art 23 palanivel - horia hulubei · for the mineral characterization of potteries and to know the...

SPECTROSCOPY

THERMAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT POTTERIES

R. PALANIVEL, U. RAJESH KUMAR

Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu –608002, E-mail: [email protected]

Received July 22, 2009

The present work is focused on the characterization study of ancient pottery shreds excavated recently from Sembiankandiyur in India. The study is intended to identify the firing temperature, firing conditions and morphology of the ancient pottery samples. The samples were analyzed using FTIR, XRD and TG-DTA. FTIR and XRD studies were used in mineralogical characterization of potteries. The firing temperature and conditions were interpreted by studying the difference in mineral composition in the samples using FTIR and XRD. TG-DTA is considered the complementary technique to elucidate the firing temperature from the thermal characteristic reactions such as dehydration, decomposition and transformations of minerals in the course of controlled firing of the samples. The results showed that all the samples fired in a oxidizing condition and firing temperature also inferred.

Key words: Artifacts, Firing temperature, FTIR, Mineral transformation, Pottery shred, TG-DTA and XRD.

1. INTRODUCTION

Potteries are the most abundant findings among the archeological artifacts. Pottery analysis reveals information regarding the daily life and cultural aspects of the society of the ancient period [1]. Potteries were made from clay as raw material. In addition the nature and quality of the potteries depend on the firing temperature, firing atmosphere or kiln condition and the technical skill of potters. The technical skills of the ancient potters have been the subject of active research for gaining a deep insight of forgone culture [2].

The scientific investigation greatly contributes the archeology providing definite and undoubted data about materials, production techniques of potteries to solve the attributed questions. The identification of firing minerals is an essential requirement for the elucidation of firing temperature of potteries. The knowledge of firing temperature and condition of firing gives us better understanding of the civilization that created potteries and provides us the information for conservation and restoration techniques [3]. A thermal transformation in constituent mineral of clay is considered irreversible. The change in the mineral composition will be observed only if the shred fired above its original temperature applied by the potter.

Rom. Journ. Phys., Vol. 56, Nos. 1–2, P. 195–208, Bucharest, 2011

R. Palanivel, U. Rajesh Kumar 2

196

This is the key factor for the investigation of ancient potteries [4]. By analyzing the mineral trapped in the sample one can elucidate its firing temperature. Using spectroscopic technique one can search back the composition and processing which were applied during production time.

FTIR spectroscopy is considered to be an important tool to analyze the clay minerals and mineral transformation due to thermal effects. Infrared spectra of archeological artifacts reveal the type of clay and temperature of firing [5]. To identify the firing temperature the IR spectra of pottery shreds in the received state (ARS) were compared with the spectra of the refired shreds correspondingly.

X-ray power diffraction is certainly one of the most suitable analytical tool for the mineral characterization of potteries and to know the composition of the crystallographic phases which are related to their provenance [6–8]. The minerals hematite, calcite, kaolinite, feldspar are unambiguously characterized by diffract-tograms. To understand the firing process adopted and the firing temperature achieved, it become necessary to investigate thoroughly the characteristic features of thermally induced mineral transformation, such as destruction and transformation of firing minerals upon firing [9, 10].

Thermal analysis is an adequate tool for analyzing ancient pottery, it allows one to control the process of firing and record variations due to the thermal process simultaneously [11]. DTA curves enable detection of exo and endothermic peaks due to the effects of gain/loss of enthalpy occurring the sample when undergoing controlled heating. Thermal analysis in conjunction with FTIR and XRD provide information for the estimation of original firing temperature of the ancient pottery [12].

2. EXCAVATION SITE

The excavation site Sembiankandiyur is located in the Nagappatinum District between northern latitude 11.0851 deg and eastern longitude 79.8545 deg, Tamilnadu, India. An archeological excavation was performed under the superintendence of state Archeology Department, Tamilnadu in May 2008 [13]. Numerous shreds of potteries and ceramics with different size and style were recovered in a trench of dimension 4 by 4 meter and depth of 1.6 m from the surface of the site location. The artifacts recovered were treated conventionally for removing the dirt and stain and categorized. Fifteen samples were selected at random with the courtesy of State Archeology Department, Tamilnadu. Out of fifteen three shreds were taken as representative samples for the present study by designating them arbitrarily as SKM 1, SKM 2 and SKM 3 respectively. The geographical location of the excavation site is given in Fig. 1.

3 Thermal and spectroscopic analysis of ancient potteries 197

Fig.1. Geographical map of the excavation site, Sembiankandiyur.

