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FM 21-31 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY APRIL 1961 This copy is a reprint which includes current pages from Change 1.

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Page 1: Army - fm21 31 - Topographic Symbols

FM 21-31 D E P A R T M E N T O F T H E A R M Y F I E L D M A N U A L

TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS

H E A D Q U A R T E R S , D E P A R T M E N T O F T H E A R M Y A P R I L 1 9 6 1

This copy is a reprint which includes current pages from Change 1.

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FM 21-31Cl

CHANGE HEADQUARTERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

No. 1 WASHINGTON, D.C., 31 December 1968

TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLSFM 21-31, 19 June 1961, is changed as follows:

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Page 86. Paragraphs 23.1 and 23.2 and figures 243 through 332 are added as follows:

23.1. Joint Operations Graphicsa. Purpose and Scope. Joint Operations Graphics are produced in both ground and air versions.

The ground version is designated as Series 1501; the air version is designated as Series 1501 AIR. Bothversions are designed to provide common base graphics for use in combined operations by the groundand air forces of allied nations. The topographic information is identical on both the ground and airversions.

b. Unit of Vertical Measure. On the ground version, elevation and contour values are shown inmeters. These values are converted to foot units on the air version.

c. Aeronautical Information. Both versions contain identical information regarding aerodromes andobstructions to pilotage. The air version contains additional information concerning aids to air navigation.

d. Shaded Relief. Both versions contain an identical representation of shading, to provide a rapidrecognition of slope and landforms. The shading also serves as a means of correlating contours and eleva-tions, with emphasis on the more significant terrain features.

e. Elevation Tints. Both versions contain a representative system of color tints which depict areasof the same elevation range. A key box on each version indicates the elevation ranges and their corre-sponding color tints.

j. Symbols. The following approved symbols for Joint Operations Graphics are in addition to, ordifferent from, the standard medium-scale symbols shown in figures 1 through 242:

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23.2. Pictomapsa. A pictomap is a map on which photographic imagery of a standard photomosaic has been con-

verted into interpretable colors and symbols.b. The components of the pictomap consist of three basic color tones photographically extracted

from a photomosaic, masked and drafted symbols, and names data. At the large scales used for citymaps (1:5,000 to 1:12,500), the light tones and shadows on the photographic image serve to delineatemany of the map features. At scales of 1:25,000 and 1:50,000, however, most planimetric features areshown by drafted symbols, printed in specified colors.

c. Tones. The three basic color tones used for area features are as follows:(1) Landtone, a buff-like color tone which represents uncovered earth.(2) Vegetone, green tones which represent densities of vegetation.(3) Shadowtone, a black-green tone which represents shades and shadows.

d. Symbols. The following pictomap symbols are different from the standard large-scale symbolsshown in figures 1 through 242:

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By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

Official:KENNETH G. WICKHAM,Major General, United States Army,The Adjutant General.

W. C. WESTMORELAND,General, United States Army,Chief of Staff.

Distribution:To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11 requirements for Map Reading.

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*FM 21-31

1

NOTICE
NOTICE: In its printerd form, this manual contains colored items essential to the correct understanding and usage of the information herein. Due to the limitations of the digital conversion process, this electronic version of the manual contains no color. It is important that you consult a published version or other appropriate documents for viewing the colored material.
pittengk
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1. PurposeThis manual describes the topographic sym-

bols and abbreviations authorized for use by allechelons in the interpretation of military maps,overlays, and related features and activities.

2. ScopeThis manual is divided into four chapters.a. Chapter 1 contains general information

on the use of topographic symbols, gives thebasic scales for topographic maps, defines topo-graphic maps, and discusses map detail, mapaccuracy, and map colors.

b. Chapter 2 gives examples and illustra-tions of topographic symbols arranged by cate-gories, such as d r a i n a g e features, relieffeatures, and roads.

c. Chapter 3 gives topographic abbreviations,their scope and application.

d. Chapter 4 discusses marginal information.

3. ReferencesAppendix I is a list of publications which

give detailed information on maps and map-ping, foreign conventional signs and symbols,reference data for the various services, trans-portation and signal facilities, and abbrevia-tions for administrative and electricallytransmitted messages.

4. Symbols and Abbreviationsa. Some of the symbols appearing on pub-

lished maps may not agree entirely with thoseshown in this manual, since it is necessary todevise or modify symbols to portray conditionsor features which are unique to the area beingmapped. Consequently, before any map is used,the symbol legend appearing in the marginshould be carefully studied.

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b. The symbols and abbreviations given inthis manual are the result of standardizationproceedings and are in general agreement withthose employed by the British Army, the Cana-dian Army, the Aeronautical Chart and Infor-mation Service of the U.S. Air Force, theHydrographic Office of the U.S. Navy, the U.S.Coast and Geodetic Survey, the U.S. ForestService, the U.S. Geological Survey, and theTennessee Valley Authority.

C. Department of the Army units engagedin map making will be guided by AR 117-5,by TM 5-230 so far as the symbols given asexamples do not conflict with those given here,and by the specifications contained in technicalpublications prepared under the direction ofthe Chief of Engineers.

d. Abbreviations given in this manual arefor topographic use only and in some instancesconflict with those given in AR 320-50, whichare authorized for use in military records,publications, correspondence, messages, and infield work. In accordance with AR 320-50,abbreviations will not be used if uncertaintymay result.

e. The information contained herein is ap-plicable without modification to both nuclearand nonnuclear warfare.

5. Use of Special SymbolsWhere no symbol is prescribed for a special-

ized local feature, the map maker is authorizedto use a special symbol, providing —

a. There is no conflict with symbols shownin this manual.

b. Any special symbol used is explainedeither in the legend of the map or by appro-priate labeling within the body of the map, sothat no uncertainty may result.

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6. Scales of Topographic Mapsa. Maps fall into the following general scale

categories:Small scale . . . . . . . 1:600,000 and smaller.Medium scale . . . . . Larger than 1:600,000

but smaller than1:75,000.

