies in

the crop production programme with the increasing production cost

and adverse effect on soil health

Among these microorganisms Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

(PGPR) have ability to suppress plant diseases especially those

caused by soil borne plant pathogens (Thomashow amp Weller 1990)

They suppress plant disease through at least one mechanism

production of antibiotics or siderophores and induction of systemic

resistance (Tenuta 2003)

DEFINITION OF PGPR

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are bacteria that colonize plant roots and they promote plant growth and or reduce disease or insect damage

(Stuart McMillan 2007)

DIFFERENT GENERA OF PGPR

Pseudomonas

Bacillus

Rhizobium

Azospirillum

Azotobacter

Burkholderia

Gluconacetobacter

Streptomyces

Klebsiella

Enterobacter

Arthrobacter

Serratia

Pseudomonas

AzotobacterAzospirillum

Bacillus Rhizobium

Burkholderia

Arthrobacter Serratia Enterobacter

KlebsiellaGluconacetobacter Streptomyces

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PGPR Fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen Solubilization of mineral phosphates Production of phytohormones like IAA GA Cytokinins and Ethylene Antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by- 1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization 3 Production of antibiotics 4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR)

FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN Nitrogen fixing bacteria are miniature of

urea factories

Turning Nitrogen (N2) gas from the atmosphere into plant available amines ammonium via a specific and unique enzyme they posses called lsquonitrogenasersquo

Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of legumes

eg Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium

Nitrogen fixation by free-living soil bacteria and

cynobacteria in non-leguminous plants

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum

Soybean nodule

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

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OUTLINES Introduction Definition of PGPRDifferent genera of PGPR Mechanism of action of PGPR

1 Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen 2 Solubilization of mineral phosphates

3 Production of phytohormones 4 Antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms

5 Induction of systemic resistance (ISR)

Prospectus Conclusion

INTRODUCTION Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have gained world

wide importance and acceptance for agricultural benefits

The use of microorganisms with the aim of improving nutrients

agriculture (Freitas et al 2007)

To develop and utilize effective low cost ecofriendly technologies in

the crop production programme with the increasing production cost

and adverse effect on soil health

Among these microorganisms Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

(PGPR) have ability to suppress plant diseases especially those

caused by soil borne plant pathogens (Thomashow amp Weller 1990)

They suppress plant disease through at least one mechanism

production of antibiotics or siderophores and induction of systemic

resistance (Tenuta 2003)

DEFINITION OF PGPR

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are bacteria that colonize plant roots and they promote plant growth and or reduce disease or insect damage

(Stuart McMillan 2007)

DIFFERENT GENERA OF PGPR

Pseudomonas

Bacillus

Rhizobium

Azospirillum

Azotobacter

Burkholderia

Gluconacetobacter

Streptomyces

Klebsiella

Enterobacter

Arthrobacter

Serratia

Pseudomonas

AzotobacterAzospirillum

Bacillus Rhizobium

Burkholderia

Arthrobacter Serratia Enterobacter

KlebsiellaGluconacetobacter Streptomyces

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PGPR Fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen Solubilization of mineral phosphates Production of phytohormones like IAA GA Cytokinins and Ethylene Antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by- 1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization 3 Production of antibiotics 4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR)

FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN Nitrogen fixing bacteria are miniature of

urea factories

Turning Nitrogen (N2) gas from the atmosphere into plant available amines ammonium via a specific and unique enzyme they posses called lsquonitrogenasersquo

Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of legumes

eg Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium

Nitrogen fixation by free-living soil bacteria and

cynobacteria in non-leguminous plants

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum

Soybean nodule

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
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• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
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• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

INTRODUCTION Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have gained world

wide importance and acceptance for agricultural benefits

The use of microorganisms with the aim of improving nutrients

agriculture (Freitas et al 2007)

To develop and utilize effective low cost ecofriendly technologies in

the crop production programme with the increasing production cost

and adverse effect on soil health

Among these microorganisms Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

(PGPR) have ability to suppress plant diseases especially those

caused by soil borne plant pathogens (Thomashow amp Weller 1990)

They suppress plant disease through at least one mechanism

production of antibiotics or siderophores and induction of systemic

resistance (Tenuta 2003)

DEFINITION OF PGPR

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are bacteria that colonize plant roots and they promote plant growth and or reduce disease or insect damage

(Stuart McMillan 2007)