Fig. 2. Photograph of samples.

3. VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAMPLES

The macroscopic view of specimens named as SKM 1, SKM 2 and SKM 3 are shown in Fig. 2. The shreds are appearing distinctly to each other. The three samples are different in color, glaze and dimension. The pot shred SKM 1 is thick walled red coarse ware, probably hand made due to the finger lines on the surface. The fractured cross section of the shred SKM 1 revealed variations in colors. The margins are red and sandwiching grey core. The sample SKM 2 is red glazed ware, polished on both inner and outer surfaces. The samples SKM 3 is a polished red colored shred.


198

4. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

4.1. FTIR SPECTROMETRY

The infrared spectra were recorded in the mid IR region 400–4000cm–1 using PERKIN ELMER FTIR interferometer in Centralized Instrumentation Sophisticated Laboratory, Annamali University equipped with Glober source. The KBr pressed pellet technique was used to record the spectrum. The crushed samples were grounded before making the KBr pellet. The samples were mixed with KBr in the proportion of 1: 20 and pressed to 5 tones for one minute in preparing the disc. The accuracy of the measurement is ± 4 in 4000 to 2000 cm–1 region and ± 2 in 2000 to 400 cm–1

region.

4.2. X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY

To identify the different mineral phases in the samples, X-ray diffractograms for the shreds in the powered form recorded using PAN ALYTICAL XPERT-PRO equipped with PW 3050/60 Goniometer in the research lab of Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India by operating at 30 kV and 20 mA with CuKα radiation of λ = 1.5405 A0. Diffractogram patterns were obtained by continuous scanning from 10.027 to 79.9251 of 20.

4.3. THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS

The thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTA) was carried out in SDT Q 600 V. 8.3 Thermal Analyzer with thermal advantage software in Central Electro Chemical Research Laboratory, Karaikudi, India. The experiment was carried out by heating the sample from room temperature to 1200°C in steps of 10°C min–1 with flow of high purity Argon.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1. FTIR ANALYSIS

The FTIR spectrum of SKM 1, SKM 2 and SKM 1 are shown in the Figs. 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The FT-IR vibrational assignments of received state and refired samples are given in the Table 1. Palanivel and Velraj have stated in their study that the absorption band at 1629 cm–1 is due to the H-O-H bending of water molecule [14]. A medium absorption band appearing at 1632 cm–1 is due to H-O-H bending of water exists in all the refired samples owing to the absorption of moisture present in the sample. The presence of wollasonitie was observed in SKM 2 and SKM 3 with strong intensity peak at 1085 cm–1 [15, 16]. Where as such a band is not present in the shred SKM 1.


It was reported that the band around 1034 cm–1 due to red clay origin of kaolinite [14]. The samples SKM 1 showed the peak centered at 1040 cm–1 with the strong intensity indicating the red clay origin of kaolinite used in the making of potteries and this peak was absent in SKM 2 and SKM 3. The appearance of absorption band at 795 cm–1 and 695 cm–1 in all samples of the study indicates the presence of quartz as reported by the author [14]. Kieffer stated that the absorption band appearing at 668 cm–1 is due to the presence of anorthite [17]. The shred SKM 1 showed the weak intensity peak at 668 cm–1 relevant to anorthite and thereby affirming the absence of anorthite in SKM 2 and SKM 3 respectively.

Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of SKM 1 in received and refired states.



200


Table 1 Infrared vibrational assignment of with relative intensity of artifacts

Refired samples °C ARS 200 400 600 800 Shreds

Absorptions (cm–1)

Tentative Vibrational assignment

3422 S 3445 W 3410 W 3419 W 3419 W O-H stretching 1647 W 1647 W 1645 VW 1633 VW 1629 VW H-O-H bending of water 1040 VS 1038 VS 1045 VS 1054 VS 1085 VS Kaolinite 795 W 778 W 796 W 795 W 795 W Si-O quartz 778 W 778 W 778 W 778 W 778 W Si-O quartz 694 VW 694 VW 695 VW 694VW 694 VW Si-O quartz 668 VW 668 VW 668 VW – 668 VW Anorthite 639 VW 640 VW 642 VW 642 VW 639 VW Si-O-Si bending gehelanite 581 VW – 582 VW 584 VW 585 VW Fe-O of magnetite 535 VW 534VW 535 VW 534 VW 535 VW Fe-O of hematite 517 VW 517 VW 510 VW – – Fe-O of hematite