Large scale . . . . . . . 1:75,000 and larger.b. Standard scales for Department of the

Army topographic maps are 1:1,000,000, 1:250,-000, 1:100,000, 1:50,000, and 1:25,000. Mili-tary city maps normally are published at thescale of 1:12,500. Photomaps normally arepublished at 1:25,000. General maps at scalessmaller than 1:1,000,000 are issued for specialpurposes.

c. Depending upon the availability of map-ping information and the importance of thearea, the scale of 1:500,000 is sometimes sub-stituted for 1:250,000.

d. All of the above types and scales of mapswill not necessarily be available for a particulararea. Their issue will be governed by militaryand logistic considerations.

e. Maps with scales different from thosegiven above occasionally will be encountered.Usually, they are foreign military maps. Themost common examples are 1:62,500 or 1 :63,-360 in place of 1 :50,000; 1:125,000 in place of1 :100,000; and 1:253,440 in place of 1:250,000,In the United States, nonmilitary governmentalmapping agencies may use other scales such as1:24,000 or 1:31,680 in place of 1 :25,000; and1:48,000 or 1:62,500 in place of 1:50,000.

7. Topographic Mapsa. Introduction. A topographic map is a

graphic representation to scale, horizontal andvertical, of some portion of the earth’s surface,systematically plotted on a plane surface. Theideal situation would be realized if every fea-ture on the portion of the earth being mappedcould be shown in its true shape, orientation,and proportion. Unfortunately, such a repre-sentation is impossible. This is evident whenone considers that on a map at the scale of1:50,000, a square mile must be condensed intoa small square approximately 1.27 by 1.27inches. If every feature were plotted true toscale, the resulting map would be impossibleto read, for many items would be drawn so

minutely as to be unrecognizable even with amagnifying glass. For a map to be intelligible,features must be indicated by symbols. Manyof these must necessarily be exaggerated insize for legibility. For example, on a map atthe scale of 1:50,000 the prescribed symbol fora small house covers an area corresponding toabout 85 feet square, the scaled width of a roadmeasures about 95 feet; the symbol for a single-track railroad occupies a width equivalent toabout 165 feet on the ground. Consequently,only the landmarks and important features ofan area can be shown. Those shown on a maprepresent the characteristic pattern of the areaand are usually those most readily recognizedin the field.

b. Map Detail. Map detail represents groundfeatures as they existed at the date of mapcompilation or latest revision. Since man iscontinually building, demolishing, and changingground features, the detail appearing on a mapmay not exactly match that appearing on theground. This is especially true in developedareas. The amount of detail shown on a mapincreases with its scale. A map attempts toshow the maximum of detail without impairinglegibility. In areas of heavy cultural density,many of the less important items must beomitted. In areas of sparse density, fewer itemsare omitted. When deletions are necessary be-cause of the density of detail, care is taken toretain the general pattern of the features inthe area. For example, where all buildings ofa group cannot be shown, those retained portraythe general pattern of the group without exag-gerating the area covered. Similarly, wherenumerous ditches, streams, levees, and the likeexist, the less important are omitted and themore important are retained to show the char-acteristic pattern of the features in the area.

c. Symbols. So far as is practicable, amapped feature is shown by the same symbolon maps of different scales, but certain modifi-cations and departures are necessary becauseof varying map uses and scales. Normally,symbols resemble the features they represent.The center and the orientation of a symbolusually correspond to the true center and orien-tation of the feature represented. All linefeatures such as roads, railroads, streams,power lines, and similar features retain, within

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the limitations of scale, the variations of aline-ment which actually exist. Along such featuresas roads, the locations of buildings and otherfeatures are necessarily displaced because ofthe exaggerated size of the symbols. Referenceto the positions of such features must be madewith caution.

d. Accuracy of Maps. On a map of 1:1,000,-000, a sixteenth of an inch represents approxi-mately 1 mile; on a map of 1:250,000, a quarterof an inch represents approximately 1 mile. Itis apparent, then, that on such maps it isimpossible to obtain the precise accuracy inplotting possible on large-scale maps. Small-and medium-scale maps normally are compiledfrom the best available larger-scale maps. Sincethese sources vary in reliability, the map usershould study the coverage diagram shown inthe margin of the map to determine the generalreliability of the map. On most large-scalemaps of areas within the continental limits ofthe United States, 90 percent of all featuresshown are within 1/50 inch of their true geo-

graphic positions. The remaining 10 percentare within 1/20 inch. Ninety percent of thecontours are accurate within one-half of thebasic contour interval, and 90 percent of thespot heights (elevations of particular locations)are accurate within one-fourth of the contourinterval. In compiling large-scale maps cover-ing foreign areas, it is not always possible toachieve the high standards of accuracy obtain-able on maps of the United States. The accuracystandards of such maps usually may be deter-mined from the marginal coverage diagram.

e. Map Colors. Topographic symbols usuallyappear in characteristic colors: black for cul-tural (man-made) features other than roads,blue for water features, brown or gray forrelief features, green for vegetation, and redfor road classifications. Modifications of thesecolors occasionally are used to portray uniquecircumstances. Consequently, the symbol legendand other marginal information should be care-fully studied before using any map.

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CHAPTER 2

TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS

8. ScopeThis chapter illustrates and explains the

topographic symbols used on military maps ofall scales. The symbols are in general the samefor all categories, but because of differences inuse and scales, certain symbols are modifiedor omitted on medium- and small-scale maps.9. Drainage Features

a. A perennial feature contains water duringmost of the year.

b. An intermittent feature contains waterduring only part of the year. The shoreline ofan intermittent lake or pond is represented asindefinite and approximate.

c. A dry or cyclical feature or a wash isusually dry. The limits of such features arerepresented as indefinite.

d. Symbols. The following pages contain theapproved symbols for drainage features:

