ashin narada buddha diary 2

7/30/2019 Ashin Narada Buddha Diary 2

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Ak'orkdif;earmw b*0awm t&[awm or morK'

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qk dcJ haomfrnfol? rnf0gurSw&m;enf;vrf; rus[k a0zefEk difrnfr[kwfay/ wGif uREk fyfonf pmtkyfud kzwfolwk dif; od&S dMuap&efAk' bmomyk difr[kwfaom tdE d,jynfpwdwfpfrif;owif;pm a0zefa&;om;xm;onfuk da&;om;az:jyvkdufygtHh/

Statement of object and reasons

The Maha Bodhi Temple at Buddhagaya is most Sacred Shrine of Buddhist World, as it stands onthe spot where Lord Buddha attained Supreme Wisdom. It is to the Buddhist what Macca is to theMuslim, Ayodhya to Hindu and Jerusalem to Christian. It is in the hands of a non-Buddhist, the SaiviteMahanth of Buddhagaya. For many years past the Buddhists have been greaty dissatisfied with his man-agement of the temple and temple Land. They have expressed their strong desire to have them restored totheir control. The desire is but natural and this bill is intended to make provision for the better managementof the temple and temple Land and for their restoration to the Buddhists of India, Burma and Ceylonwithout prejudice to the right of Hindus to worship the image of Buddha in the temple and to offer Pindaat the Bodhi Tree to the north of the temple.

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tMuHay;csuft& a'0geHyD,wdrif ;MuD; oHCrdw max&DrESif h'u dPomcgud koD[k dVfuRef;od k Yyif haqmifawmfrl&eft&d|trwf MuD;tm; yg#vdykwfaejynfawmfod k YoHwreftjzpfjzif hapvTwfcJ havonf / t&d|trwf MuD;onfvnf;yg#vdykwfaejynfawmfod k Yqk dufa&mufvmvwf taomurif ;w&m;MuD;tm; o0PfvT mESif hwuGavQmufxm;av&m bk&ifrif;jrwfu rdefY[awmfrlonfum;...

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[kqkdavonf/ odkYESifh &[ef;oHCmawmftaygif;wkdYtm; yifhzdwfpnf;a0;awmavQmufxm;av&m t&Sifjrwfwk d Yu bk&m;ocifuk d,fawmfjrwfMuD;\ y&dedA mefjyKcgeD; &wemanmifapmif;xufavsmif;vsuft"d|mef5-csufxm;cJ haMumif;ud ka[mawmfrljyD;rS'u dPomcgonfaq;'ef;jrif;oDvmjzif hom;&mrStvdktavsmufjywf a&TzsOf;wnfvw H Uonfuk dodawmfrlavonf/ xk dod k YodawmfrljyD;aom oD&d"r maomurif;MuD;onfvnf; &[ef;y&dowf? vly&dowftaygif;jcH&HvsufaAm"dyif&S dawmfrl&mt&yfod Y krmwdk YrS jym0gpdrf;vJh? e*g;oGJ Utwl jzLcsD?eDcsDt&nf'D;'D;,dkpD;rnfhozG,f ajcmufoG,faoma&mifjcnfawmfwk dYonf xGufukef\/ vl tm;vk H; wk dY&TifjyKH;arG UavsmfzG,f toG,foG,faoma&mifjcnfwk d Yonf ae0ifonf hwk difatmifxGef;awmuf oD[d kVfuRef;tvk H;ud kzk H;vTrf;jyD;rSjA[ mjynfwk difatmif wufav\/ rk d;csKyfaomtcgrSomvQifaumif;uifrSqif; wGif;wnfavonf / ,if ;okdYwnfvmaomtcg r[myx0DajrMuD;onf aumif;csD;ay;ojzifh wkefvIyf\/ xkdaAm"tjrpfi,f wk d Yonfvnf; a&TzsOf;od k Yajr;,Sufukefvsufajrok d Youfavukef\/ rsm;pG maomvltaygif;wk d Yonf yef;eH Yomwkd Yjzif h ylaZmfMuukefownf;/ ok dYvQif tH hzG,faumif;aMumif;wkd Yudkyg&mZduPft|uxmed'gef;ESifhr[m0ifusrf;wk dYwGif vm&Sdawmfrlavonf/ a&GU rQavmuf MuD;us,faomwefck d;jym#d[mawmfteE ESifhjynf hpkHawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif\zGm;zufawmf aAm"dyiftm; rolawmfrif;wkdY\ya,m*aMavm/ rnfonf henf;ESif hrStpwk H;Ek difrnfr[kwfay/ tjrpfusefvQiftjrpfrSjyefvnfaygufyG m;vm&rnfomwnf;/

qmquF monfr[maAm"dyifuk dwl;az:cJ hpOfu tjrpf \tqk H;ud k&S mrawG UEk dif[k [la0qif\usrf;uqkdjyef\/ yl&mPAmrmuonf ol UavmufMuD;us,faom aejynfawmfukd pkd;pH&aomrif;wpfyg;yifr[kwfjim;aomfvnf; if;\trdef YudkzDqefum okH;Mudrfwkdifwk difpkdufysKd;avonfrS m xkdaAm"dyif\wefck d;awmfaMumifhyifjzpf\[k ,lq&ayrnf/

,ck&Sdaeaom aAm"dyif c&pf 19-&mpktp19-&mpktp19-&mpktp19-&mpktp19-&mpktpjzpfaom1811-ckESpf1811-ckESpf1811-ckESpf1811-ckESpf1811-ckESpfu blcseef[m rDvweftrnf &S daomt*Fvdyfynm&S dwpfOD;onf

Ak'*,mjrdKUodkYa&muf&SdcJhzl;&m cufrig;jzmjzifhpnfyifae ajr\yuwdae&mrS yifMuD;wpfyifud kjrifzl;cJ honfqk d\/ xd kaAm"dyif\touf rS m tESpfwpf&mtk drnfrxif[kvnf; qk dao;\/ 1875-1875-1875-1875-1875-

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um; ryg&S dacs/(Dr.Rajendra Lal Mitra's Buddha-Gaya. Chapter VIII Page No.82) a'gufwm&m*sifj'mvmvfrdMw\ Ak'*,mac:pmtkyf? pmrsufES meHygwf 82wGifum; odk Ya&;xm;avonf/

]]tvGefw&m tk drif;vSjyDjzpf wpfpdwfajcmufaeaom aAm"dyifMuD;onf rdrdoG m;a&mufcJ haom 1887-ckESpfwGifavrkefwk dif;wk dufcwfrIaMumif hvJygoG m;avonf/ od k Yaomf[dELvlrsKd;wk d Yu xk dtyif rStud kif;MuD;wpfud kif;ukd,ljyD;vQif apwDawmf\ajrmufbufay 80-cefYuGmaomae&mwGif jyefvnfpkdufysKd;Mu hawGU&dS&jyefao;\/ w&kwfbkef;MuD;[la0qif r[maAm"dod k Ya&muf&S dcJ haom c&pf6-&mpkavmufuvnf ; tuk dif;tcuf ponfwkdYESifh txl;pnfum;aeaomaAm"dyifMuD;wpfyifukd zl;ajrmfcJh&aMumif;ESifha&yl&mPAmrmpk dufysKd;cJ haom aAm"dyifjzpfwef&monf/ blcs eef[mrDvwef awG UcJ honfqk daom aAm"dyifrS m tESpfwpf&mxufydk touf MuD;onf rxifqkdjcif;aMumifh [la0qifa&muf&SdcJhaom c&pf 6-&mpkESifhr[mrDvwefa&muf&S dcJ haom c&pf19-&mpkrS m txl;uG mjcm;vsuf&S d&m ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifausmftwGif; aAm"dyiftquf aygif;rnfrQpkdufysKd;cJ hjyD;qkdwmudk a0zefEI dif;,SOf&ef tawmfyifcJ,Of;vSawmh\/ a'gufwm&m*sifj'mrdMw\ 1887-ckESpfwGif jyefvnfpk dufysKd;&onfqk daom aAm"dyifonfvnf; rnfonf henf;ESif hrqk d,ckapwDawmfMuD;\ajrmufbufwGif &S daeaomaAm"dyifjzpfEk difrnf r[kwfay/ tok d Yqk drl aAm"dyifcufMuD;uk dapwDawmf\ajrmufbufpl;pl; ay80-tuG mavmufwGif pk dufysKd;cJ honf[kqk dxm;jcif;aMumif hjzpfonf/ aAm"dyifuk d apwDawmfMuD;\ajrmufbufcyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif&S daeaom aAm"dyif[k,l qtyf \/ uREk fyfwk d Ytxl ;rSwfom;&efrS mumm; apwDawmfMuD;\taemufbufwGif ,ck&Sdaeaom aAm"dyifonf 1876-ckESpfwGif avrkefwkdif;wk dufcwfjyD;rS jyefvnfpdkufysKd;xm;aomaAm"dyifjzpftouf rS m 75-ESpf&S djyD[k rSwf,l tyf\/ tcsKd Uaomusrf;*efwd k YwGifum; vuf&S daAm"dyifuk dbk&m;&SifvufxufawmfrS aAm"dyifyJjzpfae[ef? taomrif;w&m;MuD;pkdufysKd;cJhaom aAm"dyjzef;oef;um a&;om;Muukef\/ xk duJ hod k YtrsKd;rsKd;a&;om;Muukefaomq&mwk d Y\pum;rS m rSefrnf? rS m;rnfqk dwmud kaz:jyygom"ursm;uk dokH;oyfa0zefjcif;jzif hodEkdifrnfjzpf txl;az:jyp&mrvk dawmhay/ odk Y&mwGif uREkfyfwkd YoHo,jzpfzG,f&mum; vuf&S daAm"dyifonf bk&m;&Sif\vuf xufawmf&S daAm"dyifMuD;rSqif;oufvmaom tEG,f0Ho [kwfr[kwfud kom pOf;pm;&ayrnf/ xk dod k Ya0zefcJ hvQiftwuf ajc&m&S du tqif ;ajc&mvnf; &S d&rnf[laompum;yk Ht& Ak'&SifawmfjrwfMuD;yGif hawmfrlcJ haomaAm"dyifMuD;\tEG,f0HopifppftrSefjzpfonf[k rSwf,l ukef&m\/

