assessing the baseline for insecticide resistance in new york state codling moth populations. peter...

Assessing the Baseline for Insecticide Resistance in New York State Codling Moth Populations.

Peter JentschPeter JentschExtension Associate - EntomologyExtension Associate - Entomology

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• Purpose for the study: Purpose for the study:

• Internal worm biologyInternal worm biology

• Shifts in pest management.Shifts in pest management.

• Objectives & results of the Objectives & results of the study.study.

• Preliminary conclusionsPreliminary conclusions

‘‘The 1% Problem’The 1% Problem’

Rejections of Processing Shipments Rejections of Processing Shipments From Western NY Processing Orchards From Western NY Processing Orchards

Due to Due to Increasing Internal Worm Infested FruitIncreasing Internal Worm Infested Fruit

1. Rhode Island Greening (12 loads), Monroe (12 loads), Cortland (7 loads), Idared (7 loads), Jonagold (6 loads), Rome (4 loads)

2001: 20 loads of rejected fruit2001: 20 loads of rejected fruit

2002: 80 loads of rejected fruit from 42 growers in WNY2002: 80 loads of rejected fruit from 42 growers in WNY11

2005: 100 loads of rejected fruit from 60 farms.2005: 100 loads of rejected fruit from 60 farms.

Classification of internal Lepidoptera larvae in fruit from infested New York apple orchards in 2002 (Reissig).

Percentage of larvaeOrchard OFM or LAW Codling moth

B-1 84 16*D-1 97 3E-1 90 10*L-1 5 95*V-1 58 42*D-2 100 0M-1 100 0P-1 100 0S-1 100 0S-2 100 0

*4 Orchards with > 10% CM infested fruit.Only 10 of 20 orchards had > 10 larva / sample.

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Identification of non-codling moth larvae collected from severely infested orchards during 2002 in NY (Reissig1).

Site # larvae OFM (% of larvae2) LAW (% of larvae2)#1 15 94 6

#2 33 94 6

#3 49 94 6

#11 24 83 17

#35 42 67 33

#40 25 84 16

#46 12 83 17

1. THE COMPACT FRUIT TREE, VOLUME 36, NUMBER 1, 2OO3 (IDFTA)2. Identification by Dr. Greg Krawczyk, Penn State.

Classification of internal Lepidoptera larvae in fruit from infested New York apple orchards in 2005-2006 (Breth).

Percentage of larvae ID - 2005

Codling moth 55.5

OFM 19.5

LAW 7.0

Unknown 16.5

Percentage of larvae ID - 2006

Codling moth 49.0

OFM 24.0

LAW 6.0

Other 6.0

(fruit fly maggot, ECB)

Unknown 15.0

(tiny or no worm found, sign of worm only)

168 apple samples

Possible causes of internal worm Possible causes of internal worm management failures:management failures:





I.I. Insecticide resistanceInsecticide resistanceEndemic population with refined geneticsEndemic population with refined genetics

Dr.V.Harris, M.Angst, and P. Carudel, 2001 meeting of the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee

I.I. Insecticide resistanceInsecticide resistance

Initial resistance levels in various states to Initial resistance levels in various states to Azinphos-methylAzinphos-methyl (AZM)(Guthion) (AZM)(Guthion)

• California & Washington: 4-7x resistance (1997)California & Washington: 4-7x resistance (1997)• Pennslyvania: 6x (2002) Pennslyvania: 6x (2002) • Michigan: 2-5x resistance (2007)Michigan: 2-5x resistance (2007)

Demonstrated correlated cross-resistance to AZM: Demonstrated correlated cross-resistance to AZM: pyrethroids, insect growth regulators tebufenozide pyrethroids, insect growth regulators tebufenozide (Confirm) and methoxyfenozide (Intrepid).(Confirm) and methoxyfenozide (Intrepid).

