IMPRESSIONISM AND POST-IMPRESSIONISM

19th century(1800-1900)

Neoclassism

1765-1830

draws inspiration from the "classical" art and

culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient

Rome.

based on the principles of simplicity and symmetry, which were seen as virtues of the arts of Rome and Ancient Greece

Romanticism

1800-1850

Exalts emotion and nature

Sublime over rationalism and

classicism

Realism

1840-1880s

Focuses on modern subjects

Lives of the lower class

Neoclassicism

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. The Apotheosis of Homer. 1827

Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784

Nicolas Poussin, Et in Arcadia Ego, 1637-38

Romanticism

Emanuel Leutze, Washington Crossing the Delaware, 1851

Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 1830

Frederic Edwin Church, Twilight in the Wilderness. 1860

Realism• Realism is recognized as the first

modern movement in art, which rejected traditional forms of art

• Realism is broadly considered the beginning of modern art.

• Literally, this is due to its conviction that everyday life and the modern world were suitable subjects for art.

• Realism was the first explicitly anti-institutional, nonconformist art movement

Thomas Eakins. The Gross Clinic (1875)

Gustave Courbet. The Stone Breakers. 1849-50

Jean-Francois Millet. The Gleaners. 1857

Edouard Manet. Le déjeuner sur l'herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) 1862-63

Artists & Apprenticeships

Historically, artists have traditionally been produced through the Artist and Apprenticeship system.

Children are sent to work with a master and train until they become of a master level.

The 18th and 19th centuries saw the creation of Art Academies.

Artists were then trained in schools that specialized in the arts.

Academies specialized in classical training of artists and discouraged outside ideas.

1874Salon de Paris

• A group of painters who had been denied the right to show at the Salon of 1873 organized an independent exhibition of their work

• These artists- opposed all academic doctrines of art and art institutions

• They wanted to portray contemporary life

• They took their canvases outdoors to paint “impressions” of what the eye actually sees, rather than what the mind knows or interprets from a scene.

• We usually generalize what we think we see from the most obvious fragments

• A river may become a uniform blue-green in our mind, whereas direct, unconditioned seeing shows a rich diversity of colors.

Impressionists1872-92

• Landscape and ordinary scenes painted outdoors in varied atmospheric conditions, seasons, and times of day were among the main subjects of these artists.

• Monet took his easel to the St-Lazare railroad station in Paris and painted a series of works in the train shed.

• Rather than focus on the human drama of arrival and departure, he was fascinated by the play of light amid the steam of the locomotives and the clouds glimpsed through the glass roof

• Closely related to theory of relatively

• Paintings made quickly- traditionally sketches

Claude Monet. Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare St.-Lazare. 1877

Key Ideas• art that did not necessarily rely on

realistic depictions.

• sought to capture the optical effects of light - to convey the passage of time, changes in weather, and other shifts in the atmosphere in their canvases.

• The Impressionists loosened their brushwork and lightened their palettes to include pure, intense colors.

• Impressionism records renovation of Paris which railway stations; wide, tree-lined boulevards; and large, deluxe apartment buildings.

• Often focusing on scenes of public leisure - especially scenes of cafes and cabarets

Impressionism1872-92

Landscape and ordinary scenes painted outdoors in varied atmospheric conditions, seasons, and times of day were among the main subjects of these artists.

Impressionists: were called this term by an art critic who objected to the sketchy quality of their paintings.

This term also comes directly from Monet’s version of Impression: Sunrise. Considered the first Impressionist painting.

Although intended to be derogatory, the artists adopted the term a fitting description of their work.

Claude Monet. Impression: Sunrise. 1872Claude Monet. Impression Sunrise. 1872. France

Impressionism1872-92

• direct observation + studies in physics

• the Impressionists learned that we see light as a complex of reflections received by the eye and reassembled by the mind during the process of perception.

• They used small dabs of color that appear merely as separate strokes of paint when seen close up, yet become lively depictions of subjects when seen at a distance.

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

1841-1919• Popular Impressionist theme:

contemporary middle-class people enjoying outdoor leisure activities

• The Industrial Revolution had created an urban middle class with leisure, respect for the new technology, and taste for fashion, and the Impressionists chronicled their lives.

• Renoir more interested in human drama Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Le Moulin de la Galette. 1876

Edgar Degas1834-1917

• Considered a father of Impressionism

• Degas most famous for ballerinas

• more than half of his works depict dancers

• Depicted ballet classes in ways that showed their unglamorous character

• Depicts visual tension

• Masterly in depicting movement, as can be seen in his renditions of dancers, racecourse subjects and female nudes.

Edgar Degas. The Ballet Class. 1879-1880

L’Absinthe1876

• His portraits are notable for their psychological complexity and for their portrayal of human isolation.

