Assessment of National Assessment of National Program 308: Methyl Program 308: Methyl Bromide AlternativesBromide Alternatives

Gary L. ObenaufGary L. Obenauf

Agricultural Research ConsultingAgricultural Research Consulting

(559) 449-9035(559) 449-9035

gobenauf@agresearch.nu

Visit us at:Visit us at:

http://mbao.org/http://mbao.org/

NP 308 ReviewNP 308 Review

1.1. Overarching ReviewOverarching Review

2.2. Not OSQR ReviewNot OSQR Review

3.3. Accomplishment 2000-2005 ReportAccomplishment 2000-2005 Report

4.4. NP 308 Action PlanNP 308 Action Plan

5.5. PublicationsPublications

6.6. DatabasesDatabases

7.7. Professional KnowledgeProfessional Knowledge

8.8. Short Time FrameShort Time Frame

NP 308 PanelNP 308 Panel

• Gary Obenauf, ARC, Panel ChairGary Obenauf, ARC, Panel Chair

• Mike Aerts, FFVAMike Aerts, FFVA

• Dan Legard, CSCDan Legard, CSC

• Jim Bair, NAMAJim Bair, NAMA

• Bill Chism, EPA-OPPBill Chism, EPA-OPP

• Larry Zettler, USDA-APHISLarry Zettler, USDA-APHIS

Assessment CriteriaAssessment Criteria

1.1. Environmentally AcceptableEnvironmentally Acceptable

2.2. PracticalPractical

3.3. Economically FeasibleEconomically Feasible

4.4. Sustainable (Preplant only)Sustainable (Preplant only)

5.5. EffectiveEffective

6.6. OutreachOutreach

7.7. Potential ImpactPotential Impact

Positive CommentsPositive Comments

1.1. NP 308 Stay Stand Alone ProgramNP 308 Stay Stand Alone Program

2.2. Significant Progress/Lot of Work RemainsSignificant Progress/Lot of Work Remains

3.3. Good Variety of ApproachesGood Variety of Approaches

4.4. High Quality ResearchHigh Quality Research

5.5. Responsive to Stakeholders/ComplimentsResponsive to Stakeholders/ComplimentsStakeholder Funded ResearchStakeholder Funded Research

Positive Comments 2Positive Comments 2

6.6. Communication of ResultsCommunication of Results• MBAOMBAO• Quarterly Research BulletinsQuarterly Research Bulletins• Grower/Industry MeetingsGrower/Industry Meetings• Information for CUE ProgramInformation for CUE Program7.7. Significant Success Application, Films &Significant Success Application, Films &

Lower Rates but Additional Research Lower Rates but Additional Research NeededNeeded

Positive Comments 3Positive Comments 3

8.8. Recovery Technology Improving but Recovery Technology Improving but Needs ImprovementNeeds Improvement

9.9. Projects Completed and New Research Projects Completed and New Research StartedStarted

Constructive CommentsConstructive Comments

1.1. Summary Only Selected ProjectsSummary Only Selected Projects

• Overall Impacts of All Research ProjectsOverall Impacts of All Research Projects

• Matrix: Crops-sites-pests-technologiesMatrix: Crops-sites-pests-technologies

2.2. Lack of Information in Report/Better Lack of Information in Report/Better Organization of PlanOrganization of Plan

3.3. Economic Feasibility not Addressed but Economic Feasibility not Addressed but was a Key Criterion set by ARSwas a Key Criterion set by ARS

Constructive Comments 2Constructive Comments 2

4.4. Report Relative to GoalsReport Relative to Goals

5.5. Limitations/ProblemsLimitations/Problems

6.6. Lot not Reported at MBAO Lot not Reported at MBAO Conference/Biannually Plus Written Off Conference/Biannually Plus Written Off YearsYears

7.7. Use Figures on MB should be Used to Use Figures on MB should be Used to Help Prioritize ResearchHelp Prioritize Research

Constructive Comments 3Constructive Comments 3

8.8. Progress Reports not Easy to Find/List Progress Reports not Easy to Find/List Server Interested Parties Also Identify Server Interested Parties Also Identify Parts of NP308 Results if not Listed as NP Parts of NP308 Results if not Listed as NP 308 Project308 Project