Assail: 1.7-4.8x resistance (2003-CA)Assail: 1.7-4.8x resistance (2003-CA) Phosmet: 7-8x Phosmet: 7-8x resistance (2007-MI) resistance (2007-MI) Granuloisis virus (2007-Germany)Granuloisis virus (2007-Germany)

Possible causes of internal worm Possible causes of internal worm management failures:management failures:

II.II. Population densityPopulation density

III.III. Application management: Application management: Insecticide use shift - reduced riskInsecticide use shift - reduced riskLate season use reductions (OFM / LAW)Late season use reductions (OFM / LAW)Timing to 1st hatch (DD modeling) Timing to 1st hatch (DD modeling) Coverage (water / air volume, nozzle failure)Coverage (water / air volume, nozzle failure)WeatheringWeathering

IV.IV. Orchard management:Orchard management:Over cropping, dense canopyOver cropping, dense canopy

VI.VI. Combination of factors.Combination of factors.

NY Internal Lepidoptera NY Internal Lepidoptera Complex: Complex: 3 species3 species

Family: TortricidaeFamily: TortricidaeCodling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus)

2 generations / year

Oriental fruit moth Grapholitha molesta (Busck)3 generations / year

Lesser apple worm Grapholita prunivora Walsh2 generations / year

Adult Flight of the Internal Lepidopteran Complex on AppleWNY (Williamston, Wayne, County)





0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

3/3/083/10/083/17/083/24/083/31/08

4/7/084/14/084/21/084/28/08

5/5/085/12/085/19/085/26/08

6/2/086/9/086/16/086/23/086/30/08

7/7/087/14/087/21/087/28/08

8/4/088/11/088/18/088/25/08

OFM

CM

LAW

Adult Flight of the Internal Lepidopteran Complex on AppleHudson Valley of NY (Highland, NY)









OFM OFM OFM

GTGT TCTC PP BloomBloom PFPF 1C1C 2C2C 3C3C 4C4C 5C5C 6C6C 7C7C 8C8C

21 M

arch

21 M

arch

21 A

pril

21 A

pril

27 A

pril

27 A

pril

1 M

ay

1 M

ay

14 M

ay

14 M

ay

28 M

ay

28 M

ay10

Jun

e

10 J

une

25 J

une

25 J

une

5 Ju

ly

5 Ju

ly

15 J

uly

15 J

uly

1 Aug

.

1 Aug

.15

Aug

.

15 A

ug.

CMCM

LAW LAW

PC OBLR AM OBLR AM

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

3/3/083/10/083/17/083/24/083/31/08

4/7/084/14/084/21/084/28/08

5/5/085/12/085/19/085/26/08

6/2/086/9/086/16/086/23/086/30/08

7/7/087/14/087/21/087/28/08

8/4/088/11/088/18/088/25/08

OFM

CM

LAW

Adult Flight of the Internal Lepidopteran Complex on Apple

Our study:Objective 1: Evaluate the efficacy of azinphos-methyl against

NYS adult populations.

Objective 2: Evaluate the efficacy of azinphos-methyl against NYS larval populations.

Objective 3: Evaluate insecticides for efficacy on populations of susceptible larva using topical evaluations and residue of

treated fruit.

Objective 1: Evaluate the efficacy of azinphos-methyl against adult populations using topical bioassays.

10 sites

4 WNY sites (Williamson (2) & Wolcott, Wayne Co. Brockport, Monroe, Co.)

2 Northern Hudson Valley: Burnt Hills, Altamont 4 Southern Hudson Valley: Highland, Milton, Marlboro

Obtained live adults using pheromone traps & removable liners.

Individuals were treated using 1 micro liter applications to the dorsal thoracic plate using field rates (+LI700)

OP, pyrethroid, neo-nicotinoid’s0.5, 1.0 and 1.5x field rates.

Our study:

Objective 2: WNY

To obtain infested fruit from sites with prior infestations (rejected loads), cage and isolate pupa, rear mating adults to

oviposit, obtain eggs, rear larvae in successive generations to evaluate insecticides for resistance.

• Relatively few apples were obtained from WNY sites as significantly less internal worm damage had occurred in 2008.

• Fruit containing internal worm were subsequently shipped to PA for testing on newer chemistries (Delegate & Altacor).

• Follow-up to obtain greater numbers of fruit from WNY will begin in June of 2009.