r[efY*D&dESifhAk'*,mc&pf14-&mpktpavmufu jA[PykP m;wk d Yonf r[maAm"dajrae&mESif hwuGaomaAm"dyifMuD;uk dyg

yk difqk difcJ hMuavonf/ ausmufpm0efrif;MuD;umeif*ef\xif jrifcsufrS m bmomw&m; t,lonf;vSaom [dEL ykP m;wk Y donf apwDawmf\a&S UrsufES mwGif uyfxm; 1308-ckESpf[k aeYpG Jxk d;xm;onfud kawG U&S d&aom AdEk d;ajc&muk duk d;uG,fapmif ha&S mufonfrSwpfyg; aAm"dyifuk dvnf;aumif;? apwDawmfMuD;uk dvnf;aumif;? apwDawmfy&d0kPftwGif;&S drnfonf hbk&m;ykxk d;ud kaomfrSvnf;aumif; uk d;uG,fapmif ha&S mufjcif;r&S dyJaiG&&k HrQom tyd kifcHMuavonf / olwk d Yonf rif;tquf qufwk d YrSvSL'gef;xm;cJ haom pdef? ausmuf? ywjrm;? a&T? aiGtp&S daom tzk d;

te*xdkufwefaom bk&m;b@mawmfudkvuf0g;MuD;tkyfrdavonfhtjyifEk difiHjcm;bk&m;zl;om;rsm;xHrSvnodef;oef;uka#ruaom aiGtojymrsm;ud k&&d ScJ hyk Hwl\/ tok d Yqk drlolwd k Y\tquf tEG,fjzpfaom r[ef Y\a&S Uaemuftajctaeud kEI dif;,SOfjcif;jzifhodEk dif\/(r[ef Y*D&dqd kolrS m Ak' *,mapwDawmfMuD;ud kvuf&S dyk difqk difxm;oljzpfypnf;yp,t&mwGif apmfbGm;wpfa,mufrQ


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]]tdEd,jynfMuD;onf rGwfqvif wk d Yvufatmufod k Ytvk H;pk Husa&mufjyD;onfaemufarm*k dvfrif;wk d Yonf13-qufwkdifatmif a'vDjrdKUawmfMuD;rSxD;eef;pk dufcJhMuavonf/ vuf&Sdyk difqkdifolr[efY\bk d;ab;rsm;wk dYonfr[maAm"dy&d0kPftygt0if jzpfaom wm&m'D&G mud kc&pf1727-ckESpfu a'vD&Sifbk&ifrk d[mruf&S m;xHrStyd kifpm;ay;ojzif h&&S dcJ havonf / xk da&mtcgu apwDawmfMuD;\atmufwpfykdif;rSm ajrxJwGifjrKyfaeavonf / olwk d Yonf apwDawmfMuD;ud kyifyk difqk difxm;aomfvnf; apwDawmfMuD;ud kjyjyD; aiG&S monfrSwpfyg; rnfod k YrQ jyKjyifjcif;?apmifha&Smufjcif;r&SdcJhacs[kqkdjyef\/

(Hunter's Indian Empire. Page.203-256) [ef Ywm;\tdE d,eftif yg,mac:pmtkyfpmrsufES m-203ESif h256wGif az:jyxm;jyefonfrSm...

]]Ak' bmom0ifolawmfpiftaygif;wk d Y\tjrwf qk H;aomae&m]Ak' *,m}uk dyk difqk difxm;olrS m r[ef Ytrnf &S daom oD0*k dPf;om;[dEL&aohMuD;jzpf ol onf Ak' bk&m;tm; rdrdwk d Yud k,fwk difuk d;uG,fqnf;uyfvk d odrf;qnf;xm;&aMumif; qifjcifay;vsuf&S d&m taMumif;ESif hpyfvsOf; c&pf1811-ckESpfu *,mpD&ifpk\taMumif;ud k&S mazGavhvm&&S dcJ haom blcseef[mrDvwef\ud k,fawG Ursm;ud kuREk fyfa&;om;rnfqk dygu ,cktcg apwDawmfMuD;\atmufxyfwGif udef;0yfprg,fawmfrlvsuf&Sdaom ausmufndK&kyfyGm;awmfMuD;rSm xktcgwkef;u [dELwkdYvspfvQL&Ixm;aomaMumif hyk drk dnpfayvsuf&S d\/ apwDawmfMuD;\aemufbufwGif uyfaygufa&mufvsuf&S daomaAm"dyifokdYzl;ajrmf&efvma&mufMuukefaom [dELbk&m;zl;om;rsm;tm; r[ef Y\wynfhjzpfol *D&dwkd Yonf[dEL ewfuGef;rsm;ukdom oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmfMu&ef nTefjyay;Muonfuk d awGU&Sd&\/ bmoma&;wGif mrptm;MuD;vSaom *D&dwk d Yonf Ak' *,mok d Yvma&mufMuukefaom [dELbk&m;zl;om;wk d Ytvk d YiS m &nfrSef; ewfuGef;tcsKd Uud kaqmvsifpG mapwDtjyifbufrSaqmufvkyfvk dufMu\/ xk dewfuGef;rsm; jyD;pD;onfaemufr[ef Y\wynf hjzpfol *D&drsm;u rkef;wD;&GH&SmzG,faumif;aom Ak'&kyfyGm;awmfukd rzltqkdygewfuGef;rsm;odkY ac:,lavh&SdMu\/ t,lonf;vSaom[dELwkdYonf if;wkdYAk'&Sifawmftm; rkef;wD;&G H&S mzG,faumif;aMumif;ESif hpGyfpG Jykwfcwfaom pum;rS m txl;tH hzG,faumif;\[k a&;om;xm;\/

(The Buddha-Gaya by Dr.R.L Mitra) ac:a'gufwmrdMw\Ak' *,mac:pmtkyfwGifok d Yzwf&I&ao;\/]]r[efYonf Ak'*,mapwDawmfMuD;ukd ykdifqkdifolwpfOD;tjzpfjzifh *kPf,la

apmifha&SmufolwpfOD;taejzifhrnfonf htcgrS *kPfr,lbl ;aMumif;? taMumif;rlum; olonf jrif;aZmif;wGifaexk difcJ h&aomb0rSapwDawmfuk dtrS Do[J jyKum MuD;yG m;vmoljzpf b@mwk dufMuD;ozG,fjzpfaom Ak' *,muk dtyk difcHxm;&jcif;om jzpfonf/ olwk d Yonf rnfonf htcgrSapwDawmfud kqnf;uyfcJ honfr[kwf/ qnf;uyfvdrf hrnfr[kwfaMumif;ud kxif&S m;pG m jyayOD;tH h/ ,cktcg [dELewfuGef;rsm;pG mwk d Yud kapwDawmfy&d0kPftjyifbufwGifaqmufvkyfxm;Mu&m (1) wm&ma'0Dausmif; (2) 0g*DqGm&Da'0Dausmif; (3) qmbw&Da'0Dausmif; (4) yOpEmausmif; (5) r[ma'0ausmif; (6) AdEkd;ausmif;wkdYjzpfMu\/ ewfuGef;rsm;urdrdwd k Yuom uk d; uG,f&efr[kwfao;bJ r[maAm"dok d Ybk&m;zl;vmMuaom [dELwk d Ytm; rkef;wD;&G H&S mzG,faumif;aomAk'&kyfyG m;awmfrsm;tm; rzl;ajrmfMu&efESif hxd kewfuGef;rsm;ud kzl;ajrmfjcif;jzif hudpjyD;pD;Ek dif&ef&nfoefvsufaqmufvkyfxm;Muavonf/ (History of Bihar by B.P. Tripathi M.A. Ph.D)