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10. Relief Featuresa. Methods of Showing Relief. Depending

upon the accuracy of information, the shapesof the terrain are shown on a map by linesrepresenting contours, approximate contours,and form lines. Any one or all of these methodsmay be used on a single map. On medium- andsmall-scale maps, significant relief featuresmay be shown by hachures when available dataare insufficient to warrant the use of contours.On large- and medium-scale maps, the linesusually are printed in brown. Also, on medium-scale maps, hill shading usually is added overthe brown lines, to print gray. This creates athree-dimensional effect and permits a readyappreciation of the terrain, since the hills andridges stand out much as they would on a reliefmap. On small-scale maps the contour linesusually are printed in gray. Normally, onsmall-scale maps, the contours are supple-mented by layer tints. A key box on each mapindicates the elevation bands and their cor-responding tints.

b. Units of Measure. Except in the UnitedStates and a few other countries where thefoot is the standard unit of measure, the eleva-tions on military maps are in terms of themeter (39.37 inches or 3.28 feet).

c. Contours. Relief normally is shown bycontour lines. A contour line on a map rep-resents an imaginary line on the earth’s surface,all points of which, within permissible toler-ances, are of the same elevation above a fixeddatum, usually mean sea level. To aid the mapuser, every fifth contour is a heavier line. Theseare commonly referred to as index contours.The remaining contours are called intermediatecontours. In certain areas on a map, the normalcontour interval is sometimes too large to pre-sent significant topographic formations cor-rectly and supplementary half-interval contoursare added. On small-scale maps, index contoursare shown by using layer tints.

d. Approximate Contours. Whenever thereis any question as to the reliability of the sourcematerial or of the survey, approximate con-tours are substituted for normal contours. Anapproximate contour on a map represents animaginary line on the earth’s surface, all pointsof which are estimated to be of the sameelevation. As with normal contours, a distinc-

tion is made between index, intermediate, andsupplementary contours.

e. Contour Intervals. Contour lines aredrawn on a map at definite elevation intervals.Using a given contour interval, the lines arefar apart in flat areas and close together inhilly areas. Consequently, to present the bestpicture, the size of the contour interval usedvaries with the nature of the terrain, althoughnormally a contour interval is constant in aseries of map sheets. On sheets where therelief is generally flat or gently rolling, asmaller contour interval is used than on sheetswhere the relief is generally hilly. Scale alsoaffects the contour interval; if the contour in-terval on a 1:25,000 scale map were 5 meters,for example, the interval used on a 1:50,000map covering the same area would be 10 meters.

f. Form Lines. When available information isinsufficient to warrant the use of either normalor approximate contours, form lines are used.Normally, form lines are used only in areasoutside the United States. Form lines collec-tively portray the general shapes of topographicfeatures, but with little or no reference to adatum plane. They do not present an accuraterepresentation of the terrain, but merely illus-trate the general topographic shapes of anarea. Since the lines are based on little or nocontrol, their intervals cannot be used to esti-mate differences in elevations.

g. Hachures. Hachures are used on medium-and small-scale maps to indicate promontories,where available data are insufficient to warrantthe use of normal or approximate contours, butare sufficient to determine the location of thepromontories. Hachures also are used in con-junction with normal or approximate, contoursto indicate important promontories which wouldnot be properly depicted otherwise, because ofthe contour interval and the nature of theterrain.

h. Marginal Notes. Before reading relieffrom the map, the user should determine thecontour interval and the nature of any othermethods used to show relief. This informationis found in the margin of the map either inthe contour interval note or the layer tint box.Other special notes pertaining to relief aresometimes found in the lower margin. The usershould also study the coverage diagram or re-

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liability diagram in the margin to obtain i. Symbols. The following pages containadditional evaluation of contour accuracy. the approved symbols for relief features.

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11. Vegetation Featuresa. General. Although special care is taken

in mapping woodland cover, vegetation in manyareas is subject to rapid growth or to elimina-tion by cutting or burning. Before using themap, the user should determine the last dateof information of the map (found in the notes inthe lower left margin) and gage the reliabilityof the woodland information accordingly. Thesymbols used indicate such features as coversuitable for the concealment of troops, obstaclesto free passage, and landmarks in areas bearinglittle vegetation. On small-scale maps, par-ticularly the 1:1,000,000 scale, the vegetationis usually omitted entirely.

b. Growths Shown. Only perennial types ofgrowth are mapped. Isolated trees and lowscattered growths usually are omitted. Smallclumps of growths are usually omitted, except

where they serve as landmarks in areas oflittle woodland cover. Small clearings usuallyare also omitted. In certain areas, the limitsand types of growth are fairly constant. Insuch cases, a distinction may have been madeon the map between deciduous, coniferous, andbrushwood growths. In many other cases, lackof information and the changing nature ofgrowths make it impractical to make such adistinction.

c. Continuous Cover. The presence of avegetation symbol does not necessarily meanthat the area is completely covered. Dependingupon the area, growth having as little as 20to 35 percent canopy cover is symbolized ascontinuous.

d. Symbols. The following pages containthe approved symbols for vegetation features.

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12. Coastal Hydrographya. General. Coastal hydrographic features

and notes pertinent to those features usuallyare shown on all sheets showing navigablewaters. Sheets showing land areas borderingon inland bodies of water, such as lakes, con-tain only offshore data. Sheets showing landareas bordering on oceans, seas, bays, or similarbodies of water contain both offshore andforeshore data.

b. Definition of Coastal Terms (fig. 82).(1) Coastal hydrographic features. All

shore areas, including permanent cul-tural and natural features which affectthe navigability of the area.

(2) Foreshore area. That area which isbare or awash at the hydrographicdatum (low water) but which is cov-ered at mean high water.

(3) Offshore area. That area which iscovered at the hydrographic datum.

(4) Hydrographic datum. That stage oflow tide to which depths are referred.This varies somewhat in different

features within the foreshore and off- parts of the world.

c. Symbols. The following pages contain the approved symbols for coastal hydrographicfeatures.

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13. Roads in the United States on Large- andMedium-Scale Maps

(5) Trails.

a. Road Classifications on Large-scale Maps.Roads within the limits of the United States areclassified on large-scale maps as—

(1) Hard-surface, heavy-duty roads.(a) Four or more lanes wide.(b) Two or three lanes wide.

