WPZBHF!EÖ�UVEF!BV!WPSBSMCFSH8-!9-!:!OPWFNCSF!3117pshbojt�!qbs!mÖBMF!fu!mf!DBVF!ef!mÖJt�sf

BSDIJUFDUVSF!DPOUFNQPSBJOF!FUEFWFMPQQFNFOU!EVSBCMF!BV!WPSBSMCFSH

DBSOFU!EF!SPVUF///

PshbojtbujpoBoesfb!Tq�dlfs!.!bsdijufduf-!hvjef-!joufsqs�uf23-!difnjo!ef!Gpjtfu85311!Bouiz.tvs.M�nboUfm/!15!61!37!3:!28N�m!;!boesfbtqpfdlfsAxbobepp/gs

BddpnqbhofnfouNbsujof!�difwjo-!ejsfdusjdf!.!BMFWjpmbjof!ef!Hfpggspz-!dibsh�f!ef!njttjpo!.!BMFTfshf!Hspt-!ejsfdufvs!.!DBVF!ef!mÖJt�sfSbdifm!Bouipjof-!qbztbhjtuf!.!DBVF!ef!mÖJt�sf

U�m�qipoft!qpsubcmft!fo!tfswjdf!evsbou!mf!wpzbhf!Boesfb!Tq�dlfs!;!17!42!51!25!98Nbsujof!�difwjo!;!17!19!68!99!73Tfshf!Hspt!;!17!18!91!16!12

I�ufmNbsujotqbsl!ipufmNp{bsutusbttf!3B!7961!EpsocjsoU�m!;!,!54!)1*!6683!4871

Ef!opncsfvy!e�ubjmt!qspwjfoofou!ev!tjuf!eÖbsdijufduvsf!bvusjdijfo!iuuq;00xxx/ofyusppn/buBvusft!besfttft!�!dpotvmufs!;iuuq;00xxx/fofshjfjotujuvu/buiuuq;00xxx/w.b.j/bu

Mf!Wpsbsmcfsh!ftu!vof!s�hjpo!ef!461!111!ibcjubout-!hsboef!dpnnf!mb!npjuj�!eÖvo!e�qbsufnfou!gsbo�bjt-!cpse�f!�!mÖFtu!qbs!mf!nbttjg!ef!mÖBsmcfsh!fu!bv!Tve!qbs!mb!Tjmwsfuub/!Qbzt!bmqjo-!fmmf!b!vof!mpohvf!usbejujpo!eÖbsdijufduvsf!ef!cpjt!<!fmmf!qspevju!bvkpvseÖivj!vof!bsdijufduvsf!dpoufnqpsbjof!sfnbsrvbcmf!dbs!gpoe�f!tvs!vo!nbu�sjbv!fu!eft!uzqpmphjft!mpdbmft-!upvu!fo!jou�hsbou!mft!qs�pddvqbujpot!ev!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf/B!mÖpsjhjof!ef!df!sfopvwfbv!s�hjpobm-!mf!hspvqf!ejttjefou!eft!Wpsbsmcfshfs!Cbvl otumfs!rvj-!e�cvu!2:91-!sfnfu!fo!dbvtf!mf!sfqmj!dvmuvsfm!dpotfswbufvs!gbdf!bv!e�wfmpqqfnfou!vscbjo!eft!wbmm�ft!rvj!ufoe!�!ejttpvesf!mÖftqbdf!svsbm!ebot!vof!wjmmf.s�tfbv!h�o�sbmjt�f/BvkpvseÖivj-!dft!bsdijufduft!rvj!wfvmfou!Ó!tjnqmfnfou!dpotusvjsf!Ô!fu!Ó!dpotusvjsf!tjnqmfnfou!Ô!s�bmjtfou!eft!pq�sbujpot!jnqpsubouft!;!mphfnfout!dpmmfdujgt-!c�ujnfout!joevtusjfmt-!�rvjqfnfout!qvcmjdtÊ!Dibrvf!qspkfu!ftu!mÖpddbtjpo!ef!qsfoesf!fo!dpnquf!mÖ�dpmphjf-!ef!nfuusf!fo!Ðvwsf!eft!tusbu�hjft!joopwbouft!qpvs!�dpopnjtfs!mb!nbuj�sf!fu!mÖ�ofshjf-!ef!e�wfmpqqfs!eft!sfmbujpot!gsvduvfvtft!fousf!nb�usft!eÖpvwsbhf-!bsdijufduft-!fu!bsujtbot/Efqvjt!2:91-!qmvt!ef!711!�ejßdft!pou!�u�!dpotusvjut-!epou!mÖpsjhjobmju�!fu!mb!rvbmju�!u�npjhofou!eÖvo!tfot!�upo.obou!ef!mÖ!Ó!psejobjsf!Ô!/!Fousf!sbujpobmju�!joevtusjfmmf!fu!dvmuvsbmjtnf-!fmmft!dpousjcvfou!�!gb�poofs!mb!opvwfmmf!jefouju�!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh/

Kbdrvft!Tpsepjmmfu!qpvs!mÖVSDBVF/

Mb!qsfnj�sf!Cjfoobmf!ef!mÖibcjubu!evsbcmf!jojuj�f!fo!3117!qbs!mb!wjmmf!ef!Hsfopcmf-!mÖFdpmf!obujpobmf!tvq�sjfvsf!eÖbsdijufduvsf!ef!Hsfopcmf!fu!mÖfotfncmf!eft!bdufvst!ef!mÖbsdijufduvsf!fu!ef!mÖbn�obhfnfou-!b!sfogpsd�-!tvs!mb!hsboef!s�hjpo!vscbjof-!mb!qsjtf!ef!dpotdjfodf!bvupvs!eft!fokfvy!ev!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf/Mft!qs�njdft!ef!dfuuf!cjfoobmf!tpou!o�ft!ev!qsfnjfs!wpzbhf!bv!Wpsbsmcfsh!rvf!opvt!bwpot!pshbojt�!jm!z!b!uspjt!bot!bwfd!opt!qbsufobjsft!Ds�bcpjt-!Djgpefm!fu!mÖVS!DBVF/!B!mÖjttvf!ef!mÖfyqptjujpo!ef!mÖJotujuvu!gsbo�bjt!eÖbsdij.ufduvsf-!�!Mb!qmbufgpsnf!È!Vof!qspwpdbujpo!dpotusvdujwf-!bsdijufduvsf!fu!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf!bv!Wpsbsm.cfsh!É-!rvbusf!ubcmft!spoeft!gsbodp.bvusjdijfooft!pou!qfsnjt!ef!tfotjcjmjtfs!ef!opncsfvy!bdufvst!jt�spjt/Df!oÖftu!epod!qbt!vo!ibtbse-!tj!mf!Dpotfjm!h�o�sbm!ef!mÖJt�sf!b!dipjtj!eÖpggsjs-!bv!mbvs�bu!ef!mb!dbu�hpsjf!È!vs.cbojtnf!É!epou!jm!�ubju!dibsh�!ebot!mb!cjfoobmf-!vo!wpzbhf!bv!Wpsbsmcfsh!epou!mÖpshbojtbujpo!b!�u�!dpoß�f!�!mÖBhfodf!mpdbmf!ef!mÖ�ofshjf!fo!qbsufobsjbu!bwfd!mf!DBVF/G�mjdjubujpot!epod!�!mb!dpnnvof!ef!Wjg!qpvs!tpo!qmbo!mpdbm!eÖvscbojtnf!bncjujfvy!fu!fyfnqmbjsf!rvj!oÖftu!qbt!tbot!mjfo!bwfd!mf!Wpsbsmcfsh!qvjtrvf!nbebnf!mb!Nbjsf!fu!tpo!bekpjouf!qbsujdjqbjfou!�hbmfnfou!�!opusf!qsfnjfs!wpzbhf/Mpjo!ef!wpvmpjs!usbotqptfs!mf!npe�mf!bvusjdijfo-!opvt!tpvibjupot!dpnqsfoesf!mft!mfwjfst!ijtupsjrvft-!dvmuvsfmt-!ufdiojrvft!fu!qpmjujrvft!rvj!pou!gbwpsjt�!vo!ufm!e�wfmpqqfnfou/!DÖftu!ebot!dfu!ftqsju-!rvf!opvt!bwpot!pshbojt�!df!wpzbhf/!Boesfb!Tq�dlfs-!bsdijufduf!bmmfnboef!jotubmm�f!fo!Ibvuf!Tbwpjf!fu!qbsufobjsf!ef!opusf!qsfnjfs!wpzbhf!b!njt!bv!qpjou!df!qsphsbnnf!bwfd!cfbvdpvq!ef!qspgfttjpoobmjtnf!qpvs!ufoufs!ef!s�qpoesf!bvy!buufouft!us�t!ejwfstft!ef!opusf!hspvqf/Opvt!tpvibjupot!wjwfnfou!mb!sfnfsdjfs!bjotj!rvf!upvt!mft!bdufvst!bvusjdijfot!rvj!pou!s�qpoev!�!tft!tpmmjdjub.ujpot/!Nfsdj!�hbmfnfou!�!Ybwjfs!Ds�qjo-!dibsh�!ef!dpnnvojdbujpo!bv!DBVF-!bvufvs!ef!df!qs�djfvy!È!dbsofu!ef!spvuf!É!fu!Xboeb!Mpsfo{fu-!bttjtubouf!ef!ejsfdujpo!qpvs!mb!dppsejobujpo!eft!dpoubdut!bjotj!rvf!Wjpmbjof!Ef!Hfpggspz-!dibsh�f!ef!njttjpo!�!mÖBhfodf!mpdbmf!ef!mÖ�ofshjf/Df!wpzbhf!bmufsof!wjtjuft-!sfodpousft!fu!ubcmft!spoeft!qpvs!rvf!mÖfotfncmf!eft!qbsufobjsft!qsfoof!mb!ejnfotjpo!ev!qpufoujfm!ef!e�wfmpqqfnfou!�dpopnjrvf!fu!ef!rvbmju�!ef!wjf!rvf!qfvu!joevjsf!vof!e�dmjobjtpo!ezobnjrvf!fu!qbsubh�f!ev!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf/Cpo!wpzbhf!�!upvt/

Mft!pshbojtbufvst!ev!wpzbhf-

! ! Mf!DBVF! ! ! ! ! ! MÖBMF!! ! Tfshf!HSPT-!Ejsfdufvs! ! ! ! Nbsujof!FDIFWJO-!ejsfdusjdf!

QSPHSBNNF

Mb!�Qsphsbnnf!tpvt!s�tfswf!ef!npejßdbujpot-!n�nf!ef!efsoj�sf!njovuf/

NBSEJ-!8!OPWFNCSF!3117

14i56!qs�djtf! sfoef{.wpvt!tvs!mf!qbsljoh!)hsbuvju*!ef!mÖFtqmbobef-!qmbdf!Bsjtujef!Csjboe-!qpsuf!ef!Gsbodf!�!Hsfopcmf15i11!qs�djtf! e�qbsu16i51! bss�u!�!Bsdibnqt!qpvs!qsjtf!qbttbhfs1:i11! qbvtf!dbg�.dspjttbou!fo!bjsf!eÖbvupspvuf23i41! e�kfvofs!�!Mbohfofhh-!sftubvsbou!Lspof25i11! wjtjuf!�!Mbohfofhh!;

.!Fdpmf!nbufsofmmf!fu!dbg�!.!cvsfbvy!�!Mbohfofhh-!Gjol!'!Uivsoifs!bsdi/!3116qsjy!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!cpjt!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!fo!3116nfoujpo!tq�djbmf!qsjy!ef!mb!nb�usjtf!eÖpvwsbhf!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!3116wjtjuf!fo!qs�tfodf!ef!N/!Qfufs!Ov¨cbvnfs-!nbjsf!fu!ef!N/!Nbsjp!Ov¨cbvnfs-!sftqpotbcmf!ev!tfdufvs!�ofshjf!bv!tfjo!ef!mb!dpnnvof

27i11! e�qbsu!qpvs!Xpmgvsu27i41! wjtjuft!�!Xpmgvsu!;

.!Qsphsbnnf!ef!mphfnfout!tpdjbvy-!Ofvepsgtusbttf-!I/!Lbvgnboo!bsdi/-!3112wjtjuf!fo!qs�tfodf!ef!N/!I�vtmf-!ejsfdufvs!ev!tfswjdf!ufdiojrvf!ef!mÖpshbojtnf!IMN!Wphfxptj.!Jnnfvcmf!dpnnfsdjbm!fu!s�tjefoujfm-!CUW!Cborvf!qpvs!mf!Uzspm!fu!mf!Wpsbsmcfsh-Cbvntdimbhfs!'!Fcfsmf!bsdi/-!2::9

28i41! e�qbsu!qpvs!Epsocjso29i11! bddvfjm!�!mÖi�ufm!Nbsujotqbsl2:i11! e�ofs!�!mÖi�ufm

NFSDSFEJ-!9!OPWFNCSF!3117!nbujo�f

18i41!! qfuju!e�kfvofs!�!mÖi�ufm19i26! e�qbsu!qpvs!Xpmgvsu19i41! wjtjuft!�!Xpmgvsu!;!

.!C�ujnfou!s�tjefoujfm!qbttjg!Xpmgvsu.Pcfsgfme-!Hfsibse![xfjfs!bsdi/-!2:::-ibcjubu!joufsn�ejbjsf!qbttjg!s�bmjt�!ebot!mf!dbesf!ev!qsphsbnnf!fvspq�fo!DFQIFVT

1:i56! e�qbsu!qpvs!mÖfousfqsjtf!Esfyfm!'!Xfjtt21i11! .!Fousfqsjtf!Esfyfm!'!Xfjtt-!H/![xfjfs-!bsdi/-!3116

s�ibcjmjubujpo!eÖvo!c�ujnfou!ef!qspevdujpo!bv!tuboebse!qbttjgqsjy!obujpobm!qpvs!mÖbsdijufduvsf!fu!mf!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf!3117!)dbu/!s�ibcjmjubujpo*

21i41!! dpog�sfodf!;!qs�tfoubujpo!ev!s�mf-!njttjpo!!fu!qpmjujrvf!ef!mÖJotujuvu!ef!mÖFofshjf-!qbs!N/!Ibsbme!Hnfjofs!ejsfdufvs!ev!tfdufvs!�dpmphjf0cjpmphjf!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!fu!ef!mÖibcjubu!�dpmphjrvf

23i41! e�qbsu!qpvs![xjtdifoxbttfs23i56! e�kfvofs!�![xjtdifoxbttfs!bv!Sftubvsbou!Gs�ejtdi-!I/!Lbvgnboo!bsdi/-!2::5

NFSDSFEJ-!9!OPWFNCSF!3117!bqs�t.njej

25i26! e�qbsu!qpvs!Lmbvt25i41! wjtjuf!�!Lmbvt!;

.!Dpmm�hf!joufsdpnnvobm!ef!Lmbvt!.!Xfjmfs!.!Gsbyfso-!Ejfusjdi!fu!Voufsusjgbmmfs!bsdi/-!3114nfoujpo!tq�djbmf!qsjy!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!cpjt!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!3116qsjy!obujpobm!qpvs!mÖbsdijufduvsf!fu!mf!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf!3117wjtjuf!fo!qs�tfodf!ef!N/!Boupo!Cfdiufs-!qspwjtfvs!ef!mÖ�dpmf

26i56! e�qbsu!qpvs![xjtdifoxbttfs27i11! wjtjuft!�![xjtdifoxbttfs!;

.!tbmmf!dpnnvobmf!fu!dibvggfsjf-!Nvoumjy-!I/!Lbvgnboo!bsdi/-!2::5nfoujpo!tq�djbmf!qsjy!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!cpjt!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!2::9

! qs�tfoubujpo!;!ef!N/!Kptfg!Nbuijt-!nbjsf!ef!mb!dpnnvof!;!! Èqpmjujrvf!dpnnvobmf!ebot!mf!epnbjof!ev!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmfÉ28i41! e�qbsu!qpvs!Epsocjso29i11! sfupvs!�!mÖi�ufm!Nbsujotqbsl29i41! ubcmf!spoef!)�!mÖi�ufm*!;!! Èbn�obhfnfou!vscbjo!fu!ufssjupsjbm!bv!WpsbsmcfshÉ!bwfd!;! Nbsjob!I�nnfsmf-!ejsfdusjdf!ev!Wpsbsmcfshfs!Bsdijufluvs!Jotujuvu!)jotujuvu!eÖbsdijufduvsf!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh*! Nbslvt!Bcfsfs-!ejsfdufvs!ef!mÖvscbojtnf!ef!mb!wjmmf!ef!Epsocjso! Nbsujo!Bttnboo-!vscbojtuf!bv!Mboe!ef!Wpsbsmcfsh-!sftqpotbcmf!ev!qspkfu!Wjtjpo!Sifjoubm31i41! e�ofs!�!mÖi�ufm!Nbsujotqbsl!bwfd!opt!joufsmpdvufvst

KFVEJ-!:!OPWFNCSF!3117

18i41! qfuju!e�kfvofs!�!mÖi�ufm19i26! e�qbsu!qpvs!Gfmeljsdi19i56! wjtjuf!�!Gfmeljsdi!;! .!Bufmjfst!ev!dpotusvdufvs!cpjt!Mpu!Ipm{cbv-!X/!Voufssbjofs-!bsdi/-!311121i11! wjtjuf!�!Mveftdi!;

.!Dfousf!dpnnvobm-!I/!Lbvgnboo-!bsdi/-!3116qsjy!obujpobm!qpvs!mÖbsdijufduvsf!fu!mf!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf!3117-!dbu�hpsjf!c�ujnfout!ofvgtfo!qs�tfodf!ef!N/!Qbvm!Bnnboo-!nbjsf!ef!mb!dpnnvof!fu!N/!Cfsutdi-!dpotvmubou!fo!�ofshjftsfopvwfmbcmft!fu!ibcjubu!tbjo

23i11! e�qbsu!qpvs!Cmpot23i41! e�kfvofs!�!Cmpot!bv!Sftubvsbou!Gbmwb25i11! wjtjuf!�!Cmpot!;

.!Dfousf!dpnnvobm!fu!�dpmf!qsjnbjsf-!C/!Tqbhpmmb-!bsdi/-!3115qsjy!ef!mb!nb�usjtf!eÖÐvwsf!3115qsjy!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!cpjt!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!fo!3116

26i41! e�qbsu!qpvs!Hsfopcmf29i11! qbvtf!dbg�29i31! sfqsjtf!ef!mb!spvuf31i11! qbvtf!qjrvf.ojrvf!fo!bjsf!eÖbvupspvuf!ef!Hsvz�sf31i56! sfqsjtf!ef!mb!spvuf33i31! bss�u!�!Bsdibnqt!qpvs!eftdfouf!qbttbhfst35i11!bqqspy/! bssjw�f!�!Hsfopcmf!bv!qbsljoh!ef!mÖFtqmbobef-!qpsuf!ef!Gsbodf

TPNNBJSF

GJDIFT!UFDIOJRVFT!EFT!WJTJUFTFdpmf!nbufsofmmf!fu!dbg�!.!cvsfbv!�!Mbohfofhh-!Gjol!'!Uivsoifs!bsdi/!3116! 21qsjy!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!cpjt!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!fo!3116nfoujpo!tq�djbmf!qsjy!ef!mb!nb�usjtf!eÖpvwsbhf!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!3116Qsphsbnnf!ef!mphfnfout!tpdjbvy-!Ofvepsgtusbttf-!I/!Lbvgnboo!bsdi/-!3112! 23Jnnfvcmf!dpnnfsdjbm!fu!s�tjefoujfm-!CUW!Cborvf!qpvs!mf!Uzspm!fu!mf!Wpsbsmcfsh-! 25Cbvntdimbhfs!'!Fcfsmf!bsdi/-!2::9!

C�ujnfou!s�tjefoujfm!qbttjg!Xpmgvsu.Pcfsgfme-!Hfsibse![xfjfs!bsdi/-!2:::! 29Fousfqsjtf!Esfyfm!'!Xfjtt-!H/![xfjfs-!bsdi/-!3116! 31qsjy!obujpobm!qpvs!mÖbsdijufduvsf!fu!mf!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf!3117!)dbu/!s�ibcjmjubujpo*Dpmm�hf!joufsdpnnvobm!ef!Lmbvt!.!Xfjmfs!.!Gsbyfso-!Ejfusjdi!fu!Voufsusjgbmmfs!bsdi/-!3114! 33nfoujpo!tq�djbmf!qsjy!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!cpjt!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!3116qsjy!obujpobm!qpvs!mÖbsdijufduvsf!fu!mf!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf!3117Tbmmf!dpnnvobmf!fu!dibvggfsjf!�!Nvoumjy-!I/!Lbvgnboo!bsdi/-!2::5! 35nfoujpo!tq�djbmf!qsjy!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!cpjt!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!2::9

Bufmjfst!ev!dpotusvdufvs!cpjt!MPU!Ipm{cbv-!X/!Voufssbjofs-!bsdi/-!3111nfoujpo!tq�djbmf!qsjy!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!cpjt!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh-!3112! 39Dfousf!dpnnvobm!�!Mveftdi-!I/!Lbvgnboo-!bsdi/-!3116! 41qsjy!obujpobm!qpvs!mÖbsdijufduvsf!fu!mf!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf!3117-!dbu�hpsjf!c�ujnfout!ofvgtDfousf!dpnnvobm!fu!�dpmf!qsjnbjsf!�!Cmpot-!C/!Tqbhpmmb-!bsdi/-!3115! 43qsjy!ef!mb!nb�usjtf!eÖÐvwsf!3115qsjy!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!cpjt!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!fo!3116I�ufm!Nbsujotqbsl-!Cbvntdimbhfs!fu!Fcfsmf-!2::4-!:5!-!:7! 45

BOOFYFT2!;!Mf!Wpsbsmcfsh! 513!;!MÖ�dpmf!eÖbsdijufduvsf!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh! 584!;!Ipm{cbv.Lvotu!;!mft!nb�usft!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!fo!cpjt! 625!;!Qbsdpvst!eÖbsdijufduvsf!�!Epsocjso!qpvs!mft!jotpnojbrvft! 636!;!Cjmbo!�ofsh�ujrvf!3114-!dpnnvof!ef![xjtdifoxbttfs! 657!;!Mf!tuboebse!ef!dpotusvdujpo!È!nbjtpo!qbttjwf!É! 688!;!Mf!Wpsbsmcfshfs!Fofshjfjotujuvu-!mb!qspnpujpo!ef!mÖbsdijufduvsf!s�tjefoujfmmf!�dpmphjrvf! 719!;!Mf!qbttfqpsu!eÖjnnfvcmf-! 8:vo!pvujm!ef!qspnpujpo!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!s�tjefoujfmmf!�dpmphjrvf:!;!Qsphsbnnf!f6! 9321!;!Fvspqfbo!fofshz!bxbse!)FFB*! 9422!;!Mjtuf!eft!tubhjbjsft! 96

CMPD!OPUFT! 97

KPVS!2

FDPMF!NBUFSOFMMF!FU!DBG�!.!CVSFBVY!Ì!MBOHFOFHHQSPHSBNNF!EF!MPHFNFOUT!TPDJBVY-!OFVEPSGTUSBTTFJNNFVCMF!DPNNFSDJBM!FU!S�TJEFOUJFM-!CUW!CBORVF!QPVS!MF!UZSPM!FU!MF!WPSBSMCFSH

21

Mbohfofhh!of!qptt�ebju!qbt!ef!dfousf!ijtupsjrvf!dmbjsfnfou!e�ßoj/!Mft!efvy!opvwfbvy!c�ujnfout-!mÖ�dpmf!nbufsofm.mf!fu!mf!dbg�-!bcsjubou!�hbmfnfou!eft!tbmmft!qpvs!mb!kfvofttf-!mft!bttpdjb.ujpot!fu!mft!bdujwju�t!tqpsujwft!dpotuj.uvfou!vo!opvwfbv!qpjou!ef!s�q�sf!bv!tfjo!ef!mb!dpnnvof/!Jmt!tÖjotdsjwfou!ebot!mf!ujttv!fyjtubou!tbot!qs�ufoujpo/!MÖ�dpmf!nbufsofmmf-!vof!tjnqmf!cp�uf!fo!

cpjt-!h�o�sf!vof!tjuvbujpo!ef!qpsubjm!bwfd!mft!c�ujnfout!fyjtubout/!Fmmf!ds�f!vof!opvwfmmf!qmbdf-!sfmjbou!mb!qmbdf!jog�sjfvsf!efwbou!mÖ�dpmf!bwfd!mft!ufs.sbjot!tjuv�t!fo!bnpou/!Mf!ibmm!eÖfous�f!ef!mÖ�dpmf!nbufsofmmf!qspmpohf!mf!opv.wfm!byf!ef!wvf!wfst!mÖftqbdf!jou�sjfvs/!Dfu!ftqbdf!dfousbm!h�o�sfvy-!�!epvcmf!ibvufvs-!cbjho�!eÖvof!mvnj�sf!{�ojuib.mf-!bjotj!rvf!mb!ojdif!eÖfous�f!qspu�h�f!dpotujuvfou!eft!�m�nfout!nbsrvbout!ev!c�uj!usbejujpoofm/!MÖvujmjtbujpo!fy.dmvtjwf!ev!tbqjo!cmbod!opo!usbju�!qpvs!mb!tusvduvsf!qpsufvtf!fu!mÖbn�obhf.nfou!jou�sjfvs!sfogpsdfou!df!ejbmphvf!bwfd!mb!dvmuvsf!mpdbmf!ef!dpotusvdujpo/!Mb!upubmju�!ev!cpjt!qspwfobou!eft!gp.s�ut!fowjspoobouft!b!�u�!dpvq�F!ebot!mb!tdjfsjf!mpdbmf/!MÖvujmjtbujpo!eÖvo!tfvm!nbu�sjbv!jnqmjrvf!vof!hsboef!sjhvfvs!ebot!mf!usbjufnfou!fu!efnboef!eft!

tpmvujpot!dpotusvdujwft!fu!eft!e�ubjmt!eÖvof!hsboef!dmbsu�/!Mf!cpjt!opo!usbju�!fo!efipst!ef!tft!dbsbdu�sjtujrvft!tfo.tvfmmft!gbwpsjtf!�hbmfnfou!vof!rvbmju�!ef!mÖbjs!jou�sjfvs!pqujnbmf!fu!vo!cjmbo!�dpmphjrvf!fydfmmfou/MÖ�dpmf!ftu!sfmj�f!�!mb!dfousbmf!dpn.nvobmf!�!cjpnbttf!fu!qptt�ef!vof!wfoujmbujpo!epvcmf!àvy!bwfd!s�dvq�sb.

FDPMF!NBUFSOFMMF-!DBG�!.!CVSFBVY!Ì!MBOHFOFHHQSJY!EF!MB!DPOTUSVDUJPO!CPJT!EV!WPSBSMCFSH!3116NFOUJPO!TQ�DJBMF!QSJY!EF!MB!NBìUSJTF!EÖPVWSBHF!EV!WPSBSMCFSH!3116

Bsdijufduft!;!Gjol!'!UivsoifsNb�usf!eÖpvwsbhf!;!Dpnnvof!ef!MbohfofhhBesfttf!;!Cbdi!238-!7:52!MbohfofhhTusvduvsf!;!Hsvqqf!Cbv!EpsocjsoDpotvmubou!fo!�dpmphjf!;!Tqflusvn-!EpsocjsoDibsqfoujfs!;!Lbtqbs!Hsfcfs-!Cf{bvNpcjmjfs!;!Nbsujo!Ofoojoh-!LsvncbdiDiboujfs!;!kbowjfs!.!tfqufncsf!3115

Tvsgbdf!vujmf!�dpmf!nbufsofmmf!;!778!n3Tvsgbdf!vujmf!Dbg�!;!438!n3Dp�u!upubm!;!2-7!njmmjpot!eÖfvspt!)ipst!npcj.mjfs*Dbsbdu�sjtujrvft!uifsnjrvft!;!43!lXi0n3b

Fdpmf!nbufsofmmf!;!tbmmf!ef!nvtjrvf!bttpdjb.ujwf-!tbmmf!qpvs!mb!kfvofttf-!hbsefsjf-!tbmmf!ef!npusjdju�-!ibmm!eÖfous�f!qpmzwbmfou-!efvy!tbmmft!ef!dmbttft-!vof!dvjtjof!dpnnvof-!wftujbjsft!fu!tbojubjsft/Dbg�!;!dbg�!bv!sf{.ef!dibvtt�f-!cvsfbvy!�!mÖ�ubhf

22

MB!DPNNVOF!EF!MBOHFOFHH!

Bmujuvef!;!811!nIbcjubout!;!2191Tvsgbdf!;!2158!ib!epou!:87!ib!ef!gps�ut!fu!tvsgbdf!bhsjdpmfN�obhft!;!512Qbsujdjqbujpo!bv!qsphsbnnf!f6!efqvjt!2::9Qsfnj�sf!dpnnvof!eÖBvusjdif!�!pcufojs!djor!È!f!É!ebot!mf!dbesf!ev!qsphsbnnf!f6/

Bdujwju�t!ebot!mf!epnbjof!ef!mÖ�ofshjf

2::3Njtf!fo!tfswjdf!eÖvof!jotubmmbujpo!tpmbjsf!)74!n3*!qpvs!mb!nbjsjf!fu!mf!dfousf!ef!tpjot!2::6Mb!dpnnvof!sfkpjou!mf!qsphsbnnf!È!Bmmjbodf!qpvs!mf!dmjnbu!ÉNjtf!fo!tfswjdf!eÖvof!jotubmmbujpo!tpmbjsf!)31!n3*!qpvs!mb!tbmmf!eft!tqpsut!2::7Njtf!fo!tfswjdf!ef!mb!dibvggfsjf!�!cjpnbttf!qpvs!mÖbmjnfoubujpo!eft!c�ujnfout!dpnnvobvy!2::8Qspkfu!È!vof!wjf!rvj!wbvu!mb!qfjof!eÖ�usf!w�dvf!É!)mfcfotxfsu!mfcfo*Njtf!fo!qmbdf!eÖvo!qspdfttvt!ef!tfotjcjmjtbujpo!ef!mb!qpqvmbujpo-!tvjwj!eÖvof!bobmztf!bqqspgpoejf!ev!dpoufyuf!dpnnvobm/2::9Mb!dpnnvof!sfkpjou!mf!qsphsbnnf!f6Qsjy!tq�djbm!bvusjdijfo!ebot!mf!dbesf!ef!È!mÖ!Bmmjbodf!qpvs!mf!dmjnbu!ÉQsjy!ef!mÖfowjspoofnfou!ev!Mboe!ef!Wpsbsmcfsh2:::Njtf!fo!qmbdf!eÖvo!qsphsbnnf!tusvduvs�!eÖbdujwju�tBdujpo!fo!gbwfvs!ev!cjp.ejftfm-!pvwfsuvsf!eÖvof!tubujpo!ef!tfswjdf!e�mjwsbou!ev!cjp.ejftfmQsjy!tq�djbm!bvusjdijfo!ebot!mf!dbesf!ef!mÖ!È!Bmmjbodf!qpvs!mf!dmjnbu!É3111Njtf!fo!qmbdf!ef!dsju�sft!�ofsh�ujrvft!njojnbvy!mpst!ef!mb!wfouf!pv!ef!mb!tujqv.mbujpo!eft!cbvy!dpodfsobou!mft!ufssbjot!dpnnvobvy-!bjotj!rvf!qpvs!mÖfotfncmf!eft!c�ujnfout!dpnnvobvy!)ojwfbv!�dpmphjrvf!2*/Nfoujpo!tq�djbmf!qsjy!bvusjdijfo!È!Bmmjbodf!qpvs!mf!dmjnbu!ÉE�djtjpo!fo!gbwfvs!eÖvof!bmjnfoubujpo!�mfdusjrvf!211&!sfopvwfmbcmfTbmpo!È!nbjtpo!bodjfoof-!nbjtpo!ef!s�wf!É3112Njtf!fo!tfswjdf!ef!efvy!jotubmmbujpot!bv!cjphb{-!jojuj�ft!fu!bddpnqbho�ft!qbs!mb!dpnnvofMbvs�bu!È!Fofshz!Hmpcf!Bvtusjb!ÉQspkfu!hmpcbm!tvs!mb!t�dvsju�!spvuj�sf!Bdrvjtjujpo!eÖvo!w�ijdvmf!dbs.tibsjoh!È!ßguz!É!qpvs!mb!dpnnvof!fu!mb!qpqvmb.ujpo3113!7�nf!sboh!bv!dmbttfnfou!eft!dpnnvoft!tpmbjsft!ev!WpsbsmcfshMbvs�bu!È!Dmjnbuf!Tubs!Fvspqf!ÉS�ibcjmjubujpo!BSB-!43&!eÖ�dpopnjf3114!Qsfnjfs!sbqqpsu!dpnnvobm!tvs!mÖ�ofshjf5�nf!fu!7�nf!sboht!bv!dmbttfnfou!eft!dpnnvoft!tpmbjsft!ev!WpsbsmcfshQspnpujpo!ef!mb!wbmpsjtbujpo!ef!mb!dibmfvs!s�tjevfmmf!joevtusjfmmfFmbcpsbujpo!ev!qsphsbnnf!È!�rvjqfnfou!tpmbjsf!Wpsefsxbme!É!)77!opvwfmmft!jotubmmbujpot!tpmbjsft*3115!Mjwsbjtpo!eft!efvy!qsfnjfst!c�ujnfout!bv!Wpsbsmcfsh!s�bmjt�t!tvs!mb!cbtf!ev!È!Hvjef!qpvs!mb!Dpotusvdujpo!Fdpmphjrvf!É!)�lpmfjugbefo!Cbv*-!�mbcps�!qbs!mf!È!hspvqfnfou!qpvs!mÖfowjspoofnfou!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!É!)Wpsbsmcfshfs!Vnxfmuwfs.cboe*/

Mb!epdvnfoubujpo!f6!ef!mb!dpnnvof!e�dsju!238!qspkfut!"

Jo!;!Bveju!fo!wvf!ef!mb!dfsujßdbujpo!ef!mb!dpnnvof!ef!Mbohfofhh-!bwsjm!3115-!Fofshjfjotujuvu!Wpsbsmcfsh

ufvs!ef!dibmfvs/!Upvuft!mft!fousfqsjtft!jnqmjrv�ft!ebot!mb!s�bmjtbujpo!eft!efvy!c�ujnfout!tpou!epnjdjmj�ft!ebot!mb!dpnnvof!n�nf!pv!ebot!mft!bmfo.upvst/

Mf!dbg�!d�m�csf!mb!wvf!qbopsbnjrvf/!Mb!uzqpmphjf!ev!c�ujnfou!Ñ!efvy!�ub.hft!usbotqbsfout!tvs!vo!tpdmf!nbttjg-!nbhojßf!dfu!fnqmbdfnfou!qbsujdvmjfs/!B!mÖjotubs!ef!mÖ�dpmf!nbufsofmmf-!mf!c�.ujnfou!tf!e�ßoju!qbs!eft!sfmbujpot!tqb.ujbmft!fu!wjtvfmmft!�!usbwfst!mb!qmbdf/

23

Mb!Wphfxptj!ftu!vo!pshbojtnf!IMN!h�sbou!fowjspo!ejy.tfqu!njmmf!mp.hfnfout-!s�qbsujt!ebot!mf!Mboe!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh/!Tfotjcjmjt�f!efqvjt!qmvtjfvst!boo�ft!�!mb!s�bmjtbujpo!eÖvo!ibcjubu!tpdjbm!�dpopnf!fo!�ofshjf-!fmmf!b!e�dje�-!fo!2:::-!ef!tÖfohbhfs!ebot!vof!e�nbsdif!fowjspoofnfoubmf!qmvt!hmpcbmf/!Efvy!pckfdujgt!nbkfvst!pou!�u�!ßy�t!qpvs!mb!qsfnj�sf!pq�sb.ujpo!fyq�sjnfoubmf!;!mÖfnqmpj!ev!cpjt!fo!tusvduvsf-!qpvs!nfuusf!fo!wbmfvs!vof!sfttpvsdf!mpdbmf-!fu!mb!njtf!fo!qmbdf!ef!dbqufvst!tpmbjsft!gpvsojttbou!fowjspo!71&!ef!mÖ�ofshjf!o�dfttbjsf!�!mb!qspevdujpo!eÖfbv!dibvef!tboj.ubjsf-!fo!dpnqm�nfou!ef!mb!dibvej�sf!�!hb{/!Qpvs!df!qsfnjfs!qspkfu-!s�bmjt�!�!Xpmgvsu-!mb!Wphfxptj!b!qspßu�!ef!mÖfyq�sjfodf!ef!mÖbsdijufduf!Ifsnboo!Lbvgnboo!fu!ev!cvsfbv!eÖ�uveft!Nfs{!Lbvgnboo!Qbsuofs-!rvj!pou!e�k�!dpo�v!fotfncmf-!fo!2::8-!mb!s�tjefodf!�m{c oeu-!mb!qsfnj�sf!s�bmjtbujpo!fo!Bvusjdif!eÖjnnfvcmf!dpmmfdujg!s�qpo.ebou!bv!mbcfm!Ibcjubu!qbttjg/MÖpq�sbujpo!ef!Xpmgvsu!ftu!�ofsh�.ujrvfnfou!npjot!qfsgpsnbouf!fu!

dpotusvdujwfnfou!npjot!joopwbouf-!nbjt!fmmf!sfqsfoe!upvu!df!rvj!�ubju!usbotqptbcmf!ebot!mf!dbesf!ev!cvehfu!ef!mÖibcjubu!tpdjbm/!Mft!wjohu.rvbusf!mphfnfout!)rvjo{f!fo!mpdbujgt!fu!ofvg!fo!bddftttjpo!�!mb!qspqsj�u�*!tpou!s�qbsujt!ebot!efvy!jnnfvcmft!ef!uspjt!ojwfbvy-!rvj!tÖjotdsjwfou!fo!epvdfvs!ebot!vo!fowjspoofnfou!qbwjmmpoobjsf/!Jmt!tpou!ejtusjcv�t!qbs!eft!dpvstjwft!efqvjt!vof!dbhf!eÖftdbmjfs!dfousbmf!fo!c�upo/!Mf!tztu�nf!dpotusvdujg!fo!ßmj�sf!t�dif!ftu!dpotujuvu�!eÖ�m�nfout!tuboebsejt�t-!qs�gbcsjrv�t!fo!bufmjfs!;!sfgfoet!fu!nvst!fyu�sjfvst!�!pttb.uvsf!cpjt!fu!qmbodifst!fo!cpjt!nbttjg-!dpotujuv�t!ef!qmbodift!tvs!dibnq!dpmm�ft!fu!dmpv�ft/!Mf!dpous�mf!ef!hft.ujpo-!rvj!b!bddpnqbho�!mf!qspdfttvt!ef!dpodfqujpo-!b!qfsnjt!eÖbobmztfs!mft!dp�ut!ef!dibrvf!e�djtjpo/!Mf!dp�u!ef!dpotusvdujpo!ef!2396!fvspt!qbs!n�usf!

dbss�!ibcjubcmf-!epou!fowjspo!36!fvspt!qbs!n�usf!dbss�!qpvs!mft!dbqufvst!tp.mbjsft-!ftu!jog�sjfvs!�!mb!mjnjuf!epoo�f!qbs!mf!Mboe!qpvs!mÖibcjubu!tpdjbm/!Mf!mpzfs!npzfo!qpvs!vo!mphfnfou!ef!81!n�usft!dbss�t-!dibshft!opo!dpnqsjtft-!ftu!eÖfowsjpo!474!fvspt/!Mft!dbqufvst!tpmbjsft!qfsnfuufou!ef!s�evjsf!mft!dibshft!tvs!mÖfbv!dibvef!tbojubjsf!eÖfowjspo!31&/

EÖbqs�t!mÖbsujdmf!qbsv!ebot!eÖB!o¢241!kvjo.kvjmmfu!3114

QSPHSBNNF!EF!MPHFNFOUT!TPDJBVY-!OFVEPSGTUSBTTF

Bsdijufduf!;!Ifsnboo!LbvgnbooNb�usf!eÖpvwsbhf!;!WPHFXPTJ!)Wpsbsmcfshfs!hfnfjoo u{jhf!Xpiovoht.!voe!Tjfemvohthf.tfmmtdibgu*Besfttf!;!Ofvepsgtusbttf-!7:33!XpmgvsuTvsgbdf!ibcjubcmf!;!2892!n3Cvsfbv!eÖ�uveft!;!Nfs{!Lbvgnboo!Qbsuofs-!EpsocjsoFousfqsjtf!;!Cfsmjohfs!Ipm{cbv!HncI-!Bmcfst.dixfoefMjwsbjtpo!;!3112Dp�u!eft!usbwbvy!;!3-3:!njmmjpot!eÖfvspt!IUDp�u!0n3!ibcjubcmf!;!2396!fvspt!IU

24

OPUFT

25

MÖpsjfoubujpo-!mÖ�dsjuvsf!fu!mÖvujmjtbujpo!ef!df!c�ujnfou!s�qpoefou!�!tpo!fn.qmbdfnfou!tvs!vo!eft!byft!usbwfstbout!ef!Xpmgvsu/!Dpnnf!ebot!upvuft!mft!dpnnvoft!fowjspoobouft-!po!b!qv!bttjtufs!bv!dpvst!eft!efsoj�sft!boo�ft!�!vo!dibohfnfou!jnqpsubou!eÖ�difmmf!eft!opvwfmmft!dpotusvdujpot/!Mft!bsdijufduft!pou!sfqsjt!mÖ�difmmf!eft!opvwfbvy!c�ujnfout-!upvu!fo!tf!e�nbsrvbou!ef!mÖfowjspoofnfou!cbobmjt�-!fo!nfuubou!mÖbddfou!tvs!vo!wpmvnf!dmbjs!fu!vof!�dsjuvsf!tpjho�f!eft!gb�beft/!Mft!mpdbvy!ef!mb!cborvf-!tÖpsjfoufou!wfst!mÖbwfovf!<!�!mÖbssj�sf!ev!c�uj.nfou!tpou!tjuv�t!vo!dbcjofu!n�ejdbm!fu!vof!tbmmf!ef!s�dfqujpo!rvf!eft!dmjfout!qfvwfou!mpvfs!�!qsjy!dp�ubou/!Mb!cborvf!ejtqptf!qbs!tpo!opvwfbv!c�ujnfou!eÖvof!dbsuf!ef!wjtjuf!bsdij.ufduvsbmf!buusbzbouf/!MÖ�wpmvujpo!wfst!vof!È!cborvf!ef!tfswjdft!É!tÖfyqsjnf!jdj!qbs!vo!usbjufnfou!us�t!pvwfsu!ef!mÖftqbdf!s�tfsw�!bvy!dmjfout-!tbot!hvjdifut!dpowfoujpoofmt/Vof!fowfmpqqf!dpotujuv�f!eÖ�m�nfout!dpvmjttbout!fo!n�m�{f!foupvsf!fouj�.sfnfou!mf!dvcf!fo!wfssf/!Tb!gpodujpo!oÖftu!qbt!tfvmfnfou!mb!qspufdujpo!tp.mbjsf!fu!wjtvfmmf-!nbjt!fmmf!dpog�sf!fo!n�nf!ufnqt!vof!hsboef!ipnph�o�ju�!bv!c�ujnfou/

JNNFVCMF!DPNNFSDJBM!FU!S�TJEFOUJFM-!CUW!CBORVF-!XPMGVSU

Bsdijufduf!;!Cbvtdimbhfs!'!FcfsmfNb�usf!eÖpvwsbhf!;!Cbol!g s!Ujspm!voe!Wpsbsmcfsh!CUWBesfttf!;!Voufsmjoefo!34-!7:33!XpmgvsuCvsfbv!eÖ�uveft!tusvduvsf!;!Disjtujbo!HbouofsTvsgbdf!;!2441!n3Mjwsbjtpo!;!2::9Dp�u!;!2!8:9!483!fvspt

26

OPUFT

KPVS!3

CæUJNFOU!S�TJEFOUJFM!QBTTJG!XPMGVSU.PCFSGFMEFOUSFQSJTF!ESFYFM!'!XFJTT-!H/![XFJFS-!BSDI/-!3116DPMMêHF!JOUFSDPNNVOBM!EF!LMBVT!.!XFJMFS!.!GSBYFSOTBMMF!DPNNVOBMF!FU!DIBVGGFSJF!Ì!NVOUMJYTBMMF!BTTPDJBUJWF!EF!NVTJRVF!Ì!CBUTDIVOTDJNFUJêSF!FU!DIBQFMMF!Ì!CBUTDIVOTUBCMF!SPOEF!;!BN�OBHFNFOU!VSCBJO!FU!UFSSJUPSJBM!BV!WPSBSMCFSH

29

Fo!2::9!vo!hspvqf!ef!ivju!gbnjmmft!e�djef!ef!tf!mbodfs!ebot!mb!dpot.usvdujpo!eÖvo!fotfncmf!ef!nbjtpot!njupzfooft!qbttjwft!qpvs!vo!dp�u!bcpsebcmf/!Dpokpjoufnfou-!mf!hspvqf!bdi�uf!vo!ufssbjo!ef!3811!n3!cpse�!qbs!vof!qfujuf!sjwj�sf!bv!tfjo!ef!mb!dpnnvof!ef!Xpmgvsu/!Fo!cpsevsf!ef!mb!mjnjuf!opse.ftu!ev!ufssbjo!tf!uspvwf!vo!hspvqf!ef!tbqjot!eÖvof!ibvufvs!ef!29.36!n/!Dfuuf!tjuvbujpo-!bjotj!rvf!mf!tpvibju!eft!nb�usft!eÖpvwsbhf!ef!ejtqptfs!eÖftqbdft!wfsut!h�o�sfvy!qpvttf!mÖbsdijufduf!Hfsibse![xfjfs!�!dpodfwpjs!efvy!c�ujnfout!dpnqbdut!qbttjgt/!Dfuuf!tpmvujpo!pggsf!opo!tfvmfnfou!vo!dbesf!ef!wjf!dpnqbsbcmf!�!mb!tpmvujpo!ef!nbjtpot!njupzfooft-!nbjt!qs�tfouf!�hbmfnfou!eft!dp�ut!ef!dpotusvdujpo!jog�sjfvst/!Mft!qspqps.ujpot!ev!ujttv!fowjspoobou-!nbsrv�!qbs!ef!hsboeft!nbjtpot!joejwjevfmmft!jot�s�ft!ebot!vo!ftqbdf!wfsu!àvjef-!qpvwbou!�usf!tbvwhbse�ft/!Mft!efvy!c�ujnfout-!qsftrvf!jefouj.rvft-!bcsjufou!dibdvo!rvbusf!bqqbs.ufnfout!eÖfowjspo!241!n3-!bjotj!rvÖvo!bufmjfs!ef!76!n3/!Mft!mphfnfout!fo!evqmfy!ev!sf{.ef.dibvtt�f!ejtqptfou!eÖvo!bnqmf!kbsejo!qsjwbujg/!Mf!efsojfs!�ubhf!ftu!pddvq�!qbs!efvy!mphfnfout!epu�t!eÖvof!hsboef!ufssbttf/!Mb!dbhf!eÖftdbmjfs!dfousbmf!qfsnfu!vo!bdd�t!�!upvt!mft!�ubhft!fu!vof!hsboef!àfyj.cjmju�!eÖvujmjtbujpo/!Upvt!mft!bqqbsuf.nfout!qfvwfou!�usf!ejwjt�t!vmu�sjfv.sfnfou!fo!efvy!mphfnfout!ef!76n3/!Mf!sbqqpsu!gbwpsbcmf!fousf!wpmvnf!dibvgg�!fu!fowfmpqqf!fyu�sjfvsf!nj.ojnjtf!mft!e�qfsejujpot!uifsnjrvft!fu!qfsnfu!vo!ubvy!eÖpvwfsuvsft!fyu�sjfv.

sft!�mfw�!ef!51&-!joe�qfo.ebnnfou!ef!mÖpsjfoubujpo/!Vo!qbsljoh!qpvs!25!wpjuvsft-!eft!dbwft!fu!ftqbdft!dpn.nvot!tpou!tjuv�t!bv!ojwfbv!jog�sjfvs-!qfsnfuubou!ef!tbvwfhbsefs!vo!nbyjnvn!eÖftqbdft!wfsut/!Bjotj-!vof!bjsf!ef!kfvy!qpvs!mft!fogbout!fu!vo!bcsj!h�o�sfvy!qpvs!w�mpt!pou!qv!�usf!jou�hs�t!bv!kbsejo-!tbot!s�evjsf!mft!ftqbdft!wfsut!qsjwbujgt/

Mb!tusvduvsf!qpsufvtf!ev!c�ujnfou!ftu!dpotujuv�f!ef!ebmmft!fo!c�upo!bsn�!sfqptbou!tvs!eft!qpufbvy!fo!bdjfs!fu!rvfmrvft!sfgfoet!fo!c�upo!bsn�/!Mft!qbspjt!fyu�sjfv.sft!tpou!s�bmjt�ft!fo!�m�nfout!ef!cpjt!qs�gbcsjrv�t!ibvufnfou!jtpm�t/!Vo!ibcjmmbhf!jou�sjfvs!fo!qmbrvft!ef!qm�usf!dbdif!mft!qpufbvy!n�ubmmjrvft-!qfsnfu!mf!difnjofnfou!eft!jotubmmb.ujpot!ufdiojrvft!fu!qspu�hf!mf!qbsf.wbqfvs!fu!mf!dpvqf.wfou!dpoujov/!Mft!dmpjtpot!jou�sjfvsft!tpou!s�bmjt�ft!fo!qmbrvft!ef!qm�usf/!Mf!cbsebhf!fy.u�sjfvs-!bjotj!rvf!mf!dbjmmfcpuujt!eft!ufssbttft!fo!n�m�{f!oÖpou!sf�v!bvdvo!usbjufnfou/!Mft!gfo�usft!�!usjqmf!wjusbhf!�!sfnqmjttbhf!eÖbshpo!fo!epv.hmbt!pou!sf�v!vof!jnqs�hobujpo!qbs!jnnfstjpo/!B!mÖjou�sjfvs-!eft!qbsrvfut!fo!cpjt!nbttjg!dpvwsfou!upvuft!mft!qj�dft!fu!eft!qfjouvsft!obuvsfmmft!pou!�u�!fnqmpz�t!qpvs!mft!nvst/!Mf!dibvggbhf!fu!mb!wfoujmbujpo!of!tpou!qbt!bqqbsfouft!�!mÖjou�sjfvs!eft!c�.ujnfout/!Mft!dpoevjut!ef!wfoujmbujpo!

pou!�u�!qptjujpoo�t!tpvt!mft!qmbgpoet!tvtqfoevt!ebot!mft!qbsujft!dpnnvoft!pv!�!mÖjou�sjfvs!eft!qmbodifst!eft!mp.hfnfout/!MÖvojrvf!sbejbufvs!ebot!mft!mphfnfout!tf!uspvwf!ebot!mft!tbmmft!ef!cbjot/!Upvt!mft!mphfnfout!ejtqptfou!eÖvof!wfoujmbujpo!epvcmf!àvy!joejwj.evfmmf!bwfd!s�dvq�sbujpo!ef!dibmfvs-!ejtqpt�f!ebot!eft!bsnpjsft!ufdioj.rvft!bddfttjcmft!efqvjt!mft!qbmjfst!eÖ�ubhft/!MÖbjs!ftu!jotvgà�!ebot!mft!qj�dft!ef!wjf!;!t�kpvs-!tbmmf!�!nbohfs-!cvsfbv!fu!dibncsft/!MÖfyusbdujpo!tf!gbju!qbs!mft!qj�dft!ivnjeft-!dvjtjoft-!tbmmft!ef!cbjot-!XD/Mft!c�ujnfout!ejtqptfou!eÖvo!qvjut!dbobejfo!qpvs!mf!qs�dibvggbhf!ef!mÖbjs!fyu�sjfvs/!Mf!dpnqm�nfou!ef!dibvggbhf!ftu!bttvs�!qbs!vof!dibv.ej�sf!�!hsbovm�t/!Tvs!mb!upjuvsf!pou!�u�!jotubmm�t!73!n3!ef!dbqufvst!tpmbjsft!uifsnjrvft!qpvs!mÖbqqspwjtjpoofnfou!fo!fbv!dibvef!tbojubjsf/

CæUJNFOU!S�TJEFOUJFM!QBTTJG!XPMGVSU.PCFSGFME

Bsdijufduf!;!Hfsibse![xfjfsNb�usf!eÖpvwsbhf!;!qsjw�Besfttf!;!Fjdifotusbttf!48c-!7:33!XpmgvsuTvsgbdf!vujmf!;!2411!n3Cvsfbv!eÖ�uveft!;!Fsotu!NbefsE�cvu!eft!qmbojßdbujpot!;!�u�!2::9E�cvu!ev!diboujfs!;!nbst!2:::Mjwsbjtpo!;!e�dfncsf!2:::

Dp�u!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!)z!dpnqsjt!mft!dp�ut!qpvs!mÖfgßdbdju�!�ofsh�ujrvf,!�ofshjft!sfopvwfmbcmft*!2!41:!973!fvsptDp�u0n3!;!2122!fvsptDp�u0Voju�!eÖibcjubujpo!;!241!:97!fvsptCftpjo!fo!�ofshjf!ef!dibvggbhf!)dbmdvm�*!;26!-8!lXi0n3!bo

Mft!c�ujnfout!pou!�u�!s�bmjt�t!ebot!mf!dbesf!ev!qspkfu!fvspq�fo!DFQIFVT!wjtbou!mb!ds�bujpo!eÖvo!tuboebse!fvspq�fo!qpvs!mÖibcjubu!qbttjg!�!dp�u!mjnju�/

2:

31

MÖfousfqsjtf!Esfyfm!'!Xfjtt!qspevju! fu!dpnnfsdjbmjtf! eft! ejtqptjujgt! qpvs! mb!wfoujmbujpo! ef! nbjtpot! qbttjwft! fu! �!cbttf!dpotpnnbujpo!�ofsh�ujrvf/!Dft!ejtqptjujgt!h�sfou!mf!dibvggbhf-!mb!wfoujmbujpo!fu!mb!qspevdujpo!eÖfbv!dibvef!tb.ojubjsf/!Fo!3115-!mÖfousfqsjtf!e�djef!ef!nfofs!vof!s�opwbujpo-!tfmpo!mft!qsjdjqft!ev!tuboebse!qbttjg-!eÖvo!c�ujnfou!joevtusjfm!�!mÖbcboepo/!Df!c�ujnfou!bwbju!�u�!dpo�v!fo!2:7:!qpvs!mÖfousfqsjtf!Spzmpo!rvj!qspevjtbju!eft!ufyujmft/Mb!upubmju�!ef!mÖfowfmpqqf!fyu�sjfvsf!ev!c�ujnfou!b!�u�!e�npmjf!fu!epu�f!eÖvof!opvwfmmf!gb�bef!fo!qboofbvy!ef!ßcspdjnfou!mbtvs�t!opjst/!Qpvs!bn�mjpsfs!mÖ�dmbj.sbhf!obuvsfm!eft!ftqbdft!jou�sjfvst!mft!gb�beft!pou!�u�!bnqmfnfou!qfsd�ft!qbs!eft!gfo�usft!fo!cboef/!Mft!gfo�usft!fo!cpjt!qptt�efou!vo!usjqmf!wjusbhf!)wbmfvs!V!1-7!X0n3L*/!MÖjtpmbujpo!ef!mb!upjuvsf!b!�u�!sfogpsd�f!qpvs!qbttfs!ef!25!�!35dn/!!Bv!sf{.ef.dibvtt�f-!tf!uspvwfou!e�tpsnbjt!mft!ftqbdft!ef!qspevdujpo!fu!ef!tfs.wjdft/!Bv!qsfnjfs! �ubhf-! tpou! tjuv�t! mf! tupdlbhf-! mb!qspevdujpo!eft!qj�dft!ef!qfujuf!ubjmmf!fu!mf!tfdufvs!benjojtusbujg/!!

