asphalt rubber research

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R R ubber ubber P P avement avement A A ssociation ssociation Technical Advisory Board Meeting Technical Advisory Board Meeting 11 July 2002 11 July 2002 San Diego, California San Diego, California Arizona State Arizona State University University Asphalt Rubber Research Asphalt Rubber Research Kamil E. Kaloush Kamil E. Kaloush

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AR Research Background at ASU Started July 2001 Obtain Typical Engineering Material Properties for AR Mixtures and Binders >>> 2002 Design Guide Compare the Laboratory Performance of AR Mixtures To Conventional ADOT Mixtures Special Studies: Field - Laboratory Comparison

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Page 1: Asphalt Rubber Research

RRubber ubber PPavement avement AAssociationssociation

Technical Advisory Board Meeting Technical Advisory Board Meeting

11 July 200211 July 2002San Diego, CaliforniaSan Diego, California

Arizona State UniversityArizona State University

Asphalt Rubber ResearchAsphalt Rubber Research

Kamil E. KaloushKamil E. Kaloush

Page 2: Asphalt Rubber Research

AR Research AR Research Background at ASUBackground at ASU

Started July 2001Started July 2001 Obtain Typical Engineering Material Obtain Typical Engineering Material

Properties for AR Mixtures and BindersProperties for AR Mixtures and Binders >>> 2002 Design Guide>>> 2002 Design Guide

Compare the Laboratory Performance of AR Compare the Laboratory Performance of AR Mixtures To Conventional ADOT MixturesMixtures To Conventional ADOT Mixtures

Special Studies: Field - Laboratory Special Studies: Field - Laboratory ComparisonComparison

Page 3: Asphalt Rubber Research

Research Research PartnersPartners

Arizona State UniversityArizona State University

Page 4: Asphalt Rubber Research

11stst Project Project: : Jul 01 – Jun 02Jul 01 – Jun 02I-40 Buffalo Range I-40 Buffalo Range SectionsSections

Current Current ProjectsProjects

22ndnd Project Project: : Nov 01 – Nov 03Nov 01 – Nov 03I-17 Frontage Rd. I-17 Frontage Rd. AR Demonstration AR Demonstration ProgramProgram

Page 5: Asphalt Rubber Research

Satisfy Research Satisfy Research NeedsNeeds

Project 2Project 2: PG Binder Specifications for AR : PG Binder Specifications for AR Binders.Binders.

Project 8Project 8: Database of Asphalt Rubber : Database of Asphalt Rubber Projects.Projects.

Project 10Project 10: Evaluate AR Using 2002 : Evaluate AR Using 2002 Design Guide Test Protocols.Design Guide Test Protocols.

Project 11Project 11: Laboratory and Field : Laboratory and Field EvaluationEvaluation

Page 6: Asphalt Rubber Research

33rdrd Project Project: : Jul 02 – Jan 03Jul 02 – Jan 03Alberta AR Test SectionAlberta AR Test Section

Current Current ProjectsProjects

44thth Project Project: : ALF Test SectionALF Test Section

Page 7: Asphalt Rubber Research

Asphalt-Rubber Asphalt-Rubber Technology Research Technology Research Center (ARTIC) Library Center (ARTIC) Library UpdateUpdate

Project 3Project 3: Document Merits of Asphalt : Document Merits of Asphalt Rubber ProductsRubber Products

Project 5Project 5: Individual Technical Merit : Individual Technical Merit DocumentsDocuments

Page 8: Asphalt Rubber Research

One Stock Binder (58-22).One Stock Binder (58-22). Gap / Open Graded Mixes.Gap / Open Graded Mixes. Binder Tests.Binder Tests. Mixture Tests on HMA.Mixture Tests on HMA.

In-situ Air VoidsIn-situ Air Voids

I-40 Buffalo I-40 Buffalo RangeRange

I-40 MP 229

Page 9: Asphalt Rubber Research

AR Demonstration AR Demonstration ProgramProgram

Acting as a Catalyst to Expand Acting as a Catalyst to Expand the Environmental Responsible Use of Crumb Rubber the Environmental Responsible Use of Crumb Rubber

Demonstrate the Use of Ground Tire Rubber in Demonstrate the Use of Ground Tire Rubber in Asphalt Pavement Construction Asphalt Pavement Construction

>>>> Nationwide Implementation. Nationwide Implementation.