(2) Hard-surface, medium-duty roads.(a) Four or more lanes wide.(b) Two or three lanes wide.

(3) Improved, light-duty roads.(4) Unimproved dirt roads.

b. Road Classifications on Medium-Scale Maps.The classifications on medium-scale maps are thesame, except for hard-surface roads, where adistinction is made between roads two lanes wideand roads more than two lanes wide.

c. Hard-Surface, Heavy-Duty Roads. Roads ofthis classification carry heavy truck loads in allweather with a minimum of maintenance. Theconstruction is usually of portland-cement con-crete, bituminous concrete, or sheet asphalt, rockasphalt, bituminous penetration, or mixed bitu-minous on a heavy foundation. Brick or blockroads are also included in this category.

d. Hard-Surface, Medium-Duty Roads. Theseroads carry medium-heavy truck loads in allweather. Occasional maintenance is required.Construction is usually a bituminous-penetrationor mixed-bituminous surface, or bituminous-treated surface on a light foundation.

e. Improved, Light-Duty Roads. These roadscarry light loads in all weather. Periodic maintenance is usually necessary. Construction consistsof stabilized or oiled-surface gravel or stone,graded and drained gravel or stone, or gradedand drained soil surface. Included in this cate-gory are hard-surface roads less than two laneswide and improved private roads which normallyare not practical for use in rerouting of traffic inemergencies.

f. Unimproved Dirt Roads. These roads aresuitable only for light loads in dry weather. Theyare without surface improvement and are seldommaintained. Included are abandoned roads, fireroads, and lumber roads.

g. Trails. The map shows important foot paths,foot trails, and pack trails which can accommo-date 1/4-ton trucks in dry weather. Minor andshort connecting trails usually are omitted.

h. Symbols. The following pages contain theapproved symbols for roads in the United States.

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14. Roads in Foreign Areas on Large- and Medi-um-Scale Maps

a. Road Classifications. Roads outside the lim-its of the United States are classified on bothlarge- and medium-scale maps as—

(1) Hard-surface, all-weather roads.(a) Two or more lanes wide.(b) One lane wide.

(2) Loose or light surface, all-weather roads.(a) Two or more lanes wide.(b) One lane wide.

(3) Loose surface, fair- or dry-weather roads.(4) Tracks.(5) Trails.

b. Hard-Surface, All- Weather Road. Theseroads carry fairly heavy truck loads in all weath-er. Minimum maintenance requirements areperiodic inspection and repair. The constructionis usually concrete or asphaltic concrete, bitumi-nous macadam, surface-treated oiled gravel, andlight tar-bound macadam.

c. Loose or Light Surface, All-Weather Road.These carry light loads in all weather. The roads

generally are drained and graded. Periodic main-tenance is required. Construction is usually ofgravel, stone, or some stable material, such assand-clay, on a light foundation.

d. Loose Surface, Fair- or Dry- Weather Road.These roads carry light loads in dry weatheronly. The road may or may not be graded ordrained and requires continual maintenance.Any surfacing consists of gravel, or sand-claywith a poor foundation.

e. Tracks. Tracks include winter roads, caravanroutes, and natural roadways and can accommo-date very light vehicles, such as 1/4-ton trucks, indry weather. Tracks are normally shown only inareas having poor road systems.

f. Trails. Trails include important foot trails,foot paths, and pack trails. Minor trails andunimportant connecting trails are omitted. Inareas with good road systems, tracks are includedin this category.

g. Symbols. The following pages contain theapproved symbols for roads in foreign areas.

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15. Roads on Small-Scale Mapsa. Road Classifications. Roads on small-scale

maps are classified as—(1) Dual or super highways.(2) Main roads.(3) Secondary roads.(4) Other roads.(5) Tracks or trails.

b. Main Roads. Main roads are those whichserve as the main thoroughfares between theimportant populated places of an area. Wellalined roads of a substantial width and surfacewhich connect a number of populated places,and cross-country roads which form a directroute connecting with roads and trails leadingto important features are included in this cate-gory. Main roads are generally hard-surfacedexcept in areas with poor road systems.

c. Secondary Roads. Secondary roads in-clude those roads connecting the minor citiesand towns of an area. A road connecting twomain roads, at least one of which is higher in

classification than the connecting road, is in-cluded in this category. In comparison withmain roads, secondary roads have less reporteduse and less substantial construction, and aregenerally loose-surfaced roads.

d. Other Roads. Included in this categoryare local community roads serving the villagesand settlements of an area. Also included arethose connecting roads important to the com-munications network but obviously of a lowerclassification than the secondary roads. Suchroads may be loose-surfaced or dirt roads.

e. Tracks or Trails. Tracks and trails aresymbolized alike. Both normally are shownonly in areas of sparse culture where theysupply the only means of communication. Minortracks and trails are omitted. Included in thiscategory are winter roads and caravan routes.Normally, the roadway is natural with little orno improvements.

f. Symbols. The following pages contain theapproved symbols for roads on small-scale maps.

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1 6 . R e l a t e d R o a d F e a t u r e s

The following symbols indicate eatures related to roads.

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CHANGE 1
Figure 124, the symbol "(c) International," is added. Click on blue box to see change.
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17.a.

b.

RailroadsGage.

(1) Normal gage is the gage used on themajority of the mainline railroads ofa country. Normal gage in the UnitedStates is standard (4’ 8 1/2") gage.

(2) Broad gage is any gage greater thanthe normal gage used in a country.

(3) Narrow gage is any gage lesser thanthe normal gage used in a country.

(4) Either the symbol legend in the mar-gin or labeling on the map identifiesthe gage of the railroads.

Multiple-Track Railroad. A multiple-trackrailroad contains three or more mainline tracksparalleling each other. The number of tracksof a multiple-track railroad is indicated bylabeling placed parallel to the symbol.

c. Nonoperating Railroad. A nonoperatingrailroad is one not in use. Included in thiscategory are railroads under construction, aban-doned railroads, and destroyed railroads. Label-ing placed parallel to the symbol indicateswhether the line is abandoned, destroyed, orunder construction.

