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! Saving Resources: Manure and Water Assessing Agricultural Policy Implications for the Mississippi River Basin David Osterberg Nick Fetty Nathan Wong

May 2016

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The Iowa Policy Project 20 E. Market Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52245 (319) 338-0773 www.IowaPolicyProject.org!!

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Authors and Acknowledgments !David Osterberg is a Professor in the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health in the University of Iowa College of Public Health. A former state legislator who chaired the Iowa House Energy and Environmental Protection Committee and Agriculture Committee during his six terms, he also has served as a consultant to the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. He holds masters degrees in water resources management and agricultural economics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In 2001, Osterberg co-founded the Iowa Policy Project and served as executive director through June 2013. He remains on the staff as a researcher on energy and environmental issues. Nick Fetty is a master’s student in the University of Iowa School of Journalism and Mass Communication. He serves as a Graduate Assistant for the UI’s Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research and writes about environmental news and research in Iowa, particularly in regard to agriculture, water quality, and wind energy. He holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from the University of Iowa and is a former reporter for the Iowa City Press-Citizen. Nathan Wong served as a graduate student intern with IPP from the University of Iowa School of Urban and Regional Planning. His focus is in economic development and housing and community development. He holds a bachelor's degree in sociology from the University of California, San Diego. In addition, we want to acknowledge the editorial assistance of Nathan Shepherd and Sara Conrad of Iowa Policy Project staff. !We gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the McKnight Foundation and the Fred and Charlotte Hubbell Foundation, which made the preparation of this report possible. While these funders support the research that went into this report, they may not necessarily agree with policy recommendations that are included. Policy recommendations are solely the perspective of the authors and the Iowa Policy Project. !!!The Iowa Policy Project !Formed in 2001, the Iowa Policy Project is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization. Its principal office is at 20 E. Market Street, Iowa City, IA 52245. The Iowa Policy Project promotes public policy that fosters economic opportunity while safeguarding the health and well-being of Iowa’s people and the environment. By providing a foundation of fact-based, objective research and engaging the public in an informed discussion of policy alternatives, the Iowa Policy Project advances accountable, effective and fair government. All reports produced by the Iowa Policy Project are made available to the public, free of charge, via the organization’s website at http://www.iowapolicyproject.org. The Iowa Policy Project is a 501(c)3 organization. Contributions to support our work may be tax-deductible. We may be reached at the address above, by phone at (319) 338-0773, by email at ipp@Lcom.net, or through other contacts available at our website.

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The Iowa Policy Project 20 E. Market St. • Iowa City, Iowa 52245 • (319) 338-0773

www.iowapolicyproject.org

May 2016

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Saving Resources: Manure and Water Assessing Agricultural Policy Implications for the Mississippi River Basin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he High Risk of Winter Manure Application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The Iowa Policy Project 20 E. Market St. • Iowa City, Iowa 52245 • (319) 338-0773

www.iowapolicyproject.org

May 2016

POLICY BRIEF Saving Resources: Manure and Water Assessing Agricultural Policy Implications for the Mississippi River Basin !!"#$%&'(#)*+,-.,-/0#1'23#4,++"#%5(#1%+6%5#785/####$%&'(!&'$)*+!%$,*+'-+-!./+!0*12),.%3%.4!15!-1%(-!6!'!7)'(%.4!*+,18$%9+2!./*1)8/1).!/%-.1*4:!!

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Photo credit: Iowa Manure Management Action Group, Iowa State University, IMMAG Update March 2014.

!"!

The High Risk of Winter Manure Application !

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igure 1. Phosphorus (P) in the Winter Landscape: How Nutrient Investment is Lost !

Source: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs (2013)

! U!

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`!F/+-+!*+-)(.-!/%8/(%8/.!./+!,1&0(+J!*%-E-!'--1,%'.+2!?%./!?%$.+*!&'$)*+!'00(%,'.%1$!8%3+$!./+!01.+$.%'(!51*!./'?C;'-+2!*)$155!%$!?'*&+*!?%$.+*-!'$2!)$0*+2%,.';(+!*'%$!+3+$.-!%$!+'*(4!-0*%$8!&1$./-=!! Figure 2. Average Monthly Phosphorus Loss at Riechers Beef Between 2003 and 2010 !