rpwmMwdygxD\bD[m&mZ0iftqk drS mum; ok d Ywnf;/ ]]bcifr[wr*E D\tjrJ xm0pOfok H;pG Javh&S daomvufeufMuD;um; t[ow&m;awmfyifjzpf w&m;awmfrS m oef;aygif;rsm;pG mukefaom tdEd,om;wkd Ytm;pm&dwzG H UjzdK;a&;bmomt,l0g' ajzmif hrwfwnfMunfa&; paomtaxmuftyH haygif;rsm;pG mwk d Yud kay;vsuf&S d\/w&m;awmfrS m Ak' *,mjrdKUrSbk&m;tjzpfok d Ya&muf&SdawmfrlcJ haom bcifMuD;a*gwr&Sifawmf\a&TEIwfawmfrSxkwfaz:>rufMum;awmfrlcJ haom a'oemawmfyifjzpfawmhonf/ w&m;awmf\rl vblwwnf&mXmeonfuREk fyfwk d YbD[me,f&S dAk' *,mac: bkr deufoefajrrSef? ajraumif; jrdKUawmfa[mif;yifjzpfawmh\/ jrdKUawmfuav;rS m&Sifawmfa*gwrok H;vl Uocifbk&m;&Sif\wefck d;awmft&S defaMumif hur mMuD;wpfckvk H; tarT;tMudKifoif;ysH UvI difcJ h\/

Ak' bk&m;\tat;jrqk H;aom w&m;a&pifud kvnf; uREk fyfwk d YbD[me,fole,fom;wk d YomvQifOD;pG myxr aomufok H;cJhonf htjyif taomurif ;w&m;MuD;vufxufu ur mwpfckvk H;ok d Yyif Ak' 0g'wnf;[laomrsKd;aphudkpk dufysKd;ay;cJ h&um; ,ckwk difur mtES H Ytjym; pnfum;vsuf&S davonf / od k YaomfbD[me,fwGifum; r&S dcJ hygjyD/ vuf&S dbD[m


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e,fol? e,fom;wk d YESif hwuGaom tdE d,om;wk d Y\tay:um; Ak' \Mo0g'awmfrwnfawmhjyD/ w&m;awmfESif huif;a0;cJhacsjyD/ Ak'omoemwnf;[laom zkd;vrif;MuD;vnf; uG,fycJhjyD; arSmiftwd bcifMuD;a*gwr\vuf&m? ajc&mrsm;jzpfaom Ak' *,mjrdKU&S dausmif;uef? apwD? ykxk d;ponfwk d YrS mvnf; usKd;yJ hjydK ysufvsuf&S d&um; zl;jrif&oluREk fyfwk d Y\pdwfESvk H;ud ktxl ;xdck dufwkefvIyfap wm;r&? qD;rEk difrsuf&nfjzdKifjzdKif,k dpD;apyg\/ ae&mawmfuk duREk fyfwk d Y[dELrsKd;EG,f jzpfaom r[ef Yac:&aohMuD;u tyk dif,l xm;jcif;aMumif hxyfrHjyKjyifvkdaom Ak'bmom0ifolawmfpiftaygif;wkdYrSm trsKd;rsKd;tcufMuKHaeMu&vufxJ rQMumjrih fpG m&S daebdouJhod kYAk' bmomwk d Y\vufxJ &S dcJ hygrl ,ckvk dtajctaersKd;&S drnf r[kwfay/uREk fyfum; [dEL jzpfaomfvnf; [dELr[ef Y\npf ayyk Hwk d Yud kxkwfy,fypfEk difrnfr[kwf/ ol\Ak' *,mapwDawmfud ktyd kifcHxm;jcif;&nf&G,fcsufrS m aiG&&k HESif hvdif&kyf? AdEk d;&kyfponfwk d Yud kapwDawmfMuD;txJ csxm;jyD; Ak' bmombk&m;zl;om;wkd Y\OD;csjcif;uk d cH,l&ef&nf&G,favonf/ OD;csMuaom Ak' bmom0ifwkdYonfvnf ; xk dt&kyfwkdY\t"dy g,fud k em;vnfrnfr[kwfay/ Ak'trSwfjzif hOD;csMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; r[efYtzkd Y txl;*kPf,lp&mjzpf\/axmifaygif;rsm;pG maom &kyfwkawmfrsm;ud kr[ef YwHcg;0wGif pDwef;xm;jcif;? &kyfwkawmfrsm;ygaom ausmufcsyfrsm;jzifh rD;zdkacsmifvkyfjcif;? qifwif;ukwf? jrif;wif;ukwfvkyfjcif;? tjyifbufwHwkdiAk'acgif;awmfrsm;udkr[ma'0DOD;acgif;rsm;vkyfjcif;? okd YvQif ,kwfrmnpfywfaomtvkyfwkdYjzif h Ak'bk&m;uk dapmfum;onfruao;bJ tvGef YtvGef&k dif;pk dif;npfay vluavwk d YuJ hod k YAk'&kyfyG m;awmf\vuf awmfwpfzufuk di&kwfMudwfausmufvk H;MuD;vkyfjcif;ESif hrpiftdrfomwpfck\a&S UbufwGif&yfawmfrlwpfqluyfxm;onfuk dawG U&S d&\/uREk fyfonf [dELbmom0ifwpfOD;yifjzpfaomfvnf; [dELr[ef Y\,ck uJ hod k Ynpfywf,kwfrmyk Huk djrif&ojzif hpdwf"gwfrSm tawmfwkefvIyfacsmufjcm;rdavonf/ Ak'bmom0ifwkd Ytzk dYum; tb,f qk dEk difzG,f&m &SdawmhtHhenf;/

(Ancient Magadha by J.C.Ghose) a*spDaCmqf\a&S;r*"pmtkyfwGifawG U&S d&jyefao;onf rS m ]]aAm"dyifuk d[dELwk d Yuk d;uG,fqnf;uyfyk HESif hywfouf uREk fyfwk d Yod&oavmufrS m olwk d Yonf *,mjrdKUay:wGif MoZmwdu drESifhjynfpkHqkH;aom AdoQe*kdPf;0if&aohMuD;\trdefYtwkdif;om vma&mufzl;ajrmAk'&kyfyG m;awmfud krnfonf htcgrS&d Sck d;onfuk drawG U&aMumif;? taMumif;qk daomfolonf jA[PZmwf0ifwpfOD;jzpf a*gwrrSm cwd,rsKd;EG,fjzpf&um; olUxuf Zmwfedrhfol[kt,l&Sdjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ xkd Yjyif Ak'*,mapwDawmfyk dif&Sifr[ef Yonfvnf; Ak'&kyfyG m;awmfuk dvnf;aumif;? aAm"dyifuk dvnf;aumif; rnfonf htcgrS&S dck d;onfr&S dcJ haMumif; aAm"dyifuk dzl;ajrmfvk daom [dELwk d YrS m r[ef YxHwGiftzk d;tcuk day;jyD;rSzl;ajrmfuefawmhMu&avonf/aAm"dyiftm;&nfrSef; vSL'gef;aomtvSL0wKwk d Yuk dum; *,m0gvf&aohMuD;uodrf;,l\/ xk d YaMumif haAm"dyifjrwftm; r[efY\a&Tvrf;aiGvrf;zGifha&;udk zefwD;ay;wwfaom jy'g;vkH;ESifhwlonf[k ajymESpfOD;pvkH;wk dYonfr[maAm"dodkY [dELwkdYvma&mufzl;ajrmfMuonfukd remvk d0efwkdaompdwf&Sdwwf\/ odEkdifavmufaomtcsufMuD;wpfckrS m aAm"dyifrS tuk dif; 42-uk dif;ud kckwfjzwf,l jyD;vQif*,mjrdKUywfvnfwGif pk dufysKd;vkdufjcif;yif jzpf\/ t"d u&nf&G,fcsufrS m [dELbk&m;zl;om;wk d Ytm; *,mjrdKUay:&S daAm"dyifrsm;ud kzl;ajrmfjcif;jzifh ESpfodrfhauseyfap&efjzpf\/ (um; aCmqf\a&;om;csuf )

