AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

DEFINITION “Audio visual aids are any device which

can be used to make the learning experience more concrete , more realistic and more dynamic” KINDAR . S. JAMES

PRINCIPLES Audio visual material should function as

integral part of educational programme Audio visual aids should be centralized

under specialized direction and leader ship

Advisory committee should be appointed for the selection and co-ordination of AV aids

Instructors have to help the student how to use AV aids

Budget appropriation should be made regularly

Legal aspect should be considered

Projected av aids

EPIDIASCOPE

Opaque projector, built of large blackConsists two mirrors at top & bottom;1000w bulbprincipleLight rays passes through the first mirror, then to the object, light rays from the illuminated picture then focuses to the second mirror , then it is projected to screen by using a convex lens operation :handle beneath the epidiascope is lowered then the picture want to project is placed on the plate and handle is fixed again , then switch on light

DIASCOPE OR SLIDE PROJECTOR

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE Helps in

retention of material

Attract attention Arouse interest

among the student

Tests students interesting

It is easily breakable

It should be planned in sequence

FILM STRIP PROJECTOR

      

   

Magic lantern, used for projecting film stripsIt contains condensing lenses to concentrate all light into beam,500w bulb, smooth channel for threading the filmNear the base of the channel there is knob which carries a film strip, can be turned by hand to pull the film strip through the projectorOPERATION : projector is placed on the table, as face to the screen, insert one end of the film strip in the knob (inverted position), film strip is advanced by turning the knobThe blower and the lamp switched on; distance between the projector and the screen is adjusted to get the picture on the screen

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES It is an

economical visual material

It is to make a convenient to handle and carry

Takes up little space and can be eassily stored

Logical sequence to teaching

The equipment used for is quite expensive

OVER HEAD PROJECTORVital teaching aid, replaces chalk board,

produces images behind and over the head of the teacher

It consists metal box with 1000w bulb and a concave reflector

vertical rod on the side of the box carries objective convex lens and mirror which can be

slows up and down by using rock and pinion arrangement

Size of the sheet is 25cm *25 cm

STEPS IN USING OHP

Place the OHP on the table facing to screen

Put the plug into the power wall socket switch on the blower first and

lamp

Move the objective lens and mirror up and down to get the image on the

screen

Explain the material on the transparency with a small pointerPlace the OHP sheet on the glass top

ADVANTAGES DIS ADVANTAGES• Permits the teacher

pointing the material & observe the student on the same time

• It can be used in fairly lighted room

• Materials projected can be changed quickly and easily

• Operation of OHP is convenient

• OHP can be used with other type of AV aids

OHP is too costly Writing by some type of

pen get blotted out on plastic

STEREOGRAPHY

Still picture gives illusion of space

Observer receives the impression of reality

Photographs are made by stereoscopic camera

Two photographs being taken from slightly different angle which are enlarged and merged into one view

MICRO FILM

Micro film contains photographed reading material each frame being reduced photo of printed page. It can be used for the storage and retrieval of information. when micro film is passed through microfilm reader, an enlarged image is found on the on the screen

GRAPHIC AIDS

Non projected aids

CARTOONMetaphorical presentation of reality, humorous caricatureIt is an interpretative which uses symbols to portray an opinion , situationQuality of drawing should be highADVANTAGESInitiate certain lesson, motivate students to start a discussion, make the lesson lively and interesting

COMIC STRIPSSeries of pictures very interesting in teaching stories, historical events, scientific processIt enhances imagination , stimulate reality and involvement

CHARTSVisual illustrative media for depicting the relation between main idea and supporting facts

purposes of charts for showing relation by means of facts and figuresTo show the continuity of processFor presenting abstract ideaFor showing the development of structureTo stimulate thinking HOW TO USE THE CHART EFFECTIVELY?