! Source: University of Wisconsin Discovery Farms. “Understanding Nutrient and Sediment Loss at Riechers Beef,” Winter 2013

Table 1. Nitrogen Loss Greatest from Late-Winter Manure Application Two-year average of nitrogen lost in surface runoff from corn and soybean stubble

Source: J. Lorimer, 1995, Fate of Nutrients from Liquid Swine Manure Land-Applied in the Winter, Ph.D.

dissertation, Iowa State University.!

!P!

The Negative Impacts of Manure Runoff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ater Contamination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a'E+!_*%+!-1)*,+=!F/+!,'.'-.*10/%,!'(8'(!;(11&!0*1&0.+2!./+!&'41*!.1!2+,('*+!'!-.'.+!15!+&+*8+$,4<!'-!./+!,%.4!?'-!51*,+2!.1!5%$2!'(.+*$'.%3+!-1)*,+-!15!2*%$E%$8!?'.+*!-%$,+!;1%(%$8!./+!?'.+*!2%2!$1.!*+&13+!./+!.1J%$=!#-!$1.+2!%$!'!"VRP*P4.0%()$,(*H,.$!-.1*4!';1).!./%-!%$,%2+$.:!Z#$2!?%./!./+-+!'(8'(!;(11&-!0*+2%,.+2!.1!?1*-+$!%$!a'E+!_*%+!'$2!1./+*!('E+-!'$2!*+-+*31%*-!6!./'$E-!.1!'!&%J!15!8(1;'(!?'*&%$8<!%$3'-%3+!-0+,%+-!'$2!01(().%1$#6!./+!%--)+!%-!+J0+,.+2!.1!010!)0!&1*+!15.+$=!D1&+!;+(%+3+!F1(+21!,1)(2!;+!'!.%00%$8!01%$.=[R"!B1?+3+*<!./%-!%-!$1.!./+!5%*-.!.%&+!K/%1!/'-!;++$!./*+'.+$+2!;4!/'*&5)(!'(8'(!;(11&-!NB#^-O=!@$!"VRV<!+J,+--%3+!B#^-!,')-+2!./+!,(1-)*+!15!X*'$2!a'E+!D.=!G'*4-!'$2!51*,+2!./+!-.'.+!.1!%--)+!?'*$%$8-!'.!.?1!K/%1!a'E+!_*%+!0);(%,!;+',/+-=RU!!!H+,+$.!-,%+$.%5%,!0'0+*-!/'3+!2+&1$-.*'.+2!?/4!01.+$.%'((4!.1J%,!,4'$1;',.+*%'(!;(11&-!&'4!%$,*+'-+!%$!-+3+*%.4=!I'*&+*!.+&0+*'.)*+-!'$2!/+'34!*'%$5'((!+3+$.-!?%./!(1$8!2*4!0+*%12-!%$!;+.?++$!?%((!(+'2!.1!',,+(+*'.%1$!15!./+!+).*10/%,'.%1$%!0*1,+--!./'.!./+!/%8/!(+3+(-!15!$%.*18+$!'$2!0/1-0/1*)-!&'E+!01--%;(+=!RP!RS!F/+!_Y#!/'-!$1.+2!./+-+!?+'./+*!0'..+*$-!'*+!0*+2%,.+2!.1!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!i Eutrophication is “The process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. These typically promote excessive growth of algae. As the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other organisms, such as fish.” (USGS, Website, “Definition of Eutrophication,” 2014)

Blue-green algae — or cyanobacteria. Photo credit: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, http://tinyurl.com/jembwqy

! S!