Objective 2 - ENY

ENY infested fruit were difficult to obtain in commercial orchards. We gathered infested fruit from abandoned trees

adjacent to commercial production.

High levels of parasitism (Ichneumonid sp.) in larva obtained throughout Hudson Valley samples.

Follow-up to obtain greater numbers of fruit from WNY will begin in June of 2009.

Objective 3:

Obtained OP susceptible codling moth(Benzon labs, PA), rear larvae in successive generations to evaluate baseline susceptibility of insecticides for efficacy.

I. Treated larva with 1 micro liter doses of field rates of insecticides to determine efficacy. Evaluations at 1-24 hours. Surviving larva placed on media to determine developmental

success.

II. Placed larva on apple using field rates of insecticides to determine efficacy. Evaluations at 1-14 days.

Wax covered media, CM frass andCM pupa along cup lid.

Codling Moth 1st Instar Larvae Bioassay,

NYSAES, Highland NY 2008

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20

40

60

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100

1 2 3 4 5 6

Guthion 50WP @ 12.0 oz. /100 Serial Dilution Reduction (0.50) N=40

Percent Mortality

2hr. Eval.24hr. Eval.



0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6

Imidan 70W @ 5.33 lb./A Serial Dilution Reduction (0.50) N=50

Percent Mortality




0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6

Lorsban 70WG @ 10.72 oz. /100 Serial Dilution Reduction (0.50) N=40

Percent Mortality




0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6

Warrior @ 5.12 oz. /A Serial Dilution Reduction (0.50) N=40

Percent Mortality




0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6

Assail 30SG @ 0.5 lb./ASerial Dilution Reduction (0.50) N=40

Percent Mortality




0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6

Calypso 70WG @ 4oz/A Serial Dilution Reduction (0.50) N=40

Percent Mortality




0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6

Delegate 0.4375 lb./A Serial Dilution Reduction (0.50) N=40

Percent Mortality




0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6

Guthion 50WP @ 12.0 oz. /100 Serial Dilution Reduction (0.50) N=40

Percent Mortality


Codling Moth 1st Instar Larvae Transferred to Treated Apple Disk (Benzon Colony), NYSAES, Highland NY 2008

Guthion 50WP @ 12 oz/100

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Day

Percent Mortality

2hr. Eval.

24hr. Eval.


Imidan 70W @ 5.33 lb./A

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Day

Percent Mortality

2hr. Eval.

24hr. Eval.


Lorsban 70WG @ 10.72 oz./A

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Day

Percent Mortality

2hr. Eval.

24hr. Eval.


Warrior @ 5.12 oz./A

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Day

Percent Mortality

2hr. Eval.

24hr. Eval.


Delegate @ 0.4375 lb./A

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Day

Percent Mortality

2hr. Eval.

24hr. Eval.


Guthion 50WP @ 12 oz/100

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Day

Percent Mortality

2hr. Eval.

24hr. Eval.


Calypso @ 4 oz/A

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Day

Percent Mortality

2hr. Eval.

24hr. Eval.


Assail 30SG @ 0.5 lb./A

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Day

Percent Mortality

2hr. Eval.

24hr. Eval.

Peter JentschPeter JentschExtension Associate - EntomologyExtension Associate - Entomology

Conclusions

Results from adult CM bioassay indicate levels of AZN resistance in 2 WNY orchards that may be contributing to control failures in processing orchards using AZN in pest management.

Northern Hudson Valley populations with a recent history of AZN use had lower levels of susceptibility than orchards not having used AZN in the past >5 years.

Reductions in CM efficacy indicate cross resistance potential of WNY populations to pyrethroid and neo-nicotinoyds that may be contributing to control failures of pyrethroids in processing orchards using AZN pest management.

Southern Hudson Valley Orchards have CM susceptibility levels to AZN similar to lab susceptible populations.

assessing the baseline for insecticide resistance in new york state codling moth populations. peter...

Documents

apple slide

ny slide

county slide

internal worm infested

x resistance

generations year slide

loads of rejected fruit

internal worm damage