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OLDER DIVERS’ NEEDS AND EXPECTATIONS CONCERNING CAR

DRIVING ASSISTANCES:

A FOCUS GROUP STUDY AMONG FRENCH DRIVERS

Authors: T. BELLET, J.C. PARIS, C. MARIN-LAMELLET(IFSTTAR – LESCOT)

Vienna, the 5th of June 2014

To increase knowledge about French Older Drivers’ Difficulties when driving their own car

To Identify Older drivers’ Uses, Expectations and Acceptance of Driving Aids (Existing or Futures)

To Investigate potential Differences between Women and Men

In order to Identify and/or Specify future Driving Aids specifically adapted to Older Drivers :

=>S-ADAS : Senior Adapted Driving Aid Systems

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

2

• Focus Groups: involving around 5 participants (+/- 2)

• Total Duration : 3 hours (+ 2 coffee breaks)

• Individual Opinions were firstly collected by using Likert scales (from 0 % to 100%) : A kind of “Collective Questionnaire” (individual Grid) Avoid inter-individual influences in the group

• Collective discussions / debates (on overall issues), but supported by Individual opinions initially collected Similar versus Contrasted points of view

3

METHOD FOR DATA COLLECTION

DATA COLLECTION : LIKERT SCALES (FROM 0% TO

100%)

Question) Have you any difficulties to [example] when driving ?

AbsolutelyNot at All

0 % 50 % 100 %

Rather « NO » Rather « YES »

NEVER ALWAYS

0 % 50 % 100 %

Sometimes Frequently

Question) Could be [example of driving aid] interesting for you ?

Difficulties when driving:

Driving Assistance Interest / Utility:

4

5

METHOD: EXAMPLE OF INDIVIDUAL GRID

6

METHOD: INVESTIGATED TOPICS(125 ITEMS)

Sub-components of the driving task (90 items)Navigation : route planning and trip following (16 items)Speed control and speed limits respect (42 items)Intersection crossing (16 items)Highway Insertion and Lane Change manoeuvres (16 items)

For each of these topics : Difficulties: they met when they drive their own car Aid Needs: Uses (if existing) or Wishes (regarding future driving aids)

Interactions with other Road Users (20 items) Problems when interacting with specific sub-groups of other RU (6 main

groups: Motorcycles, Bicycles, other Cars, Trucks, Bus, Pedestrians)  Aggressive behaviours from others and their Context of Occurrence

Vehicle Automation : Utility and Acceptance (15 items)

7

PARTICIPANTS Number: 30 Older drivers Gender: 15 Women and 15 Men Age: from 70 to 85 years old (Mean of 75 yo) Coming from a Representative Sample of 76

Older drivers of the Rhône area All of them have previously participated to a

driving experiment on open road (IFSTTAR Car) 6 Focus Group Sessions were organized

(in mean: 5 participants / session)

8

PRELIMINARY RESULTSFOR SOME DRIVING SUB-TASKS

DIFFICULTIES, ERRORS AND NEEDS DRIVING AID USES OR EXPECTATIONS WOMEN VERSUS MEN DIFFERENCES

(IF STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT, T-STUDENT TEST; P <0.05)

9

Difficulties to perform the Navigation Task (without aid) : Easy for Familiar Trip (5%), more difficult for Unfamiliar Route (34%)

Some difficulties to Find (34%) and then Read (33%) road signsAdaptive strategies: large part of them prepare their trip if they

have to use an unfamiliar Route (From Maps or via-Michelin/Mappy)

Driving Aid Uses and Expectations :69% of the participants have a Driving Aid for NavigationThey frequently use it (41%), also for familiar tripThey are highly interested by Future Navigation Systems

based-on Head-Up Display (72%) or Augmented Reality (75%) Women versus Men differences:

Significant differences for “trust in Nav. Aids” and “Self-Confidence”

NAVIGATION : DIFFICULTIES AND AIDS

USES/EXPECTATIONS

10

WOMEN-MEN COMPARISON FOR NAVIGATION: “TRUST IN DRIVING AIDS” & “SELF-CONFIDENCE”

Confiance GPS (N14) Confiance Soi (N15)0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

9079 81

6165

HOMME FEMME

Trust in Navigation Aids Self-Confidence for Nav.MEN WOMEN (significant lowest values)

11

SPEED CONTROL AND REGULATION:

DIFFICULTIES AND EXPECTATIONS

12

SPEED CONTROL: DIFFICULTIES(WITHOUT USING ANY DRIVING AID)

Respect limites (V1) Transg. Delib (V2) Transg. Invol (V3) Doutes/limite(V4) Diff Contrôle(V5)0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

To Know the current speed limit

To monitor their Car Velocity

InvoluntaryDeliberate

Attitude

Would like to

Respect Speed Limits

Main DifficultiesSpeed Violations

(If occurring)

=> Highly concerned while driving (76%)

Dif res

pect

50 (V

6)

Dif res

pect

30 (V

7)

Dif res

pect

90 ca

mpagn

e (V8)

Dif res

pect

90 pé

riph (

V9)

Dif atte

indre

90 pé

riph (

V9bis)

Dif res

pect

130 (

V10)

Dif. Ada

pt vit

90-70

(V11

)

Dif. Ada

pt vit

130-9

0 (V12

)05

1015202530354045

13

SPEED CONTROL: DIFFICULTIES / CONTEXT

(WITHOUT USING ANY DRIVING AID)