(1)

(2)

An abandoned railroad is one whichis no longer in use, but the ballast,bridges, and tracks remain in majorpart and could be put into limited orfull operation with a minimum ofrepair.Only those railroads on which actualwork is under way are symbolized asunder construction. Proposed lines arenot shown. An operating line some-

times has additional tracks under con-struction. The symbol for the operatingline is shown with appropriate label-ing to indicate the construction.

d. Dismantled Railroad. A dismantled rail-road is one which is no longer in use and whichhas the major part of its tracks and bridgesremoved. If the right-of-way is being usedas a road only, the proper road symbol will beshown. If there is no road and the feature isof landmark importance, it is symbolized by adashed line and labeled.

e. Electrified Railroad. Electrified railroadsare shown by the proper symbol indicating thegage and number of tracks, with the wordElectrified added parallel to the symbol.

f. Developed Areas.(1)

(2)

(3)

Minor line and sidings sometimes areomitted in congested areas. Throughlines are always shown.Railroads which run underground forlong distances in a city are not shown.The dashed lines indicating tunnelsare omitted. Only the headwalls andwings of the tunnel entrances areshown.Rapid transit lines, when located insubways, are not shown. They areshown by the appropriate railroadsymbol when located in open cut, onthe surface, or on above-surface struc-tures.

g. Symbols. The following pages containthe approved symbols for railroads and relatedfeatures.

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18. Features Related to Communicationsa. Overpasses and Underpasses. On large-

scale maps, overpasses and underpasses nor-mally are shown wherever they exist. Onmedium- and small-scale maps they generallyare shown only in open areas. An overpass isa short viaduct carrying a road or railroadabove the grade of another road or railroad.An underpass is a short tunnel carrying a roador railroad below the grade of another roador railroad.

b. Bridges and Viaducts.(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

The distinction between a bridge anda viaduct is that a bridge passes overwhat is predominantly water while aviaduct passes over what is predom-inantly land.Long bridges or viaducts are alwaysshown. A shorter bridge or viaductis shown if it serves as an identifiablelandmark or is the only means ofcrossing within the general area.On long bridges or viaducts, the endsof the symbol appear in their correctlocations. On shorter ones, the symbolis merely representative and the endsare not necessarily in their correctlocations.Bridges and viaducts less than 20 feetlong normally are not shown exceptwhen they are underpasses or over-passes.When a bridge is used to carry botha road and a railroad on either thesame or different levels, the feature is

(6)

shown by the road-bridge symbol withthe railroad shown to the bridge ends.The symbol is labeled “Road and rail-road”.Footbridges are shown only in areasof sparse culture.

c. Drawbridges.(1) Drawbridges are structures of which

either the whole or part can be raised,lowered, pivoted, or turned aside toallow or to interrupt traffic.

(2) On large-scale maps, the small circleof the symbol is centered on the truelocation of the center of the movablepart of the bridge.

d. Ferries.(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Ferries capable of carrying vehicularor railroad traffic normally are shownwherever they exist.Ferries for pedestrians are shown onlyin areas of sparse culture or wherethey provide the only means of water-crossing in the general area.The dashed line connects the pointsbetween which the ferry operates,without regard for the actual navi-gating course of the ferry.Steamship lines are not shown.

e. Fords. Fords are shown only in areas ofsparse culture or where they provide the onlymeans of water-crossing in the general area.

f. Symbols. The following pages contain theapproved symbols for features related to com-munications.

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19. Buildings and Populated Places on Large-Scale Maps

a. Built-Up Areas.(1) A built-up area is a large continuous

area which is developed or is in theadvanced stage of development foroccupancy by concentrated populations.It usually is laid out in a definite streetpattern and normally contains a busi-ness or industrial district. Since allbuildings cannot be shown individual-ly, the area is indicated by an overallscreened red tint.

(2) Only landmark buildings are shownindividually in built-up areas. Theseare buildings which are prominent be-cause of size, location, or usage, suchas government or public buildings,colleges, schools, churches, hospitals,railroad stations, markets, factories,and buildings of historical or culturalinterest.

(3) Within the general outline of thebuilt-up area, individual symbols areused and the built-up area tint isgenerally omitted for the followingfeatures:

(a) Parks and cemeteries equivalent toor larger than one block.

(b) Institutions such as colleges, schools,and hospitals possessing o p e nground areas equivalent to or largerthan one block.

(c) Section with little construction ordevelopment if equivalent to orlarger than two blocks.

(4) All woodland cover is omitted in built-up areas.

b. Native Settlements. These include nativesettlements in foreign areas in which the build-ings are not usually of permanent construction.Kampongs in southwestern Asia and encamp-ments in western Africa are examples. Thesymbol legend of the map defines the symbolproperly.

c. Buildings in General.(1) Conventional symbols are used to

show a small building or a small struc-ture similar to a building. The symbolis shown in correct orientation and itscenter usually coincides with the cor-

rect location of the center of thestructure.

(2) Buildings and similar structures whoseplotted size exceeds the conventionalsymbols are shown in correct orienta-tion and shape and usually in correctlocation.

(3) Buildings and structures located alongroads are shown in their correct loca-tion unless they would then fall withinthe road. In such cases, the symbolis moved back.

(4) In many cases it is impossible to showall buildings because of congestion.The map retains the general shapeand pattern of the area and omits theless important buildings.

d. Structures Similar to Buildings.(1) These are features of substantial con-

struction not definable as buildings.In many instances they are roofed,although not necessarily enclosed onall sides. The term includes barns,grandstands, railroad sheds, largeopen sheds, fruit packing sheds, snowsheds, open-air refineries, and similarstructures.

(2) Structures which are smaller than theaverage dwelling in the locality arenot shown.

(3) In foreign areas, when information isunavailable, no distinction is made be-tween buildings and structures similarto buildings.

e. Schools and Churches.(1) When a building is used both as a

church and a school, it is symbolizedas a school.

(2) In the United States, the church sym-bol is used commonly for all denomina-tions. On maps of foreign areas, thissymbol usually denotes a Christianplace of worship, with other symbolsbeing used to denote places of worshipof other sects. In such cases, the mar-ginal symbol legend should be con-sulted for detailed information.