DIFFERENT GENERA OF PGPR

Pseudomonas

Bacillus

Rhizobium

Azospirillum

Azotobacter

Burkholderia

Gluconacetobacter

Streptomyces

Klebsiella

Enterobacter

Arthrobacter

Serratia

Pseudomonas

AzotobacterAzospirillum

Bacillus Rhizobium

Burkholderia

Arthrobacter Serratia Enterobacter

KlebsiellaGluconacetobacter Streptomyces

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PGPR Fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen Solubilization of mineral phosphates Production of phytohormones like IAA GA Cytokinins and Ethylene Antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by- 1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization 3 Production of antibiotics 4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR)

FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN Nitrogen fixing bacteria are miniature of

urea factories

Turning Nitrogen (N2) gas from the atmosphere into plant available amines ammonium via a specific and unique enzyme they posses called lsquonitrogenasersquo

Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of legumes

eg Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium

Nitrogen fixation by free-living soil bacteria and

cynobacteria in non-leguminous plants

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum

Soybean nodule

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

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Among these microorganisms Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

(PGPR) have ability to suppress plant diseases especially those

caused by soil borne plant pathogens (Thomashow amp Weller 1990)

They suppress plant disease through at least one mechanism

production of antibiotics or siderophores and induction of systemic

resistance (Tenuta 2003)

DEFINITION OF PGPR

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are bacteria that colonize plant roots and they promote plant growth and or reduce disease or insect damage

(Stuart McMillan 2007)

DIFFERENT GENERA OF PGPR

Pseudomonas

Bacillus

Rhizobium

Azospirillum

Azotobacter

Burkholderia

Gluconacetobacter

Streptomyces

Klebsiella

Enterobacter

Arthrobacter

Serratia

Pseudomonas

AzotobacterAzospirillum

Bacillus Rhizobium

Burkholderia

Arthrobacter Serratia Enterobacter

KlebsiellaGluconacetobacter Streptomyces

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PGPR Fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen Solubilization of mineral phosphates Production of phytohormones like IAA GA Cytokinins and Ethylene Antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by- 1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization 3 Production of antibiotics 4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR)

FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN Nitrogen fixing bacteria are miniature of

urea factories

Turning Nitrogen (N2) gas from the atmosphere into plant available amines ammonium via a specific and unique enzyme they posses called lsquonitrogenasersquo

Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of legumes

eg Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium

Nitrogen fixation by free-living soil bacteria and

cynobacteria in non-leguminous plants

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum

Soybean nodule

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
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• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

DEFINITION OF PGPR

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are bacteria that colonize plant roots and they promote plant growth and or reduce disease or insect damage

(Stuart McMillan 2007)

DIFFERENT GENERA OF PGPR

Pseudomonas

Bacillus

Rhizobium

Azospirillum

Azotobacter

Burkholderia

Gluconacetobacter

Streptomyces

Klebsiella

Enterobacter

Arthrobacter

Serratia

Pseudomonas

AzotobacterAzospirillum

Bacillus Rhizobium

Burkholderia

Arthrobacter Serratia Enterobacter

KlebsiellaGluconacetobacter Streptomyces

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PGPR Fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen Solubilization of mineral phosphates Production of phytohormones like IAA GA Cytokinins and Ethylene Antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by- 1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization 3 Production of antibiotics 4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR)

FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN Nitrogen fixing bacteria are miniature of

urea factories

Turning Nitrogen (N2) gas from the atmosphere into plant available amines ammonium via a specific and unique enzyme they posses called lsquonitrogenasersquo

Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of legumes

eg Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium

Nitrogen fixation by free-living soil bacteria and

cynobacteria in non-leguminous plants

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum

Soybean nodule

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

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DIFFERENT GENERA OF PGPR

Pseudomonas

Bacillus

Rhizobium

Azospirillum

Azotobacter

Burkholderia

Gluconacetobacter

Streptomyces

Klebsiella

Enterobacter

Arthrobacter

Serratia

Pseudomonas

AzotobacterAzospirillum

Bacillus Rhizobium

Burkholderia

Arthrobacter Serratia Enterobacter

KlebsiellaGluconacetobacter Streptomyces

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PGPR Fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen Solubilization of mineral phosphates Production of phytohormones like IAA GA Cytokinins and Ethylene Antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by- 1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization 3 Production of antibiotics 4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR)

FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN Nitrogen fixing bacteria are miniature of

urea factories

Turning Nitrogen (N2) gas from the atmosphere into plant available amines ammonium via a specific and unique enzyme they posses called lsquonitrogenasersquo

Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of legumes

eg Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium

Nitrogen fixation by free-living soil bacteria and

cynobacteria in non-leguminous plants

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum

Soybean nodule

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

Pseudomonas

AzotobacterAzospirillum

Bacillus Rhizobium

Burkholderia

Arthrobacter Serratia Enterobacter

KlebsiellaGluconacetobacter Streptomyces

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PGPR Fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen Solubilization of mineral phosphates Production of phytohormones like IAA GA Cytokinins and Ethylene Antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by- 1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization 3 Production of antibiotics 4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR)

FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN Nitrogen fixing bacteria are miniature of

urea factories

Turning Nitrogen (N2) gas from the atmosphere into plant available amines ammonium via a specific and unique enzyme they posses called lsquonitrogenasersquo

Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of legumes

eg Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium

Nitrogen fixation by free-living soil bacteria and

cynobacteria in non-leguminous plants

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum

Soybean nodule

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

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Arthrobacter Serratia Enterobacter

KlebsiellaGluconacetobacter Streptomyces

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PGPR Fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen Solubilization of mineral phosphates Production of phytohormones like IAA GA Cytokinins and Ethylene Antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by- 1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization 3 Production of antibiotics 4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR)

FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN Nitrogen fixing bacteria are miniature of

urea factories

Turning Nitrogen (N2) gas from the atmosphere into plant available amines ammonium via a specific and unique enzyme they posses called lsquonitrogenasersquo

Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of legumes

eg Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium

Nitrogen fixation by free-living soil bacteria and

cynobacteria in non-leguminous plants

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum

Soybean nodule

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
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MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PGPR Fixation of atmospheric Nitrogen Solubilization of mineral phosphates Production of phytohormones like IAA GA Cytokinins and Ethylene Antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by- 1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization 3 Production of antibiotics 4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR)

FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN Nitrogen fixing bacteria are miniature of

urea factories

Turning Nitrogen (N2) gas from the atmosphere into plant available amines ammonium via a specific and unique enzyme they posses called lsquonitrogenasersquo

Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of legumes

eg Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium

Nitrogen fixation by free-living soil bacteria and

cynobacteria in non-leguminous plants

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum

Soybean nodule

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

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FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN Nitrogen fixing bacteria are miniature of

urea factories

Turning Nitrogen (N2) gas from the atmosphere into plant available amines ammonium via a specific and unique enzyme they posses called lsquonitrogenasersquo

Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of legumes

eg Rhizobium Bradyrhizobium

Nitrogen fixation by free-living soil bacteria and

cynobacteria in non-leguminous plants

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum

Soybean nodule

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

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Nitrogen fixation by free-living soil bacteria and

cynobacteria in non-leguminous plants

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum

Soybean nodule

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

Isolates

Nodules

plants-1

at 45 DAS

Root length

plant 1

(cm)

Biomass plant -1

Pod yield plantrsquorsquorsquo(g)Root(g) Shoot(g)

Bacillus sp(NN) 122 410 217 1686 470

Beijerinkia sp( B17 )

125 430 198 620 475

Pseudomonas sp(M13- 19)

120 410 188 1462 432

Pseudomonas sp ( BHU1) 166 460 229 1954 524

Arthrobacter sp (9) 77 317 168 1126 281

Strain A 15 121 430 217 1560 454

Strain A 18 130 430 213 1523 459

Strain A 19 163 440 260 1834 514

Strain C 185 173 477 324 2837 531

Control 110 383 182 1429 430

SE plusmn63 plusmn22 plusmn 016 plusmn 140 plusmn031

CV () 59 65 88 101 84

Table no1Effect of plant growth promoting nodulation ndashpromoting rhizobacteria on the nodulation growth and yield of groundnut cultivars JL 24 at Junagadh Gujarat India during summer 1998

(Source Pal et al 1998)

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

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• Slide 38

Phosphorus is the major essential plant nutrient

Most of the soil phosphorus is in unavailable form which

is converted to readily available form by different soil

microorganisms

PGPR posses the ability to solubilize the inorganic

phosphate and can mineralize organic phosphatic

compounds

Bacillus megaterium amp Pseudomonas fluorescens are two of

the PGPR bacteria decomposing organic phosphates

increase crop yield

SOLUBILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
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• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
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• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
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• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
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• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

Organic acid produced by

bacteria Citric Lactic Gluconic

2-Ketogluconic Oxalic Trartaric

Acetic acid etc

Organic acid work as a chelator

Organic acids also solubilize

nutrient containing minerals

(eg apatite minerals containing P)

Solubilization of P

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
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• Slide 16
• Slide 17
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• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
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• Slide 30
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• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

PGPR isolate IAA production Phosphorus solublization

PGB1 - Not solubilizing

PGB2 - Not solubilizing

PGB3 - Not solubilizing

PGB4 +++ Not solubilizing

PGB5 - Not solubilizing

PGT1 + Not solubilizing

PGT2 + Not solubilizing

PGT3 ++ solubilizing

PGG1 + Not solubilizing

PGG2 +++ Not solubilizing

(source Ashrafuzzaman et al2009)- = no production + = weak producer ++= medium producer and +++ = good producer

Table no 2 Production of IAA and solublization of phosphorous by PGPR isolates

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
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• Slide 23
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• Slide 29
• Slide 30
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• Slide 32
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• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

PRODUCTION OF PHYTOHORMONES

1048708 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

1048708 Cytokinin

1048708 Gibberellin

1048708 Ethylene

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
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• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

1 Production Of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)

IAA- Inducing cell elongation cell division and root

initiation IAA-producing PGPR increase root growth and root

length eg Azospirillum Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Rhizobium

Alkaligenes faecalis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter

diazotrophicus and Bradyrhizobium japonicum produce

auxins

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

Table 3 Morphological physiological and cultural characteristic of PGPR bacterial strains isolated from wheat

PGPR isolates

Gram stain IAA (ugml)

Strain

WPR-42 - ve 194 Azospirillum

WPR-51 - ve 306 AzotobacterWPR-32 - ve 256 Azotobacter

WM-61 - ve 55 Pseudomonas

WM-1 - ve 105 Azotobacter

WM-2 - ve 124 Azotobacter

WM-3 - ve 302 Azospirillum

(Zarrin Fatima et al 2009)

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
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• Slide 38

2 Cytokinins

Influence physiological and developmental processes of

plants Cell division seed germination root development

accumulation of chlorophyll leaf expansion etc

eg Azotobacter Azospirillum Rhizobium Bacillus and

Pseudomonas spp

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

3 Gibberellin

Regulator involved in the development process in higher

plants Stem elongation germination dormancy flowering sex

expression enzyme induction and leaf and fruit

senescence

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

PGPR IsolatesAntagonistic

against BiologyIdentification

Rhizoctonia sp

( inhibition)

Pythium sp

( inhibition)

UPMSP 1 - - ND

UPMSP 2 - - Pseudomonas corrugate

UPMSP 3 - 292 Serratia ficaria

UPMSP 5 - - ND

UPMSP 6 228 - ND

UPMSP 8 - - ND

UPMSP 9 - - Klebsiella terrigena

UPMSP 10 - 248 Erwinia cypripedii

UPMSP 11 - - ND

UPMSP 12 - - Acinetobacter radioresistens

UPMSP 13 - - Pseudomonas maculicola

UPMSP 15 - - ND

UPMSP 16 - - ND

UPMSP 18 - - Paenibacillus pabuli

UPMSP 20 272 - Pseudomonas fuscovaginae

Table no4 Antagonistic activity of bacteria against pathogen

ND = Not Determined (SourceYasmin et al2009)

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
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• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
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• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
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• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

Siderophores (Greek iron carrier) are small high-

affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by

microorganisms such as bacteria fungi and grasses Siderophores are amongst the strongest soluble Fesup3

binding agents Siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp Alkaligenes

Bacillus Enterobacter have been implicated in the

biological control of several diseases

1 Production of siderophores

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

2 Rhizosphere colonization Soil bacteria that colonize the roots of plants following

inoculation onto seed and that enhance plant growth

PGPR have ability to survive onto seed to multiply in the

spermosphere (region surrounding seed) in response to

seed exudates to attach to the root surface and to colonize

the root system

Fig Positive bacterial film formation around the root

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

3 Production of antibiotics An association of two organisms in which one is harmed or

killed by the other is called as antibiosis

Some PGPR has the ability to produce antibiotics eg

Pseudomonas spp produce secondary metabolites with

antibiotic activities many of which have been implicated

in suppression of soil borne diseases like phenazine-1-

carboxylic acid (PCA) 24-Diacetylphloroglucinol

(DAPG) oomycin-A pyocyanine pyoluterin and

pyrrolnitrin (Thomashow amp Weller 1996)

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

Isolates Kanamycin

5 _g mL-1

Kanamycin30 _g mL-

Penicillin10 _g mL-

1

Streptomycin

10 _g mL-1

Tetracycline

30 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

10 _g mL-1

Chloamphenicol

30 _g mL-1

UPMSP 2 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 3 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 9 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 10 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 11 + + + + + + +

UPMSP 12 + - + - + + +

UPMSP 13 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 18 + - + + + + +

UPMSP 20 + + + + + + +

Table no5 Intrinsic antibiotic resistance (IAR) test of rhizobacterial isolates

Symbols (+) Resistant (-) Sensitive (sourceYasmin et al2009)