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b'.)*'(!H+-1)*,+-!&1$%.1*-!51*!&%,*1,4-.%$<!'!.40+!15!.1J%$!-1&+.%&+-!0*12),+2!;4!,4'$1;',.+*%'<!'.!U]!-.'.+C1?$+2!;+',/+-=!F/+%*!*+-)(.-!01%$.!.1!&'T1*!%$,*+'-+-!13+*!./+!0'-.!5+?!4+'*-!NQ%8)*+!UO=R]!!!F/+!$%.*18+$!,1$.'&%$'.%1$!5*1&!'8*%,)(.)*'(!*)$155!/'-!'(-1!-%8$%5%,'$.(4!,1$.*%;).+2!.1!./+!*%-%$8!,1-.!15!.*+'.%$8!2*%$E%$8!?'.+*!%$!L+-!G1%$+-!'-!*+8)('.+2!;4!./+!D'5+!I'.+*!L*%$E%$8!#,.=R`!F/%-!/'-!;++$!'$!1$81%$8!0*1;(+&!51*!./+!,%.4!15!L+-!G1%$+-<!?/%,/!&)-.!0+*%12%,'((4!10+*'.+!1$+!15!./+!('*8+-.!$%.*'.+!*+&13'(!-4-.+&-!%$!./+!?1*(2!'.!'!-%8$%5%,'$.!,1-.!.1!L+-!G1%$+-!,%.%9+$-=!_'*(4!%$!"VRS<!./+!L+-!G1%$+-!I'.+*!I1*E-!NLGIIO!^1'*2!15!F*)-.++-!31.+2!)$'$%&1)-(4!.1!%--)+!'!$1.%,+!15!%$.+$.!.1!-)+!./+!^1'*2!15!D)0+*3%-1*-!%$!D',<!^)+$'!c%-.'!'$2!>'(/1)$!,1)$.%+-!Z%$!./+%*!*1(+!'-!813+*$%$8!')./1*%.4!51*!RV!2*'%$'8+!2%-.*%,.-!./'.!'*+!2%-,/'*8%$8!01(().'$.-!%$.1!./+!H',,11$!H%3+*<[!?/%,/!./*+'.+$!L+-!G1%$+-A!2*%$E%$8!?'.+*="V!"R!Q1((1?%$8!./+!WVC2'4!$1.%,+!./+!LGII!51((1?+2!./*1)8/!'$2!/'-!5%(+2!'!-)%.=""!I/%(+!./+!')./1*-!',E$1?(+28+!./'.!*)$155!5*1&!&'$)*+!'00(%,'.%1$-!%-!$1.!./+!-1(+!-1)*,+!15!$%.*'.+!01(().%1$<!%.!%-!'!,1$.*%;).%$8!-1)*,+<!+-0+,%'((4!?/+$!'00(%+2!2)*%$8!./+!?%$.+*!-+'-1$=!!The Dead Zone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

Figure 3. Iowa Beach Advisories for Microcystin Increase !

! Source: Mary Skopec, Iowa Department of Natural Resources!

!W!

Figure 4. Mississippi River-Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone Much Larger than Goals !

!

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The Mississippi River Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force’s 1,900 mi2 2001 Action Goal limit compared to the actual five-year average size of the hypoxic zone — 5,600 mi2. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

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U.S. EPA vs. Iowa DNR

On July 12, 2012, Region 7 of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) — which covers Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska — found that the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) was inadequately enforcing the Clean Water Act (CWA) in regard to Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs).

In a letter to IDNR Director Chuck Gipp, EPA Regional Administrator Karl Brooks outlined his agency's concerns over the lack of pollution control from the 7,000 animal feeding operations jeopardizing Iowa's waterways and cited that it was a violation of Section 402 of the CWA.1 Brooks wrote: “Actions are necessary to ensure that Iowa’s NPDES [National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System] permitting, compliance and enforcement program for CAFOs complies with the Clean Water Act.” EPA gave IDNR 60 days to submit a plan and a schedule for addressing the issues outlined in the letter. EPA also required that IDNR allow the public to provide input on the plan.

EPA and IDNR came to agreement a on plan that outlined six major categories: on-site inspections for all (1) “large” factory farms (more than 1,000 beef cattle or 2,500 hogs) and (2) “medium” factory farms (300-999 beef cattle or 750-2,499 hogs), (3) desktop evaluations for other medium-sized factory farms, (4) issuance of new factory farm permits regulations within one year, (5) stronger manure applications setback requirements within one year, and (6) tougher enforcement protocols.

