Fuel crisis in the world

Conventional sources of energy -facing extinction

Pollution from the fossil fuel products burnt everyday.

Rise in the prices of diesel and petrol

-Anshul GuptaLokesh Pathrabe

Institute of Technology,Nirma University, Ahmedabad.

ARTIFICIAL PETROL

Hydrogen: The present scenario

Abundant in nature.

Batteries powered by hydrogen can deliver higher power and longer lifetime.

If used as a fuel, would reduce the carbon emissions to a great extent.

Properties that make it an

efficient fuel

Wide range of flammability

Low ignition energy

High auto ignition temperature

High diffusivity

Problems with hydrogen

Storage of hydrogen in high pressure low temperature condition could cause premature ignition.

Hydrogen + air mixture is highly inflammable.

Due to low ignition energy, the hot gases and the hot spots on the cylinder can serve as sources of ignition.

lean operation can reduce the power output due to a reduction in the volumetric heating value of the air/fuel mixture.

The new technique

Ammonium hydride is used as a source of hydrogen.

Hydride is trapped in micro-beads that are manufactured by electrospinning.

Hydrogen is released from hydride compound by Thermolysis.

The consumed hydride can be sent for rehydrogenation for further use.

Role of Ammonia Borane

H3NBH3 is more hydrogen dense than liquid hydrogen.

Hydrogen can be easily disassociated from the remainingmaterial.

Exists in normal temperatures and pressures.

As a solid it is easily transportable.

Therefore, it has attracted attention as a source ofhydrogen fuel.

Micro – beads

Micro-beads are uniform polymer particles of size 0.5 micron to 500 micron in diameter.

Micro-beads are used for isolation and handling of specific material or molecules.

Here polystyrene is used as polymer to manufacture micro-beads.

Why micro-beads ?

Nano-porous polymer speeds up the kinetics of hydrogen desorption.

•Reduces the temperature of desorption.

•Filters out many of the damaging chemicals( Borazine and Ammonia).

• It protects the hydrides from oxygen and water, making it possible to handle it in air.

These micro-beads can be manufactured by co-axial electrospinning.

Coaxial electrospinning

Design for use in the vehicles

Regeneration of Ammonia Borane

Changes in the gasoline engine

design

Engine material

Avoiding Pre-ignition of hydrogen

Improving the fuel injection systemThermal dilution system

A disk-shaped combustion chamber Properly ventilation

Efficiency of H2 engines

Case of Emissions

Emissions of hydrogen engine

H + N2 + O2 -> H2O + N2 + Nox

2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O

Phi=(Stoichiometric A/F ratio)/( actual A/F ratio)

Emissions of a gasoline engine

Coal based Thermal power

plant

Hydrogen based power plant

Other Applications and Scope

Batteries powered by hydrogen can deliver higher power and longer lifetime.

For use as a fuel additive to reduce the carbon emissions from a hydrocarbon fuel such as gasoline, diesel, JP-8, jet-fuel or kerosene.

Thousands of high pressure hydrogen fueling stations will not need to be built to accommodate hydrogen cars. Slight modifications of current fueling stations will be needed only.

This solution could accelerate the introduction and acceptance of hydrogen cars on a wide scale very quickly.

References

Adsorption of Methane and Hydrogen on MesocarbonMicrobeads by Experiment and Molecular Simulation

Xiaohong Shao and Wenchuan Wang.

Core-Shell Nanofibers: Nano Channel and Capsule by CoaxialElectro spinning

Fengyu Li1, 2, Yong Zhao1 and Yanlin Song11Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.

Thermally induced hydrogen release from ammonia-boranestudied by coupled Calorimetric, volumetric, spectrometricand thermo kinetics analysis techniques

R. André, E. Wirth, P. Leparlouër

Fabrication of structured micro and nanofibers by coaxialElectro spinning.

Juan Esteban Díaz1, Alberto Fernández-Nieves2, AntonioBarrero1, 3, ManuelMárquez4 and Ignacio G.Loscertales1.

Ammonia-Borane and Related N-B-H Compounds andMaterials: Safety Aspects, Properties and Applications

Clinton F. Lane Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryNorthern Arizona University.

Separation of Polystyrene Microbeads UsingDielectrophoretic/Gravitational Field-Flow-Fractionation

Xiao-Bo Wang, Jody Vykoukal, Frederick F. Becker, andPeter R. C. Gascoyne.

cella energy limited website.

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