SKM 1

465 S 467 S 463 S 464 S 464 S Microcline 3421 W 3421 W 3421 W 3421 VW 3392 VW O-H stretching 1639 VW 1645 VW 1640 VW 1640 VW 1636 VW H-O-H bending of water 1085 VS 1086 VS 1087 VS 1084 VS 1084 VS Wollasonite 796 W 796 W 796 M 796 M 795 W Quartz 778 W 778 W 778 M 778 M 779 W Quartz 696 VW 696 VW 696 VW 696 VW 701 VW Si-O-Si bending gehelanite 583 VW 585 VW 585 VW 584 VW 585 VW Fe-O of magnetite 535 VW 534 VW 534 VW 535 VW 536 VW Fe-O of hematite

SKM 2

464 M 465 M 463 M 463 M 463 VW Microcline


Table 1 (continue) 3421 W 3421 W 3421 W 3421 W 3421 W O-H stretching 1639 VW 1645 VW 1640 VW 1640 VW 1636 VW H-OH bending of water 1085 VS 1086 VS 1087 VS 1085 VS 1085 VS Wollasonite 796 W 796 W 796 W 796 W 795 W Si-O quartz 778 W 778 W 778 W 778 W 778 W Si-O quartz 696 VW 696 VW 696 VW 696 VW 701 VW Si-O-Si bending gehelanite 583VW 584 VW 584 VW 585 VW 586 VW Fe-O of magnetite

SKM 3

464 M 465 M 463 M 463 M 463 M Microcline

ARS – As Received State, VS – Very Strong, S – Strong, M – Medium, W – Weak, VW – Very Weak.

Velraj et al. in their study stated that the presence of absorption band around 580 and 540 cm–1 is due to magnetite and hematite respectively [18,19]. The absorption band at 581 cm–1 and 535 cm–1 in SKM 1, 583 cm–1 and 535 cm–1 in SKM 2 and 583 cm–1 SKM 3 is attributed to the presence of magnetite and hematite respectively. Hematite was absent in SKM 3. The formations of these two minerals depend on the firing atmosphere prevalent at the time of manufacture. The presence of low intensity peak of due to magnetite refers the transformation of Fe3O4 to Fe2O3

during the firing process. The appearance of absorption peak at 535 cm–1 in all samples at 200°C implying that the potteries were fired in an oxidizing condition [18, 19]. This indicates that the artisans of Sembiankandiyur were well aware of technique of firing the potteries in an oxidizing atmosphere. The presence of absorption band in all samples around 465 cm–1 is due to the presence of microcline, as reported by the studies carried out by the earlier studies of similar nature by Farmer [16, 20].

5.1.1. The Firing Temperature of Potteries

According to Ahlem Chakchouk et al. and Shoval the decomposition of kaolinite and formation of meta kaolinite occurs around 500 to 650°C [21, 22]. The appearance of kaolinite in SKM 1 suggests that the firing temperature was not high enough to complete the decomposition of this mineral indicating that the firing did not exceed 650°C. Ramaswamy and Kamalakannan have stated that the IR absorption band at 915 cm–1 is due to Al(OH) vibrations in octahedral sheet structure which begins to disappear at the temperature 500°C [23]. But in all the samples chosen for the study have no such band. It is indication that all the samples were fired above 500°C. Therefore, the pottery SKM 1 could have been fired between 500 to 650°C.

The samples SKM 2 and SKM 3 showed similar mineral composition with absorption peaks relevant to wollasonite, magnetite, muscovite, gehelanite and microcline. According to Shoval the firing temperature 800ºC is sufficient to decompose the calcite [22]. Lara et al. in their study stated that the magnetite is


202

formed at a temperature 800–850ºC [24]. According to Barilaro et al. wollasonite orginate from chemical reaction between quartz and carbonates when the temperature reaches 900ºC [25]. The presence of magnetite, wollasonite and the absence of calcite in SKM 1 and SKM 2 indicates that the samples was fired above 800ºC. De Bendetto et al. in their study stated that the muscovite is stable up to temperature 950°C depend upon experimental condition [26]. The presence of muscovite in the samples SKM 2 and SKM 3 indicates that the firing temperature of the pottery did not exceed 950°C. So, the samples SKM 2 and SKM 3 might be fired between 800 to 950°C.