EPA became involved with the situation after a petition called for IDNR to relinquish its authority for managing the NPDES. The petition was submitted in September 2007 in a collaboration by the Environmental Integrity Project, Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement, and the Sierra Club Iowa Chapter.

Days after EPA’s announcement, The Des Moines Register — the state’s largest newspaper — issued an editorial lambasting state officials for their inability to address the problem.

“Our elected officials enact laws to ensure there is little regulation. They underfund state agencies that oversee agricultural operations. They send a message to go easy on polluters. And the rest of us pay the price with dirty water that compromises recreational and tourism opportunities, which affects this state's economy.”2

Water quality was a contentious issue at both the state and federal level at the time. Iowa Governor Terry Branstad claimed that IDNR was “too aggressive already in enforcing pollution regulation against agricultural operations”3 while U.S. Representatives Leonard Boswell (D), Tom Latham (R), and Steve King (R) voted in 2011 to limit EPA’s ability to enforce the Clean Water Act.4

One year after EPA issued its indictment against IDNR, another report was released which found that INDR had done little to improve Iowa’s water quality. Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement issued a statement critical of IDNR’s efforts to address the issue, writing “[i]t has now been almost a full year since the EPA published its report, and no action has been taken. That’s 12 more months of degradation to Iowa’s water while the DNR stonewalls implementation of the Clean Water Act.”5

Despite the criticism from activist groups, EPA Region 7 spokesperson Kris Lancaster said “[the] proposed rules are consistent with federal requirements.”6 1 Noble Jason. “EPA says DNR is lax on enforcing confinement permits, regulations.” Des Moines Register, July 13, 2012. 2 The Des Moines Register, Editorial: “EPA letter should be a wakeup call.” July 1, 2012. 3 Bleeding Heartland: “EPA Finds Iowa DNR Not Enforcing Clean Water Act for CAFOs” July 13, 2012 4 Bleeding Heartland: “Boswell, Latham and King vote to undermine Clear Water Act.” July 15, 2011. 5 Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement. “One Year after EPA Demands Compliance, DNR Continues to Obstruct Clean Water Act Implementation - Iowa CCI,” July 8, 2013 6 Eller, Donnelle. “Groups say water rules aren’t enough.” Des Moines Register, Jan. 28, 2014.

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Clean Lake Erie Act (SB1) After One Year

“The Clean Lake Erie Act’s success is unclear. Many of its provisions were left open to interpretation, and the law contains several exemptions that allow manure applications, even under the new limits. For example, applications can occur on growing crops such as winter cover crops that lie dormant all season. This is the first winter and spring where the law has been in effect, and Ohio lacks any system that can effectively assess its success or failure. We need an effective way to determine compliance with the law before we know how well it’s working.”

— Adam Rissien, Clean Water Director, Ohio Environmental Council

“Ohio Farm Bureau supported SB 1 (The Clean Lake Erie Act) because it balances two equally important resources, clean water and food production. The law allows for common agronomic practices that are proven effective for water quality and workable for farmers. SB 1 also recognizes that water quality is a shared responsibility; it contains nonagricultural provisions dealing with the dumping of dredge material and with water quality monitoring.”

— Joe Cornely, Senior Director of Corporate Communications, Ohio Farm Bureau Federation