od kYvQif q&mtrsKd;rsKd; ynm&SdtrsKd;rsKd;wkdY\a&;om;xm;Muonfuk d axmuf&Ia0zefjcif;jzif h r[ef Y\Ak' *,mapwDawmfuk d udk;uG,f&eftvk d YiS m tyd kifcHxm;&ygonf[k r[maAm"dyiftoif ;MuD;udkwnfaxmifcJ holtem*g&du"rygvESifhw&m;jzpfpOftcgu w&m;olMuD;a&SU acsyajymqkdcJhaompr[kwfEkdif/ rrSefEkdif/ [dELapwDawmftjzpfjzif h ajymif;vGJum ukd;uG,fvk daomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? apwDawmfMuD;onf Ak' bmomwk d YvufxJod k Yusa&mufoG m;ygu ol Utzk d Yjy'g;vk H;aysmufqk H;oG m;onfESif hwljcif;aMumif hvmbfvmb qkwf,kwfoGm;rnfukdodaomaMumif hvnf;aumif; tyk difcHxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqtyf ayonf/

jrefrm&Sifbk&ifrsm;ESifhAk'*,mr*"wk dif;wGif Ak'bmom0if&Sifbk&ifrsm; pk d;pHawmfrlcJ hpOfumvrsm;u txl;ojzif h MunfndKjrwfEkd;jcif;

cHcJ h&aom Ak' *,mapwDawmfjrwfMuD;rSm ESpfaygif; 800-eD;yg;avmufjyKpkapmif ha&Smufol 'g,umrsm;ESif huif;a0;cJ hjyD;onf haemufrolawmfrif;wk d Y\vuf atmufysufpD;,k d,Gif;vsuf&S dcJ hav&m bk&m;apwDykxk d;wd k YrS m awmMuD;ozG,f csKHEG,f txyf xyf&pfywfjyD;vQifaus;oHiSufoHwnHnHwk d Yjzif h0rf;enf;aMuuG JzG,f&m tqif htwef;jzif h&S d


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aecJ havonf / 0dwk d&d,bk&ifrMuD;\vuf xufod k Yusa&mufaomtcg0,f b0&Sifrif;w&m;MuD;onf zk H;tkyfvsuf&S daom jcKHEG,f rsm;ud koefY&Sif;um bk&ifrMuD;\tultnDjzif hxyfrHwnfxm;cJ havonf / jrefrmou&mZf1183-ckESpf? ewfawmfvqef; 9-&ufaeY qifjzL&Sifrif;w&m;\ajr;awmf pwkwtr&yl&jrdKtzk d;te*xk dufwefaom tvSL0wKtpktpkwd k Yud kvSL'gef;cJ haMumif;ESif hurnf;pmxk d;xm;avonf/ wpfzef1236-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vwGif jrefrm&Sifbk&ifrif;w&m;MuD;onftdE d,jynftpkd;&\tultnDjzifhAk' *,mapwDawmfud k jyefvnf&&S d&eftvkd YiS m tMudrfMudrf MudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufav&m wpfMudrfwpfcgatmifjrifcJ hzl;aMumif;ESifhr[ef YESif h"rygvtrI? *,m'dpMwdwf? w&m;olMuD;rufzmqif\xk H;wGif awG U&S d&\/ r[ef Yonfvnf; rdrd&xm;orQaom bk&m;b@mrsm;ud kjyeftyfcJ honfqk d\/ jrefrmbkef;awmfMuD;wk d Yonfvnf; oDaygrif;ESif ht*Fvdyfppfjzpfonfwk difatmifapwDawmfteD;&S doDaygrif;w&m;MuD;\y&dabm*wk dufMuD;wGifaexk difzl;avonf/ ,cktcg if;wd kufMuD;rS m tkwf? t*Fawponfwk d YuG Jtuf jyD; ysufpD;,k d,Gif;vsuf&S davjyD; jrefrmbk&m;zl;om;wk Y donfvnf; rwnf;ck dEk difawmhjyD/ apwDawmfudkrSDjirf;um awmif;&rf; pm;aomufaeMuaom olawmif;pm;ukvm;rwkY dae&momjzpfaeawmhonf/ wkdufMuD;\'g,umum; &wem*D&djrdKUwGifajracgif;atmif;vsuf&Sd&mrSmjrefrmjynfok d Yjyefvnfa&muf&S dvmayjyD/ ol\vuf &m? ajc&mrsm;jzpfaom y&dabm*wk dufMuD;ESif hr[ef YjcHxJ&S dausmuf*lMuD;wk d Yum; ,aeYtxd rysufpD;ao;bJ txif t&S m;&S dao;&m jrefrmjynf&S dAk' bmom0ifolawmfpiftaygif;wk d Yonf uG,fvGefol'g,umrsm;tm; &k daoaomtm;jzif h taqmufttk Hrsm;ud kwpfenf;enf;apmifha&S mufxm;oifh\/

ausmufpm*lawmfMuD;b0&Sifrif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;onf ygVd-jrefrmESpfbmomjzifh>yrf;aomausmufurnf;pmuk d *lawmfMuD;

xJwGif pk dufxlxm;cJ h\/ xk dausmufpmurnf;pmwGif a&;om;az:jyxm;aom tvSL0wKwk dYrS m pdefvk H;a& 511-vkH;? jrvk H;a& 311-vk H;? ywjrm;vk H;a& 3966-vk H;? ykvJvk H;a& 623-vk H;wk d Yud kr[maAm"dapwDawmfMuD;twGuf&nfrSef;um vSL'gef;cJ haMumif;ESif hawG&S S d&\/ ,cktcg if;vk dPf*lMuD; 2-ckpvk H;uk dr[ef Y\wynf hvufom;rsm;u

uRJEG m;? qdwf? jrif;wk d Yud kauR;arG;&efyJ? jrufpaom tpm;taomufok davS mif&m*k da'gifMuD;tjzpfjzif htok H;jyKvsuf&S d&um; tvGefvSyck difcH hoyf&yfaom ausmufpmrsm;yiftenf ;i,f cef YysufpD;,d k,Gif;vsuf&S donfuk dawG U&S d&\/ausmufpm*lawmfonf r[ef YjcHxJ&S d[if ;cif;tv,f wGif&S d\/ *l awmifbufcyfvSrf;vSrf;t&yfwGif tkwfrIef Ya&mifokwfxm;aom rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;aumif;rIawmfZ&yfMuD;wpfaqmif&S d\/ Z&yfMuD;ud k[dELbk&m;zl;om;wk d Ywnf;ck daexk dif&ef('ufbif*vk d )tjzpfjzif htok H;jyKxm;\/ Z&yfMuD;rS m oDaygrif;\aumif;rIawmfy&dabm*wk dufxuf wpfqcefYteHtvsm;us,f0ef;onf htjyifausmufrsm;jzif haqmufvkyfxm;jcif;aMumif h txl;ckdifcH h\/txuf ygtaMumif;t&mrsm;uk dzwf&Ijcif;jzif hjrefrmrif;wk d Ybk&m;yGif hawmfrl&mAk' *,muk dtwDrQjrwfEk d;aumfa&mfylaZmfcJ haMumif;udkodEk difvdrf hrnf[k ,k HMunfrdyg\/

"rygvESifhAk'*,m1891-ckESpfarv 30-&ufaeYwGifoD[d kVfom;Oygoumwpfa,mufud kvHbk djrdKUwGifr[maAm"dtoif ;MuD;ud k wnfaxmifcJ havonf / toif ;MuD;\t"d u&nf&G,fcsufrSm Ak' *,mapwDawmfuk dAk' bmomwk d Yvuf0,fod k Yjyefvnfa&muf&S da&;ESif hyd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;uk dvnf; tdE d,bmomtrsKd;rsKd;wd k Yjzif hjyefqk da&;om;&ef&nf&G,favonf/ toif ;MuD; tdcsfyf-okr*Fvq&mawmfu Ou|? uk dvk de,ftk dvaumufu twk difyifcHvlMuD;tjzpfjzif hyg0ifMujyD;vQif"rygvrS m tusKd;aqmiftjzpf &Gufaqmifavonf / toif ;MuD;uk dwnfaxmifjyD; 3-ESpfrQMumaomtcg OD;"rygvonf trsKd;rsKd;aomwk dif;jynfEk difiHwd k Yod kYoG m;a&mufvSnf hvnfjyD;vQiftoif ;MuD;ESif htquftoG,fjyKvkyfavonf / 1893 -ckESpfu tar&duefjynfcsDum*k djrdKUwGifusif;ycJhaom (Parliament of Reli-gions) ac:"robif MuD;ok d YAk' bmomwk d Y\txl ;uk d,fpm;vS,fwpfa,muftjzpfjzif hwufa&mufavonf / 1892-ckESpfwGif Ak' *,mtaMumif;yg0ifaom owif;aqmif;yg;trsKd;rsKd;wk d Yjzif ha&;om;a0zefxm;aomr[maAm"d*sme,fac:pmapmifud kvnf; umvuw m;jrdKUrSxkwfa0avonf/ xk d*sme,f trsm;qkH;a&;om;avh&S daomtcsufwkd YrS m