9.9. Lack Of Extension Service ActivityLack Of Extension Service Activity

10.10. More Emphasis Short Term Research to More Emphasis Short Term Research to Meet Phase Out of Montreal ProtocolMeet Phase Out of Montreal Protocol

PrePlant 1a PrePlant 1a Chemical Controls Chemical Controls

•Rating HighRating High

•Inconsistency of Data Inconsistency of Data Years & LocationsYears & Locations

•Highest Probability of Highest Probability of Success & Needs Success & Needs Additional SupportAdditional Support

PrePlant 1a Virtually Impermeable Films

•Rating HighRating High

•Low Emission FilmsLow Emission Films

•Disposal Needs Disposal Needs Additional WorkAdditional Work

•Need Summary of Need Summary of Progress to DateProgress to Date

PrePlant 1a PrePlant 1a Alternative Alternative Chemistry-AnnualsChemistry-Annuals

•Rating HighRating High

•Propargyl Bromide?Propargyl Bromide?

•Technical Economic & Technical Economic & Safety Limitations Needs Safety Limitations Needs to be Identifiedto be Identified

•Regulatory RestrictionsRegulatory Restrictions

PrePlant 1a Alternative Chemistry-PrePlant 1a Alternative Chemistry-PerennialsPerennials•Rating HighRating High

•Limitations of Alternatives-Townships Caps, etcLimitations of Alternatives-Townships Caps, etc

PrePlant 1a ApplicationPrePlant 1a Application

• Rating HighRating High

• Some Excellent Results in Area-Drip Appl.Some Excellent Results in Area-Drip Appl.

• Not All Appl. Equipment Effective or Not All Appl. Equipment Effective or PracticalPractical

• Remote Sensing?Remote Sensing?

• Questions about Power-Tiller Questions about Power-Tiller Use/LimitationsUse/Limitations

• More on Reduced Rates of FumigantsMore on Reduced Rates of Fumigants

PrePlant 1b BiorationalsPrePlant 1b Biorationals

•Rating LowRating Low

•High Risk, Long Term but Needed with High Risk, Long Term but Needed with Much Less EmphasisMuch Less Emphasis

•Lack of Progress and Other Areas Way Lack of Progress and Other Areas Way Under-funded Under-funded

PrePlant 1b BioControl Plant PrePlant 1b BioControl Plant Pathogens & NematodesPathogens & Nematodes

•Rating LowRating Low

•Research Results have not easily fit into Research Results have not easily fit into Production Agriculture Production Agriculture

•Limited Potential as Replacement for Limited Potential as Replacement for MB MB

PrePlant 1b BioControl WeedsPrePlant 1b BioControl Weeds

•Rating LowRating Low

•Research Results have not easily fit into Research Results have not easily fit into Production Agriculture Production Agriculture

•Limited Potential as Replacement for Limited Potential as Replacement for MB MB

PrePlant 1b BioControl PrePlant 1b BioControl Ecological EvaluationsEcological Evaluations

•Rating LowRating Low

•Too Long Term for Short Term Too Long Term for Short Term Demands of MB Phase Out Demands of MB Phase Out

PrePlant 1b BioControl PrePlant 1b BioControl Molecular TraitsMolecular Traits

•Rating Very LowRating Very Low

•Even when Identified, Implementing into Even when Identified, Implementing into Practical Use seems ProblematicPractical Use seems Problematic

•High Risk not likely to Solve Problems High Risk not likely to Solve Problems to Other Areas of Research to Other Areas of Research

PrePlant 1c Cultural Controls PrePlant 1c Cultural Controls

•Rating MediumRating Medium

•Long Term Relative to Chemical Long Term Relative to Chemical Controls but Shorter than BiorationalsControls but Shorter than Biorationals

•Limited Success to DateLimited Success to Date

•Like to Become More Important as Like to Become More Important as Other Fumigants Face Increased Other Fumigants Face Increased Regulatory RestrictionsRegulatory Restrictions

PrePlant 1c Host Resistance PrePlant 1c Host Resistance for Disease Management for Disease Management