Types of chartNarrative chart : narrating the idea and the facts Cause and effective chart :relationship between rights and responsibilitiesChain chart: expressing idea and facts in the form of cyclesEvolution chart: for expressing changes in specific item from beginningStrip tease chart : expressing information step by step. it has Great suspense value, holding attention and building interest,Increases interest and imagination of audience Pull chartFlow chartTime or table chartJob chartTree chartFlip chartPie chart

FLASH CARDSThese are the sequence of cards which are presented before the audience in proper sequence to till a complete story, size :25 * 30cm, it should contain picture or diagrams PREPARATION OF FLASH CARDcut full sheet chart paper into four equal partsHeight of the writing should be 5cmIt should hold in a way that the audience can see properly ADVANTAGES OF FLASH CARDSused to introduce and present the topicCan be used to review a topicCan be used to develop cognitive ability of recognition and recall of students

GRAPHSIt depicts numerical or quantitative or statistical data are presented in the form of visual symbols TYPES OF GRAPHSPIE GRAPH: Data are presented

through the sectors of circle

BAR GRAPH

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Series 3Series 2Series 1

A graphic presentation extends the scale horizontally along the length of the bars

LINE GRAPH

Categ

ory

1

Categ

ory

2

Categ

ory

3

Categ

ory

40

1

2

3

4

5

6

Series 1Series 2Series 3

Concepts are presented through the lines drawn either horizontallyOr vertically .The plotted points are connected each another

Pictorial graphPictures are used for expressing the idea ,more attractive and easily understood. Vivid pictures are used for depicting the information

Display boards

chalk board It is the life of the class room, helps to teacher in explaining, illustrating, and giving notes to children. It can be made of plastic, wood, cement or glass types of chalk boardORDINARY CHALK BOARD: it is movable and adjustableAnd contains a wooden supportROLLER TYPE: made of thick canvas, wrapped on a roller

Magnetic board: made up of steel on which magnet can used to hold the objects BLACK OR GREEN BLACK BOARD: framed with wood and available on black or green color

Rules in using chalk board

Letters and drawing should be in large size and legibleAvoid spelling mistakeWriting should be in straight rowDo not use abbreviationWhile writing on the board , the teacher should ensure that the class is attentive

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE Economical

teaching aid Captures

student attention

It can be used again and again

It makes the student to heavily depend on teacher

Makes chalk powder to inhaled by teacher

Constant use of chalk board make it smooth and full of glare

Bulletin board

It can be used for educational and informational purpose. It is a soft board which holds pins or tags and used for displaying material

Principles in the use of bulletin board

A board for posting notices should be kept separate from those for current events and studyPlacement of bulletin board is to have one near the administrator’s office , other near the library third on conference hall, fourth one is in class roomAppearance should be neat orderly and attractive mannerNotices should be removed as they have fulfilled the purposeCrowding of material should be avoided ,organized in attractive mannerBulletin board should be kept a little above the eye levels of the average individuals

Flannel board

The rigid material covered with flannel cloth. The item to be displayed are pictures, or drawing

Magnetic chalk board

A magnetic chalk board is framed iron sheet carrying porcelain coating .Magnetic chalk board can used to write with chalk stick , glass marking pencil, and to display pictures

3-Dimensional aids

ModelModels are the substitutes of real things . It can be made of clay, plaster of Paris, thermacole cloth, wood etc

Types of model

Scale model: correct idea of an object can be displayed

Simplified model : gives a idea about external form of object

Working model : to demonstrate in a simple way of an operation or process

Cross section model :inside of an object is visible

specimen

Part of a real object taken from natural setting. It shows the quality of structure . Eg :section of lung

Mock up

It emphasizes the functional relationship between device reality and its workability. Certain elements of original reality is emphasized to make it more meaning full eg :an artificial kidney to demonstrate dialysis

moulage

It can be made up of plastic material to stimulate life object

object

Brought from natural setting into class room that will make the instruction more meaning full

Audio aids

RADIO

CHARACTERISTICS OF AUDIO EXPERIENCEImmediacy : can describe the events as they happenEmotional impact :through the combined effect of music , voice , and environmental sound students interest can capturedOne way communication :no possibility of students feed back

recording

advantages

Recording can be stopped at willRecording can play when we requiredIt can be used for introducing as well as summarizing the topicTo evaluate the speech defect in ones own speechTo teach good pronunciation in foreign language

television

uses

It combines the sound and sight ,thus makes the experience more concrete, real, and immediate

Offers uniformity in communication even the back bench feels the pleasure of front row seat

It offers opportunity for seeing and listening

It can teach large number of students at a time

It provides excellent learning opportunity for both pre service and inservice education of teachers

Helps to make the leisure time more interested

Activity aids

dramatization

Makes the class room instruction more lively and interesting. Student get the opportunity for participating as well as in observing

computer

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE Handling large

number of student Multi dimensional

learning through works and graph

The high storage capacity of a computer allows to complete many activity at a time

It lacks human and emotional factor

Computers are very costly

Problem in developing language

summary