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r[efYtyk difcHxm;aomAk'*,mapwDawmfESifhajrae&mudk rnfonfhenf;ESifhAk'bmomwkdYvufodkY d&rnfenf;[laom tcsufyifjzpf\/ "rygvonf r[maAm"dokdYvmwkdif;vmwkdif; &kyfyGm;awokwfvdrf;jcif;? ,rif;&kyfozG,f t0wfywfxm;jcif;? bk&m;a&S UwGif tr*Fvmvdif&kyfMuD;ud kcsxm;jcif;? bk&m;zl;om;wk d Yorm"dysufuGufavmufatmif&maxmifruaom olawmif;pm;wk d Yu vma&mufawmif;cHjcif;? taES mif ht,S ufay;jcif;? uJhokd YaomjyKrlyk Hwk d Yud k awG UMuKH& tvGefpdwfrcsrf;romjzpf&um; 1894-ckESpf? rwfvxkwfif;\*sme,fwGifAk' *,majr&mud kAk' bmomwk d Yuom yk difyk difEk difEk diftkyfcsKyfcGif h&&S da&;ESif hrw&m;ojzif hyk difqk difxm;aomr[efY\vufrS w&m;rQwaomtzdk;tcjzif h0,f,l&ef[l acgif;MuD;yk dif;rSa&;om;az:jyvk dufavonf/ xkdok dYa&;om;vk dufjcif;rS m jyKpkapmifha&Smufolr&SdbJ ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeaom apwDawmfMuD;\Murmqkd;udkrjrif&J? rzl;&JaomaMumifhyifjzpf\/ oabmw&m;ukd "rygvra0zefrD a&S;rqG qmtD'GiftmEkumvuwm;jrdKUrSxkwfa0aom ',fvDawvD*&yfac:owif;pmrSa&;om;az:jyzl;avonf/ 1893-ckESpfwGif"rygvonf tar&duefjynfwGif usif;ycJ haomr[m"robif MuD;rStjyefwGif 0de,ykoQygrvmac:aom owif;pmxJ od k Yzwf&I&avonf/ ]]Ak' *,mjrdKU&S dausmif;? uef? apwD? ykxk d;wk d Yud kr[mar'ifwk d YzsufqD;cJ haom c&pf1201-ckESpfwGifAk'*,mjrdKUwGifoDwif;ok H;Muukefaom bkef;awmfMuD;wk d YonfapwDtwGif;&Sd&kyfyG m;awmfrsm;ud kaqmif,l avjyD;aomf&mZj*dK[f&S dawmMuD;wpfckxJwGif0Sufxm;cJ havonf / bk&m;cef;onfvnf; ,ckuJ hod k YatmufrS mr[kwfbJ apwDawmfMuD;\ txuf xyfom&S davonf / ,ckum; tay:xyfwGif &kyfyG m;awmftvsOf;r&S dawmhjyD/bk&m;cef;\wnfae&mrS mvnf; atmufxyfomjzpfaeaMumif;ESifhtqk dygowif;pmu az:jyxm;avonf/ xk dYaMumif h"rygvonf wk dusKd*syef*kdPf;csKyfq&mawmfMuD;tm; xk dae&mESif hxk dufwefaom &kyfwkawmfMuD;wpfqludkxkvkyfay;&ef wkdufwGef;cJhav&m q&mawmfMuD;onfvnf; tvGefacsmrGwfoyg,fawmfrlvSaom &kyfyGm;awmfwpfqludkvufaqmifay;tyfvk dufavonf/

r[efY\,kwfrmrI"rygvonfvnf; 1894-ckESpf? rwfv 1-&ufaeYwGiftdE d,jynfok d Yjyefa&mufvmjyD;onf haemufxk d&kyfyG m;

awmfESifhtwl *,mjrdKUodkY arv 17-&ufaeYwGif qkdufa&mufvmavonf/ xkdodkYa&arv 19-&ufaeYjzpfaom uqkefvjynf haeYwGif anmifa&oGef;yGJusif;y xkd&kyfyG m;awmfuk dvnf; apwDawmftay:xyfwGif ylaZmfxm;&ef&nf&G,fcsufaMumif hjzpf\/ ok d YylaZmfawmhrnf htaMumif;ud kol\*sme,fwGifvnf;tus,f w0if ha&;om;vk duf\/ yxrtzk d Y udpwGifrnfolrnf0gurSvnf; taES mif ht,S ufay;vdrf hrnfr[kwf[ktxif &S dcJ honf htwk dif; uku m;wHcGef? za,mif;wk diftpk Hwk d Yjzif htay:xyfok d YylaZmf&eftvk d YiS m oG m;Muavawmh\/xk dcP r[ef Y\wynf hrsm;jzpfMuaom a*sygv*D&f? r[dE*D&fESif hwjcm;aus;uRefwk d Yuyg pk k&k H;vmMujyD;vQif"rygvtm; wm;jrpfMuavawmhonf/ "rygvonfvnf; Ak' bmom0ifwk d Y\tjrwfqk H;jzpfaom t0dZ[dwXme&S dy&dabm*MuD;\tay:xyf wGif rxm;&[k[dELwk d Yu wm;jrpfMuonfud kw&m;enf;vrf;usonf[k r,l qacs/ xk d YaMumif hylaZmfjrJtwk dif; ylaZmfaeav&m tqk dyg *D&frsm;wk d Yonf "rygv\vnf yif;ud kuk difum wGef;vSefvk dufjyD;onf h

aemuf]]b'rmh&S f}} tp&S donfjzif hnpfnrf;pG mqJqk dMudrf;armif;MujyD;vQif&kyfwkawmfuk dvnf; tay:xyfrSatmufxyfod k YqG Jiifcsvk dufavonf / *syefAdokumq&mMuD;wk d Y\ taumif ;qk H;aomvufp? vufersm;jzpfaom &kyfyG m;awmfcrsmrS mvnf; wefck d;jym#d[mawmfrjyEk difawmhbJ olawmif;pm;ESif h*s&l;0gvukvm;? ukvm;rwd k Y\usuf pm;&mjzpfaom aAm"dr@vtjyif0,f usdef;pufawmfrl&avawmhownf;/

"rygvtm; *,mjrdKU 'dpMwdwfw&m;olMuD; rufzmqifu armfawmfum;jzih fwifaqmif,l oG m;&avonf/

w&m;pGJjyD"rygv\w&m;pGJcsuft& *,m'dpMwdwfw&m;olMuD;rufzmqifu tdEd,&mZowf

wpfbmomu wpfbmomuk dtaESmif ht,S ufay;rI xif&S m;aomaMumifhr[d`E*D&dADrmvfa'0*D&fESif ha*sygv*D&fwk d Ytm; axmif'PfwpfvESif h'PfaiGwpf&mpDuscHap&ef? tu,f 'Pf aiGwpf&muk drxrf;aqmifEk difygu axmif15-&ufpDwk d; uscHap[ktrdef YcsrSwfavonf / w&m;qk H;jzwfaomaeYrS m 1895-ckESpf? ZlvI dif 19-&ufaeYu t


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rdefYcsrSwfvkdufavonf/ xkdokdYtrdefYcsrSwfonfukd rem,lvkd y#emjrdKUpuf&Saxmif'Pfwpfvud ky,f 'Pf aiGwpf&mpDay;aqmif&ef? raqmifEk difu ruf zmqif\trd ef Ytwk dif; axmif'Pf15-&ufpDuscHap&eftrdef YcsrSwfcJ havonf / xk dok d Yqk H;jzwfcsufud kvnf; rauseyfEk difao;aom r[ef Yonf axmifaygif;rsm;pG maom aiGtojymrsm;ud koGef;avmif;um umvuw m;jrdKU [k dufukwf&k H;awmfod k Yt,l cH0ifavonf /[kdufukwfw&m;olMuD; rpwmAefem*sDu r[efYonf rdrdykdifeufodkY0ifvmaomotwefwefwm;jrpfaomfvnf; rem,lvkdaom "rygv\t"rusL;ausmfrIaMumifh t"du&kPr[ef YrSm tvsOf;tjypfr&S d/ w&m;aovGwfap[k trdefYcsrSwfavonf/