Urban 50 Km/H

Urban 30 Km/H

Rural90 km/h

UrbanHighway90 Km/H

Rural Change

70-90

Highway Change130-110

Highway130

Km/H

14

SPEED CONTROL AIDS: UTILITY ASSESSMENT

Inform

ateur

- Utili

té (V

14)

Avertis

seur

- Utili

té (V

17)

Limite

ur - U

tilité

(V20

)

Régula

teur S

imple

- Utili

té (V

23)

Régula

teurA

dapt

- Utili

té (V

26)

0102030405060708090

WarningSystem

SpeedLimiter

Cruise Control

AdaptiveCruise Control

InformationSystem

Active Systems(ADAS)

Information Systems

(IVIS)

15

=> Not any significant Difference

SPEED REGULATION:WOMEN VERSUS MEN COMPARISONS

16

INTERSECTION CROSSING:

DIFFICULTIES AND EXPECTATIONS

17

Si prio

ritrair

e (I1)

Si Non

prior

itraire

(I2)

Identi

fier R

ègles

(I3)

Réalis

er Man

œuv

re (I4

)05

1015202530

When having priority

When don’t have

priority

To identifyPriority Rules

To implement Manoeuvres

INTERSECTIONS : DIFFICULTIES TO CROSS

18

Perception Autres (I5) Estimer Vitesse (I6) Estimer Distance (I7)0

5

10

15

20

25

30

INTERSECTIONS DIFFICULTIES :

TURN LEFT AT CROSSROADS

To PerceiveOther Vehicles

To Assess Others’ Speed

To Assess Others’ Distance

19

Si prio

ritrair

e (I1)

Si Non

prioritr

aire (I2

)

Identifi

er Règ

les (I3

)

Réalis

er M

anœ

uvre (I4

)

Percepti

on Autre

s (I5)

Estimer

Vitess

e (I6)

Estimer

Distanc

e (I7)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

11 9

17

610

1513

18

30 32

24 27

3431

HOMME FEMME

Crossing when having

priority

Crossing with NO priority

To Identify Priority Rules

To Perform Crossing

Manoeuvres

To Perceive Others

To Assess Others Speed

To As-sess Oth-ers Dis-tance

DIFFICULTIES TO CROSS INTERSECTIONS : MEN-WOMEN DIFFERENCES

Left Turn at CrossroadsAll types of Intersections

MEN WOMEN (Significant Highest Values)

- Distance- Vitesse

Croisement dans 10 sec

BIP

PERCEPTIONSupport

GAP ASSESSMENT

Support

RISK DETECTION

Support

DRIVING AIDS AT INTERSECTIONS :

“LEFT TURN” SUPPORT SYSTEMS

20

21

INTERSECTIONS AIDS : PERCEIVED UTILITY

PerceptionSupport

Gap AssessmentSupport

Risk DetectionSupport

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

22

MEN–WOMEN COMPARISONS: AID TO TURN LEFT AT

CROSSROADS

Aide Perception (I12) Aide Créneau (I13) Alerte Risque (I14)0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

46 46

69

6051

59

PerceptionSupport

Gap AssessmentSupport

Risk DetectionSupport

But not any significant difference

MENWOMEN

23

INTERACTIONS WITHOTHER ROAD USERS

24

Motos (R1) Vélos (R2) Piétons (R3) Camions (R4)

Bus (R5) Voitures (R6)0

10

20

30

40

50

60

INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER ROAD USERS: DIFFICULTIES

Motorcycles Bicycles Pedestrians Trucks Buses Other Cars

REF. Value

25Motos (R1) Vélos (R2) Piétons (R3) Camions (R4) Bus (R5) Voitures (R6)0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

26

46

2721

9

23

58

51

32

49

32 31

HOMME FEMME

INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER ROAD USERS: WOMEN-MEN DIFFERENCES

MEN WOMEN (Significant Highest Values)

Motorcycles Bicycles Pedestrians Trucks Bus Other Cars

26

VEHICLE AUTOMATION:

ACCEPTANCE AND PERCEIVED UTILITY ASSESSMENT

27

VEHICLE AUTOMATION : ACCEPTANCE AND PERCEIVED

UTILITY

Vehicle Automation

Principle

Automatic Gear Box (Utility)

Automatic Parking (Utility)

Automatic Lane

Keeping (U)

Fully Automated Car (Utility)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 Overall Acceptance

28

Navigation: Difficulties: Highest when Olders have to drive on Unfamiliar Routes Aid : High equipment rate, Frequent Use of GPS, Highly interested by advanced

Interfaces (HUD and Augmented Reality) W/M: Lowest values given by Women for Trust GPS & Self-Confidence

Speed Control: Attitude : Older drivers Would like to respect speed limits, and it is one of their

main concern when driving Difficulties to respect speed limits in Urban area (30 km/h zones), to be sure of

the current speed limit in road sections with freq. changes Aid: Frequent Use by 1/3 of them and/or high Interest for driving aids

Intersection: Difficulties: to identify priority rules & turn left at a Crossroads Aid: Utility of driving aids is well perceived (more particularly for Turn Left) W/M: Significantly assessed as more difficult by Women (= LC & Insertion)

Vehicle Automation: Good Acceptance of the principle, even if IVIS seems prefered Perceived as a way to Increase Safety and to Preserve their Mobility

CONCLUSION

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION