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    Arid Landforms

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    Introduction

    1/3rdof earths landscape is arid

    Common in deserts: Three types of

    deserts i) hot deserts ii) Temperatedeserts and iii)cold deserts.

    Aridity index is used(43% is arid)

    Climate and plate tectonics- processAir currents shape the landscapes

    Includes numerous types of sand dunes

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    Basic ConceptsI. Most deserts exhibit highly angular landscapes.

    mechanical weathering dominatesangular particles of weathered rock; bedrockoutcrops

    little soil or vegetation to soften landscape

    II. Softer, more rounded landscapes appear wheredeposition is predominant.

    dunes

    III. Desert rainfall is infrequent, intense, andunreliable.

    intense flash flooding, intense erosionephemeral streams

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    Characteristics of arid regions

    Rainfall aperiodic, spotty in nature &torrential

    Very high daily range of temperature(very hot in day & very cold in day) &also very high annual range oftemperature

    Sparse vegetation, drainage is internal

    Mechanical weathering is prominent

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    Death Valley, July 15, 1999

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    Las Vegas Flash Flood

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    Types of DesertsErg - sea of sand

    largest are in Sahara and Arabian Deserts, sandcovers about 20% of worlds deserts

    vegetation rare

    sand probably formed during more humidclimate

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    Death Valley, California

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    Types of DesertsReg - desert pavement of pebbles

    and stonesall small materials and sand removed by wind

    may be very thin coating of stones

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    A gibber plain in Australia

    Desert pavement

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    13/43Hamada - bedrock predominates

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    Desert varnish -oxidation of iron andmanganese, useful for

    dating desert surfaces

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    DESERT FLUVIALPROCESSES/LANDFORMS

    Fluvial Erosion - rare, intense flash floods.

    steep slopes; steep-walled canyons; washes, wadis,arroyos, canyons.

    fluvial systems decrease in discharge downstream

    Fluvial Transportation - large amounts of rock and sandmoved short distances.

    Fluvial Depositionwhere water slows on flat playasmaterial is deposited and sorted by size.

    alluvial fans

    rock debris in piedmont region

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    Joshua Tree N.P.

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    SlotCanyon

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    TheNarrows,

    Zion N.P.,Utah

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    AEOLIAN (WIND)PROCESSES/LANDFORMS

    Aeolian Erosion - much less effective than fluvial

    deflation - the movement of small particles

    abrasion - polishes and etches exposed surfaces

    Aeolian Transportation - moves nothing bigger than sand

    dust storms - can extend thousands of feet up

    sand storms - only very near the surface

    Aeolian Deposition - dunes form and shift where windsand terrain combine to slow the winds or block themovement of dunes.

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    Dust Storm, Senegal

    Sand Storm

    AEOLIAN (WIND)

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    AEOLIAN (WIND)PROCESSES/LANDFORMS

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    Types of Dunes

    BARCHAN

    TRANSVERSE

    DUNES

    SEIFS

    T f D

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    Types of DunesBarchans - migrating crescent dune withhorns pointing downwind; form where strongwinds blow in a consistent direction. Movefast. Common in central Asia and Sahara. Canreach hundreds of feet in height.

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    Transverse Dunes- parallel waves of crescent dunesperpendicular to wind direction; migrate downwind.Found in areas with large supply of sand.

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    Seifs- multiple very long narrow, parallel dunes. May be causedin areas with at least two dominant wind directions. Can be tens

    of miles long. Common outside of U.S.

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    Namib Desert

    Star Dunes

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    BASIN ANDRANGE

    TOPOGRAPHY

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    Piedmont - gently sloping land that extendsout from base of mountains.

    Pediment - sloping bedrock at base thatdevelops.

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    Badwater, Death Valley, CA

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    Playas

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    Mesa and Scarp

    Topography

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    Differential Erosion

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    Uluru (Ayers Rock), Australia

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    Inselberg -island mountains riseabruptly out of desert landscapes

    Bornhardt - highly resistant rocklandform; a type of inselberg.

    Kata Tjuta (The Olgas), Australia

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    Bornhardt, Arches National Park, Utah

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    Delicate Arch,Arches National

    Park, Utah


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