(taMumif;ud k rufzmqif\pmrsufES m100-ausmfcefYaom jzwfxkH;&SnfMuD;rSbmomjyefqk dvk dufonf)tus,f ud kodvk drl (Maha Boddhi Case) ac:pmtkyfuk dzwf&IMuygukef/ /xk d YaMumif h "rygv\tvk yf[l

orQrS m oJa&usjzpfcJ h&avonf/ um; uREk fyfwk d YvufxufwGif jzpfyG m;cJ haom t"du&kPf;rQomjzpf a&S;vGefavjyD;aom umvwkef;u r[ef Ywk d Yonf Ak' bmomrsm;tay:wGif rnfrQapmfum;cJ hvdrf hr,f qk dwmud kpOf;pm;&eftcsufMuD;wpfckyif jzpfavonf/

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Ak' *,mud krGwf qvif wk d Y zsuf qD;yk H(Mr.L.S.S.O Malley' I.C.S Bengal District Gazetteer chapter V. Page No.26) wGifyg&S daom

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Ak' bmombkef;awmfMuD;wk d YrS mrlum; olwk Y duJ hok d Yvl0wfaMumifud kvJjyD; toGifazsmufaexk dif&eftawmfyifcJ,Of;vS\/ &[ef;awmfwk d Yonf vl0wfaMumifud kvJ&k HrQjzif hodu mrusEk dif[kod&S daomfvnf; ,if ;acwftcgwkef;uoHCmawmft&Sifjrwfwd k YrS m ,ckacwfoHCmawmft&Sifjrwfwk d Yxuf qwufxrf;yd k; yd krk dt,l onf;wwfMuonf/0denf;odu myk'fawmfuk dvnf; omvGefaMumuf&G H U&k daoMu\/ ao;i,f aomv[kutmywfyifjzpfapumrloif hrdu yg&mZduwrQ &d kaojyD; t,l w&m;onf;vSaom oHCmawmfwk d Yonf rGwfqvif wk d Yowfjzwfonf hwk difatmifvl0wfaMumifud kvJum ukd,f azsmufrcHMuawmhbJ r&PmEkwdur|mef;pD;jzef;vsufyif aoyGJ0ifMu&&Smavukefawmhownf;/ yg&rDEke,faomoHCmawmftcsKd UrS mvnf; vlxGufMu&avonf/ rGwfqvif wk d Yonfvnf; 0g0gjriforQ tqD;twm;r&S dowfjzwfMuav&m oHCmawmf[lorQ jrLrQrusefysHvGefawmfrl&&S mavonf/ ukod kvfa&;?'gea&;ponfwd k YwGif rygvQifrjyD; tvGefta&;MuD;aom oHCmawmfrsm; tpwk H;jyDjzpf&um; usef&S dcJ hol'g,um'g,dumrwkdYrSm wjznf;jznf; [dELbmomodkY trsm;qkH;ouf0ifoGm;jyD;vQif wcenf;y&d,m,ftrsKd;rsKd;jzif h tpvmrfbmomokd Y oGwfoGif;jcif;udkcHMu&&S mavonf/

bmaMumif hrGwf qvif awG0if vm&ovJtdE d,jynfonf w&kwfjynfMuD; csefvSyf ur may:wGif vlOD;a&tm;jzif ht


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yGJobifrSa`Eysuf t&SufwuG Jjzpfatmif ESifxkwfav&m xdk&efjidK;jzifhpE*kwrif;om;tm; tultnDay;jyD;"eeErif;\OD;acgif;ud k jzwfap rif;vkyfawmfrlapavonf/ tdEd,&mZ0ifwd kYum; xk duJhok dYryg&Sdacs/ ZeuykP m;onf&mZeDwdynm? puf,E &m;ynm? aq;ynmESif haA'ifynmrsm;ud kwpfzufurf;aygufatmifwwfajrmufolwpfOD;jzpf td E d,jynfxJod k YusL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmaom*&dtvuf ZE m;tm; Ek difiHawmfrSjyefvnfwk dufxkwf&efppfrsKd;aphud kwnfaxmiftH haomiS m "eeErif;\txH awmf tojymaiG6-odef;ud kawmif;cHae&m bk&ifrif;jrwfuysuf&,fjyKjyD; ol Utm; eef;awmftwGif;rStjyifok d YqG Jxkwfypfavonf / rnf aomtrsufa'goaMumif hpE*kwfrif;om;tm; tultnDay;um "eeErif;tm; acgif;jzwf eef;wufapavonf[kom awG U&S d&\/ pE*kwfrif;MuD;onfvnf; xk dZeuykP m;MuD;\taxmuf tyH hjzif h*&dtvuf ZE m;tm; wGef;vSefwk dufck d fufav&m rMumrDatmifjcif;od k Ya&mufavonf qk d\/

tcsKdUaom&mZ0ifwkdYum; pE*kwfrif;\rdzk&m;MuD;onfyifvQif tvufZEmESif hzwf&I&ao;onf/ yg#vdykwfjynf arm&d,rif;qufudktkwfjrpfcscJholrSm pE*kwfrif;[k rSwf,lMuygukef/

r[m0ifusrf;\tvk dtm;jzif harm&d,qk donfrS m [dr0E mawmpyfteD; Oa'gif;? MudK;MumoHwk d Yjzif hESpfvk dzG,f&S daomjrdKU rif;jyKaom&Sifbk&ifrS m arm&d,trnf &S d wpfyg;aomrif;wk d Yu owfjzwfvwfaomfpE*kwfrif;ud kud k,f0ef&S djyD;aomrdzk&m;onfyg#vdykwfjynfteD;ok d Yajy;cJ h rMumrDom;i,fuav;ud krD;&I;oef YpifzG m;jrifawmfrlavonf / qif;&Jaomb0wGif usa&mufaejcif;aMumif hom;oli,f uav;ud karG;jrLzk d Y&m vuPmr&S daomrdzk&m;MuD;onf aopdrf haomiS m EG m;jcH0 ypfxm;cJ havonf / ok d Y&mwGif pErnfaomEG m;vm;onfa&S;OD;pG mxGufvmoli,f ud kapmif honfud ktaMumif;jyK pE*kwtrnf wGifonfqk d\/ td E d,&mZ0iftcsKd Uum; arm&mrnfaomrdef;rrSzG m;jcif;aMumif harm&d,pE *kwtrnf&Sdonf[k qk d\/ tcsKd Uaom&mZ0ifrlum; arm&d,trnf jzif ha&S;tcgwkef;uyif xif&Sm;cJhaom cw d,trsKd;tEG,frSqif;oufvmjcif;aMumif h pE*kwarm&d,rnfwGifonf[ka&;om;Mu\/ pum;rS m r[m0ifusrf;tqk dESif hwpfpdwfwpfa'owlaeojzif h,kw d&S dvS\/ xk d YaMumif hpE*kwfrif;MuD;tm; arm&d,rsKd;EG,f [kom rSwf,ltyf\/ pE*kwfrif;MuD;\uk d;uG,faombmomum; Ak' bmomr[kwf*sKdif;bmom[k tdEd,&mZ0ifq&mwk dYu a&;om;Muonf/

taomu (0g) oD&d"r maomupE*kwfrif;MuD;onf c&pfray:rD322-ESpfrSonf 298-wk difatmif xD;eef;pnf;pdrfud kodrf;ydkufjyD;onf h

aemufeef;pH24-ESpfwGifewf&G mvm;vwfaomfom;awmfAdEKom&rif;MuD;onf 298-ckESpfrS272-ckESpfxd pk d;pHawmfrljyD; eef;pH26-ESpfwGif ewf&G mpHuHawmfukefavonf/ xdk Yaemufom;awmftaomurif ;w&m;MuD;onf272-ckESpfrS 232 -ckESpftxd tESpf 40-wkdifwkdifZrL'dyfuRef;tvk H;udk odrf;usKH;tkyfcsKyf rif;vkyfawonf/

taomurif ;w&m;MuD;\i,f rnfrS m p@maomujzpf ol onf 99-a,mufaom tpfud kawmfwk d Ytm;owfjzwfjyD;onfrSaemufumv yg#vdykwfaejynfawmf&S darm&d,eef;awmfMuD;ud kodrf;yd kuftkyfcsKyf Ek difiHwGif