(3) When a school has numerous buildings,the flag symbol is shown only on theadministration building or the mostprominent building in the group.

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(4) When there are numerous religious can no longer be used for their original pur-buildings in a group, as in a convent pose. Ruins which are smaller than the averageor monastery, the cross symbol is dwelling in the locality are not shown unlessshown only on the building used forreligious services or the most prom- they possess unusual significance.inent building in the group. g. Symbols. The following pages contain the

f. Ruins. Ruins are buildings or structures approved symbols for buildings and populatedin such a state of dilapidation or decay that they places on large-scale maps.

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20. Buildings and Populated Places onMedium- and Small-Scale Maps

a. Reduced Scale. Because of the reducedscale, it is impossible to show the buildings andpopulated places on medium- and small-scalemaps in great detail. Consequently, the sym-bols are truly symbolic or representative. Theonly buildings shown are those which serve asoutstanding landmarks in isolated areas.

b. Populated Places. A small populated placeis shown by a small circle. A larger populatedplace is shown, generally true to shape, by anoutlined and tinted area. Within the outline,the only features usually shown are the main-line railroads and through-route roads. On1:250,000 scale maps, the tint is usually shownin yellow; on small-scale maps, it is shown inred.

c. Use of Tinted Squares. In many areas,there is insufficient information available toplot the correct outlines of populated places.In such cases, tinted squares of varying sizesare used as symbols, with the size dependingupon the population or importance. Explanationof these squares is contained in the marginallegend of the map.

d. Names of Populated Places. The namesof populated places are shown in type of vary-ing size, with the size depending upon popula-tion or importance. When information is avail-able, the marginal legend shows the differentsizes keyed to a population breakdown. Wheninformation is not available, the sizes arekeyed to an important breakdown.

e. Symbols. The following pages containthe approved symbols for buildings and popu-lated places on medium- and small-scale maps.

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21. Industrial and Public WorksThe following symbols indicate the industrial and public works shown at the various scales.

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22. Control Points and Elevations in some cases, may be less than third ordera. Application of Definitions. The definitions accuracy. Whenever information is available.

of horizontal and vertical control stations which exceptions are noted in the marginal legendfollow are generally applicable only to the of the map.United States. c. Symbols. The following pages contain the

b. Exceptions. In foreign areas, horizontal approved symbols for control points and eleva-control stations may not be monmented and tions.

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23. Boundaries of the symbol is shown. The intervening symbola. Where two or more boundaries coincide, units are omitted, except where the omission

only the symbol representing the higher-ranking would create uncertainty as to the alinementboundary is shown. of the boundary.

b. Boundaries which are approximate ord. Terminology of boundaries in foreign

areas varies; see the map legend for the correctindefinite are appropriately labeled. terms.

c. In cases where a boundary follows a road, e. The following pages contain the approvedstream, or river, usually only every third unit symbols for boundaries.

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I

I

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CHAPTER 3

TOPOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS

24. List of AbbreviationsAppendix II contains the list of topographic

abbreviations. with their meanings, authorizedfor use on the standard topographic maps dis-cussed in this manual.

25. Applicationa. Abbreviations on the face of the map are

held to an absolute minimum. They are em-ployed only where space prohibits the use of

a full term or where use of the full termwould require unreasonable repetition.

b. Periods are omitted from abbreviationson the face of the map. In the margin, periodsnormally are retained. They are, however,omitted from coded abbreviations of govern-mental agency names. In such cases, no spacingis shown between the coded letters.

c. In addition to the abbreviations listedherein, commonly accepted abbreviations oftime, measures, and countries are authorized.

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CHAPTER 4

MARGINAL INFORMATION

26. Scopea. This chapter explains the map identifica-

tions and other marginal data appearing ontopographic maps prepared for use by theDepartment of the Army.

b. These marginal items are illustrated inthe charts which appear in appendix III. Theyare—

Chart 1 — large-scale and 1:100,000 scalemaps.

Chart 2 — medium-scale (except 1 :100,-000) maps.

Chart 3 — 1:1,000,000 scale maps.c. The arrangement of marginal items will

vary. For example, on sheets having a narroweast-west neatline dimension, certain items willappear in the right-hand margin rather thanin the lower margin. The composition is gen-erally the same for maps of like scales.

d. Detailed information on marginal datawill be found in AMS technical manuals andstyle sheets published under the direction ofthe Chief of Engineers.

27. Map Identificationsa. Purpose. Map identifications are those

items appearing in the margins of maps whichserve to identify any individual map completely.On maps prepared for the Department of theArmy, these identifications are the series nameand scale, the series number, the edition num-ber, the sheet name, the sheet number, the unitimprint, and the geographic location name.

b. Series Name and Scale. A map series,which normally consists of a common scale ofmaps which collectively cover a specific area,is generally assigned the geographic or politicalname of the area covered. The map scale iswritten as a ratio of map distance to grounddistance. Example: GERMANY 1:25,000.

88

c. Series Number. The series number is acomprehensive reference composed of four andsometimes five elements, usually four numeralsor a letter and three numerals. The number isunique for the series. It identifies the area andscale of the series. Example: M841.

d. Edition Number. The edition number isa specific identification based on the publicationsequence of a particular map. Edition numbersrun consecutively; thus, it can be assumed thata map labeled with a higher edition numbercontains more recent information than anotherprinting with a lower edition number. Theedition number also identifies the agency whichproduced the map. Example: Edition 4-AMS.

e. Sheet Name. Generally, a map is namedafter its outstanding cultural or geographicfeature. The name of a cultural feature iscustomarily chosen, but if a geographic featureis better known than any cultural feature ap-pearing on the map, the geographic name ischosen. Example: FORT KNOX.