•Rating Medium Rating Medium

•Long TermLong Term

•Limited Specific Host/PestLimited Specific Host/Pest

•Will do Little to Meeting Phase Out Will do Little to Meeting Phase Out ScheduleSchedule

PrePlant 1c Crop Rotation, PrePlant 1c Crop Rotation, Fallow and Solarization Fallow and Solarization

•Rating MediumRating Medium

•Limited Cases with Viable FitLimited Cases with Viable Fit

•Not Practical or Economically ViableNot Practical or Economically Viable

•Like to have Limited ImpactLike to have Limited Impact

Postharvest IIa Stored Postharvest IIa Stored Durables-Heat/ColdDurables-Heat/Cold

•Rating HighRating High

•Will probably have a Limited FitWill probably have a Limited Fit

Postharvest IIa Stored Postharvest IIa Stored Durables-BiologicalDurables-Biological

•Rating LowRating Low

•Too Narrow Host RangeToo Narrow Host Range

•Limited UseLimited Use

Postharvest IIa Stored Postharvest IIa Stored Durables-PheromoneDurables-Pheromone

•Rating HighRating High

•Effective Monitoring Tool-not Direct Effective Monitoring Tool-not Direct ReplacementReplacement

•Can Reduce Number of TreatmentsCan Reduce Number of Treatments

•Combine with IId (Phys. Chem. Det.)Combine with IId (Phys. Chem. Det.)

Postharvest IIa Stored Durables- Postharvest IIa Stored Durables- Alternative FumigantsAlternative Fumigants

•Rating HighRating High

•Most Promise for Alternatives to MBMost Promise for Alternatives to MB

•All Potential Alternatives Need to be All Potential Alternatives Need to be Evaluated i.e. Sulfuryl FluorideEvaluated i.e. Sulfuryl Fluoride

Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Postharvest IIb Quarantine for ExportExport

•Rating HighRating High

•Research Emphasis has not been HighResearch Emphasis has not been High

•Need a Viable Alternative for every Need a Viable Alternative for every Quarantine TreatmentQuarantine Treatment

•ARS & APHIS need to Prioritize Research, ARS & APHIS need to Prioritize Research, may need Help from FAS, ERS & may need Help from FAS, ERS & StakeholdersStakeholders

Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Export-Systems ApproachExport-Systems Approach

•Rating HighRating High

•Limited Use to DateLimited Use to Date

•Specific Pest/Commodity/Location/Time of Specific Pest/Commodity/Location/Time of YearYear

Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Export-Methyl BromideExport-Methyl Bromide

•Not RatedNot Rated

•Cited Research was not Appropriate as an Cited Research was not Appropriate as an Alternative to MBAlternative to MB

Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Export-Alternative FumigantsExport-Alternative Fumigants

•Rating HighRating High

•Greatest Potential as AlternativeGreatest Potential as Alternative

•All Potential Alternatives need to be All Potential Alternatives need to be Evaluated i.e. Sulfuryl FluorideEvaluated i.e. Sulfuryl Fluoride

Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Export-Controlled AtmospheresExport-Controlled Atmospheres

•Rating MediumRating Medium

•Has Potential with Use Cited for Lettuce but Has Potential with Use Cited for Lettuce but even then Limited Useeven then Limited Use

•Will not Work Well with Most CommoditiesWill not Work Well with Most Commodities

Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Export-Combination SystemsExport-Combination Systems

•Not RatedNot Rated

•Combine with Controlled AtmospheresCombine with Controlled Atmospheres

Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Postharvest IIb Quarantine for Export-Physical/Heat, Cold & Export-Physical/Heat, Cold & IrradiationIrradiation

•Rating HighRating High

•Limited UseLimited Use

•Concerns with IrradiationConcerns with Irradiation

•Costs can be an IssueCosts can be an Issue

Postharvest IIc Capture/RecyclePostharvest IIc Capture/Recycle

•Rating HighRating High

•Limited Use to DateLimited Use to Date

•Need to Improve Costs, Recovery Efficiencies Need to Improve Costs, Recovery Efficiencies & make Applicable to Large Fumigations& make Applicable to Large Fumigations

•May be Requirement for Continued Use of May be Requirement for Continued Use of MBMB