Page 10: Asphalt Rubber Research

Project Start

Project EndsPinnacle Peak

Rd.

Page 11: Asphalt Rubber Research

AR Demonstration AR Demonstration ProgramProgram

Mainly PG 64-16 / (Test Section 58-22).Mainly PG 64-16 / (Test Section 58-22). Gap Graded MixGap Graded Mix Binder and HMA TestingBinder and HMA Testing Lab Experimental Design on HMALab Experimental Design on HMA

3 Compaction Levels3 Compaction Levels 2 Aging Levels 2 Aging Levels Field SpecimensField Specimens

Reflective Cracking Model Verification Reflective Cracking Model Verification (CONSULPAV: Dr. Jorge Sousa)(CONSULPAV: Dr. Jorge Sousa)

Page 12: Asphalt Rubber Research
Page 13: Asphalt Rubber Research
Page 14: Asphalt Rubber Research

Gyratory Gyratory CompactionCompaction / Coring / Coring

Page 15: Asphalt Rubber Research
Page 16: Asphalt Rubber Research
Page 17: Asphalt Rubber Research

Air Voids Air Voids Measurements - Measurements - CorelokCorelok

Page 18: Asphalt Rubber Research

Comparison Of Air Voids By SSD and CorelokAll Specimen Sizes

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 5 10 15 20 25

Va(%) SSD

Va(%

) Cor

elok

P-ACFC

C-ACFC

C-ARAC

B-ACFC

B-ARAC

D-ACFC

D-I 17

Of Equality

Page 19: Asphalt Rubber Research

Conventional TestsConventional Tests

Superpave / Superpave / SHRP TestsSHRP Tests

Penetration AASHTO T49-93Penetration AASHTO T49-93Softening Point AASHTO T53-92Softening Point AASHTO T53-92Rotational Viscosity AASHTO Rotational Viscosity AASHTO

TP48TP48

Dynamic Shear Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR): Rheometer (DSR): AASHTO PP1AASHTO PP1

Bending Beam RheometerBending Beam Rheometer (BBR): AASHTO TP1-98(BBR): AASHTO TP1-98

Binder Binder TestsTests

Page 20: Asphalt Rubber Research

ASU Experience in AR ASU Experience in AR Binder Handling / Binder Handling / TestingTesting

Heating: Needs Additional 15 to 20 minHeating: Needs Additional 15 to 20 min Use Continuous & Rigorous Stirring Use Continuous & Rigorous Stirring RTFO : Spill Over (~ 20%)RTFO : Spill Over (~ 20%) Brookfield: Select Proper SpindleBrookfield: Select Proper Spindle

Page 21: Asphalt Rubber Research

Buffalo Range (PG58-22 + Buffalo Range (PG58-22 + R)R)

Viscosity - Temperature Relationship (Original Binder)

ARAC PG 58-28: y = -2.4795x + 7.6903R2 = 0.989

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.95

Log (Temp, oRankine)

Log

(Log

visc

osity

, cP)

(41) (103) (171) (248) (335) (432)(deg F)

Pen 59, 77oF

Soft. Point 139oF

Brookfield Viscosity 200-350oF

Page 22: Asphalt Rubber Research

PG 58-22 With and Without PG 58-22 With and Without RubberRubber

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.95

Log (Temp) (Rankine)

Log

(Log

vis

) (cp

)

ARACPG58-22

Viscosity - Temperature Relationship

Page 23: Asphalt Rubber Research

Comparison with ADOT Comparison with ADOT BindersBinders

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.95

Log (Temp) (Rankine)

Log

(Log

vis

) (cp

)

ARACPG58-22PG64-16PG64-22PG70-10PG76-16

Viscosity - Temperature Relationship

Page 24: Asphalt Rubber Research

Comparison with PG 76-16 Comparison with PG 76-16 BinderBinder

Viscosity - Temperature Relationship (Original Binder)

ARAC PG 58-28: y = -2.4795x + 7.6903R2 = 0.989

Chevron PG 76-16: y = -3.6295x + 10.869R2 = 0.9986

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.95

Log (Temp, oRankine)

Log

(Log

visc

osity

, cP)

CRA PG 58-28Chevron PG 76-16

(41) (103) (171) (248) (335) (432)(deg F)