rif;vkyfawmfrlavonf/ taomurif;w&m;MuD;onfEk difiHawmftus,ft0ef;ESifhwefckd;tmPm t&SdqkH;aomrif;jzpf bd k;awmfpE*kwfrif;MuD;onf rsm;pGmukefaom wk dif;e,fy,fwk dYudkpd k;pH&bdouJ hokd Yolonfvnf; ,cktcg Mo&dptrnf jzif hxif&S m;vsuf&S daom umvd*FjynfESif hwuGawmifbufud kr'&yfe,f yE mjrpf? ajrmufbufuk de,fygvfjynf? taemufbufuk dumblvfe,fESif hta&S Ubufok d YtmoHe,fwk difatmiftif yg,mtm;jzif hus,fjyef Yawmfrlavonf / bdodufcHjyD; r[m&mZm"d&mZbG J Uxl;ud k&&S dawmfrljyD;aom taomurif;w&m;MuD;onf Ek difiHawmfuk dtmPmpufawmfjzifhrtkyfcsKyfawmhbJ"rpufwnf;[laom w&m;vufeufawmfjzif htkyfcsKyfawmfrlavonf/uJ hod k Y"rvufeufjzif htkyfcsKyf&jcif;rS m taomurif;w&m;MuD;onf umvd*Fjynfud kwk dufck dufatmifjrifawmfrlaomtcg todef;ruaomvlwkd Ytm; owfrdcJhjcif;? 'Pf&m&aprdcJhjcif;? zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcJ hjcif;? rnfaomtjypfrsm;ESif hwk dif;jynfcd katmif; vltaygif;wk d Ytm; 'kA duE &uyfESif howE &uyfwk d Yjzif haoaMuysufpD;jcif;od k Y

a&mufMu&av&m taomurif;jrwfrS m tvGeftrif ;aMumuf&G H UwkefvIyfjcif;jzpf&um; wk dif;jynfEk difiHud ktkyfcsKyf&mwGif ppfvufeufud ktokH;rjyKawmhbJ w&m;wnf;[laom "rvufeufjzifhom tkyfcsKyfawmfrlavonf /(um; Zm*'dqfcsE&aCmqf\tdEd,&mZ0ifcsKyftqkd)


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wm&mcsef\td E d,&mZ0iftusOf;csKyf(Tara Chand's A Short History of India) a&;om;jyefonfrS mum;]]umv*Fppfajrjyif aomif;odef;ruaom vltaygif;wd k Yud kowfjzwfrdcJ haom oD&d"r maomurif;MuD;onf rdrdjyK tyfaomtukok dvfw&m;ud ktzefwvJvJatmufarhrdojzif htvGeftrif ;aMumuf&G H UwkefvIyfvsuf&S daepOfOy*kyw(Oy*kwfud kqk dvk d[efwl\/)trnf &S daom &[ef;awmfwpfyg;ESif hawG Uqk H wPS mwnf;[laomnTefAGufrSvGwfajrmuf&mvGwfajrmufaMumif;jzpfaom w&m;awmfud kMum;em&jcif;aMumif hAk' bmomok d Youf0ifoG m;avonf/ tvGefw&mrScsKdjrdefvSaomw&m;awmfonf ol\ESvk H;[',twG if;ok d YwpufpufpD;0ifvsuf&S dav&m oHCmawmft&Sifjrwfwk d Ytm; MuD;pG maomtvSLud kay;jcif;? OykofoDwif;aqmufwnfjcif;? w&m;emjcif;paom ukok dvftrI wd k Yjzif homarG Uavsmfvsufaeavawmh\/ rdrd,k HMunfaom w&m;awmfuk dwjcm;wjcm;aom wk dif;e,fy,f&S dvl&Siftaygif;wkdYonfvnf; rdrduJhokdYyif ,kHMunfMuap&ef &nfoefpdwfxm;vsuf omoemhtmZmyk*Kdvfwd k Ytm; wdAuf? w&kwf? rGef*k dvD,mh? wl&uDjynfrsm;ESif htmz&duwk duf? Oa&mywk dufod k Ywk difatmifomoemjyK rsm; yd k YvTwfavonf /

rif;w&m;MuD;\0D&d,awmfwk d YaMumif hAk' bmomonfur may:wGif vltrsm;qk H;wk d Y\ud k;uG,f&m bmom&yfMuD;wpf&yfjzpfzl;avonf / jrwfpG mbk&m;&Sif\omoemawmfuG Jjym;vsuf&S daom t,l 0g'trsKd;rsKd;uk dyaysmufap&eftvk d YiS m wwd,o*F g,emud kvnf; wifawmfrlcJ havonf / jrwfpG mbk&m;&Sifud k,fawmfjrwfMuD;tm; trSwfw& &S dap&efESif hwkdif;oljynfom; vltrsm;wk d Y w&m;udkouf0ifjzLpifaom pm&dw0g&dwud k&&Sdap&eftvkd YiSm rif;vrf;rawmfMuD;rsm;wpfavQmufvk H; usif hpOf? usif hxk H;trsKd;rsKd;yg0ifaom ausmufpmwk difwk d Yud kpGif hpGif hrm;rm;MuD; pd kufxlxm;cJ hav&m ,ckwk dif txif t&S m; awG Ujrif&ygao;\/ tcvGwfpmoifausmif;aygif;rsm;pG mESif haq;&k Haygif;rsm;pG mwk d Yud kvnf; ae&mwumwGifaqmufvkyfvSL'gef;onf htjyif wd&p mefrsm;tzk d YoD;oef Yaomaq;&k Hrsm;ud kaqmufvkyfay;jcif;? aq;yif? 0g;yifwk d Yud kvnf; wpfae&mESif hwpfae&m zvS,f jyKumpk dufysKd;apjcif;jzif hEk difiHawmfwpfavQmufvk H; aq;yifaq;jrpfwd k Yud kvnf; jynf hapcJ h\/ a& acgif;yg;rIaMumif hawG UMuKHaeMu&&S maom vl&Siftaygif;wd k Y\qif;&J'kuud kyaysmufap&ef&nfoefvsuf ra&wGufEk difavmufaom a&wGif;a&uefwk d Yud kvnf; wl;az:ay;cJ havonf/

xk drSwpfyg; rif;vrf;rawmfMuD;rsm; wpfavQmufvk H; a&csrf;tk d;rsm; wnfxm;jcif;? c&D;onftaygif;wd k Yt&dyfck datmif;Ek dif&efo&uf? tifMuif;? anmifpaom opfyifwk d Yud kvnf; pd kufysKd;apcJ hao;\/ ok d YvQiftvSL'get&m&ufa&mrI? ow0gwkdYtm; oem;Muifemjcif;aMumifh rif;w&m;MuD;tm;yD,'DyD,'DyD,'DyD,'DyD,'D[laombGJUxl;udk &&awmfrlavonf / rif;w&m;MuD;onf Z&mt&G,fok d Ya&mufvwfaomftvk H;pk Haom ypnf;Op mwd k Yud kvSL'gef;umrQjzif htm;&wif;wdrfjcif;r&Sdao;bJ rdrdukd,fwkdifyifvQif vtenf;i,fcef Yavmuf 'kvbtjzpfjzifh &[ef;abmifod kY0ifavaomaMumifh&mZod&mZdrif;&[ef;&mZod&mZdrif;&[ef;&mZod&mZdrif;&[ef;&mZod&mZdrif;&[ef;&mZod&mZdrif;&[ef;[lvnf; trnfwGifavonf[l\/

rpwmprpff\atmufpzkdYausmif;om; tdEd,&mZ0ifESifhqGm&Djyq'f\rkd;'if;]]edaj*m"omraP\w&m;awmfudk Mum;em "ryDwdjzpfvSaom taomurif;w&m;MuMunfndKaomyoEapwemud kjzwfawmuf Ak' bmomud kouf0if,k HMunfvmaMumif;ESif hr[m0ifusrf;rS muJ hod k Ya&;om;xm;&m pum;onfvQif,kw d&S dvS\/ xk d YaMumif hOy*kwrax&f\a[mcRwfrIaMumif htaomurif ;w&m;MuD; tuRwfw&m;&&S davonf [laom ]]wm&mcsef}}\pum;rS m ,kw dr&S d/ r[m0ifusrf;t&qk daomfOy*kwfax&ft&Siftm; rm&fewfrif;tm; wm;jrpfqk H;rpdrf haomiS m a&wGif;? a&uefwk d Yud ka&pufcsaomyG Jobif MuD;ok d Ytxl ;wvnf yif havQmufcJ hojzif ht&Sifjrwfonfvnf;


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omraPonfvnf; jrdef&SufpG m bkOf;ay;ok H;aqmifay\/ qGrf;bkOf;ay;jyD;aomtcg rif;MuD;u ok d YavQmufxm;avonf /

]]omraP? oif\rsKd;EG,fum; tb,f enf;/ oifonf tb,f ol\tqk H;truk dcH,l oenf;/ oif\t,lum; tb,f ok d Y&S doenf;/}}

omraPu jyefvnfajzMum;awmfrlavonfrS m...]]ig\rsKd;EG,fum; a,s"Hw&m;ig;yg;ud ktukefodjrifawmfrlaom bk&m;&Sif\rsKd;EG,fwnf;/ xk dt&Sifbk&m;

