artificial insemination and veterinary services in ethiopia: ada’a case

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Factors Affecting the Factors Affecting the Effective Delivery of Effective Delivery of Artificial Insemination and Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case Ethiopia: Ada’a Case Presentation by Alemayehu Presentation by Alemayehu Lemma Lemma (Addis Ababa University) to (Addis Ababa University) to the the Ethiopian Fodder Roundtable on Ethiopian Fodder Roundtable on Effective Delivery of Input Effective Delivery of Input Services to Livestock Services to Livestock Development Development

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Presentation by Alemayehu Lemma (Addis Ababa University) to the Ethiopian Fodder Roundtable on Effective Delivery of Input Services to Livestock Development, Addis Ababa, 22 June 2010

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Page 1: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

Factors Affecting the Effective Delivery Factors Affecting the Effective Delivery of Artificial Insemination and Veterinary of Artificial Insemination and Veterinary

Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a CaseServices in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

Presentation by Alemayehu LemmaPresentation by Alemayehu Lemma

(Addis Ababa University) to the(Addis Ababa University) to the

Ethiopian Fodder Roundtable on Effective Ethiopian Fodder Roundtable on Effective Delivery of Input Services to Livestock Delivery of Input Services to Livestock

DevelopmentDevelopment

Addis Ababa, 22 June 2010Addis Ababa, 22 June 2010

Page 2: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

IntroductionIntroduction

The bull is half of the herd, it is extremely essential to The bull is half of the herd, it is extremely essential to have a careful selection of bull for breeding purpose have a careful selection of bull for breeding purpose

The success of AI depends on the collection of a large The success of AI depends on the collection of a large number of potentially fertile spermatozoa from a number of potentially fertile spermatozoa from a genetically superior siregenetically superior sire

Most bulls produce sufficient semen to provide Most bulls produce sufficient semen to provide enough sperm for 40,000 breeding units in one yearenough sperm for 40,000 breeding units in one year

Page 3: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

Semen evaluation, processing and Storage

Good Quality Semen

Bull

Selection

The facets of successful AI program

Inseminator

Reproductive

Performance

VET SERVICE• General health• PD • Prenatal care• Postnatal care

VIALBLE CALF

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Page 4: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

Factors affecting success of AI serviceFactors affecting success of AI service

Artificial insemination is affected byArtificial insemination is affected by1.1. The breeding bullThe breeding bull

Performance of the bull; a Performance of the bull; a prelude to the acquisition prelude to the acquisition of quality semenof quality semen

Collection, storage, processing and transport of semenCollection, storage, processing and transport of semen

2.2. The breeding femaleThe breeding femaleReproductive performance; estrus Reproductive performance; estrus manifestation/detection, conception/fertility rates manifestation/detection, conception/fertility rates

Insemination technique; the site of semen deposition, Insemination technique; the site of semen deposition, the time of insemnationthe time of insemnation

Page 5: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

3. Other factors3. Other factors

Presence of appropriate breeding policy along with Presence of appropriate breeding policy along with proper control of indiscriminate crossbreeding proper control of indiscriminate crossbreeding

Efficiency of AI technicians along with capacity and Efficiency of AI technicians along with capacity and commitment of AI centers commitment of AI centers

Financial conditions and administrative mattersFinancial conditions and administrative matters

Factors affecting success of AI serviceFactors affecting success of AI service

Page 6: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

AI status in EthiopiaAI status in Ethiopia

Around 99.4% of cattle are indigenous breeds with very few Around 99.4% of cattle are indigenous breeds with very few hybrids (0.5%), and exotic (0.1% )hybrids (0.5%), and exotic (0.1% )

Out of the total female cattle population (55.4%), only 151,344 Out of the total female cattle population (55.4%), only 151,344 (0.35%) and 19,263 (0.04%) heads are hybrid and exotic (0.35%) and 19,263 (0.04%) heads are hybrid and exotic breeds, respectivelybreeds, respectively

AI coverage is from <2% in Africa to just over 12% in Asia and AI coverage is from <2% in Africa to just over 12% in Asia and near east. In Ethiopia, NA, but would be <1% even if all exotic near east. In Ethiopia, NA, but would be <1% even if all exotic and crosses are inseminatedand crosses are inseminated

This suggests that the total number of both exotic and hybrid This suggests that the total number of both exotic and hybrid female cattle produced through the cross breeding program female cattle produced through the cross breeding program during the past several decades is quite insignificantduring the past several decades is quite insignificant

Page 7: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

A total of A total of 791791 artificial technicians were trained until 2005/06 artificial technicians were trained until 2005/06 (1:215 exotic and cross cows) (Gebremedhin, 2008)(1:215 exotic and cross cows) (Gebremedhin, 2008)

Although AI has been in operation in Ethiopia for over 30 years, Although AI has been in operation in Ethiopia for over 30 years, the efficiency and impact of the operation has not been well-the efficiency and impact of the operation has not been well-documenteddocumented

It is widely believed that the AI service in Ethiopia has not been It is widely believed that the AI service in Ethiopia has not been successful (Sinishaw, 2004), it is weak and even declining due to successful (Sinishaw, 2004), it is weak and even declining due to inconsistent service in the smallholder livestock production inconsistent service in the smallholder livestock production systems (Dekeba systems (Dekeba et alet al., 2006)., 2006)