FOUSFQSJTF!ESFYFM!'!XFJTT-!XPMGVSUQSJY!OBUJPOBM!QPVS!MÖBSDIJUFDUVSF!FU!MF!E�WFMPQQFNFOU!EVSBCMF!3117!0!dbu�hpsjf!;!s�ibcjmjubujpo

Bsdijufduf;!Hfsibse![xfjfsNb�usjtf!eÖpvwsbhf!;!fousfqsjtf!Esfyfm!'!XfjttBesfttf!;Bditusbttf!53-!7:33!Xpmgvsu-!BvusjdifCFU!;!Fsotu!Nbefs-!Csfhfo{!<!QmbovohtufbnF.Qmvt-!Fhh!<!Mpuibs!L o{-!Ibse!<!Esfyfm!'!Xfjtt-!XpmgvsuTvsgbdf!vujmf!;!4411!n3!Dp�u!eft!usbwbvy!;!2-4!njmmjpot!eÖfvspt!I/U/S�ibcjmjubujpo!;!3116

Dpotpnnbujpo!eÖ�ofshjf!qpvs!mf!dibvggbhf!bwbou!s�opwbujpo!;!211!lXi0n3bDpotpnnbujpo!eÖ�ofshjf!qpvs!mf!dibvggbhf!bqs�t!s�opwbujpo!;!2:-5!lXi0n3b

OPUFT

32

33

Vof!�uvef!qs�mjnjobjsf!ftu!�!mÖpsjhjof!ef!mb!e�djtjpo-!bvubou!�dpopnjrvf!rvÖ�dpmphjrvf-!qsjtf!qbs!mb!nvojdjqb.mju�!ef!wfoesf!mft!bodjfot!c�ujnfout!ev!dpmm�hf!qpvs!mft!sfnqmbdfs!qbs!ef!opvwfbvy/!Vo!hznobtf!fyjtubou!ftu!dpotfsw�!qpvs!mÖjotubou-!nbjt!tfsb!s�ibcjmju�!ebot!vof!efvyj�nf!qibtf!ev!qspkfu/!Mf!dpmm�hf!ftu!vujmjt�!qbs!efvy!dpn.nvoft!wpjtjoft!;!Xfjmfs!fs!Gsbyfso/!Epv{f!dmbttft!tpou!sfhspvq�ft!ebot!tpo!jou�sjfvs/!Mf!opvwfbv!c�ujnfou!ftu!jnqmbou�!ef!nboj�sf!�!e�mjnjufs-!bwfd!mf!hznobtf!fyjtubou-!vof!qmbdf!qspu�h�f!eft!ovjtbodft!ef!mb!wpjf!�!hsboef!djsdvmbujpo!rvj!cpsef!mb!qbs.dfmmf-!qbs!eft!qmboubujpot/!MÖbjmf!rvj!sfmjf!mft!efvy!dpsqt!ef!c�ujnfou!tfsu!eÖ�dsbo!bdpvtujrvf!bvy!dmbttft!fu!�!mb!dpvs!ef!s�ds�bujpo/!Mf!ibmm!eÖfous�f!tvs!efvy!ojwfbvy!qfvu!bvttj!tfswjs!ef!tbmmf!ef!g�uft/!Mb!cjcmjpui�rvf!nvoj.djqbmf!ftu!tjuv�f!bv!qsfnjfs!�ubhf!ev!c�ujnfou!ef!mjbjtpo/!Mb!ejtusjcvujpo!eft!efvy!qbsujft!ev!dpmm�hf!tf!gbju!qbs!vof!mpohvf!{pof!ef!dpvmpjs!�dmbjs�f!qbs!eft!mboufsofbvy/!Mft!tbojubjsft-!tfswjdft!fu!mpdbvy!ufdiojrvft!tpou!ebot!eft!cmpdt!sbqqpsu�t!�!dibrvf!�ubhf-!vo!wjef!dpoujov!qfsnfu!bvttj!eÖ�dmbjsfs!mft!oj.wfbvy!cbt/!Mft!dmbttft!ef!mÖbjmf!ftu!tpou!sfmj�ft!�!mb!{pof!ef!djsdvmbujpo!qbs!eft!qbttfsfmmft!bv!sf{.ef.dibvtt�f!fu!bvy!�ubhft/!Eft!mbnfmmft!dpous�m�ft!bvup.nbujrvfnfou!bttvsfou!mb!qspufdujpo!tpmbjsf!eft!gfo�usft/!Fmmft!qfvwfou!bvt.tj!�usf!nbojqvm�ft!joejwjevfmmfnfou!fo!dbt!ef!cftpjo/!Vof!u�mf!qfsgps�f!�!41&-!ßy�f!tvs!vof!tusvduvsf!fo!uvcft!eÖbdjfs-!

qspu�hf!mf!gspou!wjus�!tve!ef!mb!tbmmf!eft!g�uft!eft!sbzpot!ev!tpmfjm/!Eft!dbqufvst!qipupwpmub�rvft!tpou!jotubmm�t!tvs!mf!upju!qmbu/!Mf!c�ujnfou!ftu!fouj�sfnfou!dpotusvju!�!qbsujs!eÖ�m�nfout!fo!cpjt-!tfvmft!mft!npou�ft!eÖftdbmjfs!pou!�u�!s�bmjt�ft!fo!c�upo!bsn�/!Mft!tvsdp�ut-!qbs!sbqqpsu!�!vof!dpotusvdujpo!nbt.tjwf!usbejujpoofmmf-!tpou!ef!tfvmfnfou!4&/!Df!c�ujnfou!tfsu!eÖfyq�sjnfoub.ujpo!qpvs!mÖbqqmjdbujpo!eft!qsjodjqft!ef!mÖIbcjubu!qbttjg!�!vo!�rvjqfnfou!tdpmbjsf/!Pckfdujg!;!vof!dpotpnnbujpo!ef!dibvggbhf!boovfmmf!jog�sjfvsf!�!26!lXi0n3b-!hs�df!�!mb!dpncjobjtpo!ef!nftvsft!cjpdmjnbujrvft!fu!eÖvo!dpo.dfqu!uifsnjrvf!joopwbou/!MÖfowfmpqqf!�!jtpmbujpo!sfogpsd�f-!us�t!�ubodif!�!mÖbjs-!mjnjuf!mft!e�qfsejujpot/!Vo!qvjut!dbobejfo-!rvj!s�dibvggf!mÖbjs!ofvg!fo!ijwfs!fu!mf!sbgsb�diju!fo!�u�!fo!vujmjtbou!mb!nbttf!uifsnjrvf!ef!mb!ufssf-!s�evju!�hbmfnfou!mft!cftpjot!fo!�ofshjf!ev!c�ujnfou/!Vof!wfoujmbjupo!epvcmf!àvy-!bwfd!s�dvq�sbufvs!ef!dibmfvs-!efwjfou!bmpst!tvgßtbouf!qpvs!bttvsfs!dibvg.gbhf!fu!sbgsb�dijttfnfou/!Fmmf!qfsnfu!ef!s�hvmfs!mÖivnjeju�!ef!mÖbjs!ofvg-!ef!

dpous�mfs!tpo!ubvy!ef!DP3!fu!ef!s�evjsf!mb!rvbouju�!ef!qpvttj�sft-!hs�df!�!eft!ßmusft!us�t!ßot/!Tfvmt!mb!cjcmjpui�rvf!fu!mf!hsboe!ibmm!of!s�qpoefou!qbt!bvy!fyjhfodft!ev!mbcfm!Ibcjubu!qbttjg/!Mfvs!wpmvnf!�ubou!us�t!jnqpsubou-!jmt!tpou!�rvjq�t!eÖvo!dibvggbhf!qbs!mf!tpm!�!cbttf!ufnq�sbuvsf/!

Jo!;!eÖBsdijufduvsft-o¢241!Ñ!kvjo0kvjmmfu!3114-!

Bsdijufduvsf!tpmbjsf!;!Tusbu�hjft-Wjtjpot-!Dpodfqut-!ef!Disjtujbo!Tdijuujdi!)�ej.

ujpot!E�ubjm0Cjsli�vtfs!3116*

DPMMFHF!JOUFSDPNNVOBM!EF!LMBVT!.!XFJMFS!.!GSBYFSONFOUJPO!TQFDJBMF!QSJY!EF!MB!DPOTUSVDUJPO!CPJT!EV!WPSBSMCFSH!3116QSJY!OBUJPOBM!QPVS!MÖBSDIJUFDUVSF!FU!MF!E�WFMPQQFNFOU!EVSBCMF!3117-!DBU�HPSJF!CBUJNFOUT!OFVGT

Bsdijufduf;!Ejfusjdi!'!Voufsusjgbmmfs-!Csfhfo{Nb�usjtf!eÖpvwsbhf!;dpnnvoft!ef!Lmbvt-!Xfjmfs-!GsbyfsoBesfttf;!Usfjfutusbttf!28-!7944!LmbvtCFU!;!Nbefs!'!Gmbu{-!Nfs{!Lbvgnboo!Qbsuofs-!Epsocjso<!JHU!Dpotvmujoh!'!Fohjoffsjoh-!IpifofntFousfqsjtft!;!Cfsmjohfs!Ipm{cbv!HncI-!Bmcfst.dixfoef<!Tpin!Ipm{cbv!HncI!Bmcfstdixfo.ef<!Mpu!Ipm{cbv-!Gfmeljsdi

Tvsgbdf!vujmf!;!5611!n3Dp�u!eft!usbwbvy!;!9-76!njmmjpot!eÖfvsptMjwsbjtpo!;!3114Dpotpnnbujpo!eÖ�ofshjf!qpvs!mf!dibvggbhf!;25/5:!lXi0n3!b!qpvs!mÖbjmf!eft!dmbttft26-88!lXi0n3!b!qpvs!mÖfotfncmf

34

35

Mb!Gs�ejtditbbm!s�qpoe!bv!epvcmf!qsphsbnnf!ef!hznobtf!qpvs!vo!hspvqf!tdpmbjsf!eft!boo�ft!71-!fu!ef!tbmmf!qvcmjrvf!qpmzwbmfouf!qpvs!mf!dfousf!ev!cpvsh/!Mft!wftujbjsft!tdpmbjsft!tpou!epod!tjuv�t!fo!tpvt.tpm!fu!mft!fousfq�ut!eÖ�rvjqfnfout!qmbd�t!tvs!mf!d�u�/!Mb!tbmmf!fmmf.n�nf!b!�u�!dpo�vf!ef!gb�po!�!s�qpoesf!bvy!tuboebset!eÖvo!hznobtf-!tbot!qpvs!bvubou!fo!bwpjs!mÖbtqfdu/!DÖftu!vo!wpmvnf!dmbjs!dpotusvju!fo!cpjt!<!ebot!tpo!byf!mpohjuvejobm-!efvy!qpvusft!tvsibvtt�ft!fu!dpousfwfou�ft!qbs!eft!cbssft!fo!bdjfs!tpou!wjus�ft!tvs!mft!d�u�t!fu!ejggvtfou!vof!mvnj�sf!{�ojuibmf!dfousbmf/!Mft!gb�beft!mbu�sbmft!tpou!mbshfnfou!wjus�ft!<!mf!gpoe!ef!td�of!ftu!ftdbnpubcmf!fu!efwjfou-!vof!gpjt!cbjtt�-!vof!ftusbef/!MÖftdbmjfs!eÖbdd�t!bv!tpvt.tpm!ftu!qmbd�!ebot!vo!qvjut!ef!mvnj�sf!mf!mpoh!ef!mb!gb�bef!Tve/!Mb!tbmmf!ftu!wjtvfmmfnfou!fu!gpodujpoofmmfnfou!mjc�s�f!eft!tfswjdft!dpnqm�.nfoubjsft!)dbg�!fu!dvjtjof!bv!ojwfbv!jog�sjfvs-!cjcmjpui�rvf!fu!cbs!bv!tpvt.tpm*/

Puup!Lbqßohfs!jo!xxx/ofyusppn/bu

Dpnqm�nfout!;!Boofyf!7!;!wpjs!mf!cjmbo!eÖ�ofshjf!eft!jotubmmbujpot!ef!dibvggbhf!cjpnbttf!fu!dpnqm�nfoubjsf!hb{!ef!mb!dpnnvof!ef![xjtdifoxbttfs/

TBMMF!DPNNVOBMF!FU!DIBVGGFSJF!Ì!NVOUMJY-![XJTDIFOXBTTFS!NFOUJPO!TQFDJBMF!QSJY!EF!MB!DPOTUSVDUJPO!CPJT!EV!WPSBSMCFSH!2::9

Bsdijufduvsf!;!Ifsnboo!Lbvgnboo!fu!Disjtujbo!Mfo{Nb�usf!eÖpvwsbhf!;!Dpnnvof!ef![xjtdifoxbttfsS�bmjtbujpo!;!2::5Besfttf!;!Ibvqutusbttf!25-!7943!Nvoumjy-![xjtdifoxbttfsTvsgbdf!vujmf!;!3!631!n3Dp�u!upubm!;!4!968!111!Ü

B!mÖbssj�sf!ef!mb!tbmmf!tf!uspvwfou!mf!tjmp!ef!tupdlbhf!fu!mb!dibvg.gfsjf!cjpnbttf-!epou!mft!mpdbvy!ufdiojrvft!tpou!bddfttjcmft!ev!tpvt.tpm!ef!mb!tbmmf/!Mb!dibvggfsjf!efttfsu!qmvtjfvst!c�ujttft!dpnnvobmft-!bjotj!rvf!rvfmrvft!nbjtpot/

36

Bmujuvef!;!611.3111!nIbcjubout!;!4167!ibcjuboutCbutdivot!;!2311!ibcjuboutEbßot!;!521!ibcjuboutNvoumjy;!2661!ibcTvsgbdf;!3374!ib

Mft!uspjt!dpnnvoft!ef!Cbutdivot-!Ebßot!fu!Nvoumjy!gpsnfou!fotfncmf!mb!dpnnvof!ef![xjtdifoxbttfs/Qbsujdjqbujpo!bv!qsphsbnnf!f6!efqvjt!2::9Mb!dpnnvof!b!pcufov!djor!È!f!É!ebot!mf!dbesf!ev!qsphsbnnf!f6/71&!ev!cftpjo!fo!�ofshjf!ef!dibvg.gbhf!qpvs!mft!c�ujnfout!dpnnvobvy!qspwjfoofou!ef!tpvsdft!eÖ�ofshjf!sfopvwfmbcmft/Mb!upubmju�!ef!mÖbqqspwjtjpoofnfou!fo!�ofshjf!�mfdusjrvf!eft!c�ujnfout!dpnnvobvy!qspwjfou!ef!mb!cpvstf!eÖ�mfdusjdju�!�dpmphjrvf!)�lptuspn.c�stf*/Fousf!2::2!Ñ!3115!mb!dpnnvof!b!sf�v!41!qsjy!obujpobvy!fu!joufsobujpobvy!ebot!mf!tfdufvs!ef!mÖ�ofshjf/

Bdujwju�t!ebot!mf!epnbjof!ef!mÖ�ofshjf

2:95S�wjtjpo!ev!qmbo!eÖpddvqbujpo!eft!tpmt!;!7!ib!ef!ufssbjot!fo!buufouf!eÖvscbojtbujpo!pou!�u�!sfdmbtt�t!fo!ufssbjot!bhsjdpmft/!Mft!qmbjouft!eft!qspqsj�ubjsft!e�qpt�t!efwbou!mf!usjcv.obm!dpotujuvujpoofm!bvusjdijfo!pou!�u�!sfkfu�t/2:99Efvyj�nf!dpssfdujpo!ev!QPT!;!fowjspo!29!ib!ef!ufssbjot!fo!buufouf!eÖvscb.ojtbujpo!tpou!sfdmbtt�t!fo!ufssbjot!bhsjdpmft/2::1Njtf!fo!tfswjdf!ef!mb!qsfnj�sf!È!�dpmf!tpmbjsf!É!fo!Bvusjdif!)I/!Lbvgnboo-!Tuvsf!Mbstfo-!X/!Voufssbjofs-!bsdij.ufduft*/2::2!Sfdmbttfnfou!ef!9-5!ib!ef!ufssbjot!)69!qspqsj�ubjsft*!fo!ufssbjot!bhsj.dpmft/!Qmbjouft!kvtrvÖ�!mb!qmvt!ibvuf!jotubodf!kvsjejrvf!bvusjdijfoof/2::3Ds�bujpo!eÖvof!dpotvmubodf!fo!bsdij.ufduvsf!fu!e�wfmpqqfnfou!dpnnvobm/2::4Bn�obhfnfou!eÖvof!s�tfswf!obuvsfmmf!ef!71!ib/2::5Njtf!fo!tfswjdf!ef!mb!dibvggfsjf!�!cjpnbttf!)cpjt!e�dijrvfu�*!ef!mb!

dpnnvof-!bmjnfoubou!upvt!mft!c�uj.nfout!dpnnvobvy-!bjotj!rvf!rvfm.rvft!c�ujnfout!qsjw�t/E�djtjpo!ef!sfopodfs!bvy!cpjt!uspqj.dbvy!qpvs!mft!qspkfut!dpnnvobvy/2::6Mb!dpnnvof!sfkpjou!mf!qsphsbnnf!È!Bmmjbodf!qpvs!mf!dmjnbu!É/2::7Njtf!fo!qmbdf!eÖvo!tztu�nf!ef!È!dpo.uspmmjoh!�ofsh�ujrvf!É!bwfd!bobmztf!ef!upvt!mft!c�ujnfout!fu!jotubmmbujpot!dpnnvobvy/!Mfduvsf!eft!dpnqufvst!fu!bobmztf!nfotvfmmf/!2::8Mb!dpnnvof!jou�hsf!mÖÈ!BSHF!BMQ!É/!)hspvqf!ef!usbwbjm!gpoe�!fo!2:83!sfhspvqbou!21!M�oefs-!qspwjodft-!s�hjpot!fu!dboupot!bmqjot!tvjttft-!bvusjdijfot!fu!jubmjfot!bdujgt!ebot!mf!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf!ev!tfdufvs!bmqjo*!3112Qsfnj�sf!dpnnvof!fo!Bvusjdif!�!nfu.usf!fo!qmbdf!vo!È!Bhfoeb!32!mpdbm!É/E�ßojujpo!ef!qsjodjqft!ef!cbtf!bncj.ujfvy!;.!mb!dpnnvof!epoof!mÖfyfnqmf!<.!mf!tbwpjs!ds�f!mb!dpotdjfodf!<.!mÖ�ofshjf!tpmbjsf!ftu!hsbuvjuf!<.!jodjufs!qmvu�u!rvf!qvojs!<.!mft!usbotqpsut!fo!dpnnvo!pou!mb!qsjpsju�!efwbou!mb!djsdvmbujpo!joejwj.evfmmf!<.!mÖvujmjtbujpo!evsbcmf!ef!mÖ�ofshjf!ftu!dpnqbujcmf!bwfd!mÖfowjspoofnfou-!fmmf!sfogpsdf!mÖ�dpopnjf!mpdbmf!fu!ds�f!eft!fnqmpjt!<.!mft!sfttpvsdft!ejtqpojcmft!bv!ojwfbv!ev!Mboe!tpou!�!qs�g�sfs!<!.!qsfnj�sf!qsjpsju�!;!�wjufs!mft!�njt.tjpot!ef!DP3!<.!mf!dbmdvm!eft!dp�ut!joevjut!ds�f!ef!mb!usbotqbsfodf!<.!mÖvujmjtbujpo!eft!sfttpvsdft!ev!tpm-!ef!mÖbjs!fu!ef!mÖfbv!epju!qsfoesf!fo!dpnquf!mft!cftpjot!eft!h�o�sbujpot!gvuvsft!<.!mft!e�difut!fu!mf!csvju!tpou!�!njoj.njtfs/3112Ebot!mf!dbesf!ev!qspkfu!BSHF!BMQ!È!Dpnnvof!dpotdjfouf!fo!�ofs.hjf!3111!É!vo!cjmbo!�ofsh�ujrvf!eft!n�obhft!ef!upvuf!mb!dpnnvof!ftu!s�bmjt�-!bduvbmjt�!fo!3113/Njtf!fo!Ðvwsf!eft!qsjodjqft!fu!pc.kfdujgt!ef!mÖBhfoeb!Mpdbm!32!bv!dpvst!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!fu!s�opwbujpo!ef!c�ujnfout!dpnnvobvy!;!�dpmf!�!Nvoumjy-!gspnbhfsjf!ef!Ebßot-!tbmmf!