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

4 Production of Lytic enzymes

Some bacteria can parasitize fungi and kill them by

secreting lytic enzymes like chitinase β-1 3-glucanases

proteases and lipases

The growing hyphal tip shows bursting as a result of

chitinase action

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE (ISR)

The rhizobacteria can suppress the disease caused by foliar

pathogens by triggering plant mediated resistance

mechanism called induced systemic resistance

(ISR)

Pseudomonas spp can induce systemic biochemical and

ultra structural changes in the roots that lead to a greater

ability of the host plant to depend itself against root

infecting pathogens

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

Growth promotion in which interactions between plants and micro- organisms range from deleterious (pathogens) to beneficial (PGPR)

These bacteria also secrete metabolites into the rhizosphere

The best-studied example of signal exchange is the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis in which the plant releases flavonoid compounds that act as signals for the bacterium to secrete Nod factors Nod factors are perceived by plant root hairs and function in a hormone- like fashion to induce root nodules in which the Rhizobium bacterium can fix atmospheric nitrogen

Stimulation of seed germination and the recovery from damping-off of the turfgrass that were caused by the non pathogenic Pythium spp were apparent as a promotion of growth relative to appropriate control plants

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

Treatment(Dose25gkg of seed)

Nodules (no plant)

Nodules dry weight (mg plant)

Plant height(cm)

Plant biomass

(gm plant)

Grain yield(kgha)

No inoculation 629 186 3653 107 5128

Rhizobium 1313 116 4026 174 5795

Phospho bacterium (PSB)

780 243 4370 142 5325

PGPR 676 216 4355 145 5141

Rhizobium + PSB 1620 1210 5085 203 6022

Rhizobium + PGPR 1487 1258 5092 183 5236

PGPR + PSB 841 205 4588 177 5281

Table no 6- Effect of combined inoculation of Rhizobium phosphobacteria and PGPR on

greengram

(Source NPRC Vamban (Tamilnadu) Vijila and Jebraj 2008)

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

When plants are growing naturally in soils one cannot distinguish whether an apparent growth promotion is caused by bacterially stimulated plant growth or through suppression of deleterious soil microorganisms

Non-pathogenic rhizobacteria can antagonize pathogens through competition for nutrients production of antibiotics and secretion of lytic enzymes

Such activities are particularly important in the rhizosphere where pathogenic fungi are attracted to plant roots

However rhizobacteria can reduce the activity of pathogenic microorganisms not only through microbial antagonism but also by activating the plant to better defend itself

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

ProductTarget

pathogens diseasesCrops

Recommended Manufacturer

Bio-Save 10 11100 110 1000 TM ndashP syringae ESC-100

Botrytis cinereaPenicillium spp

Pome fruit(Biosave 100) and

Citrus (Biosave1000)

Eco ScienceCorpProduceSystems Div

Blight Ban A506 ndashP fluorescens A

506

Erwinia amylovoraand russet -

inducing bacteria

Almond AppleApricot Blueberry

Cherry PeachPear

Plant HealthTechnologies

Subtilex - B subtilisMB1600

Fusarium sppRhizoctonia sppand Pythium spp

Ornamental andvegetable crop

BeckerUnderwood

Bio-YieldCombination of B subtilis and B amyloliquefaciens

Broad spectrumaction against

greenhouse pathogens

TomatoCucumber Pepper

and Tobacco

GustafsonInc

Intercept TMPcepacia

Rhizoctonia solaniFusarium spPythium sp

Maize VegetablesCotton

SoilTechnologies

Corp

Rhizo-Plus ndashB subtilis strain FZB24

Against R solaniFusarium sppAlternaria sppSclerotinia and

Verticillium

Greenhousesgrown crops forest

tree seedlingsornamentalsand shrubs

KFZBBiotechnik

GMBHBerlin

Germany

Table no7 Commercial products of PGPR in plant disease management

( SourceNakkeeran et al2004)

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

Future prospectus Availability of new strains of PGPR

Genetic enhancement of PGPR strains to enhance

colonization amp effectiveness Prediction of response of PGPR in the field compared to

laboratory conditions Optimizing the viability and biological activity until field

condition Need to commercialization of PGPR

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
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• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

1 PGPR increase nitrogen fixation in plants

2 It promotes free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

3 It increase supply of other nutrients as phosphorus sulphur

iron amp copper

4 It produce plant hormones like IAA GA Cytokinin amp

Ethylene

5 It controls disease and also induces systemic resistance against

certain diseases

6 It play a important role in increase the yield of crops and have

beneficial effect on the ecological system

Conclusion

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
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• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Slide 33
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
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• Slide 7
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