5.2. XRD ANALYSIS

XRD analysis was carried out to complement the FTIR vibrational assignment in order to elucidate the firing temperature achieved by the ancient artisans. The diffractograms of the samples SKM 1, SKM 2 and SKM 3 are shown in Fig. 6 and the mineral phases identified by XRD are shown in the Table 2. The minerals quartz and feldspar were virtually present in all samples. Quartz diffraction peaks are intense in all the samples. Iordanidir et al have stated in their analytical study of ancient pottery that feldspar decompose at 900–950°C completely [27]. The presences of feldspar in all the samples indicate that all the samples were fired below 900°C. The presence of kaolinite was observed only in shred SKM 1 with low intensity peak. The similar mineral composition was observed in SKM 1 and SKM 2. The presence of magnetite was observed in SKM 2 and SKM 3. The presence of kaolinite, magnetite and hematite in all the samples were evidenced by FTIR. It has been reported by Schwertmamn et al that hematite is one of the most intense coloring material and only 1–1.5% of hematite is enough to give reddish color to the pottery [28]. The reddish color observed in samples SKM 1 and SKM 2 might be due to the presence of hematite.

Table 2 Mineral phases obtained by XRD analysis

Minerals SKM 1 SKM 2 SKM 3 Quartz

Muscovite Anorthite Hematite Feldspar Kaolinite Magnetite

+ + + + + + –

+ + + + + – +

+ – – – + – +

+ = Present, – = Absent.


Fig. 6. Diffractogram of the samples SKM 1, SKM 2 and SKM 3.

5.3. TG-DTA ANALYSIS

The TG-DTA curves are shown in Fig. 7 for the samples SKM 1, SKM 2 and SKM 3. DTA curves of three samples show different endothermic and exothermic peaks at different temperatures. According to Clark et al. and Moropoulou et al., the endothermic peak around 100 to 200°C is due to the moisture water [12, 29]. In SKM 2, from room temperature to 250°C a endothermic peak was observed, in the case of SKM 1 and SKM 3 a exothermic peak was observed, but a endothermic


204

effect was observed due to water. Broad exothermic peak in the range of 205–500°C in SKM 2 is due to the combustion of organic material and this peak was not present in SKM 1 and SKM 3, indicating the potteries SKM 2 only have organic material in it. [12] The organic material might be added intestinally as a binder in the preparation of pottery or the raw material itself contained organic material [29].

Fig. 7. The TG-DTA curves of the samples SKM 1, SKM 2 and SKM 3.


Table 3 Weight losses from thermogravimetric curves of the samples

Weight loss Sample

Dehydration (room

temperature to 200°C)

Decomposition of hydroxyls

(400–650°C)

Decomposition of calcite

(700–800°C)

Intense weight loss

Total weight loss

SKM 1 5.63% 1.11% 0.2% (50–495°C) – 8.78% 13.58% SKM 2 1.38% 1.31% 0.11% (50–650°C) – 8.8% 11.65% SKM 3 8.69% 1.85% 0% (50–500°C)– 15.96% 18.05%

Ahlem chakchouk et al. and Mohamed Hajjaji et al. stated in their study that the endothermic peak at 450 to 650°C is due to the dehydroxylation of kaolanite [29, 30]. In SKM 1 the presence of kaolinite is well evidenced by endotherm at around 453–650°C. The presence of this characteristic thermic peak indicates that the kaolanite mineral survived the firing process applied by the ancient potter. According to Foss Leach et al. the presence of dehydroxylation of kaolanite peak indicates that the pottery has not been fired above this temperature [12]. Therefore, the shred SKM 1 would have been fired around 450–650°C and the absence of this endothermic peak in SKM 2 and SKM 3 indicates that these to shreds were fired above this temperature. The similar result was observed in FTIR and XRD studies.

A broad endotherm around 1000 to 1500°C was virtually present in all samples. The similar peak was observed in the study done by Aura Krapakityte et al. and they interpreted that the endothermic peak around 1150°C indicates the presence of crystalline phase, which undergo polymeric transformation around this temperature [31]. According to Clark et al. the absence of exothermic peak between 900–1000°C indicates that the pottery had not been fired above this temperature [12]. None of the samples taken for the study showed exothermic in this region, indicating all the samples fired at 900°C or below. We have already discussed the firing temperature of SKM 1, but in the case of SKM 2 and SKM 3 the absence of dehydroxylation of kaolinte peak and exothermic peak at 900°C indicates that these two samples would have been fired between 650 to 900°C. The similar result for firing temperature is observed in FTIR study.

The weight loss of the pottery in thermogravimetric can be explained in three steps based on the work done by Drebushchak et al. [11].

1. The dehydration (Room temperature to 100°C) 2. Decomposition of hydroxyls (400–500°C) 3. Decomposition of carbonates, mainly calcite (700–800°C). Data on the thermal decomposition of three samples are summarized in Table 3.