• The man, wearing a hat, looks to the right, off the canvas, while the woman, dressed formally and also wearing a hat, stares vacantly downward. A glass filled with the eponymous greenish liquid sits before her.

• The painting is a representation of the increasing social isolation in Paris during its stage of rapid growth

Mary Cassatt1844-1926

• Cassatt’s work is defined by bold design, simplicity, sweeping curves and almost flat shapes

• Shows the social tension of the situation- unusually assertive thing for a woman to do for herself in those days

• Work is typical of Cassatt in its focus on the world of women and their concerns. . Mary Cassatt. The Boating Party. 1893-94

Post-Impressionism

1885-1905• Product of the Impressionism

movement

• encompasses a wide range of distinct artistic styles

• The movement ushered in an era during which painting transcended its traditional role as a window onto the world and instead became a window into the artist's mind and soul.

• Rejecting interest in depicting the observed world, they instead looked to their memories and emotions in order to connect with the viewer on a deeper level.

Georges Seurat1859-1891

• Has subject matter, light and color qualities of Impressionism, but this is not a painting of a fleeting moment

• It is a carefully constructed composition of lasting impact

• Pointillism

• “scientific” technique

• Studying the principles of color optics that were being formulated at the time

Georges Seurat. A Sunday on La Grande Jatte. 1884-1886

• Cézanne saw the planar surfaces of his subjects in terms of color modulation

• Instead of using light and shadow in a convetional way, he relied on realtionships between strokes of color to show solidity of form and receding sapce.

• He abandonded linear perspective and went beyond the apparence of nature, to reconstruct it according to his own interpretation.

• Landscape was one of his main interests.

• Flattened space, yet gave an impression of air and depth with some atomospheric perspective

• One of the most important artists of the 20th century. Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1902-04

Paul Cézanne (1839–1906)

Still Life with Apples and a Pot of Primroses

1890 reveals Cézanne’s artistic evolution and mastery of this style of building forms completely from color and creating scenes with distorted perspectival space.

The objects in this painting, such as the fruit and tablecloth, are rendered without use of light or shadow, but through extremely subtle gradations of color.

Cézanne ignores the laws of classical perspective, allowing each object to be independent within the space of a picture while the relationship of one object to another takes precedence over traditional single-point perspective.

Vincent van Gogh

1853- 1890Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art.

In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life.

They include landscapes, still lifes, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterized by bold, symbolic colors, and dramatic, impulsive and highly expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art.

He sold only one painting during his lifetime and became famous after his suicide at age 37, which followed years of poverty and mental illness. Self-Portrait,

1887

• Van Gogh brought emotional intensity and a desire to make their thoughts and feelings visible.

• Moved from an outer impression of what the eye sees to an inner expression of what the heart feels

• They used strong colors contrasts, shapes with clear contours, bold brushworks, vigorous paint textures

• van Gogh intensified the surfaces of his paintings with textural brushwork that recorded each gesture of his hand and gave an overall rhythmic movement to his paintings.

• Used strong color in an effort to express his emotions more clearly. Vincent van Gogh. The Sower. 1888

Irises1889

In May 1889, after episodes of self-mutilation and hospitalization, Vincent van Gogh chose to enter an asylum in Saint-Rémy, France.

There, in the last year before his death, he created almost 130 paintings.

Within the first week, he began Irises, working from nature in the asylum's garden.

Each one of Van Gogh's irises is unique.

He carefully studied their movements and shapes to create a variety of curved silhouettes bounded by wavy, twisting, and curling lines

Corridor in the Asylum

1889This haunting view of a sharply receding corridor is the artist's most powerful depiction of the asylum of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole in St. Rémy, where he spent twelve months near the end of his life

Influence of Japanese Art

Japanese printmaking was one of Vincent’s main sources of inspiration and he became an enthusiastic collector. The prints acted as a catalyst: they taught him a new way of looking at the world.

Very few artists in the Netherlands studied Japanese art. In Paris, by contrast, it was all the rage. So it was there that Vincent discovered the impact Oriental art was having on the West, when he decided to modernise his own art.

Utagawa Kunisada, The Fourth Month: The First Cuckoo, from the triptych series ‘The Twelve Months’, 1884

Scott Naismith. Legato Shore. 2014

William Wray. Partners in Crime. 2013?

YangYang Pan. Lake Ontario. 2012

Françoise-Nielly

Neoh. Troupe of Ballerinas. London. 2013

Scottie Marsh. Notorious B.I.G.Chippendale, Australia. 2016

David Walker. (title unknown)Spray Paint on Canvas

Paula Bonet. What Kind of Bird Are You? 2013.