f. Sheet Number. Sheet numbers for large-scale maps are based on an arbitrary geographiccoordinate system covering the area to bemapped. The sheet number of a 1:25,000 scalesheet is directly related to the number of a 1 :50,-000 scale sheet covering the same area, whichin turn is directly related to the sheet numberof a 1:100,000 scale sheet covering the samearea. Sheet numbers for 1:250,000 and 1 :1,000,-000 scale maps are based on the InternationalMap of the World (IMW) numbering system.Examples: 1:25,000 — 6123 III NW; 1:50,000— 6123 III; 1:100,000 — 6123 ; 1:250,000 — NJ16-4 ; 1:1,000,000 — NJ 16.

g. Unit Imprint. The unit imprint is thesignature of the agency responsible for printingthe map. This is followed by the date identify-

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ing the particular printing. Example: Printedby Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, 7-60.

h. Geographic Location Name. The geo-graphic location name indicates the country,state, or general geographic area within whichthe map lies. The geographic location nameincludes the sheet name, which is repeated inthe lower margin. Large-scale maps of theUnited States which cover an area entirelywithin one county or parish, carry the countyor parish name below the sheet name and geo-graphic location name. Example: FUJI —SAN, JAPAN.

i. Refer to Note. In the upper right cornerof the map margin, the sheet number and seriesnumber are grouped under a note, REFER TOTHIS MAP AS. This group provides the pri-mary identification for ordering copies of a map.Example: REFER TO THIS MAP AS:

SHEET NJ 16-4SERIES V501

j. Identification Panels. For quick identifi-cation of maps when filed or stacked, identifi-cation panels in opposite corners of the mapsheet, outside the printed limits of other mar-ginal information, are provided. These panelscontain the series number, sheet number, andedition number.Example: SERIES 1301

SHEET NK52EDITION 2-AMS

28. Other Marginal DataIn addition to the identifications described

above, the margin of a map contains other in-formation important to the user in evaluatingand interpreting the map (table I).

a. Credit Note. The credit note aids inevaluating the map and contains interpretiveinformation. The note describes the method ofpreparation, identifies the source material usedin compilation, gives the dates of aerial photog-raphy, and lists the source of horizontal andvertical control. It notes whether the mapconforms with national map accuracy require-ments and whether the map has been fieldchecked. It includes any special informationpertinent to the particular sheet.

b. Symbol Legend. The symbol legend de-fines and illustrates the symbols most commonlyused such as populated places, roads, and rail-

roads. It also contains symbols for itemspeculiar to the area being mapped.

c. Index to Adjoining Sheets. The index toadjoining sheets, or on 1:250,000 scale mapsthe location diagram, identifies the surroundingsheets.

d. Index to Boundaries. The index to boun-daries identifies the political areas appearingin the body of the map. The boundaries in thediagram are schematic but serve as aids inlocating the boundaries on the map. On the1:250,000 scale maps this information is shownin the location diagram.

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e. Coverage Diagram. The coverage dia-gram, shown on large-scale maps, portrays ingraphic form the methods of compilation, notesthe dates of any photography used, and identi-fies and evaluates any maps used as bases.

f. Reliability Diagram. The reliability dia-gram, shown on medium- and small-scale maps,contains graphic references to the reliability ofthe sources used and identifies the scale, methodof survey, and date of the basic sources.

g. Datum Notes. The horizontal, vertical,and hydrographic datum notes identify thecontrols used for these items on the map. Gen-erally, horizontal and hydrographic datum notesare not shown on medium- and small-scale maps.

h. Grid Notes and Data. Maps of 1:1,000,-000 and larger scale contain grid notes and agrid reference box with sample reference, toexplain the grid data on the map. Maps carry-ing 1,000-unit-interval grid lines also show adeclination diagram and a protractor scale inthe margin. The declination diagram shows therelationship bet wee n true north, magneticnorth, and grid north for the major grid at thecenter of the sheet. Maps carrying 10,000-unit-interval grid lines show a magnetic declinationnote. This note indicates the variation in theeast and west map edges. It also shows themean annual change.

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APPENDIX I

REFERENCES

1. Army Regulations (AR)

AR 117-5 Military Mapping and Survey-ing.

AR 320-5 Dictionary of United StatesArmy Terms.

AR 320-50 Authorized Abbreviations andBrevity Codes.

2. Department of the Army Pamphlets (DA Pam)

DA PAM 108-1 Index of Army Motion Pic-tures, Film Strips, Slidesand Phono-Recordings.

DA PAM 310-1 Military Publications: Index ofAdministrative Publications.

DA PAM 310-3 Military Publications: Index ofTraining Publications.

DA PAM 310-4 Index of Technical Manuals,Technical Bulletins, SupplyBulletins, Lubrication Or-ders, and Modification WorkOrders.

DA PAM 310-5 Military Publications: Index ofGraphic Training Aids andDevices.

DA PAM 310-7 Military Publications: Index ofTables of Organization andEquipment, Type Tables ofDistribution and Tables ofAllowances.

DA PAM 310-25 Military Publications: Index ofSupply Manuals, Corps ofEngineers.

3. Field Manuals (FM)

FM 5-1 Engineer Troop Organizationsand Operations.

FM 5-30 Engineer Intelligence.

FM 21-5FM 21-6

FM 21-26FM 21-30FM 30-5FM 30-10FM 101-10,

Part 1

Military Training.Techniques of Military

Instruction.Map Reading.Military Symbols.Combat Intelligence.Terrain Intelligence.Staff Officer’s Field Manual:Organization, Technical and

Logistical Data.

4. Technical Manuais (TM)

TM 5-230 General Drafting.TM 5-240 A Guide to the Compilation

and Revision of Maps.TM 5-244 Multiplex Mapping.TM 5-245 Map Reproduction.TM 5-248 Foreign Maps.TM 5-9990 Kit Instruction Map Reading.TM 30-246 Tactical Interpretation of Air

Photos.

5. Tables of Organization and Equipment

TOE 5-55D Engineer Topographic Battal-ion, Army.

TOE 5-56D Headquarters and Head-quarters Company,Engineer Topographic Bat-talion, Army.

TOE 5-57D Engineer Map Reproductionand Distribution Company,Army.

TOE 5-59D Engineer Photomapping Com-pany, Army.