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“We’re right back to where we were in the ]70s,” Jeff Reutter, head of the Ohio Sea Grant research lab, told The Associated Press after the 2014 crisis.5 The amount of phosphorus entering the lake had risen every year since 1990.6 Farm runoff as well as sludge from sewage treatment plants contributed to the problem which spurred state lawmakers in Ohio to enact new regulations to reduce the likelihood of more algae blooms and potentially another water crisis. The Senate Bill 1 — also known as the Clean Lake Erie Act — banned the application of manure on frozen and rain-saturated land as ways to prevent nutrient runoff into nearby waterways.7 Despite being passed by both of Ohio’s legislative chambers as well as Governor Kasich, environmental advocacy groups expressed concerns about the legislation’s effectiveness. Alison Auciello — with Ohio’s Food & Water Watch — said the bill was not strong enough and had too many exemptions. “We could’ve prevented this crisis from happening and we can prevent it from happening again,” Auciello said in a 2015 interview with WKSU, an NPR affiliate based in Kent, Ohio.8 “But we’ve got to be willing — we’ve got to have the political will in Ohio and in other states to really take on the factory farm pollution that’s been a really big culprit for the algae blooms.” Randy Gardener — a Republican state senator from Bowling Green — was the main author of the bill and he defended it. “SB 1 helps Lake Erie, but in doing so we agreed not to ignore Ohio’s number one industry. In fact, some call this bill the Clean Lake Erie Act of 2015, but perhaps a subtitle might be — ‘Heal the Lake, But Respect the Farm.’ I believe SB 1 does just that,” Gardener said, as reported by the Sandusky Register in 2015.9 “Lake Erie is far from dead. In 2014 Lake Erie enjoyed a very good year in boating, fishing and tourism. We must fight to protect Lake Erie, but we must also promote Lake Erie. Lake Erie remains a great place to visit. A great place to live. A great place to grow a business." The new law not only applied to crop farms but also livestock operations. Small and medium-sized operations were able to apply for temporary exemption from the new manure applications. Small operations were defined as those with fewer than 200 heads of mature dairy cows, fewer than 300 heads of veal calves, fewer than 50 heads of swine 50 pounds or heavier and fewer than 3,000 heads of swing weighing less than 50 pounds.10 The new legislation went into effect on July 3, 2015. Those caught violating the new law could be fined up to $10,000.10

1 Wines, Michael. “Behind Toledo’s Water Crisis, a Long-Troubled Lake Erie.” The New York Times 4 Aug. 2014 2 Latson, Jennifer. “The Burning River That Sparked a Revolution.” TIME. 22 June 2015 3 The Associated Press. “Researchers Track Lake Erie Algae Blooms.” 13 Sept. 2007 4 WTOL Staff. “Toledo Water Crisis: A Timeline of What's Happened so Far.” WTOL [Toledo] 3 Aug. 2014 5 The Associated Press. “Toledo Water Ban Persists After New Test Results Cause Concerns.” NPR 4 Aug. 2014 6 The Associated Press. “Toledo’s Water Crisis Was a Decade in the Making from Farms and Sewage Plants, Experts Say.” Cleveland.com 3 Aug. 2014 7 The Associated Press. “Gov. John Kasich Signs Bill Aimed at Fighting Toxic Algae.” Cleveland.com 2 Apr. 2015 8 Chow, Andy. “Critics Say New Anti-algae Bill Doesn't Go Far Enough.” WKSU [Kent] 27 Mar. 2015 9 Jackson, Tom. “Governor Signs Lake Erie Cleanup Bill.” Sandusky Register 2 Apr. 2015 10 LaBarge, Greg (Ohio State University. “New Manure and Fertilizer Regulations in Ohio.” AgProfessional 13 July 2015 !

2014 Toledo Water Crisis

At 2 a.m. on Saturday, August 2, 2014, the City of Toledo issued a “Do Not Drink” notice to residents advising them not to drink, boil, or bathe in water from their taps. An algae bloom outbreak on Lake Erie, the city’s main water source, contaminated the water so severely that standard water treatment practices were not enough to make it safe for consumers. In the following hours and days other cities and counties in the area would issue similar notices advising residents to stay away from the water and by the end more than half a million residents were directly affected.1 Though it likely came as a surprise to many of the area’s residents, researchers, scientists, and other experts were aware of the potential looming issue from several years out. Troublesome algal blooms have threatened the lake since at least the 1960s. Agricultural pollution from rural land as well as industrial pollution from urban areas both contributed high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen into the lake. The Cuyahoga River carried pollution from Cleveland factories as well as from farm fields into the lake. The Cuyahoga infamously caught fire in 1969 when sparks from a passing train ignited oil and other debris floating on top of the river. Pictures of the event brought national attention to the country’s water quality issues and helped lead to the passage of the Clean Water Act.2 Lake Erie has long been a site for water recreation. Areas surrounding the lake offer hiking trails, campsites, beaches, and even disc golf courses. The lake has a robust aquatic life for anglers with walleye, perch, smallmouth bass, salmon, and trout while the area around the lake offers hunters and trappers ideal ground for waterfowl and other small game. Water pollution and the resulting algae blooms in Lake Erie can have detrimental effects for land and water ecosystems and can also be dangerous for humans, dogs, livestock, and other animals that ingest or even come into contact with affected waters. Federal regulation to curb the use of phosphorus in detergents and fertilizers nearly eliminated the problem until it resurfaced again around the turn of the 21st century.3 Lake Erie being the southernmost and the shallowest of the Great Lakes also makes it the warmest. Warm water temperatures coupled with nutrient runoff from agriculture and other sources create the ideal breeding grounds for algae. One of the most recent water crises to strike the Lake Erie region was in Toledo in August 2014. Ten hours after the City of Toledo issued a “Do Not Drink” notice to its residents, Ohio governor John Kasich declared a state of emergency, which was followed by more warnings and advisories from area mayors and other governmental agencies.4 !