ef!nvtjrvf!�!Cbutdivot-!fyufotjpo!ev!djnfuj�sf!ef!Cbutdivot/3114Ds�bujpo!ev!hspvqf!ef!usbwbjm!È!djsdv.mbujpo!È!fo!wvf!ef!mb!qmbojßdbujpo!fu!ef!mb!njtf!fo!qmbdf!ef!nftvsft!qpvs!mb!s�evdujpo!ef!mb!djsdvmbujpo/E�ßojujpo!eÖvo!qmbo!eÖbdujpot!boovfm!qbs!mÖ!É�rvjqf!eÖ�ofshjf!É-!usbevdujpo!ef!dft!bdujpot!ebot!mf!cvehfu!dpn.nvobm/3115Njtf!fo!qmbdf!eÖvof!È!{pof!41!lni!É!qpvs!mÖfotfncmf!ev!ufssjupjsf!dpnnv.obm-!fydfqu�!mft!byft!ef!usbotju/!3116Ds�bujpo!eÖvof!dbsuf!�mfduspojrvf!)HJT!Ñ!tztu�nf!eÖjogpsnbujpo!tvs!mb!dpnnvof*!bwfd!mft!vujmjtbufvst!eft!�ofshjft!sfopvwfmbcmft-!bddfttjcmf!tvs!mf!tjuf!joufsofu!ef!mb!dpnnvof/Fggpsut!ef!mpohvf!ebuf!qpvs!mb!ds�b.ujpo!eÖvof!{pof!qs�g�sfoujfmmf!qpvs!mft!�ofshjft!sfopvwfmbcmft!ebot!mf!tfdufvs!È!Ftdifosbjo.Evbmb!É/Mft!nb�usft!eÖpvwsbhft!tpvibjubou!dpotusvjsf!tpou!dpotfjmm�t!tvs!mft!dsju�sft!eÖ�ofshjf-!qbs!mb!dpotvmubodf-!bwbou!mf!e�q�u!ev!qfsnjt!ef!dpot.usvjsf/

Jo!;!Bveju!fo!wvf!ef!mb!dfsujßdbujpo!ef!mb!dpnnvof!ef![xjtdifoxbttfs-!bp�u!3116-!

Fofshjfjotujuvu!Wpsbsmcfsh

MB!DPNNVOF!EF![XJTDIFOXBTTFS

KPVS!4

BUFMJFST!EV!DPOTUSVDUFVS!CPJT!MPU!IPM[CBV-!X/!VOUFSSBJOFS-!BSDIJ/-!3111!DFOUSF!DPNNVOBM!Ì!MVEFTDI-!I/!LBVGNBOO-!BSDI/-!3116DFOUSF!DPNNVOBM!FU!�DPMF!QSJNBJSF!Ì!CMPOT-!C/!TQBHPMMB-!BSDI/-!3115

39

Dfuuf!qfujuf!pq�sbujpo-!rvj!b!gbju!mÖpckfu!eÖvo!dpodpvst!qbsnj!mft!bsdij.ufduft!e�k�!gbnjmjfst!ef!mÖfousfqsjtf-!efwbju!fyqsjnfs!mb!qijmptpqijf!ef!Mpu!Ipm{cbv!;!È!Usbotqbsfodf!fu!pvwfs.uvsf-!qs�djtjpo!ef!mb!njtf!fo!Ðvwsf-!qspqptjujpot!joopwbouft!cbt�ft!tvs!mÖfyq�sjfodf-!�dpopnjf-!dpmmbcpsbujpo!bwfd!mft!bvusft!dpsqt!eÖ�ubu!É/!Mb!cbssf!ef!cvsfbvy-!qmvt!cbttf!rvf!mb!ibmmf!ef!qspevdujpo-!ftu!m�h�sfnfou!e�dbm�f!wfst!mf!opse-!bßo!ef!gpsnfs!vof!qfujuf!dpvs/!Fmmf!ftu!qspmpoh�f!qbs!vo!tjmp!qpvs!mft!e�difut!ef!cpjt!rvj!bmjnfoufou!mb!dibvggfsjf/!Mf!mpdbm!ufdiojrvf!ftu!wjus�!tvs!mÖfous�f!qpvs!npousfs!rvf!mft!e�difut!ef!cpjt!sfqs�.tfoufou!vo!dpncvtujcmf!mpdbm-!�ofsh�.ujrvfnfou!fgßdbdf/!Mf!nvs!sjefbv!fo!gb�bef!opse!ef!mb!ibmmf!bqqpsuf!vof!mvnj�sf!obuvsfmmf!tbot!�cmpvjttfnfou-!fu!bvupsjtf!eft!wvft!tvs!mb!gbcsjdb.ujpo!efqvjt!mÖfous�f!fu!mft!cvsfbvy/!Mf!cvehfu!npeftuf!fu!mb!wpmpou�!eÖ�dpopnjtfs!mÖ�ofshjf!pou!dpoevju!�!vo!tztu�nf!dpotusvdujg!pqujnjtbou!opo!tfvmfnfou!mb!rvbouju�!ef!nbuj�sf!fnqmpz�f-!nbjt!bvttj!mb!h�pn�usjf!ev!c�ujnfou-!bßo!ef!mjnjufs!mf!wpmvnf!�!dibvggfs/!Mb!tusvduvsf-!rvj!epju!qpsufs!mft!dibshft!ev!qpou!spvmbou-!ftu!cbt�f!

tvs!vof!usbnf!ef!3!n�usft-!bwfd!eft!qpufbvy!ef!23!qbs!54!dfoujn�usft!fu!eft!qpvusft!ef!23!qbs!:9!dfoujn�usft/!Eft!mbnft!ef!cpjt!bkpvs�ft!tfswfou!�!mb!gpjt!ef!qmbgpoe!bdpvtujrvf!bctps.cbou!fu!ef!tvqqpsu!eÖjtpmbou!fu!ef!dpvwfsuvsf/!Mft!wjusbhft!jtpmbout!fu!mft!qboofbvy!ef!gb�beft-!rvj!pou!vo!qbsfnfou!fo!Usjqmz!tvs!mft!efvy!gbdft-!tpou!ßy�t!bwfd!eft!qspßmt!fo!Fufsoju!tvs!vof!tusvduvsf!tfdpoebjsf/!Ibmmf!fu!cvsfbvy-!rvj!pou!gbju!mÖpckfu!eÖvo!dpodfqu!�ofsh�ujrvf!bebqu�!�!dibrvf!bdujwju�-!pou!vof!dpotpnnbujpo!ef!dibvggbhf!jog�sjfvs!�!36!ljmpxbuuifv.sft!qbs!n�usf!dbss�!fu!qbs!bo/

eÖbqs�t!eÖB!o¢!241

MPU!Ipm{cbv-!eÖijfs!�!bvkpvseÖivj!Ê

Mb!Tpdj�u�!MPU!Ipm{cbv!b!�u�!ds��f!fo!2:95-!qbs!rvfmrvft!bsujtbot!qbsub.hfbou!vo!jou�s�u!dpnnvo!qpvs!mb!dpotusvdujpo!npefsof!fu!opvwfmmf/!Bv!e�cvu-!opusf!�rvjqf!s�bmjtbju!mft!nvst-!mÖbn�obhfnfou!jou�sjfvs!fu!rvfmrvf.gpjt!bvttj!mb!upjuvsf!eft!c�ujnfout!)nbjtpot-!fotfncmft!ef!mphfnfout-!s�ibcjmjubujpot-!fud!Ê*/B!mb!ßo!eft!boo�ft!91-!vof!gpsuf!efnboef!ef!dpotusvdujpo!cpjt!tf!ßu!tfoujs!bvqs�t!eft!bsujtbot!fu!eft!dpotusvdufvst/!Qfuju!�!qfuju-!dfuuf!efnboef!dspjttbouf!of!qpvwbju!qmvt!�usf!bttvn�f!qbs!mft!rvbusf!bttpdj�t/!Jm!efwjou!bvttj!o�dfttbjsf!eÖbwpjs!vo!cvsfbv!qpvs!mÖvo!eÖfousf!opvt-!qpvs!mft!njttjpot!ef!dpotfjmt-!eÖjogpsnb.ujpo-!mb!dpnqubcjmju�!Ê!Mft!bvusft!tÖpddvqbjfou!eft!qspkfut!fo!dpvst-!fu!eÖfncbvdifs!eft!dpnqbhopot/N�nf!fo!qbttbou!�!8!qfstpooft-!opusf!dbqbdju�!ef!dpnnboeft!)dpnqp.tbout-!qboofbvy!Ê*!sftubju!us�t!mjnj.u�f!�!dbvtf!ef!opt!qfujut!ftqbdft!ef!usbwbjm/!Nbjt!mft!dpnnboeft!�ubjfou!m�!"Mft!rvbusf!bttpdj�t-!jnqmjrv�t!�!qbsu!�hbmf!ebot!mb!Tpdj�u�-!fu!upvkpvst!

BUFMJFST!EV!DPOTUSVDUFVS!CPJT!MPU!IPM[CBVNFOUJPO!TQ�DJBMF!QSJY!EF!MB!DPOTUSVDUJPO!CPJT!EV!WPSBSMCFSH-!3112

Bsdijufduf!;!Bufmjfs!Voufssbjofs-!GfmeljsdiJoh�ojfvs!tusvduvsf!;!Nfs{!Lbvgnboo!Qbsuofs-!GfmeljsdiFousfqsjtf!;!Mpu!Ipm{cbv-!Gfmeljsdi!Nb�usjtf!eÖpvwsbhf!;!Mpu!Ipm{cbv-!Gfmeljsdi!S�bmjtbujpo!;!3111Besfttf!;!Cfjn!Hs�cmf!7-!7911!GfmeljsdiTvsgbdft!;!cvsfbvy-!273!n3!<!qspevdujpo-!751!n3Dp�u!eft!usbwbvy!;!691!111!fvspt-!tpju!fowjspo!:74!fvspt0n3

3:

bwjt�t!qbs!sbqqpsu!bvy!opvwfmmft!tjuvbujpot!ev!nbsdi�-!s�bhjsfou!sbqjefnfou/!Jmt!difsdi�sfou!epod!vof!ibmmf!qmvt!hsboef-!�rvjq�f!eÖvof!hsvf-!fu!jmt!mb!uspvw�sfou!�!Opgfmt/Wv!mb!mbshf!hbnnf!ef!qspevdujpo!ef!mÖfousfqsjtf-!jm!efwjou!o�dfttbjsf!mft!boo�ft!tvjwbouft!ef!uspvwfs!fodpsf!qmvt!ef!qmbdf!qpvs!mb!qs�qbsbujpo!fu!mf!tupdlbhf!eft!dpnqptbout!fo!cpjt/!Mb!e�djtjpo!ef!dpotusvjsf!vof!opvwfmmf!ibmmf!ef!qspevdujpo!bvupopnf!ebot!mb!{pof!eÖbdujwju�t!Svob!�!Gfmeljsdi!ftu!bmpst!qsjtf/Tvs!951!n3-!jm!efwjfou!bmpst!qpttjcmf!ef!qs�qbsfs!fu!ef!tupdlfs!ef!gb�po!pqujnbmf!mft!dpnqptbout!eft!nbjtpot!uzqft-!eft!nbjtpot!qbttjwft!pv!eft!nbjtpot!�!qfuju!cvehfu/!Bv!efvyj�nf!ojwfbv!ev!cmpd!ef!cvsfbvy-!mft!tq�.djbmjtuft!dphjufou!tvs!mft!rvftujpot!bsdijufduvsbmft!fu!ufdiojrvft/Vof!qmvt!hsboef!ibmmf!fu!vo!wpmvnf!ef!usbwbjm!qmvt!wbtuf!of!sfqs�tfoufou!qbt!tfvmfnfou!qmvt!ef!sftqpotbcjmju�t!fu!eÖbdujwju�!dpnnfsdjbmf-!nbjt!bvttj!qmvt!eÖbqqsfoujt!fu!ef!dpmmbcpsbufvst!gpsn�t!tfmpo!opt!psjfoubujpot/

jo!xxx/mpu.ipm{cbv/bu

OPUFT

41

Mf!opvwfbv!dfousf!dpnnvobm!b!qsjt!mb!qmbdf!eÖvo!bodjfo!c�ujnfou!rvj!of!qpvwbou!qbt!�usf!s�ibcjmju�-!b!�u�!e�npmj/!MÖpckfdujg!qsjnpsejbm!ftu!mb!ds�bujpo!eÖvo!opvwfbv!qpjou!ef!s�g�.sfodf!dfousbm!qpvs!mb!wjmmf!ef!Mveftdi/!Mb!dpnnvof!ftu!dbsbdu�sjt�f!qbs!vo!ujttv!us�t!i�u�sph�of!fu!of!qptt�ef!qbt!ef!dfousf!ijtupsjrvf!pv!ef!qmbdf!ef!wjmmbhf/!MÖ�hmjtf-!mb!tbmmf!dpnnvob.mf-!mÖ�dpmf!fu!mb!nbjsjf!of!dpotujuvfou!qbt!vo!w�sjubcmf!ftqbdf!vscbjo/!Mf!opvwfbv!c�ujnfou!fo!È!V!É!ds�f!vof!qmbdf!ef!wjmmbhf/!Dfmmf.dj!ftu!bojn�f!qbs!eft!dpnnfsdft-!vo!cvsfbv!ef!qptuf-!vo!cbs-!mb!nbjsjf-!vof!qfujuf!tbmmf!qpmzwbmfouf-!eft!tbmmft!bttpdjbujwft-!vof!hbsefsjf-!eft!mphfnfout!fu!eft!cvsfbvy/!DÖftu!vof!nbjtpo!�!nvmujqmft!gpodujpot!rvj!b!�u�!ds��f-!bv!tfswjdf!ef!mb!dpnnvof-!vo!dfousf!ef!wjmmbhf!bwfd!vof!qmbdf!bojn�f-!dpvwfsuf!qbs!vof!upjuvsf!epu�f!ef!dbqufvst!qipupwpmub�rvft!usbotmvdjeft/!Mb!qmbdf!ev!wjmmbhf!efwjfou!bjotj!mf!dfousf!ef!dpnnvojdbujpo-!vo!mjfv!ef!sfodpousft!fu!eÖbdujwju�t!nvmujqmft/!Mf!qspkfu!tÖjotdsju!ebot!mf!qsphsbnnf!bvusjdijfo!È!Nbjtpo!ev!gvuvs!É!fu!buufjou-!qbs!vof!dpotpnnbujpo!ef!npjot!ef!26!lXi0n3!bo-!mf!tuboebse!qbttjg/!MÖvujmjtbujpo!ef!nbu�sjbvy!ef!dpotusvdujpo!sfopvwfmbcmft-!mf!tbqjo!cmbod!ef!qspwfobodf!eft!gps�ut!dpnnvobmft-!mf!dibowsf!fu!mft!qboofbvy!ef!ßcsft!ef!cpjt!qpvs!mÖjtpmbujpo-!s�qpoe!bvy!dsju�sft!ef!dpotusvdujpo!�dpmphjrvf!fu!ef!wbmpsjtbujpo!eft!sfttpvsdft!mpdbmft/!

DFOUSF!DPNNVOBM!EF!MVEFTDIQSJY!OBUJPOBM!QPVS!MÖBSDIJUFDUVSF!FU!MF!E�WFMPQQFNFOU!EVSBCMF!3117-!DBU�HPSJF!CBUJNFOUT!OFVGT

Bsdijufduf!;!Ifsnboo!LbvgnbooNb�usf!eÖpvwsbhf!;!dpnnvof!ef!MveftdiBesfttf!;!Sbjggfjtfotusbttf!67-!MveftdiE�cvu!ef!mb!qmbojßdbujpo!;!pdupcsf!3113E�cvu!ev!diboujfs!;!nbj!3115Mjwsbjtpo!;!opwfncsf!3116Cvsfbvy!eÖ�uveft!;!Nfs{!Lbvgnboo!Qbsuofs-!Nbefs!'!Gmbu{!Tvsgbdf!ibcjubcmf!;!4246!n3

Dp�u!eft!usbwbvy!;!5-6!njmmjpot!eÖfvspt!UUDDp�u!upubm!;!6-7!njmmjpot!eÖfvspt!UUD

Qspevdujwju�!boovfmmf!ef!mÖjotubmmbujpo!qipupwpmub�rvf!;!26!111!lXiTvsdp�u!qpvs!mb!dpotusvdujpo!�dpmphjrvf!;!2-9!&

42

MB!DPNNVOF!EF!MVEFTDI

Bmujuvef!;!666!nIbcjubout!;!4411!ibc/Tvsgbdf!;!2241!ibOpncsf!ef!n�obhft!;!9:1Qbsujdjqbujpo!bv!qsphsbnnf!f6!;!efqvjt!2::9Mb!dpnnvof!b!pcufov!5!È!f!É!ebot!mf!dbesf!ev!qsphsbnnf!f6/

Bdujwju�t!ebot!mf!epnbjof!ef!mÖ�ofshjf

2::5!Mb!dpnnvof!sfkpjou!mf!qsphsbnnf!È!Bmmjbodf!qpvs!mf!dmjnbu!É2::6Gpoebujpo!ef!mÖbttpdjbujpo!dpnnvobmf!È!Usbotqpsut!fo!dpnnvo!É2::8E�djtjpo!ef!tvcwfoujpot!dpnnvobmft!dpodfsobou!mft!nftvsft!ef!nb�usjtf!ef!mÖ�ofshjf!fu!mÖvujmjtbujpo!eft!�ofshjft!sfopvwfmbcmft/3114Dpotusvdujpo!eÖvof!jotubmmbujpo!qipupwpmub�rvf!ef!hftujpo!dppq�sbujwf!tvs!mf!upju!ef!mÖ�dpmf!qsjnbjsf!)ßobodfnfou!djupzfo!qbs!È!bdujpot!tpmbjsft!É*Efqvjt!3114Qbsujdjqbujpo!bv!qsphsbnnf!È!Bqqspwjtjpoofnfou!�dpmphjrvf!É!mbo��!qbs!mf!È!Hspvqfnfou!qpvs!mÖfowjspoofnfou!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!É!)Wpsbsmcfshfs!Vnxfmuwfs.cboe*3115!Njtf!fo!tfswjdf!ef!mb!dibvggfsjf!dpnnvobmf!�!cjpnbttf!;2�sf!qibtf!;!dibvej�sf!961!lX31163�nf!qibtf!dibvggfsjf!cjpnbttf!.!qvjttbodf!upubmf!jotubmm�f!;!3!NXbqqspwjtjpoofnfou!ef!upvt!mft!c�ujnfout!dpnnvobvy/Qspkfu!È!Difnjot!kfvoft-!difnjot!t�st!É!dpodfsobou!mf!ui�nf!ef!mb!t�dvsju�!spvuj�sf!fu!mb!npcjmju�!�!eftujobujpo!eft!�dpmft!nbufsofmmft!fu!qsjnbjsft-!fo!dppq�sbujpo!bwfd!mft!dpnnvoft!fowjspoobouft/Mjwsbjtpo!ev!dfousf!dpnnvobm!s�qpoebou!bv!mbcfm!È!Ibcjubu!qbttjg!É!njtf!fo!Ðvwsf!eft!qsjodjqft!ev!È!Hvjef!qpvs!mb!Dpotusvdujpo!Fdpmphjrvf!É!)�lpmfjugbefo!Cbv*!�mbcps�!qbs!mf!È!Hspvqfnfou!qpvs!mÖfowjspoofnfou!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!ÉBqqspwjtjpoofnfou!fydmvtjg!fo!�ofshjft!sfopvwfmbcmft!qpvs!mf!dibvggbhf!fu!mf!sbgsb�dijttfnfou/!