TOE 5-167C Engineer Topographic Compa-ny, Corps.

TOE 5-344R Engineer Base Map DepotCompany.

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TOE 5-446D Headquarters and Headquar-ters Detachment, EngineerBase Topographic Battalion.

TOE 5-347D Engineer Base ReproductionCompany.

TOE 5-348D Engineer Base Survey Com-pany.

TOE 5-349D Engineer Base PhotomappingCompany.

TOE 5-500C Engineer Service Organiza-tion:1A Engineer TopographicStaff Team.

lB Engineer Survey Team.lC Engineer Survey Pla-

toon.lD Engineer Photomap-

ping Platoon.1E Engineer Reproduction

Platoon.lF Engineer Map Distri-

bution Platoon.lG Engineer Relief MapMaking Team.

lH Engineer Relief MapMaking Platoon.

lN Engineer HydrologyTeam.

1P Engineer Geodetic Sur-vey Team.

6. Graphic Training AidsGTA 5-2 Elementary Map Reading.GTA 5-12 Coordinate Scales and Pro-

tractor.

7. Motion Pictures, Film Strips, Slides, andPhono-Recordings

TF 5-1788 Topographic Symbols.TF 5-1789 Elevation, Distance, and Grid.TF 5-1791 Direction, Orientation, and

Location With Compass.TF 5-1790 Direction, Orientation, and

Location Without Compass.TF 5-1792 Photos and Photomaps.TF 5-1270 British Conventional Signs

and Symbols.TF 5-2406 Azimuth.TF 5-2409 Contour Lines and Intervals.TF 5-2410 Direction.TF 5-2411 Elevation.

TF 5-2412TF 5-2413TF 5-2415TF 5-2416TF 5-2417TF 5-2407TF 5-2414TF 5-2408

TF 55-2365TF 5-1546TF 5-1549MF 5-8275

Intersection.Location.Resection.Scale and Distance.Using the Protractor.Azimuth Conversion.Percent of Slope.Characteristic of Contour

Lines.Sextant Adjustment.Multiplex Mapping, Part II.Multiplex Mapping, Part I.Maps for the Army.

8. Army Map Service Technical ManualsAMS TM 22 Map Identification and Other

Marginal Information.AMS TM 23A Symbols for Large-Scale

Maps, No Reduction.AMS TM 33A Symbols for Medium-Scale

Maps, No Reduction.AMS TM 43A Symbols for Small-Scale

Maps, No Reduction.

9. Supply Manuals (Sets of Equipment)SM 5-4 Series3610-S01 Reproduction Set, Ammonia

Process: Reproduction ofLine Tracings.

3610-S02 Reproduction Set, Black andWhite Process: DrawingTracings.

3610-S07 Reproduction Set, Topogra-phic, Photolithographic:Reproduction Company.

3610-S13 Reproduction Set, Silk ScreenProcess: Sign Reproduction.

6675-S02 Computing and DraftingEquipment Set: Field Sur-vey Data.

6675-S03 Drafting Equipment Set, Bat-talion: For Charts, Sketches,and Overlays.

6675-S12 Drafting Equipment Set, Top-ographic Battalion, Head-quarters and Service Com-pany: For OperationalPlans, Maps, Drawings, andCharts.

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6675-S13

6675-S15

6675-S16

6675-S17

6675-S18

6675-S19

6675-S20

6675-S21

6675-S22

6675-S23

6675-S24

6675-S30

6675-S31

6675-S48

Drafting Equipment Set, Top-ographic Battalion, Photo-mapping Company: ForMap Revision, Compilationand Color Separation.

Drafting and DuplicationEquipment Set: For SmallSketches, Notes and Orders.

Drafting Instrument Set:Field.

Drafting Instrument Set:Office.

Drafting Instrument Set:Pocket.

Plotting Instrument Set,Stereoplotter Multiplex Con-trol Booth.

Plotting Instrument Set,Stereoplotter, MultiplexDrafting Unit.

Plotting Instrument Set,Stereoplotter, MultiplexLaboratory.

Plotting Instrument Set,Stereoplotter, MultiplexPlotting Booth.

Plotting Instrument RepairSet, Stereoplotter, Projec-tion: For Minor MechanicalRepairs.

Plotting Instrument RepairSet, Stereoplotter, Projec-tion: Supplementary.

Sketching Set, Surveying:Military Field Sketching.

Stereometer Set, Stereocom-paragraph, Photogram-metric.

Map Distribution Set: Port-able.

6675-S49 Map Distribution Set: Depot.7520-S01 Sign Painting Set.7610-S07 Book Set: Topographic, Gen-

eral Purpose.7610-S09 Book Set: Topographic Bat-

talion, Photomapping Com-pany.

7610-S10 Book Set: Topographic ‘Bat-talion, Reproduction Com-pany.

10. Department of Commerce Publicationsa. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Special

Publications.No.

8

28

68193200

235

241

242

b.580

Tables and Formulas for the Computationof Geodetic Positions.

Application of the Theory of LeastSquares to the Adjustment of Triangu-lations.

Elements of Map Projection.Manual of Plane Coordinate Computation.Formulas am-l Tables for the Computation

of Geodetic Positions on the Interna-tional Ellipsoid.

State Coordinate System (Manual forSurveyors).

Natural Tables for the Computation ofGeodetic Positions.

Definitions of Terms Used in Geodetic andOther Surveys.

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Serial.Control Surveys and Their Uses.

11. Department of Interior PublicationsU.S. Geological Survey BulletinTopographic Instructions: Symbols for stand-

ard topographic maps published at the scale of1:63,360 and larger, to be scribed at 1:24,000”and 1:48,000, dated May 1958.

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APPENDIX II

TOPOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS

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INDEX

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AG 353 (2 Feb 61)BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY:

Official:R. V. LEE,

Major General, United States Army,The Adjutant General.

G. H. DECKERGeneral, United States Army,

Distribution:In accordance with survey conducted by AG Publication Centers.

102

Chief of Staff.

*US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1994 O 368-105 QL 3

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PIN: 007195-001