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I/%(+!./%-!*+01*.!2%2!$1.!(11E!-0+,%5%,'((4!'.!'((!G%2?+-.!('?-!%.!?'-!01--%;(+!.1!5%$2!./+!$)&;+*!15!*+8)('.1*4!-.'55!%$!-+3+*'(!-.'.+-=!F';(+!U!N0'8+!`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Policy Recommendations !

@$!,1$,()-%1$<!?+'E!-.'.+!('?-!'$2!5+?!%$-0+,.1*-!'*+!,1&0*1&%-%$8!@1?'A-!?'.+*!7)'(%.4!'$2!+$2'$8+*%$8!1)*!,%.%9+$-A!/+'(./=!#-!%.!,)**+$.(4!-.'$2-<!@1?'A-!('?!%-!'!Z;1./!'$2[!-.'.).+i!./+!8*1)$2!$++2-!.1!;+!%&0+*&+';(+!4(7!;+!?%./%$!./+!2'.+-!-0+,%5%+2!;+51*+!&'$)*+!'00(%,'.%1$!%-!(%&%.+2=!F/+-+!*+-.*%,.%1$-!'*+!;1./!%$'2+7)'.+!'$2!,1$5)-%$8!.1!5'*&+*-!'$2!$+%8/;1*-!,1$,+*$+2!';1).!?'.+*!7)'(%.4=!K)*!*+-+'*,/!/'-!(+2!)-!.1!*+,1&&+$2!./+!51((1?%$8:!!!

• #$!1).*%8/.!;'$!1$!&'$)*+!'00(%,'.%1$!%$!(%7)%2!51*&!5*1&!&+2%)&!'$2!('*8+!'$%&'(!0*12),.%1$!5',%(%.%+-!?/+$!./+!8*1)$2!%-!5*19+$!1*!-$1?C,13+*+2<!?/+$!./+!.10!.?1!%$,/+-!'*+!-'.)*'.+2!5*1&!0*+,%0%.'.%1$!1*!?/+$!?+'./+*!%-!+J0+,.+2!./'.!?%((!;+!2+.*%&+$.'(!.1!./+!+$3%*1$&+$.!'$2!.1!./+!).%(%9'.%1$!15!./+!&'$)*+=!

• #&0(+!Z;11.-!1$!./+!8*1)$2[!+$51*,+&+$.!,'0';%(%.%+-!?%./!(1$8C.+*&!5)$2%$8!'((1,'.+2!.1!&'%$.'%$%$8!'2+7)'.+!-.'55%$8=!

• @&&+2%'.+!'210.%1$!15!*+-.*%,.%1$-!1$!'((!10+*'.%1$-!'.!UVV!'$%&'(!)$%.-!N#MO!1*!&1*+!51*!&'$)*+!'00(%,'.%1$!2)*%$8!)$5'31*';(+!-1%(!,1$2%.%1$-=!