Cattle breeding is mostly uncontrolled in Ethiopia making Cattle breeding is mostly uncontrolled in Ethiopia making genetic improvement difficult and an appropriate bull selection genetic improvement difficult and an appropriate bull selection criteria have not yet been established, applied and controlled criteria have not yet been established, applied and controlled (Tegegne (Tegegne et alet al. 1995). 1995)

AI status in Ethiopia cont…AI status in Ethiopia cont…

Page 8: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

93% dissatisfaction by users, (Gebremedhin, 2008)93% dissatisfaction by users, (Gebremedhin, 2008)

The most important constraints associated with AI in The most important constraints associated with AI in Ethiopia lie: Ethiopia lie: – At the level of selection of a breeding animalAt the level of selection of a breeding animal

Lack of breeding policyLack of breeding policy

selection is principally made from only one farm selection is principally made from only one farm (Holeta BDF)(Holeta BDF)

Lack of regular monitoring of bulls for reproductive Lack of regular monitoring of bulls for reproductive diseases and performancediseases and performanceAbsence of herd registration and recoding systemAbsence of herd registration and recoding system

AI status in Ethiopia cont…AI status in Ethiopia cont…

Page 9: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

– At the level of semen production At the level of semen production Technical, financial and managerialTechnical, financial and managerial

– At the level of monitoring and networking of the At the level of monitoring and networking of the serviceservice

Lack of structural linkage between AI Center and Lack of structural linkage between AI Center and service giving unitsservice giving units

Absence of collaboration and regular communication Absence of collaboration and regular communication between NAIC and stakeholdersbetween NAIC and stakeholders

Inadequate resource in terms of inputs and facilities Inadequate resource in terms of inputs and facilities

AI status in Ethiopia cont…AI status in Ethiopia cont…

Page 10: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

The efficiency of the service is very low due toThe efficiency of the service is very low due to

– Lack of proper breeding policy or structured Lack of proper breeding policy or structured guideline for recruiting semen-producing bullsguideline for recruiting semen-producing bulls

Lack of functionally effective responsible bodies to Lack of functionally effective responsible bodies to coordinate and regulate the AI services and no proper coordinate and regulate the AI services and no proper mechanisms of controlling indiscriminate  insemination mechanisms of controlling indiscriminate  insemination /breeding/breeding

Wrong selection leading to poor genetic improvementWrong selection leading to poor genetic improvement

Absence of policy that guides the distribution of semen in Absence of policy that guides the distribution of semen in the country leading to the circulation of unknown genethe country leading to the circulation of unknown gene

AI status in Ethiopia ….. Ada’a caseAI status in Ethiopia ….. Ada’a case

Page 11: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

– Poor heat detection/inseminationPoor heat detection/insemination

Estrus detection is difficult owing to poorly expressed Estrus detection is difficult owing to poorly expressed estrus for different reasons including breed, nutrition, estrus for different reasons including breed, nutrition, disease, climate etcdisease, climate etc

Improper timing of inseminationImproper timing of insemination

– Absence of service on weekends and holidays, Absence of service on weekends and holidays, shortage of AI technicians, shortage of inputs. shortage of AI technicians, shortage of inputs. Therefore, estrus pass without breeding (few would Therefore, estrus pass without breeding (few would resort to natural service)resort to natural service)

AI status in Ethiopia ….. Ada’a caseAI status in Ethiopia ….. Ada’a case

Page 12: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

– Managerial problems such as Managerial problems such as

Absence of legal framework for regulation of AI service – Absence of legal framework for regulation of AI service – importation and distribution of semenimportation and distribution of semen

Poor infrastructure – for storage, handling, and transportationPoor infrastructure – for storage, handling, and transportation

Financial constraints – low cost of semen and AI serviceFinancial constraints – low cost of semen and AI service

In some places, it was observed that farmers trek their cows for In some places, it was observed that farmers trek their cows for long distance in search of AI service. This is happening in many long distance in search of AI service. This is happening in many areas and the reason is AI technicians are unable to get transport areas and the reason is AI technicians are unable to get transport facilities like motor bicycles, fuel, etcfacilities like motor bicycles, fuel, etc

Absence of appropriate collaboration and communication between Absence of appropriate collaboration and communication between the NAIC, regional agriculture bureaus and other stakeholders the NAIC, regional agriculture bureaus and other stakeholders

AI status in Ethiopia ….. Ada’a caseAI status in Ethiopia ….. Ada’a case

Page 13: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

Absence of recording system, inefficient management at Absence of recording system, inefficient management at national level and lack of clearly defined share of national level and lack of clearly defined share of responsibilities among stakeholdersresponsibilities among stakeholders

Lack of integration of AI service with livestock health Lack of integration of AI service with livestock health and feed packagesand feed packages

Presence of wide spread indiscriminate insemination Presence of wide spread indiscriminate insemination

AI status in EthiopiaAI status in Ethiopia ….. ….. ADEA’S CASEADEA’S CASE

Page 14: Artificial Insemination and Veterinary Services in Ethiopia: Ada’a Case

– Poor motivations and skills of inseminators Poor motivations and skills of inseminators (GebreMedhin, 2005(GebreMedhin, 2005

Technical know-how of AI technicians because of lack Technical know-how of AI technicians because of lack of on job trainingof on job training

Lack of motivation and commitment hence inconsistent Lack of motivation and commitment hence inconsistent AI service deliveryAI service delivery

Lack of support and readily available inputs such as Lack of support and readily available inputs such as liquid nitrogen liquid nitrogen

AI status in Ethiopia ….. Ada’a caseAI status in Ethiopia ….. Ada’a case