Page 25: Asphalt Rubber Research

Effect of RTFO and Effect of RTFO and PAV PAV

Viscosity - Temperature Relationship of Copperstate CRA PG 58-22 Binder

Original: y = -2.4795x + 7.6903R2 = 0.989

RTFO :y = -2.3145x + 7.2872R2 = 0.9713

PAV100: y = -2.255x + 7.1466R2 = 0.9913

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.95

Log (Temp, oRankine)

Log

(Log

visc

osity

, cP)

RTFO ORIGINAL

PAV100

(41) (103) (171) (248) (335) (432)(deg F)

Page 26: Asphalt Rubber Research

Comparison With PG 76-16 Comparison With PG 76-16 BinderBinder

Viscosity - Temperature Relationship (RTFO)

CRA PG 58-28: y = -2.3145x + 7.2872R2 = 0.9713

Chevron PG 76-16: y = -3.542x + 10.642R2 = 0.9989

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.95

Log (Temp, oRankine)

Log

(Log

visc

osity

, cP)

CRA PG 58-28Chevron PG 76-16

(41) (103) (171) (248) (335) (432)(deg F)

Viscosity - Temperature Relationship (PAV100)

CRA PG 58-28: y = -2.255x + 7.1466R2 = 0.9913

Chevron PG 76-16: y = -3.3005x + 10.013R2 = 0.995

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.95

Log (Temp, oRankine)

Log

(Log

visc

osity

, cP)

CRA PG 58-28Chevron PG 76-16

RTFRTFOO

PAPAVV

Page 27: Asphalt Rubber Research

Triaxial Compression Triaxial Compression 1.1. Dynamic Modulus (Dynamic Modulus (E*E*))2.2. Flow Time (Flow Time (FFTT) – (Static Creep Test)) – (Static Creep Test)3.3. Flow Number of Repetitions (Flow Number of Repetitions (FFNN) – ) –

(Repeated Load Test)(Repeated Load Test)

Mixture Tests:Mixture Tests:NCHRP 9-19 SPT NCHRP 9-19 SPT Candidates Candidates

Page 28: Asphalt Rubber Research

E* Dynamic Modulus E* Dynamic Modulus TestingTesting

0

0*

EConfinement

3 to 200 psi

Stress

Strain

Phase lag

Time

Phase Lag in Dynamic Loading

Page 29: Asphalt Rubber Research

E* E* MasteMaster r CurveCurve

0,01

0,1

1

10

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Log Reduced Time, s

E*,

10^

6 ps

i

14 40 70 100 130

Temperature (°F)

0,01

0,1

1

10

0,01 0,1 1 10 100

Loading Time (s)

E*,

10^

6 ps

i

14F 40F 70F 100F 130F

1= 36 psi for T=14°F1= 20 psi for T=40°F1= 9 psi for T=70°F

1= 4 psi for T=100°F1= 2 psi for T=130°F

Page 30: Asphalt Rubber Research

Stress

Time

Creep Test Creep Test - Rutting- Rutting

Secondary

Primary

Tertiary

FT Defines Time When Shear Deformation Begins

Page 31: Asphalt Rubber Research

2 14 16 2 14 16

0.1 s 0.9 s Number of Cycles (N)

LoadPe

rman

ent S

train

(in/

in)

NFN (Flow Number)

p = a N b

MRr

Repeated Load Repeated Load Test - RuttingTest - Rutting

Page 32: Asphalt Rubber Research

Indirect Tensile Creep TestIndirect Tensile Creep Test1.1. Creep Compliance Creep Compliance 2.2. StrengthStrength

Cracking Cracking TestsTests

Page 33: Asphalt Rubber Research

Flexural Fatigue TestsFlexural Fatigue TestsSHRP M-009SHRP M-009

Cracking Cracking TestsTests

Page 34: Asphalt Rubber Research

2002 Design 2002 Design GuideGuide

Generalized fatigue equation for mixed Generalized fatigue equation for mixed loading mode:loading mode:

E

Nf

εt

32 111

kk

tf EKN

Page 35: Asphalt Rubber Research

E* Master Curves E* Master Curves ComparisonComparison

0.01

0.1

1

10

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8Log Red Time, s

E*

10^6

psi

ARAC (58-22) AR-ACFC (58-22) ARAC (64-16) PG 76-16 PG 64-22

Air Void (%)

ARAC Gap Graded (58-22) 10.87AR-ACFC Open Graded (58-22) 17.63 ARAC Gap Graded (64-16) 5.74 PG 76-16 7.94 PG 64-22 7.52