•Does not Address Structural/Processing Does not Address Structural/Processing Facilities to dateFacilities to date

Postharvest IId Physical or Postharvest IId Physical or Chemical Detection SystemsChemical Detection Systems

•Rating LowRating Low

•Combine with Pheromone Attractiveness and Combine with Pheromone Attractiveness and TrappingTrapping

•Not Alternative Treatment but may delay Not Alternative Treatment but may delay TreatmentTreatment

Postharvest IIe Processing & Postharvest IIe Processing & Food Storage FacilitiesFood Storage Facilities

•Rating MediumRating Medium

Postharvest IIe Processing & Postharvest IIe Processing & Food Storage Facilities-AerosolFood Storage Facilities-Aerosol

•Not RatedNot Rated

•Not Alternative but could Delay TreatmentNot Alternative but could Delay Treatment

•No Technology Developed Since 2000No Technology Developed Since 2000

•No Literature ReferencesNo Literature References

Postharvest IIe Processing & Postharvest IIe Processing & Food Storage Facilities-Contact Food Storage Facilities-Contact InsecticidesInsecticides

•Rating MediumRating Medium

•Not Replacement but could Delay TreatmentNot Replacement but could Delay Treatment

Postharvest IIe Processing & Postharvest IIe Processing & Food Storage Facilities-HeatFood Storage Facilities-Heat

•Rating MediumRating Medium

•Few Processing Facilities will Withstand Few Processing Facilities will Withstand TreatmentTreatment

•Some Newer Mills have been able to Use Some Newer Mills have been able to Use because of Newer Constructionbecause of Newer Construction

•Methods of Using Heat Economically not Methods of Using Heat Economically not AvailableAvailable

Postharvest IIf Movement of Postharvest IIf Movement of Commodities out of Quarantine Commodities out of Quarantine AreasAreas

•Rating HighRating High

•Important AreaImportant Area

•Need Additional AlternativesNeed Additional Alternatives

Postharvest IIf Movement of Postharvest IIf Movement of Commodities out of Quarantine Commodities out of Quarantine Areas-BehavioralAreas-Behavioral

•Rating HighRating High

•Limited Impact-Specific Pest/HostLimited Impact-Specific Pest/Host

Postharvest IIf Movement of Postharvest IIf Movement of Commodities out of Quarantine Commodities out of Quarantine Areas-PhysicalAreas-Physical

•Rating HighRating High

•Has Potential but Limited UseHas Potential but Limited Use

•Case given is Incorrect in that Olive Fruit Fly Case given is Incorrect in that Olive Fruit Fly is in Major Production Areasis in Major Production Areas

Postharvest IIg Prevent Postharvest IIg Prevent Quarantine Pest into and within Quarantine Pest into and within U.S.U.S.

•Rating HighRating High

•Important Area but Limited Research to DateImportant Area but Limited Research to Date

Postharvest IIg Prevent Postharvest IIg Prevent Quarantine Pest into and within Quarantine Pest into and within US-Sterile InsectUS-Sterile Insect

•Rating HighRating High

•Will not Replace Need for Control of Current Will not Replace Need for Control of Current PestsPests

•Can Limit OutbreaksCan Limit Outbreaks

•Not all Pests of Concern in Sterile ProgramNot all Pests of Concern in Sterile Program

Postharvest IIg Prevent Postharvest IIg Prevent Quarantine Pest into and within Quarantine Pest into and within US-Insecticide BaitsUS-Insecticide Baits

•Rating High Rating High

•Make Bait Applications More AcceptableMake Bait Applications More Acceptable

•Important to Prevent OutbreaksImportant to Prevent Outbreaks

•Will not Replace need for Control of Current Will not Replace need for Control of Current PestsPests

Postharvest IIg Prevent Postharvest IIg Prevent Quarantine Pest into and within Quarantine Pest into and within US-Prohibition of ImportsUS-Prohibition of Imports

•Rating HighRating High

•Can be EffectiveCan be Effective

•Limited Use as most Exotic Pests like Med Limited Use as most Exotic Pests like Med Fly have a Wide Host RangeFly have a Wide Host Range