The mass loss on intervals changes irregularly, indicating that the clays in shreds range in property. All shreds showed larger mass loss at dehydration, the less is at dehydroxylation. The shreds SKM 1, SKM 2 and SKM 3 showed weight loss due


206

to water 5.63%, 1.83% and 8.69% respectively. All three shreds taken for the study showed same amount of weight loss due decomposition of hydroxyls. None of the sample showed weight loss due to decomposition of calcite, which occurs 700 to 800°C indicating calcite was absent in all the samples. The similar result was observed in XRD also.

The shred SKM 1 showed intense gradual weight loss from 50 to 495°C, the weight loss in this region is 13.58% and it is due to loss of moisture water and loss of water from iron hydroxyls, which identified through the endothermic peak in DTA appeared between 150 to 350°C [29]. The total weight loss in SKM 1 up to 1200°C is 13.58%.

The higher weight loss observed in SKM 2 is between 50 to 650°C. This weight loss due to dehydration and combustion of organic materials. The weight loss due to organic material alone is 3.80% observed in DTA curve. The total weight loss through out the experiment is 11.65%. In shred SKM 3 the total weight loss is 18.05%, the most of the weight loss is occurred in-between 50–500°C of about 15.96%. No significant endo of exothermic peak was observed in this region.

6. CONCLUSION

Ancient pottery samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD and TG-DTA. The results obtained from different complimentary analytical techniques were showed good agreement with one another. The FTIR results showed that samples were fired in an oxidizing condition. From FTIR and TG-DTA analysis, it is inferred that the samples SKM 1 was fired between 500 to 750°C and the shreds SKM 2 and SKM 3 were fired between 850 to 950°C. Thermal analysis results showed larger mass loss at dehydration then the dehydroxylation and the organic material used in making of pottery SKM 2.

Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank The State Archeology Department, Tamilnadu, India for providing the pottery samples. We are grateful to Dr. A.N. Kannappan, The Head, Department of Physics, Annamalai University for his constant support and allowing us to record FTIR in CISL, Annamalai University. Dr. C. Sanjeeviraja, The Head, School of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi is gratefully acknowledged for permitting to record XRD spectrum. We thank The Director, CECRI, Karaikudi for allowing to record TG-DTA in his laboratory.

REFERENCES

1. Algimantas Merkevicius, Peter Bezdicka, Remigijus Juskenas, Jonas Kiuberis, Jurate Senvaitiene, Irma Pakutinskiene and Arvaras Kareiva, XRD and SEM characterization of archeological findings excavated in Lithuania, Chemija 18, 36–39, 2007.

2. Bhatnaga. J.M. and Geol R.K., Thermal change in clay products from Alluvial deposits of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, International Journal of Construction and Building Materials (UK), 16, 113, 2002.


3. Wagner U., Gebhard R., Hausler W., Hutzelmenn T., Reiderer J., Shimada I., Sosa J. and Wagner F.E., Reducing firing of an early pottery making kiln at Batan Grande, Peru: A Mossbauer study, Hyperfine Interactions, 122, 163, 1999.

4. Manoharan C., Venkatachalapathy R., Dnapandian S. and Deenadayalan K., FTIR and Mossbauer spectroscopy applied to study of archeological artifacts from Maligaimedu, Tamilnadu, India, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, 45, 860–86, 2007.

5. Ciancio A., Dell Anna A., Laviano R. Indagini, Chimico-mineralogiche su ceramica a pasta grigia proveniente dalla Puglia centrale, Ceramica Romana e Archeometria: Lo Stato Degli Studi, Edi all Insegna del Giglio, Firenze, 1994, 353–375.

6. Rapp Jr. G., The provenance of artificial raw materials, in: Gifford (Eds), Archeological Geology, Yale University Press, New Haven (1985) 353–375.

7. Bishop. R. L, Rands. R. L and Holley. G. R, Ceramic compositional analysis in archeological perspective, in: Schiffer. M. B (Ed), Advances in archeological method and theory, Academic Press, New York, 5 275–330, 1982.

8. Corina Ionescu, Lucretia Ghergari, Marius Horga and Gabriela Radulescu, Early medieval ceramics from the Viile Tecii Archeological site (Romania): an optical and XRD study, Studia Universitiatis Babes-Bolyai, Geologia, 52 29–35, 2007.

9. Froh J., Archeological ceramics studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Hyperfine Interactions 154, 159–176, 2004.