Page 36: Asphalt Rubber Research

Repeated Load Repeated Load TestsTests

b) REPEATED LOAD UNCONFINED TESTAXIAL STRAIN @ FN

3 = 0psi d = 15psiTemp 130oF

3.1202.727

0.3270

2

4

6

8

10

12

AR-ACFC ARAC SRB PG64-22

Stra

in [%

]

b) REPEATED LOAD UNCONFINED TESTFLOW NUMBER

3 = 0 psi d = 15 psi

Temp 130oF

738

12,118

605-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

AR-ACFC ARAC SRB PG64-22

Flow

Num

ber [

cycl

es]

Page 37: Asphalt Rubber Research

Static Creep Static Creep TestsTests

b) STATIC CREEP UNCONFINED TESTAXIAL STRAIN

3 = 0 psi d = 10 psi

Temp 130oF

3.394

1.874

0.2770

2

4

6

8

AR-ACFC ARAC SRB PG64-22

Stra

in [%

]

b) STATIC CREEP UNCONFINED TESTFLOW TIME

3 = 0 psi d = 10 psi

Temp 130oF

108

23,826

135-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

AR-ACFC ARAC SRB PG64-22

Flow

Tim

e [s

ec]

Page 38: Asphalt Rubber Research

Indirect Indirect Tensile Tensile Strength Strength TestsTests

a ) I N D I R E C T T E N S I L E S T R E N G T H T E S TT E N S I L E S T R E N G T H

T e m p 3 2 º F

8 3 1 0 5

2 7 7

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

A R - A C F C A R A C S R B P G 6 4 - 2 2

Tensile Strength (psi)

b ) I N D I R E C T T E N S I L E S T R E N G T H T E S TT E N S I L E S T R E N G T H

T e m p 1 4 º F

1 3 7 1 4 4

4 3 7

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

A R - A C F C A R A C S R B P G 6 4 - 2 2Tensile Strength (psi)

c ) I N D I R E C T T E N S I L E S T R E N G T H T E S TT E N S I L E S T R E N G T H

T e m p 5 º F

1 5 7 1 9 0

4 4 6

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

A R - A C F C A R A C S R B P G 6 4 - 2 2

Tensile Strength (psi)

Page 39: Asphalt Rubber Research

Indirect Indirect Tensile Tensile Strength Strength TestsTests

Thermal Cracking

As Tensile Strain

a ) I N D I R E C T T E N S I L E S T R E N G T H T E S T

S T R A I N @ F A I L U R ET e m p 3 2 º F

2 . 4 7 E - 0 3

1 . 4 3 E - 0 3

3 . 4 7 E - 0 3

0 E + 0 0

1 E - 0 3

2 E - 0 3

3 E - 0 3

4 E - 0 3

A R - A C F C A R A C S R B P G 6 4 - 2 2

Strain @ Failure

b ) I N D I R E C T T E N S I L E S T R E N G T H T E S TS T R A I N @ F A I L U R E

T e m p 1 4 º F

1 . 4 7 E - 0 31 . 1 0 E - 0 3 9 . 8 5 E - 0 4

0 E + 0 0

1 E - 0 3

2 E - 0 3

3 E - 0 3

4 E - 0 3

A R - A C F C A R A C S R B P G 6 4 - 2 2

Strain @ Failure

c ) I N D I R E C T T E N S I L E S T R E N G T H T E S TS T R A I N @ F A I L U R E

T e m p 5 º F

2 . 1 5 E - 0 31 . 3 0 E - 0 3

7 . 0 5 E - 0 4

0 E + 0 0

1 E - 0 3

2 E - 0 3

3 E - 0 3

4 E - 0 3

A R - A C F C A R A C S R B P G 6 4 - 2 2

Strain @ Failure

Page 40: Asphalt Rubber Research

Indirect Indirect Tensile Tensile Strength Strength TestsTests

Thermal Cracking

As Fracture Energy

a ) I N D I R E C T T E N S I L E S T R E N G T H T E S T

F R A C T U R E E N E R G YT e m p 3 2 º F

2 5 62 9 5 3 3 0

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

A R - A C F C A R A C S R B P G 6 4 - 2 2Fracture Energy (lbs x

inch)

b ) I N D I R E C T T E N S I L E S T R E N G T H T E S TF R A C T U R E E N E R G Y

T e m p 1 4 º F

3 0 0 2 8 22 3 2

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

A R - A C F C A R A C S R B P G 6 4 - 2 2Fracture Energy (lbs x

inch)

c ) I N D I R E C T T E N S I L E S T R E N G T H T E S TF R A C T U R E E N E R G Y

T e m p 5 º F

2 0 8 1 8 81 2 1

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

A R - A C F C A R A C S R B P G 6 4 - 2 2Fracture Energy (lbs x

inch)