•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innesota Environmental Quality Board. 1999. Generic Environmental Impact Statement of Agriculture: A summary of the Literature

Related to Manure and Crop Nutrients. Page J-9. 2 Heffernan, A., Galluzzo, T., Hoyer, Will. “Solution to Pollution: It Starts on the Farm,” The Iowa Policy Project. September 2010. 3 Andersen, Daniel. How much manure is there in Iowa? The Manure Scoop. ISU Extension, blog post from October 6, 2014.

http://themanurescoop.blogspot.com/2014/10/how-much-manure-is-there-in-iowa.html 4 Owens, Bonta, Shipitalo, and Rogers. Effects of Winter Manure Application in Ohio on the Quality of Surface Runoff American Society of

Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America. January 2011. 5 Ibid. 6 Brenneman, Greg. “Winter Manure Application” Iowa Manure Manager Series Vol. 3.

http://www.agronext.iastate.edu/immag/pubs/imms/vol3.pdf 7 Stuntebeck, Todd D et. Al. (2011) Precipitation-Runoff Relations and Water-Quality Characteristics at Edge-of-Fiesl Stations, Discovery

Farms and pioneer farm, Wisconsin 2003-2008. US Geological Survey. Scientific Investigations Report 2011 5008. http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5008/pdf/sir2011-5008_web.pdf

8 Panuska, J.C., Karthikeyan, K.G., Norman, J.M. “Sediment and Phosphorus Losses in Snowmelt and Rainfall Runoff from Three Corn Management Systems.” American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 51 (1). 95-105. 2008

9 Frame, D., Radatz, T., Radatz, A., “Manure Applications on Frozen and/or Snow Covered Ground.” Understanding the Data and Information Collected at Reichers Beef, Fact Sheet 7. 2012

10 Wright, P. “Manure Spreading Risks.” NRCS Syracuse, NY. http://www.cayugacounty.us/Portals/0/environmental/OLWMC/manure%20spreading%20risks.pdf

11 Backer, Lorraine C. “Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs): Developing a Public Health Response.” 2002 http://yyy.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/niehs/mfbsc/science/pdf/CynoHABs%20Developing%20a%20Public%20Health%20Response.pdf

12 Frankel, Todd. “The Toxin that shut off Toledo’s water? The feds don’t make you test for it.” The Washington Post. August 11, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/storyline/wp/2014/08/11/watching-toledos-toxic-water-troubles-with-a-wary-eye-and-few-regulations/ 13 Kilbert, Kenneth. et al. “Legal Tools for Reducing Harmful Algal Blooms in Lake Erie.” April 2012

http://www.utoledo.edu/law/academics/ligl/habs/Legal_Tools_White_Paper.pdf 14 Reichwaldt, E.S., Ghadouani, A. “Effects of Rainfall Patterns on Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Changing Climate: Between Simplistic

Scenarios and Complex Dynamics.” Water Res., 46 (5). pp. 1372-1393. 2012. 15 Paerl, H.W., Huisman, J. “Blooms Like it Hot.” Science, 320, pp. 57-58. 2008. 16 US EPA. “Climate Change: Midwest Impacts.” Website. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/midwest.html

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!17 Iowa Climate Statement 2014: Impacts on the Health of Iowans. http://cgrer.uiowa.edu/files/cgrer.uiowa.edu/files/pdf_files/Iowa Climate

Statement 2014-Impacts on the Health of Iowans_with signatures.pdf 18 Personal communication with DNR staff person Mary Skopec, 10/21/2014. 19 Sarcone, L. Des Moines Water Works Ratepayers Face Over 1.5 Million for 2014 and 2015 Denitrification Operational Costs. Des Moines

Water Works Website. http://www.dmww.com/about-us/news-releases/des-moines-water-works-ratepayers-face-over-1-5-million-for-2014-and-2015-denitrification-operationa.aspx

20 Des Moines Register. “Water Works votes to sue 3 counties over nitrates.” January 9, 2015. http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2015/01/08/des-moines-water-works-sues-sac-buena-vista-calhoun-counties-clean-water-act/21470973/

21 Des Moines Water Works. “Board of Water Works Trustees Issue a Notice of Intent to Sue for Polluted Drinking Water.” January 8, 2015. http://www.dmww.com/about-us/news-releases/board-of-water-works-trustees-issue-a-notice-of-intent-to-sue-for-polluted-drinking-water.aspx

22 Board of Water Works Trustees Votes to Pursue Lawsuit Against Drainage Districts. http://www.dmww.com/about-us/announcements/board-of-water-works-trustees-votes-to-pursue-lawsuit-against-drainage-districts.aspx