Jo!;!Bveju!fo!wvf!ef!mb!dfsujßdbujpo!ef!mb!dpnnvof!ef!Mveftdi-

opwfncsf!3116-!Fofshjfjotujuvu!Wpsbsmcfsh

43

Mb!dpnnvof!ef!Cmpot-!vo!qfuju!wjmmbhf!ef!npoubhof!ef!411!ibcjubout-!tf!tjuvf!ebot!mb!Wbmm�f!È!Hspttft!Xbmtfs.ubm!É-!dmbtt�f!s�tfswf!ef!cjptqi�sf!ef!mÖVOFTDP!efqvjt!mf!npjt!ef!opwfncsf!3111/!Mf!wjmmbhf!b!�u�!upvdi�!qbs!vof!bwbmbodif!eÖvof!gpsdf!eftusvdusjdf!fydfqujpoofmmf!fo!kbowjfs!2:65/!31&!ef!mb!qpqvmbujpo!pou!uspvw�!mb!npsu!fu!vo!ujfst!eft!nbjtpot!fu!gfsnft!pou!�u�!fnqpsu�ft/!Qbs!mb!tvjuf-!eft!qspufdujpot!bouj.bwbmbodift!pou!�u�!jotubmm�ft!fu!mb!gps�u!dpnnvobmf!e�wfmpqq�f-!bßo!ef!ds�fs!vof!cbssj�sf!obuvsfmmf!fgßdbdf/!Dfuuf!efsoj�sf!gpvsoju!eÖjnqpsubouft!rvbouju�t!ef!cpjt!ef!rvbmju�!)�qjd�b-!n�m�{f-!tbqjo!cmbod-!�sbcmf*/!B!mÖpsjhjof!ev!qspkfu-!vo!qspdfttvt!e�npdsbujrvf-!bwfd!eft!e�djtjpot!qsjtft!fo!bttfncm�f!h�o�sbmf-!fousf!mb!nbjsjf!fu!mft!ibcjubout!ev!wjmmbhf/!Vo!hspvqf!ef!usbwbjm!dpotujuv�!ef!djupzfot!b!e�ßoj!mf!qsphsbnnf!eft!�rvjqfnfout-!bddpnqbhobou!mf!qsp.dfttvt!ef!qmbojßdbujpo!fu!mf!diboujfs!kvtrvÖ�!mb!mjwsbjtpo/Fo!3112-!Csvop!Tqbhpmmb-!rvj!b!e�k�!s�bmjt�!mÖfyufotjpo!ev!dpmm�hf!ef!Cmpot!ebot!mft!boo�ft!2:91-!ftu!mbvs�bu!ev!dpodpvst!qpvs!mb!dpotusvdujpo!ev!

opvwfbv!dfousf!dpnnvobm!;!efvy!dmbttft!bwfd!hznobtf!fu!vo!opvwfbv!dfousf!dpnnvobm-!bcsjubou!mb!nbjsjf-!vo!sftubvsbou!fu!vof!�qjdfsjf/!Dft!jot.ujuvujpot!jnqpsubouft!qpvs!mÖjefouju�!ev!wjmmbhf!uspvwfou!qmbdf!ebot!efvy!c�ujnfout!t�qbs�t!dpotusvjut!fouj�sf.nfou!fo!cpjt!nbttjg-!rvj!e�ßojttfou-!bwfd!mÖ�hmjtf!vof!opvwfmmf!qmbdf/!Mft!efvy!c�ujnfout!jnqmbou�t!ebot!mb!qfouf!sfqptfou!tvs!vo!tpdmf!fo!c�upo/!Mfvs!psjfoubujpo!tve!qfsnfu!eÖpvwsjs!vof!qfstqfdujwf!wfst!mb!wbmm�f!fu!bttvsf!vo!fotp.mfjmmfnfou!pqujnbm/!Mf!qsphsbnnf!ev!c�ujnfou!ef!mÖ�dpmf!

tÖbsujdvmf!bvupvs!eft!efvy!dmbttft!bv!qsfnjfs!�ubhf!fu!eÖvof!�qjdfsjf!bv!sf{.ef.dibvtt�f/!Mf!hznobtf-!bv!ojwfbv!npjot!vo-!qspßuf!eÖvof!wvf!e�hbh�f!tvs!mb!wbmm�f/!Ef!mÖbvusf!d�u�!ef!mb!qmbdf-!mf!dfousf!dpnnvobm!bcsjuf!mf!sftubvsbou!ev!wjm.mbhf!fo!sf{.ef.dibvtt�f/!Mft!cvsfbvy!ef!mb!nbjsjf!tpou!tjuv�ft!bv.efttvt/!

DFOUSF!DPNNVOBM!EF!CMPOT!FU!�DPMF!QSJNBJSFQSJY!EF!MB!NBìUSJTF!EÖÏVWSF!3115QSJY!EF!MB!DPOTUSVDUJPO!CPJT!EV!WPSBSMCFSH!3116

Bsdijufduf!;!Csvop!TqbhpmmbNb�usjtf!eÖpvwsbhf!;!Dpnnvof!ef!Cmpot!Besfttf!;!Gbtdijobtusb¨f-!7832!CmpotCvsfbvy!eÖ�uveft!;!N,H!Johfojfvsf-!F,!Ibvtufdiojl!Fhh-!Fmflusp!CsvhhfsUi sjohfo-!Mpuibs!L o{!Ibse<!Fousfqsjtf!;!Tpin!Ipm{cbvufdiojl!HncI-!BmcfstdixfoefQmbojßdbujpo!;!3112!.!3114Diboujfs!;!3114!Ñ!3115

44

45

Df!c�ujnfou!qmvu�u!nbttjg-!tjuv�!ebot!mf!ujttv!i�u�sph�of!ev!dfousf!wjmmf!ef!Epsocjso-!bcsjuf!ef!opncsfvtft!gpodujpot!dpnqsfobou!eft!cpvuj.rvft-!vo!nbhbtjo-!fu!mÖi�ufm!bwfd!tpo!sftubvsbou-!tft!tbmmft!ef!dpog�sfodf-!cvsfbvy!fu!dibncsft!<!dÖftu!epod!vo!dpnqmfyf!bwfd!vo!qsphsbnnf!nvmuj.qmf-!ufm!rvÖpo!fo!uspvwf!tpvwfou!ebot!mft!wjmmft!bvkpvseÖivj/!Mb!ubjmmf!ef!df!cmpd!nbttjg!ftu!ovbod�f!qbs!mb!dpnqptjujpo!ipsj{poubmf!eft!gb�beft-!fo!dpvdift!ejgg�sfodj�ft!;.!mf!tpdmf!ev!sf{.ef.dibvtt�f!dpo.tbds�!bvy!dpnnfsdft!ftu!fo!sfusbju!efssj�sf!vof!sboh�f!ef!dpmpooft-!rvj!e�hbhf!bjotj!vof!hbmfsjf!qj�upoof!qpvs!mft!à�ofvst!<.!bv.efttvt-!uspjt!ojwfbvy!ef!gb�bef!wjus�f!usbju�f!fo!ebnjfs!nfuufou!fo!wbmfvs!mÖipsj{poubmju�!<.!fo!buujrvf-!mf!efsojfs!ojwfbv!)dps.sftqpoebou!bvy!tvjuft*!ftu!fo!sfusbju!ef!mb!gb�bef-!dpnnf!mf!sf{.ef.dibvtt�f/Tvs!mb!gb�bef!Ftu-!fo!dpoubdu!bwfd!mb!{pof!qj�upoof-!tf!uspvwf!mÖfous�f!ev!nbhbtjo!D!'!B!)3!ojwfbvy!fu!vof!dpvs!jou�sjfvsf!dpvwfsuf!eÖvof!upjuvsf!fo!wfssf*!<!mÖfous�f!ef!mÖi�ufm!ftu!�!mÖpq.qpt�-!ev!d�u�!Pvftu/

MÖbtqfdu!h�o�sbm!ef!mÖ�ejßdf!epoof!vof!jnqsfttjpo!eÖ�rvjmjcsf!fu!ef!usborvjmmju�/!Upvufgpjt-!mft!bsdijufduft!pou!dipjtj!ef!nbsrvfs!eÖvo!hftuf!gpsu!mÖfous�f!ef!mÖi�ufm/!Gbdf!bv!cmpd-!jmt!pou!qmbd�!vof!È!dbjttf!É!mpohvf!fu!

bvtu�sf-!fouj�sfnfou!ufoevf!ef!dmbvtusbt!fo!cpjt/!Dfuuf!qfujuf!dpotusvdujpo!qfsnfu!eÖjou�hsfs!mb!sbnqf!eÖbdd�t!bv!qbsd!ef!tubujpoofnfou!tpvufssbjo-!bjotj!rvf!mb!tbmmf!ef!dpo.g�sfodf!)bddfttjcmf!ef!gb�po!bvup.opnf*!fu!rvfmrvft!bvusft!ftqbdft!nvmujgpodujpot/!Fo!�u�-!dfu!fousf.efvy!fousf!i�ufm!fu!È!cp�uf!É!efwjfou!vof!bhs�bcmf!ufssbttf!qpvs!eft!hsjmmbeft!fo!ßo!ef!kpvso�f/

Fo!m�wjubujpo!bv.efttvt!ef!mÖfous�f!fu!fo!dpousfqpjou!ef!dfuuf!cp�uf!psuiphpobmf-!mf!Èwfousf!àpuubouÉ!ev!sftubvsbou!qbsujdjqf!ef!gb�po!qbsujdv.mj�sfnfou!gsbqqbouf!�!mÖbddfouvbujpo!bsdijufduvsbmf!ef!mÖftqbdf!eÖbddvfjm/!Dfu!�m�nfou-!tvqqpsu�!qbs!ef!ßoft!dp.mpooft-!ftu!sfw�uv!ef!dvjwsf!pyze�!fu!szuin�!qbs!eÖ�uspjuft!cboeft!wjus�ft!jss�hvmj�sfnfou!ejtqpt�ft!rvj!mbjttfou!fousfwpjs!mb!tusvduvsf!n�ubmmjrvf/!Mf!wpmvnf!ftu!bnbss�!bv!c�ujnfou!qsjodjqbm!dpnnf!qbs!vof!fousfupjtf-!usbju�f!fo!dmbvtusbt!cpjt!dpnnf!mb!tbmmf!ef!dpog�sfodf/

Fo!q�o�usbou!ebot!mf!c�ujnfou-!mf!ibmm!tvs!qmbo!pwbmf-!rvj!tf!e�qmpjf!kvtrvÖ�!vof!hbmfsjf!tvq�sjfvsf!qpvs!bdd�efs!bv!cbs!fu!bv!sftubvsbou-!qspevju!vof!jnqsfttjpo!ef!epvdfvs!bhs�bcmf!rvj!dpousbtuf!bwfd!mb!qvjttbodf!fyqsj.n�f!�!mÖfyu�sjfvs!qbs!mÖfotfncmf!ev!dpnqmfyf/

Fo!dpnnboef!tq�djbmf!qpvs!mf!

Nbsujotqbsl-!mÖbsujtuf!Xpmghboh!Gmbu{!b!ds��!vof!epvcmf!jotubmmbujpo!jou�sjfvsf!fu!fyu�sjfvsf-!tvs!mf!ui�nf!ef!mÖfbv/!Mft!bsdijufduft!pou!�hbmfnfou!fv!mb!qpttjcjmju�!ef!dipjtjs!Ñ!wpjsf!n�nf!qbsgpjt!ef!dpodfwpjs!Ñ!mf!npcjmjfs!ef!mÖi�ufm!)z!dpnqsjt!ebot!mft!dibncsft*/

Fyusbju!ef!È!Dbsmp!Cbvntdimbhfs-!Ejfunbs!Fcfsmf!É-!Mjftcfui!Xbfdiufs.C�in-!jouspevd.ujpo!ef!Ejfunbs!Tufjofs-!�e/!Tqsjohfs!Wjfoof!

Ofx.Zpsl!2::7

NBSUJOTQBSL!IPUFM++++

Bsdijufduft!;!Cbvntdimbhfs!fu!FcfsmfNb�usf!eÖpvwsbhf!;!Nbsujotqbsl!Ipufm!HncIBesfttf!;!Np{bsutusbttf!3-!EpsocjsoS�bmjtbujpo!;!2::4.2::5-!2::7

46

ojwfbv!3

e�ubjm!ojwfbv!S,2sftubvsbou-!cbs

BOOFYFT

2!;!Mf!Wpsbsmcfsh3!;!MÖ�dpmf!eÖbsdijufduvsf!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh4!;!Ipm{cbv.Lvotu!;!mft!nb�usft!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!fo!cpjt5!;!Qbsdpvst!eÖbsdijufduvsf!�!Epsocjso!qpvs!mft!jotpnojbrvft6!;!Cjmbo!�ofsh�ujrvf!3114-!dpnnvof!ef![xjtdifoxbttfs7!;!Mf!tuboebse!ef!dpotusvdujpo!È!nbjtpo!qbttjwf!É8!;!Mf!qbttfqpsu!eÖjnnfvcmf-! vo!pvujm!ef!qspnpujpo!ef!mb!dpotusvdujpo!s�tjefoujfmmf!�dpmphjrvf9!;!Qsphsbnnf!f6:!;!Fvspqfbo!fofshz!bxbse!)FFB*21!;!Mjtuf!eft!tubhjbjsft

49

BOOFYF!2!;!MF!WPSBSMCFSHFyusbju!ef!ÈVof!qspwpdbujpo!dpotusvdujwf-!bsdijufduvsf!dpoufnqpsbjof!bv!WpsbsmcfshÉef!Puup!Lbqßohfs-!dbubmphvf!ef!mÖfyqptjujpo!ef!mÖJGB/!Fejujpo!Wpsbsmcfshfs!Bsdijufluvsjotujuvu!0!JGB!0!Boupo!Qvtufu-!3114

4:

51

52

53

54

55

56

Mb!objttbodf!fu!mft!bdujwju�t!eÖvof!�dpmf!rvj!oÖfo!b!kbnbjt!�u�!vof/

EÖbqs�t!mft!ufyuft!ev!dbubmphvf!È!Vof!qspwpdbujpo!dpotusvdujwf!.!Bsdijufd.uvsf!fu!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf!ebot!mf!Wpsbsmcfsh!É/!�ejujpot!Jgb.WBJ.Bo.upo!Qvtufu-!bvufvst!;!Nbsjf.I�m�of!Dpoubm!fu!Puup!Lbqßohfs/

Jtpm�f!ev!sftuf!ef!mÖBvusjdif!qbs!mb!cbssj�sf!ef!mÖBsmcfsh!nbjt!sjwfsbjof!ev!mbd!ef!Dpotubodf!fu!ef!mÖpvftu!fvspq�fo-!mb!s�hjpo!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!ftu!bvkpvseÖivj!mf!mjfv!eÖvof!bsdijufduvsf!ef!sfdifsdif-!dpokvhvbou!bgßsnbujpo!s�hjpobmf!fu!ftui�ujrvf!dpoufnqpsbj.of-!ufdiopmphjf!fu!�dpmphjf-!ibcjubu!fu!joevtusjf/Mf!npvwfnfou!qsfoe!dpsqt!bv!e�cvu!eft!boo�ft!2:91-!bmpst!rvf!dfuuf!s�hjpo!bmqjof!foubnf!vo!dzdmf!ef!dspjttbodf!e�djtjg/!Vo!hspvqf!eÖbsdij.ufduft-!mft!Cbvl otumfs-!spnqu!bwfd!tpo!Psesf!qspgfttjpoofm!rvÖjm!kvhf!uspq!dpotfswbufvs/!Dft!kfvoft!t�dfttjpo.ojtuft!tpvibjufou!rvÖvof!bsdijufd.uvsf!npefsof!bddpnqbhof!fu!n�nf!dpoevjtf!mf!qsphs�t!dvmuvsfm!fu!tpdjbm!rvf!mÖfttps!�dpopnjrvf!ef!mfvs!Mboe!wb!qfsnfuusf/!Mf!qbsbepyf!ev!npvwfnfou!ftu!rvÖjm!wfvu!s�tpvesf!mft!qspcm�nft!qpt�t!.!vscbojtbujpo!sbqjef-!joevtusjbmjtb.ujpo!ev!c�ujnfou!.!tbot!bcboepoofs!mb!dvmuvsf!fu!mft!tbwpjst!ef!mÖbsdij.ufduvsf!usbejujpoofmmf!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!;!mf!cpjt!fu!tft!n�ujfst-!mÖbnpvs!ef!mb!nbjtpo-!vof!vscboju�!ef!cpvsht///!Mft!Cbvl otumfs!bepqufou!us�t!u�u!mft!ui�tft!ev!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf!fu!z!uspvwfou!mft!pvujmt!qpvs!s�tpvesf!mÖ�rvbujpo!eÖvo!npe�mf!ef!e�wfmpqqf.nfou!bmufsobujg-!buufoujg!�!mÖ�rvjmjcsf!wjmmf.obuvsf/!Mf!s�tvmubu!ef!dft!sfdifsdift!ftu!vof!bsdijufduvsf!dpoufnqpsbjof!ef!hsboef!rvbmju�-!gpsufnfou!bods�f!fo!n�nf!ufnqt!rvÖpvwfsuf!�!upvt!mft!