Page 41: Asphalt Rubber Research

Fatigue Test Fatigue Test ResultsResults

Fatigue Relationship for ADOT Rubber Asphalt (Field & Lab) Mix &ADOT Salt River Base at Control Strain and 70 oF at 50% of Initial

Stiffness

100

1000

10000

1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07

Cycles to Failure

Stra

in le

vel (

)

ARAC-FIELD 8%Va

ARAC-FIELD 5.5%Va

ADOT SRB 7%Va

ARAC-LAB 8.5%Va

ARAC-LAB 11%Va

AR-ACFC-LAB 18%Va

Page 42: Asphalt Rubber Research

Gap – Open – Dense Gap – Open – Dense GradedGraded

Fatigue Relationship for ADOT Asphalt Rubber Mixes & ADOT Salt River Base Mix at Control Strain and 70 oF at 50% of Initial Stiffness

100

1000

10000

1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07

N - Number of Repetitions

- F

lexu

ral S

train

(in

/in)

ADOT SRB 7%VaARAC-LAB 11%VaAR-ACFC-LAB 18%Va

Page 43: Asphalt Rubber Research

SummaSummaryry

The The Conventional Binder TestsConventional Binder Tests are Adequate in are Adequate in Describing the Viscosity-Temperature Susceptibility Describing the Viscosity-Temperature Susceptibility ((A-VTSA-VTS) of Crumb Rubber Modified Binders.) of Crumb Rubber Modified Binders.

This A-VTS Relationship Also Appears to This A-VTS Relationship Also Appears to Relate to Relate to Observed Field Performance BehaviorObserved Field Performance Behavior. . LessLess Low-Temperature Low-Temperature CrackingCracking Good Good Resistance to RuttingResistance to Rutting at High Temperatures at High Temperatures..

Page 44: Asphalt Rubber Research

SummaSummaryry

CorelokCorelok is a Useful Device for Measuring is a Useful Device for Measuring Mixture Air Voids, Especially ACFC MixesMixture Air Voids, Especially ACFC Mixes

E*E*AR MixesAR Mixes ~ E* ~ E* Conv. MixesConv. Mixes (Note Va %)(Note Va %)

Permanent DeformationPermanent Deformation (PD)Tests: > (PD)Tests: > ARAC Good Resistance to DeformationARAC Good Resistance to Deformation

Page 45: Asphalt Rubber Research

SummaSummaryry

Tensile StrengthTensile Strength: No Advantages of AR Mixes : No Advantages of AR Mixes Strain at FailureStrain at Failure Fracture EnergyFracture Energy

were Better Indicators of Field Performancewere Better Indicators of Field Performance Fatigue Relationships:Fatigue Relationships: AR-ACFC and ARAC AR-ACFC and ARAC

Mixtures Provides Much Better Fatigue Life Mixtures Provides Much Better Fatigue Life Than Dense Graded PG 76-16 Mix. Than Dense Graded PG 76-16 Mix.

Page 46: Asphalt Rubber Research

George Way, Julie Nodes, Doug Forstie, George Way, Julie Nodes, Doug Forstie, ADOTADOT Mark Belshe, Mark Belshe, FNF ConstructionFNF Construction Donna Carlson, Doug Carlson, Donna Carlson, Doug Carlson, RPARPA Andy Acho, Andy Acho, Ford Motor CompanyFord Motor Company Matthew Witczak, Matthew Witczak, ASUASU ASU Advanced Pavement Laboratory Staff / GRA’sASU Advanced Pavement Laboratory Staff / GRA’s

Kenny Witczak, Javed Bari, Mohammad Abojaradeh, Aleksander Zborowski, Kenny Witczak, Javed Bari, Mohammad Abojaradeh, Aleksander Zborowski, Andres SotilAndres Sotil

AcknowledgAcknowledgmentment

Thank Thank you !you !