\tqkH;trMo0g' igwnfownf;/ ig\t,lonfvnf; tqlqlaombk&m;&SifwkdY\aysmfpH&m edAtm&kHjyKownf;}}[k rdefYawmfrlavonf/ xdkYaemuf rif;w&m;MuD;u toifwkdYq&w&m;awmfud kMum;emvk dygaMumif;ESif havQmufxm;avaomftyrma'g trwHy'Hyrma'g rpKaem y'Htyrma'g trwHy'H yrma'g rpKaem y'Htyrma'g trwHy'Hyrma'g rpKaem y'Htyrma'g trwHy'H yrma'g rpKaem y'Htyrma'g trwHy'Hyrma'g rpKaem y'H tp&S daom"ry'usrf; tyrm'0*fud k ukefpifatmif a[mjyvk dufavonf/

xk d YaMumif homvQifrif;w&m;MuD;rS mAk' bmom0ifjzpfvmavonf/ xk d YaemufrSrif;w&m;MuD;onf omoemawmfud kMunfndKvGef; a&wGif;aygif; &Spfaomif;av;axmif? a&uefaygif; &Spfaomif;av;axmiftp&SdaomMuD;pGmaomr[m'geMuD;udk jyKawmfrljyD;vQif jrwfpGmbk&m;ocify&dedAmefr[marm*vdykwwdax&ft&SiftrSL;xm; yg#vdykwfaejynfawmf wwd,o*F g,emwifawmfrlavownf ;/

ud k;wk dif ; ud k;Xmeod k Y omoemjyK apvTwf jcif ;taomurif ;MuD;onf rdrduk d;uG,f ,k HMunftyfaom omoemawmfMuD;uk durmwpf&yfvk H;&S dwk dif;Ek difiH

[lowk dY ysH UESH YwnfaptHhaomiS m uk d;wkdif;? ud k;Xmeod k Y omoemjyKyk*Kdvfxl; yk*KdvfrGefwk d Ytm; apvTwfawmfrlcJhavonf/(1) rZ sE dutrSL;&S daom ig;OD;aomrax&fwk dYud k uoD&wk dif;ESifh*Em&wk dif;od kYapvTwfawmfrlonf/(2) r[ma'0trSL;&S daom ig;OD;aomrax&fwd k Yud kr[ ouwk dif;od kYapvTwfonf/(3) &u dwtrSL;&S daom ig;OD;aomrax&fwkd Yud k0e0goDwk dif;odk YapvTwfawmfrlonf/

(4) a,meu"r&u dwtrSL;&Sdaom ig;OD;aomrax&fwk dYud kty&Ewk dif;ok d Y apvTwfawmfrlonf/(5) r[m"r&udwtrSL;&S daom ig;OD;aomrax&fwk d Yud k r[m&|wk dif;od kYapvTwfawmfrlonf/(6) r[m&u dwtrSL;&Sdaom ig;OD;aomrax&fwk d Yud k a,meuwkdif;od k YapvTwfawmfrlavonf /(7) rZsdrax&fMuD;rSL;aom ig;OD;aomrax&fwd kYud k [dr0Emt&yfod kYapvTwfawmfrlonf/(8) aomPrax&f? Ow&ax&ftrSL;&S daom ig;OD;aomrax&fwk dYud kok0Pbkrdwk dif;odk YapvTwfawmfrlonf/(9) r[mr[dEax&f? #d,ax&f? Ow d,ax&f? or mvax&fESif hb'omvax&fig;OD;wk d Ytm; vuF m'Dyrnfaom

oD[k dVfuRef;od k YapvTwfawmfrlonf/rax&ftaygif;wk d Yonfvnf; a&mufav&ma'owk dif; vltaygif;wk d Ytm; a'oema&at; tjrdKufaq;

ud kwk dufauR;awmfrlMuojzif hrdp m0g'Daysmuf or m0g'DwnfMuavonf/ (0g)Ak' bmomrsm;jzpfMuukefonf

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uk d;wk dif ; ud k;Xme a0zef jyjcif ;taomurif ;w&m;MuD;uJ hok d YomoemjyKrif;aumif; rif;jrwfwpfa,mufuk dtaMumif;jyK jrefrmjynf

oD[k dVfuRef;? ,k d;',m;jynftp&S daom Ek difiHwk d YwGif ,ckxufwk difatmifomoemawmfae0ef; xdefxdefxGef;vsuf&Sd&um; uREkfyfwkdYtzkdY taomurif;w&m;MuD;ESifhomoemjyK


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&mZ0ifq&mtcsKdUu *E m&wk dif;ud k w&kwfjynf[k a&;om;Mu\/rZsEdutrSL;&Sdaom ig;OD;aomrax&fwdkYonf uoD&ESifh*Em&wkdif

w&kwfjynf[k a&;om;Ek difp&mr[kwf/ uo D&wk dif;onf *E m&wk dif;ESif hyx0Dtm;jzif hqufpyfrI&S dayrnf/ xk d YjyifrZ sE dutrS L;&S daom ax&focifwk d Yonf &[E mppfrsm;jzpfMu w&kwfjynfod k YtrSefpifppfa&mufcJ honfrSefygrlum;jrefrmjynfrS muJ hok d Yax&0g'DomoemxGef;yoif honf/ ,ckvk dr[m,meomoemxGef;aernf r[kwfay/ ax& 0g'D&[E mwk d Yonf tok d YvQifr[m,meomoemud kpk dufysKd;cJ hygrnfenf;/ *E m&wk dif;qk donfrS m uo D& (Kash-mir) e,fESif hqufpyfvsuf&S daom umblvfe,fud kac:onf/

if;e,ftwGif;&S dtaqmuftOD;tysuftpD;wk d Yud kqk dif&mausmufpmbufXmerS1945-ckESpfu wl;az:cJ honfwGif rsm;pG maom bk&m;&kyf? bk&m;avmif;&kyfESif ht0avmud awqG m&&kyfrsm;tjyif*E m&wk dif;trnf ygaomausmufpmrsm;yg&S dcJhygaMumif;ESif h(Archaeological Report) ac:ausmufpmbufXmerStpD&ifcHpmud k tv m[mA'fjrdKUrSxkwfa0aom]]vD'g;&f}}(The Leader) ac:owif;pmwGifzwf&Ivk duf&ayonf/ xk d YaMumif humblvfe,fud komvQif*E m&wk dif;[k ,l qtyf ayownf;/ xk d YaMumif h...(1) rZ sEdutrSL;&S daomigOD;aomax&ft&Sifwk d Yonfuo D&wkdif; (Kashmir) jynfESifh*E m&wk dif; (Kabul)e,fodk YomvQif


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omoemawmfMuD;tm; vSL'gef;&eft"d|mefcsuf&S davonf / aemufESpfaygif;rsm;pG mMumvwfaomf96-uka#aoma&TaiG&wemrsm;ud ktrSefpifppfay;vSLawmfrlavownf ;/ olraorDt"d |mefcsufatmifjrifEk dif&efpd k;&drfMuD;pG mjzif hrsm;pG maomypnf;Op mrsm;uk dyg yg#vdykwfjynf&S dausmif;awmfMuD;ok d YaeYpOfyd k YoawmfrlMuavonf/ od k Y&mwGifwefck d;tmPm&S daom 0efMuD;wpfOD;onfrif;w&m;MuD;awmif;cHwk dif; ray;zk d Y&efb@mpd k;0efMuD;tm;wm;jrpfavonf/ rif;w&m;MuD;onf tvGeftk drif;rpGrf;jzpf uk d,fwk diftdyf&mrSrxEk difbJaovkeD;tcg ol\vk dvm;tyfaomypnf;Op m&wemrsm;ud kb@mwk dufrSawmif;cHr&ojzif hol Utm; txl;ojzif h0rf;enf;aMuuG Japavawmhownf;/

''Now pious King sent to the monastery all the vessels of gold which furnished the royal table.Then he gave away all the vessels of silver, and finally the vessels of iron. When all the metallic ware hadthus been exhausted, the royal table was furnished with earthen ware.

t"dy g,f- xk d YaMumif hu&kPmocifjzpfawmfrlaom bk&ifrif;jrwfonf bk&if hpm;yG Jrsm;ay:wGifqif,if cif;usif;xm;aom a&Ttk d;? a&TcGufrsm;ud kausmif;awmfrsm;ud kay;yd k YvSL'gef;vk dufavonf / if;aemufaiGtk d;aiGcGufrsm;ud kay;yk dYvSL'gef;jyefavonf/ if;aemufoHtkd

ashin narada buddha diary 2

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