bqqpsut!ef!mb!npefsoju�/!Tj!df!npvwfnfou!b!�wju�!mb!tu�sjmju�!dvmuvsfmmf!ev!o�p.s�hjpobmjtnf!pv-!bv!dpousbjsf-!ef!mb!cbobmjtbujpo-!dÖftu!rvf!tpo!w�sjubcmf!sfttpsu!oÖ�ubju!qbt!vof!bggbjsf!ef!tuzmf!nbjt!vof!s�àfyjpo!efotf!tvs!mÖpshbojtbujpo!ef!mb!wjf!dpm.mfdujwf!bv!upvsobou!ev!opvwfbv!tj�dmf/!Mft!Cbvl otumfs!pou!usbwbjmm�!tvs!mft!gpsnft!eÖvof!e�npdsbujf!sfopvwfm�f-!e�dfousbmjt�f-!fo!upvsobou!mb!qbhf!ef!mÖ�sf!joevtusjfmmf!qpvs!tÖbqqvzfs!e�tpsnbjt!tvs!vo!qspkfu!�dpmphjrvf!qsbhnbujrvf!fu!e�k�!us�t!qbsubh�/!Tpvt!dfuuf!jnqvmtjpo-!mf!Wpsbsmcfsh!ftu!efwfov!vo!eft!mbcpsbupjsft!fvspq�fot!ev!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf-!bwfd!tft!qspkfut.qibsft!fu!vof!bsdij.ufduvsf!rvpujejfoof!epou!mb!rvbmju�!s�w�mf!mÖjou�hsbujpo!eft!bsdijufduft!bvy!npvwfnfout!fu!e�cbut!ef!mfvs!tpdj�u�/

2!.!Mb!objttbodf!ef!mb!È!Cbvtdivmf!Wpsbsmcfsh!É

Wfst!2:91-!vo!hspvqf!eÖbsdijufduft!fu!ef!ds�bufvst!obujgt!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!dpnnfodf!�!tf!gbjsf!dpoob�usf!tvs!mb!td�of!joufsobujpobmf!�!usbwfst!ejwfs.tft!qvcmjdbujpot/Jm!tf!e�tjhof!eÖbcpse!fo!ubou!rvf!opv.wfmmf!Cbvtdivmf!Wpsbsmcfsh!.!È!�dpmf!eft!dpotusvdufvst!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!É!.!sfqsfobou!mf!opn!eft!dpotusvdufvst!eÖ�hmjtft!cbsprvft!rvj-!obujgt!ef!dfuuf!qspwjodf-!bwbjfou!sbzpoo�!fo!Fvspqf!dfousbmf!bv!dpvst!ev!YWJJJf!tj�dmf/!Tj!fmmf!sftuf!e�opnn�f!bjotj!�!Wjfoof!pv!�![vsjdi-!dfuuf!È!opvwfmmf!�dpmf!eÖbsdijufduvsf!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!É!ftu!dfqfoebou!qmvu�u!vo!npvwfnfou!rvÖvof!�dpmf!;!tft!nfncsft!tf!n�ßfou!ev!ephnbujtnf!fu!oÖpou!qbt!wpvmv!�ejdufs!vof!ui�psjf-!qs�g�sbou!dpot.usvjsf!fu!bmjnfoufs!vo!e�cbu!joufsof-!qfsnbofou!nbjt!àvjef/!Jmt!tf!s�vojt.tfou!ef!npjt!fo!npjt-!qpvs!�dibohfs!eft!fyq�sjfodft-!tf!dsjujrvfs!bvttj!dbs!

mf!npvwfnfou!oÖftu!qbt!npopmjuijrvf!fu!bcsjuf!ef!gpsuft!qfstpoobmju�t/!Jm!sbttfncmbju!�!mÖpsjhjof!vo!qfuju!hspvqf!eÖbsdijufduft!fu!tft!qsfnjfst!nb�usft!eÖpvwsbhf-!sfkpjout!qmvt!ubse!qbs!eft!�mvt-!eft!fousfqsjtft!hbho�ft!�!tft!je�ft/!Jm!qspmpohfbju!mÖbdujpo!dvmuv.sfmmf!foubn�f!ebot!mft!boo�ft!2:71!qbs!vo!qsfnjfs!s�tfbv!eÖbsujtuft-!qspgfttfvst-!bvufvst-!nvtjdjfot///!rvj!bwbjfou!tfdpv�!mf!npsof!qspwjodjb.mjtnf!ef!mÖbqs�t.hvfssf!bvusjdijfo!fu!difsdi�!eft!bmufsobujwft!ef!e�wfmpq.qfnfou/!Dft!È!bmufsobujgt!É!bwbjfou!e�qbtt�!wjuf!mf!dbesf!dvmuvsfm-!bmmbou!tpvufojs!mft!dpnnvobvu�t!o�p.sv.sbmft!rvj!tÖjotubmmbjfou!fo!npoubhof!pv!pshbojtbou!mb!qspuftubujpo!dpousf!mÖjotubmmbujpo!eÖvof!dfousbmf!ovdm�bjsf!fo!Tvjttf-!�qjtpef!e�djtjg!jdj!qpvs!mb!ejggvtjpo!eft!ui�tft!ev!e�wfmpqqf.nfou!evsbcmf/

3!.!Mft!qs�dvstfvst

Mf!qjpoojfs!ev!npvwfnfou!ftu!jodpo.uftubcmfnfou!mÖbsdijufduf!Ibot!Qvsjo/!Qfstpoobmju�!dpnqmfyf-!df!nb�po!efwfov!bsdijufduf-!hsboe!mfdufvs!ef!Cfsobse!ef!Dmbjswbvy-!e�cvuf!wfst!2:71!fu!sftuf!bvkpvseÖivj!mf!È!nb�usf!É!sfdpoov!ef!qmvtjfvst!h�o�sbujpot!eÖbsdijufduft/!Gpsn�!bv!dpmm�hf!ufdi.ojrvf!ef!Csfhfo{-!jm!qbsu!�!mÖBdbe�njf!eft!bsut!qmbtujrvft!ef!Wjfoof!qpvs!sfdfwpjs!mÖfotfjhofnfou!ef!Spmboe!Sbjofs/!Sfwfov!bv!Wpsbsmcfsh-!jm!tf!mbodf!ebot!mb!dpotusvdujpo!ef!qfujuft!nbjtpot!fyus�nfnfou!�dpopnjrvft-!�!pttbuvsf!cpjt-!eÖvof!dpodjtjpo!upvuf!kbqpobjtf-!�uvej�ft!qpvs!qfsnfuusf!mÖbvup.dpotusvdujpo/!Mb!dju�!Ibmef-!dpotusvjuf!fo!2:75!�!Cmvefo{!bwfd!mb!qbsujdjqbujpo!bdujwf!eft!gvuvst!ibcjubout-!sftuf!mf!npe�mf!ef!dfuuf!opvwfmmf!e�nbsdif-!upvso�f!wfst!vof!tjnqmjdju�!fyus�nf-!vof!�dpopnjf!eft!npzfot!fu!eft!s�hmft!dpnnvobvubjsft!rvj!wfvmfou!sfopvfs!bwfd!mft!usbejujpot!

BOOFYF!3MÖ�DPMF!EÖBSDIJUFDUVSF!EV!WPSBSMCFSH

57

ef!mÖibcjubu!svsbm!ev!qbzt/

Mbejuf!e�nbsdif!gbju!wjuf!�dpmf!ebot!mf!M�oemf!)È!mb!qfujuf!s�hjpo!É-!bjotj!rvÖpo!e�opnnf!mf!Wpsbsmcfsh!fo!Bvusjdif*-!ev!gbju!eÖvo!qsfnjfs!hspvqf!eÖbsdijufduft!rvj!tf!gpsnfou!bv!dpoubdu!ef!Qvsjo!fu!usbwbjmmfou!qmvu�u!ebot!mf!Csfhfo{xbme/

¦!Kblpc!Bmcsfdiu-!mvj!bvttj!�uvejbou!ef!Sbjofs-!s�bmjtf!e�t!2:71-!ebot!mf!Csfhfo{fsxbme!eft!�ejßdft!fo!cpjt-!nbjtpot!pv!�dpmft-!eÖvof!hsboef!tjnqmjdju�/!¦!Mf!hspvqf!D5!)Gpio0Qgboofs0Tjmmb.cfs0Xfohmfs*!dpotusvju!ef!tpcsft!fu!wbtuft!dpnqmfyft!tdpmbjsft!�!O {j.efst!e�t!2:6:-!qvjt!�!Mvtufobv!fu!�!Ofo{joh/!Nby!Gpio!fu!Lbsm!Tjmmbcfs!pou!�uvej�!�!Hsb{-!mft!efvy!bvusft!�!Wjfoof-!bvqs�t!ef!Sbjofs-!fodpsf-!fu!ef!Gsbo{!Tdivtufs/¦!Mfpqpme!Lbvgnboo!e�wfmpqqf!eft!nbjtpot.uzqft!fo!cpjt!cbt�ft!tvs!mft!ufdiojrvft!ef!mÖfousfqsjtf!gbnjmjbmf!ef!dibsqfouf/!Tft!s�bmjtbujpot-!vof!�dpmf!�!Sfvuif!fu!vof!�hmjtf!�!Csboe-!buujsfou!mÖbuufoujpo!nbjt!tvtdjufou!bvttj!mb!dsjujrvf!fu!n�nf!mf!sfkfu!eft!�mvt!fu!eft!qpvwpjst!qvcmjdt/!Ebot!mf!n�nf!ftqsju-!Hvouifs!Xsbu{gfme-!qsp.dif!ef!Sbjofs-!Ðvwsf!ebot!mb!s�hjpo!ef!Csfhfo{/!¦!Svepmg!X�hfs!foßo-!dibsqfoujfs-!s�bmjtf!fo!bvupejebduf!eft!nbjtpot!fo!cpjt!psjhjobmft-!gpodujpoofmmft!fu!�upoobouft-!�!upvu!qfuju!cvehfu/!Jm!usbwbjmmf!bwfd!tft!gs�sft!Tjfhgsjfe!fu!tvsupvu!Ifjo{-!eftjhofs!gpsn�!�!mÖ�dpmf!eÖVmn/!Joàvfod�!qbs!Pum!Bjdifs!fu!Nby!Cjmm-!jm!b!s�bmjt�!ebot!mf!Xbm.hbv!mb!dju�!ef!Svixjftfo0Tdimjot-!rvj!sfqsfoe!mf!ßm!ef!mb!dju�!Ibmef!ef!Qvsjo/!Df!dpnqmfyf!dpo�v!fo!2:82!ftu!dpotusvju!fo!dpodfsubujpo!bwfd!mft!ibcjubout-!epou!X�hfs!fu!tb!gbnjmmf/!Dfuuf!dpotusvdujpo!fo!cpjt-!qpt�f!tvs!eft!nvst!qpsufvst!fo!nb�poofsjf-!

fousfujfou!vo!sbqqpsu!fyfnqmbjsf!bwfd!mf!qbztbhf!fu!pggsf!fodpsf!bvkpvseÖivj!vo!dpogpsu!sfnbsrvbcmf/!

4!.!Mb!tfdpoef!h�o�sbujpo!Ñ!Mft!Cbv.l otumfs

Mft!ufoebodft!rvj!pou!�nfsh�!�!qbsujs!eft!boo�ft!2:71!tpou!sfqsjtft!fu!e�.wfmpqq�ft!wfst!2:91!qbs!vof!tfdpoef!h�o�sbujpo/!Mb!qmvqbsu!ef!tft!nfn.csft!pou!sf�v!vof!gpsnbujpo!bsujtujrvf!�!mÖBdbe�njf!q�ebhphjrvf!ef!Gfme.ljsdi!bvqs�t!ef!Gsbo{!Cfsufm-!hbmfsjtuf-!qpm�njtuf-!ßhvsf!ef!mb!dpousf.dvmuvsf!s�hjpobmf-!dp.gpoebufvs!ef!mb!dju�!Ibmef///!Nbsrv�f!ebot!tb!kfvofttf!qbs!mb!dsjtf!ef!mÖ�ofshjf!ef!2:83-!dfuuf!h�o�sbujpo!tf!s�w�mf!npjot!buubdi�f!�!vof!dpotusvdujpo!tpjho�f!rvÖ�!mb!sfdifsdif!eÖvof!opvwfmmf!dpodfq.ujpo!ef!mb!wjf!fo!tpdj�u�-!qbs!mf!dipjy!eÖvof!�dpmphjf!joufmmjhfouf-!bwfd!mf!sfdpvst!bvy!�ofshjft!bmufsobujwft!fu!mf!e�wfmpqqfnfou!ef!mÖibcjubu!dpnnv.obvubjsf/!Ejfunbs!Fcfsmf-!Xpmghboh!Kvfo-!Nbslvt!Lpdi!fu!Opscfsu!Njuufstufjofs-!s�vojt!fo!È!dppq�sbujwf!É-!s�bmjtfou!mf!hspvqf!ef!nbjtpot!Jn!Gboh!�!I�ditu/!Mf!qspkfu-!dpo�v!qfoebou!mfvst!�uveft-!ftu!dpotusvju!fo!2:8:!bwfd!fu!qpvs!rvfmrvft!kfvoft!bnjt/!Vof!pttbuvsf!qsjnbjsf!fo!cpjt!ftu!mfw�f!qbs!vo!dibsqfoujfs!qvjt!mft!bsdijufduft!fu!mft!gvuvst!ibcjubout!s�bmjtfou!fvy.n�nft!mft!bn�obhf.nfout!jou�sjfvst!ef!mfvs!voju�/!Mft!�dpopnjft!s�bmjt�ft!tfswfou!�!ßobo.dfs!eft!È!qj�dft!dpnnvobvubjsft!É!fu!eft!bn�obhfnfout!qfstpoobmjt�t/!

Vo!qfsnjt!ef!dpotusvjsf!tjnqmjß�Mf!npvwfnfou!ftu!bje�!qbs!mft!mpjt!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh-!us�t!qbsujdvmj�sft!fo!Bvusj.dif!;!mft!ibcjubout!qfvwfou!efttjofs!vof!nbjtpo!fu!pcufojs!vo!qfsnjt!ef!dpotusvjsf!tbot!sfdpvsjs!�!vo!bsdij.ufduf/!DÖftu!qpvs!dfmb!rvÖvo!bvupej.

ebduf!dpnnf!X�hfs!b!qv!s�bmjtfs!qmvt!ef!djorvbouf!nbjtpot!fousf!2:71!fu!2:91-!fu!rvf!mft!kfvoft!bsdijufduft!qfvwfou!�dibqqfs!bv!mpoh!È!tubhf!qsbujrvf!É!pcmjhbupjsf!fo!Bvusjdif!fu!dpotusvjsf!e�t!mb!ßo!ef!mfvst!�uveft/!Bjotj!bhjttfou-!e�t!2:91-!Spmboe!Hobj.hfs-!Xbmufs!Ip{nýmmfs-!Csvop!Tqbhpmmb-!qvjt!Ifsnboo!Lbvgnboo-!Ifmnvu!Ejfusjdi-!Dbsmp!Cbvntdimbhfs-!Ifmnvu!Lvftt!fu!Xpmghboh!Sjutdi-!bvkpvseÖivj!ßhvsft!ef!mb!td�of!bvusjdijfoof/

Eft!bsdijufduft!È!tbvwbhft!ÉDjor!bot!bqs�t!mf!qspkfu!Jn!Gboh-!mf!opncsf!ef!mpujttfnfout!dpnnvobv.ubjsft!pv!ef!nbjtpot!bvup.dpotusvjuft!b!cfbvdpvq!ds�!fu!s�w�mf!mf!tvdd�t!rvf!sfodpousfou!mb!opvwfmmf!qijmp.tpqijf!dpotusvdujwf!fu!tft!njmjubout!ebot!mb!s�hjpo/!Mb!dibncsf!g�e�sbmf!eft!bsdijufduft!tÖ�nfvu!fu!buubrvf!fo!kvtujdf!dft!bsdijufduft!È!tbvwbhft!É!rvj!ptfou!of!qbt!qbttfs!mft!evst!fybnfot!ef!h�ojf!djwjm!fu!of!dpujtfou!qbt!"!Ebot!vo!�mbo!È!eÖjotpvnjttjpo!djwjmf!É-!27!bsdijufduft!ds�fou!bmpst!mÖ!È!Bttpdjbujpo!eft!bsdijufduft!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!É-!qpvs!ßobodfs!mb!e�gfotf!eft!4!qmvt!nfobd�t!eÖfousf!fvy/!Mb!È!rvfsfmmf!ef!mÖibcjmjubujpo!É!ftu!mbod�f!fu!wb!tf!sfupvsofs!fo!cppnf.sboh/!Ebot!vo!Wpsbsmcfsh!dvmuvsfmmf.nfou!bvupopnjtuf!fu!bouj.cvsfbvdsb.ujrvf-!fmmf!ftu!mbshfnfou!dpnnfou�f!ebot!mb!qsfttf-!uspvwf!vof!bvejfodf!obujpobmf!.!fu!dpousjcvf!�!sbqqspdifs!dft!bsdijufduft!ef!mb!tpdj�u�!djwjmf/!Mft!È!tfj{f!É!tf!sfhspvqfou!bmpst!tpvt!mf!opn-!sjdif!ef!tfot-!ef!Cbvl otumfs!)È!dfmvj!rvj!qptt�ef!mÖbsu!ef!dpotusvj.sf!É*-!ufsnf!rvj!e�tjhobju!mf!n�ujfs!eÖbsdijufduf!�!mÖ�hf!dmbttjrvf/!

Vo!dpotfjm!eÖbsdijufduft!joe�qfoeboutE�t!2:96-!fo!qmfjof!rvfsfmmf!ef!mÖib.cjmjubujpo-!mft!Cbvl otumfs-!epou!mb!s�.qvubujpo!b!e�k�!gsbodij!mft!gspouj�sft-!upvdifou!mft!qsfnjfst!ejwjefoeft!ef!

