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V O M L P O C O G C . U . Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, waste, and water

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  • VO

    M

    L P O C

    OG

    C

    . U .

    Arsenic Treatment Technologies for

    Soil, waste, and water

  • Solid Waste EPA-542-R-02-004 and Emergency Response September 2002 (5102G) www.epa.gov/tio

    clu-in.org/arsenic

    Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, Waste, and Water

    www.epa.gov/tio

  • TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Section Page

    LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

    FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

    NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

    PART I OVERVIEW AND FINDINGS

    1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 1

    2.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 1 2.1 Who Needs to Know about Arsenic Treatment Technologies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 1 2.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 1 2.3 How Often Does Arsenic Occur in Drinking Water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 1 2.4 How Often Does Arsenic Occur at Hazardous Waste Sites? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2 2.5 What Are the Structure and Contents of the Report? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 4 2.6 What Technologies and Media Are Addressed in This Report? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 4 2.7 How Is Technology Scale Defined? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 4 2.8 How Are Treatment Trains Addressed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 5 2.9 What Are the Sources of Information for This Report? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 5 2.10 What Other Types of Literature Were Searched and Referenced for This Report? . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 5 2.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 6

    3.0 COMPARISON OF ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1 3.1 What Technologies Are Used to Treat Arsenic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1 3.2 What Technologies Are Used Most Often to Treat Arsenic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1 3.3 What Factors Affect Technology Selection for Drinking Water Treatment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 3 3.4 How Effective Are Arsenic Treatment Technologies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 3 3.5 What Are Special Considerations for Retrofitting Existing Water Treatment Systems? . . . . . . 3 - 4 3.6 How Do I Screen Arsenic Treatment Technologies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 4 3.7 What Does Arsenic Treatment Cost? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 6 3.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 6

    PART II ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY SUMMARIES

    PART IIA ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE TO SOIL AND WASTE

    4.0 SOLIDIFICATION AND STABILIZATION TREATMENT FOR ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 1

    5.0 VITRIFICATION FOR ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 1

    6.0 SOIL WASHING/ACID EXTRACTION FOR ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 1

    7.0 PYROMETALLURGICAL RECOVERY FOR ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 1

    8.0 IN SITU SOIL FLUSHING FOR ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 1

    PART IIB ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE TO WATER

    9.0 PRECIPITATION/COPRECIPITATION FOR ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 1

    10.0 MEMBRANE FILTRATION FOR ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 1

    11.0 ADSORPTION TREATMENT FOR ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 1

    i

  • 12.0 ION EXCHANGE FOR ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 1

    13.0 PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS FOR ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 1

    PART IIC ARSENIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE TO SOIL, WASTE, AND WATER

    14.0 ELECTROKINETIC TREATMENT OF ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 1

    15.0 PHYTOREMEDIATION TREATMENT OF ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 1

    16.0 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR ARSENIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 1

    APPENDICES

    APPENDIX A LITERATURE SEARCH RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

    APPENDIX B SUPERFUND SITES WITH ARSENIC AS A CONSTITUENT OF CONCERN . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

    LIST OF TABLES

    Table Page

    1.1 Arsenic Treatment Technology Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 3 1.2 Summary of Key Data and Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 4 2.1 Number of Superfund Sites with Arsenic as a Contaminant of Concern by Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 2 2.2 Number of Superfund Sites with Arsenic as a Contaminant of Concern by Site Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 4 3.1 Applicability of Arsenic Treatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 9 3.2 Arsenic Treatment Technologies Screening Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 10 3.3 Available Arsenic Treatment Cost Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 15 3.4 Summary of Cost Data for Treatment of Arsenic in Drinking Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 17 4.1 Solidification/Stabilization Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 6 4.2 Long-Term Solidification/Stabilization Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 12 5.1 Vitrification Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 5 6.1 Soil Washing/Acid Extraction Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 4 7.1 Pyrometallurgical Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 4 8.1 In Situ Soil Flushing Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 4 9.1 Precipitation/Coprecipitation Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 7 10.1 Membrane Filtration Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 5 11.1 Adsorption Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 6 12.1 Ion Exchange Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 5 13.1 Permeable Reactive Barrier Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 6 14.1 Electrokinetics Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 5 15.1 Phytoremediation Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 5 16.1 Biological Treatment Performance Data for Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 4

    LIST OF FIGURES

    Figure Page

    2.1 Top Twelve Contaminants of Concern at Superfund Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 3 2.2 Number of Applications of Arsenic Treatment Technologies at Superfund Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 4 3.1 Number of Identified Applications of Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil and Waste . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2 3.2 Number of Identified Applications of Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2

    ii

  • LIST OF FIGURES (continued