10. London Bellavia, Archeological excavation of ancient Roman pottery from Palazzaccio, Italy, and analysis by Mossbauer Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction, Proceedings of the National Conference on undergraduate research (NCUR), The University of Carolina at Asheville, North Carolina, April 6–8, 2123–2128, 2006.

11. Drebushchak V.A., Mylnikova L.N., Drebushchak T.N. and Boldyrev V.V., The investigations of ancient pottery, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 82, 617–626, 2005.

12. Clark G., Leach B.F. and O’Conner S/ (Ed)., Islands of inquiry: Colonization, Seafaring and the Archeology of Maritime Landscape papers in honor of Atholl Anderson, Terra Australia, Australian National university press, 435–452, 2008.

13. The Hindu (Daily Magazine), From Indus Valley to coastal Tamil Nadu, May 03, 2008. 14. Palanivel R. and Velraj G., FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopic studies of fired clay artifacts

recently excavated in Tamilnadu, India, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics 45, 501–508, 2007.

15. Dowty E., Vibrational interaction of tetrahedral in silicate glasses and crystals: II. Calculsion on melilites, piroxenes, silica polymorphs and feldspars, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14, 122–138, 1987.

16. Rutstein M.S., White W.B., Vibrational spectra of high- calcium pyroxenes and piorozxenoides, American mineral, 56, 877–887, 1971.

17. Kieffer S.W., Thermodynamics and lattice vibrations of minerals: 2. Vibrational characteristics of silicates, Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics. 17, 20–34, 1979.

18. Velraj G., Janaki K., Mohamed Musthafa A. and Palnivel R., Spectroscopic and porosimetry studies to estimate the firing temperature of some archeological pottery shreds from India, Applied clay Science 43 (3–4), 303–307, 2009.

19. Velraj G., Janaki K., Mohamed Musthafa A. and Palnivel R., Estimation of firing temperature of some archeological pottery shreds excavated recently in Tamilnadu, India, Spectrachemica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Bimolecular Spectroscopy, 72(4), 730–733, 2009.

20. Farmer V.C., Infrared spectra of minerals, Mineralogical Society, London, 1974. 21. Ahlem Chakchouk, Lotfi Trifi, Basma Samet and Samir Bouaziz, Formulation of blended cement:

Effect of process variables on clay pozzolanic activity, Construction and Building Materials 23, 1365–1373, 2009.

22. Shoval S., Using FTIR spectroscopy for study of calcareous ancient ceramics, Optical Materials 24, 117–122, 2003.


208

23. Ramasamy K. and Kamalakannan M., Indian Journal Of Pure and Applied Physics 25, 284–286, 1987.

24. Lara Martin, Claudio Mazzoli, Luca Nodari, Umberto Russo, Second Iron Age grey pottery from Este (Northern Italy): Study of provenance and technology, Applied Clay Science 29, 31–44, 2005.

25. Barilaro D., Barone G., Crupi V., Majolino D., Mazzoleni P., Tigano G., Venuti V., FTIR absorbance spectroscopy to study Sicilian “proto-majolica” pottery, Vibrational Spectroscopy 48, 269–275, 2008.

26. De Benedetto G.E., Laviano R., Sabbatini L. and Zambonin P.G., Infrared spectroscopy in the mineralogical characterization of ancient pottery, Journal of Cultural Heritage 3, 177–186, 2002.

27. Iordanidis A., Garcia Guinea J. and Karamitrou Mentessidi G., Analytical Study of Ancient Pottery from the Archeological Site of Aiani, Northern Greece, Materials Characterization, 60 (4), 292–302, 2009.

28. Schwertmann U., in: Bigham. J.M., Ciokosz E.J. (Eds), Soil Color, Soil Society of American Special Publication, Madison, Wiscons, 31, 51, 1993.

29. Moropoulou A., Bakolas A. and Bisbikou K., Thermal analysis as a method of characterizing ancient ceramic technologies, Thermochemica Acta 2570, 743–753, 1995.

30. Mohamed Hajjaji, Salah Kacim, Mohamed Boulmane, Mineralogy and firing characteristics of a clay from the valley of Ourika, Applied Clay Science 21, 203–212, 2002.

31. Ausra Krapukaityte, Stasys Tautkus, Aivatas Kareiva, Elena Zelickiene, Thermal Analysis – A Powerful Too for the Characterization of Pottery, Chemija, 19 4–8, 2008.

art 23 palanivel - horia hulubei · for the mineral characterization of potteries and to know the...

Documents