23 U.S. EPA. “Hypoxia 101: What is Hypoxia and What Causes It?” http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/named/msbasin/hypoxia101.cfm 24 Ohio EPA. “Getting to the Point about Nonpoint: Ohio Nonpoint Source Pollution Management Plan – 2005-2010.”

http://wwwapp.epa.ohio.gov/dsw/nps/NPSMP/ET/nitrogenwq.html 25 Goolsby, Donald. et al., “Flux Sources of Nutrients in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin”, 1999.

http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/jrn/Lawrence.1999.CENRreport.pdf 26 Ribaudo M, Gollehon N, Aillery M,et al. Manure Management for Water Quality: Costs to Animal Feeding Operations of Applying Manure

Nutrients to Land. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; June 2003. 27 Iowa Department of Natural Resources. “IDNR AFO Workplan Annual Report. August 2015. 28 Rieck-Hinz, Angela. “Winter Application of Manure: Regulations and Common Sense.” 2010.

http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2010/1214rieckhinz.htm 29 Iowa Department of Natural Resources. “Manure on Frozen & Snow-Covered ground,” p.3, 2010. 30 McAfee, Eldon. IPPA legal counsel, Beving, Swanson, and Forrest.

http://www.supportfarmers.com/Resources/Manure%20on%20Frozen%20Ground%20-%20IPPA.pdf 31 Environmental Law and Policy Center. “Cultivating Clean Water: Iowa.” 2010. http://elpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/ELPC-

Cultivating-Clean-Water-Report.pdf 32 Ibid. 33 Ibid, pp.49-50. 34 Iowa Department of Natural Resources. “Manure on Frozen & Snow-Covered Ground,” p.5, 2010. 35 Bleeding Heartland. EPA finds Iowa DNR not enforcing Clean Water Act for CAFOs. July 2012

http://www.bleedingheartland.com/diary/5612/epa-finds-iowa-dnr-not-enforcing-clean-water-act-for-cafos 36 Workplan Agreement between the Iowa Department of Natural Resources and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Region 7, US

EPA website. http://www.epa.gov/region7/water/pdf/ia-workplan-cafo.pdf 37 Iowa Department of Natural Resources, “Response to U.S. EPA Region 7,” pp. 2-3, Sept. 2012.

http://www.epa.gov/region7/water/pdf/water_dnr_response_091112.pdf 38 Iowa Department of Natural Resources. “Manure Application on Frozen and Snow-covered Ground.”

http://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/afo/2011%202011%20DNR%20Manure%20on%20Frozen%20Ground%20Report%20FINAL.pdf

39 Spiehs, M. Frequently Asked Questions: Manure Management Plans. University of Minnesota Extension. (undated) 40 USDA. “2013 State Agriculture Overview: Ohio. Ranked Items Within the U.S., 2012.”

http://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=OHIO 41 Kick, C. Farm and Dairy News. “House Approves New Rules for Applying Manure in Ohio.” Nov. 21, 2014.

http://www.farmanddairy.com/news/house-approves-new-rules-applying-manure-ohio/228086.html 42 The Ohio Senate. 131st General Assembly. “Majority Caucus Blog: Burke, Peterson, Gardner Sponsor Priority Legislation to Fight Toxic

Algae in Ohio” Feb. 4, 2015. http://www.ohiosenate.gov/republicans 43 Ibid. 44 Ohio Governor John Kasich. “Blueprint for a New Ohio: Gov. John R. Kasich’s Fiscal Years 2016-2917 Budget.”

http://www.blueprint.ohio.gov/LakeErie.aspx 45 Ibid. 46 Ibid. 47 LaBarge, Greg. Understanding Regulation, Definition, Noncompliance Pentalties, On Fertilizer And Manure Application In Ohio Wleb.

C.OCRLN Newsletter 2016-3. Ohio State University Extension. 48 Ibid.!49 LAWriter Ohio Laws and Rules. Chapter 903; Concentrated Animal Feeding Facilities Definitions. Ohio Revised Code: TITLE [9] IX AGRICULTURE