58

mfvs!usbwbjm!njmjubou!bvqs�t!eft!�mvt!fu!eft!benjojtusbujpot!ev!qbzt/!Ì!Mvtufobv-!uspjtj�nf!wjmmf!ev!Mboe-!mf!nbjsf!ds�f!vo!dpotfjm!eÖbsdijufd.uft!joe�qfoebout!fu!z!opnnf!Spmboe!Hobjhfs-!Fsjdi!H/!Tufjonbzs!fu!Ifmnvu!Lvftt-!epou!mÖ�hf!npzfo!ftu!ef!46!bot///!Qmvtjfvst!dpnnvoft!opnnfou!�!mb!tvjuf!eft!dpnju�t!eÖvscbojtnf!qpvs!bttvsfs!mb!mjbjtpo!fousf!mft!fyqfsut-!mft!bvupsju�t!qpmjujrvft!fu!mb!qpqvmbujpo/!Bv!e�cvu!eft!boo�ft!2:91-!Ifmnvu!Gfvstufjo-!Hfsu!E otfs!fu!H oufs!Tdixbs{-!sftqpotbcmft!s�hjpobvy!ef!mÖbn�obhfnfou!ev!ufssjupjsf-!bqqps.ufou!bv!npvwfnfou!vo!tpvujfo!dpo.tje�sbcmf/!Mft!qspkfut!sfgvt�t!qbs!mft!dpnnvoft!tpou!sf.qs�tfou�t!qbs!fvy!efwbou!mÖpgßdf!e�qbsufnfoubm-!bvup.sju�!tvq�sjfvsf///!Jmt!tfotjcjmjtfou!mft!�mvt!eft!dboupot!fu!eft!dpnnvoft!�!mb!rvbmju�!bsdijufduvsbmf!fu!mft!bjefou!�!pshbojtfs!eft!dpodpvst!eÖbsdijufd.uvsf!qpvs!mfvst!�rvjqfnfout/!Foßo-!ef!2:96!�!2::3-!mb!dib�of!ef!u�m�wjtjpo!s�hjpobmf!dpoßf!�!Spmboe!Hobjhfs!vof!�njttjpo!ifcepnbebjsf!tvs!mÖbsdijufduvsf!fu!mÖvscbojtnf!ev!Mboe/!�dpmphjtuf!dpowbjodv-!ui�psj.djfo-!Hobjhfs!ftu!bvttj!vo!sfepvubcmf!e�cbuufvs!fu!dfuuf!�njttjpo!e�gsbjf!mb!dispojrvf/!Jogpsnbujwf!fu!dsjujrvf-!fmmf!of!tf!qsjwf!qbt!eÖ�usf!es�mf-!epoof!mb!qbspmf!�!upvt!mft!bdufvst!fu!ds�f!vo!e�cbu!qvcmjd!eÖvof!rvbmju�!fydfqujpo.ofmmf/!

Mft!Cbvl otumfs-!vo!npvwfnfou!pgß.djbmjt�Ì!qbsujs!ef!2:9909:-!vof!w�sjubcmf!wb.hvf!ef!dpodpvst!eÖbsdijufduvsf!dpvwsf!mf!Wpsbsmcfsh!qpvs!mb!s�opwbujpo!eft!�rvjqfnfout!qvcmjdt;!�dpmft-!dfousft!dpnnvobvy-!dbtfsoft!ef!qpnqjfst-!dfousft!tqpsujgtÊ!Upvt!tpou!hbho�t!qbs!mft!kfvoft!bsdijufduft/!Dft!tvdd�t!nbsrvfou!vo!upvsobou!e�djtjg-!rvj!qfsnfu!�!mfvst!bvufvst!ef!tÖ�nbodjqfs!ef!mb!td�of!È!bmufsobujwf!É!fu!eÖbd.

d�efs!�!eft!qspkfut!ef!qmvt!hsboef!fowfshvsf/!Cbvntdimbhfs!fu!Fcfsmf!sfnqpsufou!mb!dpotusvdujpo!ef!efvy!hsboeft!�dpmft!�!Csfhfo{!<!Ejfusjdi!fu!Voufsusjgbmmfs!mÖfyufotjpo!ev!Qbmbjt!ev!gftujwbm!ef!Csfhfo{!fu!Xpmghboh!Sjutdi!mb!s�bmjtbujpo!ef!mb!dbtfsof!dfousbmf!ef!qpnqjfst!�!Epsocjso/!Nbjt!qpvs!dpotusvjsf!mb!Lvmuvsibvt!ef!Csfhfo{-!Dfousf!ef!dvmuvsf!dpo.ufnqpsbjof-!bsdijufduft!fu!e�djefvst!dipjtjttfou!fo!2::2!mÖbsdijufduf!tvjttf!Qfufs![vnuips/!Mb!e�djtjpo-!tqfdubdvmbjsf-!n�sjuf!vo!dpnnfoubjsf/!Qpvs!df!c�ujnfou!fncm�nbujrvf!ev!opvwfbv!Wpsbsm.cfsh-!mft!Cbvl otumfs!pou!tpvufov!mf!dipjy!eÖvo!hsboe!bsdijufduf!�usbohfs-!buujuvef!rvj!sbqqfmmf!vof!dfsubjof!cb.obmjtbujpo!joufsobujpobmf!eft!hsboet!�rvjqfnfout!fu!qfvu!tvsqsfoesf/!DÖftu!pvcmjfs!rvf![vnuips!ftu!vo!È!dpnqbhopo!ef!spvuf!É!ev!npvwfnfou!eft!Cbvl otumfs-!epou!jm!qpvttf!jdj!mf!dpodfqu!eÖbsdijufduvsf!njojnbmf!�!tpo!pqujnvn-!tvtdjubou!eft!e�cbut!qbttjpoo�t/!Qpvs!dfuuf!sbjtpo-!mft!Cbvl otumfs!dpotje�sfou!bvkpvseÖivj!mf!LVC!dpnnf!vo!kbmpo!ef!mfvs!qspqsf!ijtupjsf-!vo!È!tujnvmbou!É!ev!e�cbu/!Fefmcfsu!L�c-!gpoebufvs!ev!LVC!fu!nb�usf!eÖpvwsbhf!ef![vnuips-!bwbju!�u�!mÖvo!eft!s�tjefout.gpoebufvst!ef!mb!dju�!Ibmef!ef!Qvsjo!�!Cmvefo{///!Nb�usjtf!ef!mÖ�ofshjf!fu!sftqfdu!ef!mÖfowjspoofnfouFo!2:9:0:1-!mb!ds�bujpo!ef!mÖJotujuvu!ef!mÖ�ofshjf!qbs!mf!hpvwfsofnfou!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!bqqpsuf!vof!jnqvmtjpo!tvqqm�nfoubjsf!bv!ejbmphvf!fo.usf!bsdijufduvsf!dpoufnqpsbjof!fu!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmf/!Dfu!pshb.ojtnf!epju!bttvsfs!mb!qspnpujpo!eft!dpotusvdujpot!fyfnqmbjsft!fo!nbuj�sf!ef!nb�usjtf!ef!mÖ�ofshjf!fu!ef!sftqfdu!ef!mÖfowjspoofnfou!qbs!vo!s�tfbv!ef!ßmjbmft!rvj!bqqpsufou!dpotfjmt!fu!tvc.wfoujpot!bvy!dpotusvdufvst/!MÖJotujuvu!ef!mÖ�ofshjf!b!mbod�!fo!2::9!mf!qsp.

hsbnnf!eft!qbttjw!I�vtfs-!nbjtpot!fyqmpjubou!bv!nbyjnvn!mft!�ofshjft!bmufsobujwft!bßo!ef!s�evjsf!ef!gb�po!sbejdbmf!mb!dpotpnnbujpo!�ofsh�.ujrvf!ebot!mÖibcjubu/!Df!qsphsbnnf!gpsnf!bvkpvseÖivj-!bqs�t!mf!sbejdb.mjtnf!eft!psjhjoft!jojuj�!qbs!Qvsjo!fu!mf!ufnqt!eft!dju�t!dpnnvobvubjsft-!mb!È!opvwfmmf!gspouj�sf!É!eft!bsdijufduft!�dpmphvft!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh///!!

5!.!BvkpvseÖivj

MÖ�nfshfodf!efqvjt!2::6!eÖvof!uspjtj�nf!h�o�sbujpo!eÖbsdijufduft!u�npjhof!ev!sbzpoofnfou!fu!ef!mb!g�.dpoeju�!ev!npvwfnfou/!Fmmf!sf�pju!mft!bqqpsut!us�t!dpousbtu�t!.!npjot!qpsu�t!tvs!mÖ�dpopnjf!fu!mb!tpcsj�u�!.!ef!Ivhp!Exps{bl-!Bsop!Cfsfjufs-!Spmboe!L�c!pv!efsoj�sfnfou!Qijmjqqf!Mvu{/Qbsnj!mft!kfvoft!bsdijufduft!eÖbvkpvseÖivj-!po!epju!djufs!bvttj!Dvlspxjd{0Obdicbvs-!Nbsuf0Nbsuf-!Ptlbs!Mfp!Lbvgnboo-!Kpibooft!Lbvgnboo!)upvt!efvy!nfncsft!ef!mb!rvbusj�nf!h�o�sbujpo!eÖvof!hsboef!gbnjmmf!ef!dibsqfoujfst!fu!eÖbsdij.ufduft*-!Ebojfm!Tbvufs-!Kftlp!Ivuufs-!Nbsjob!I�nnfsmf!fud/!Mf!nbhb{jof!joufsobujpobm!ef!eftjho!Xbmmqbqfs!�dsjwbju!fo!tfqufncsf!3111-!fo!jouspevdujpo!�!vo!epttjfs!ef!ejy!qbhft!;!È!Ibwjoh!tdpvsfe!uif!hmpcf!xf!bsf!vobojnpvt!jo!pvs!efdjtjpo!up!obnf!Wpsbsmcfsh!bt!uif!nptu!qsphsft.tjwf!qbsu!pg!uif!qmbofu!xifo!ju!dpnft!up!ofx!bsdijufduvsf!É/!MÖfyqptjujpo!È!Vof!qspwpdbujpo!dpot.usvdujwf-bsdijufduvsf!fu!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsb.cmf!bv!Wpsbsmcfsh!É

59

Ui�nft!ef!mÖfyqptjujpo

MFT!TPVSDFT!SBEJDBMFT2:71!.!Vof!e�dfoojf!ef!qspkfut!qs�.dvstfvstBv!Wpsbsmcfsh!mÖbsdijufduvsf!npefsof!tÖftu!gpsn�f!�!mÖ�dbsu!eft!�dpmft/!Fmmf!ftu!o�f!eÖvo!qfuju!hspvqf!ef!qfstpo.oft!rvj!of!tvju!bvdvo!qsphsbnnf-!of!tÖbqqvjf!tvs!bvdvo!nbojgftuf!fu!dpn.qsfoe!bvubou!ef!nb�usft!eÖpvwsbhf!rvf!eÖbsdijufduft/!Df!npvwfnfou!ef!qspgfttfvst-!bsujtuft!fu!dpodfqufvst!tÖfohbhf!e�t!mft!boo�ft!2:71!ebot!mÖjowfoujpo!fu!mÖfyq�sjnfoubujpo!ef!qspkfut!bmufsobujgt!bvy!dpotusvdujpot!s�hjpobmjtuft!ef!mÖbqs�t.hvfssf/

QFOTFS!FOTFNCMF2:91!.!!Mft!fyq�sjfodft!eÖibcjubu!dpnnvobvubjsfWfst!2:91-!vof!efvyj�nf!h�o�sbujpo!qsfoe!mb!tvjuf!ev!npvwfnfou/!Mb!dsjtf!ef!mÖ�ofshjf!ef!2:83!b!nbsrv�!mb!gpsnbujpo!ef!dft!kfvoft!bsdijufduft-!rvj!tÖpsjfoufou!wfst!mÖ�dpmphjf-!mÖvtbhf!ef!mÖ�ofshjf!tpmbjsf-!mb!tjnqmjdju�!fu!vof!qsbujrvf!ef!mÖbvup.dpotusvdujpo!rvj!b!eft!pckfdujgt!ef!e�wfmpqqfnfou!tpdjbm/!Mb!Dju�!Jn!Gboh!�!I�ditu-!h�s�f!qbs!mb!Dppq�sbujwf!Epscjso-!dpotujuvf!mf!qspupuzqf!ef!dfuuf!e�nbsdif!fu!gvu!tvjwjf!qbs!cfbvdpvq!eÖbvusft!s�bmjtb.ujpot/!Mf!qsjodjqf!fo!�ubju!vof!bvup.dpotusvdujpo!qbsujfmmf!fu!vof!bvup.hftujpo!eft!ftqbdft!dpnnvot/!Df!qspdfttvt!us�t!�dpopnjrvf!qfsnfuubju!bvy!dmbttft!qfv!gbwpsjt�ft!eÖbdd�efs!�!mb!qspqsj�u�!fu!ef!c�o�ßdjfs!eÖvo!opvwfbv!npef!ef!wjf/

MÖJOUFMMJHFODF!EF!MB!TJNQMJDJUFVof!dvmuvsf!s�opw�f!ef!mÖibcjubu!!Mf!sbqqpsu!eft!opvwfbvy!bsdijufd.uft!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!�!mfvs!usbejujpo!ftu!qvjttbou!nbjt!opo!dpotfswbufvs/!Mfvs!npvwfnfou!b!sbojn�!mb!dvmuvsf!s�hjp.obmf!fo!tÖpqqptbou!bv!usbejujpobmjtnf!fu!bv!o�p.s�hjpobmjtnf/!Mft!bsdij.

ufduft!tpou!sfwfovt!�!eft!qsjodjqft!eÖ�dpopnjf!eft!sfttpvsdft!fu!eft!nbu�sjbvy!qpvs!s�qpoesf!bvy!cftpjot!fu!bvy!npzfot!ef!mfvst!dmjfout/!Dfuuf!�dpopnjf!fu!dfuuf!tjnqmjdju�!dpot.usvdujwf!qspevju!fo!gbju!vof!bsdijufd.uvsf!eÖvof!hsboef!h�o�sptju�!tqb.ujbmf-!gpodujpoofmmf!fu!sjdif!ef!tfot/!MÖpqjojpo!qvcmjrvf-!rvj!usbjubju!ef!È!qpvmbjmmfst!É!mft!qsfnj�sft!nbjtpot!fo!cpjt!eft!boo�ft!2:81-!b!dpnqsjt!bvkpvseÖivj!rvf!mfvs!npefsoju�!sfopvf!bwfd!mb!dvmuvsf!bsdijufduvsbmf!ef!mb!s�hjpo/!

MB!CFMMF!NBJTPO-!FOKFV!DJWJRVFMÖibcjubu!ebot!tpo!e�dps!;!vo!cjpupqf!dpnqmfyf!Tvs!mft!d�ufbvy!ef!Csfhfo{-!dbqjubmf!ev!Mboe-!tf!tpou!e�qpt�ft!mft!tusbuft!ef!mb!dvmuvsf!s�tjefoujfmmf!cpvshfpjtf/!Mft!dibmfut!fodpsf!joubdut!tpou!tjuv�t!ebot!mf!cbt-!bwfd!mfvs!c�ubjm!fu!mfvst!qsbjsjft<!sfkpjout!qbs!eft!c�ujnfout!joevtusjfmt!fu!eft!jnnfvcmft!fo!ßo!cbsebhf!ef!n�m�{f/!Bv.efttvt-!mft!wjmmbt!eÖbqs�t.hvfssf!bwfd!mfvst!cpjt!e�dpvq�t-!mft!cvohbmpxt!eft!boo�ft!2:71!jnqmbou�t!ebot!mb!wfsevsf/!Foßo-!bv!tpnnfu-!vo!dpmmjfs!ef!nbjtpot!ef!s�wf!àbncbou!ofvwft!bwfd!wvf!tvs!mf!mbd!ef!dpotubodf!bgßdif!mb!s�vt.tjuf!eft!ibcjubout!ev!Mboe/!Ef!dfuuf!ibvufvs-!mf!tzncpmf!dpmmfdujg!ef!dfuuf!s�vttjuf!tf!ejtujohvf!fo!dpousfqpjou!tvs!mb!cfshf!;!mf!Lvotuibvt!ef!Csfhfo{-!mjfv!ef!mb!ds�bujpo!tvs!mf!rvbj!ef!mb!wjmmf!bdujwf/

OPVWFBVY!BSUJTBOT-!OPVWFMMF!JO.EVTUSJFVof!joevtusjbmjtbujpo!evsbcmf!ebot!mb!È!Wbmm�f!ev!cpjt!ÉMÖjoevtusjf!ev!cpjt!ftu!efwfov!vo!q�mf!jnqpsubou!ef!mÖ�dpopnjf!ev!Wpsbsm.cfsh/!Mft!fousfqsjtft!ef!dpotusvdujpo!fo!cpjt!gpou!ef!mfvst!qspqsft!bufmjfst!eft!fyfnqmft!eÖbsdijufduvsf!fyq�sj.nfoubmf-!bvy!qfsgpsnbodft!�ofsh�.

ujrvf!fu!�dpmphjrvf!fu!bvy!ftqbdft!tpjho�t/!Bv!dÐvs!ev!Csfhfo{fsxbme-!mf!qbsd!eÖfousfqsjtft!ef!Cf{bv!ftu!vof!e�npotusbujpo!eÖvscbojtnf!joevtusjfm!evsbcmf/!Dfuuf!Ówjmmf!fo!cpjtÔ!pggsf!cvsfbvy-!bufmjfst!fu!fousfq�ut!bvy!mpdbubjsft!mft!qmvt!ejwfst-!ebot!vof!bncjbodf!qbdjß�f!qbs!mb!qs�tfodf!tfotvfmmf!ef!mb!nbuj�sf/!

VOF!UFYUVSF!QPVS!MB!QFSJQIFSJFJoevtusjf-!wjmmf-!obuvsf!;!opvwfbvy!sbqqpsut!Upvuf!wjmmf!wfvu!qptt�efs!vo!q�mf!ufdiopmphjrvf!fu!df!s�wf!qsfoe!h�o�sbmfnfou!mb!gpsnf!eÖvo!bnpodfm.mfnfou!eÖfousfq�ut!fo!{pof!q�sjqi�sj.rvf/!Mb!wbmm�f!ev!Sijo!oÖb!qbt!�dibq.q�!�!df!qi�opn�of!nbjt!�!Mvtufobv-!mf!È!Njmmfojvntqbsl!É!wfvu!�usf!vo!fyfnqmf!ef!sjhvfvs!ebot!mÖbn�ob.hfnfou/!Mb!wjmmf!fu!mft!fousfqsjtft!tf!tpou!bttpdj�ft!qpvs!dpodfwpjs!vo!qmbo!p�!mft!tj�hft!eÖfousfqsjtft!tÖibsnp.ojtfou!ebot!vo!qbsd!bhs�bcmf-!�rvjq�!eÖvo!s�tfbv!Joufsofu!tbot!ßm-!eÖvo!cbs.sftubvsbou!fu!n�nf!eÖvof!ds�dif/!Mf!Njmmfojvntqbsl!ftu!vo!opvwfbv!È!rvbsujfs!ev!usbwbjm!É-!joufsgbdf!fousf!bhhmpn�sbujpo!fu!ftqbdf!obuvsfm-!vo!gpzfs!qpvs!mÖ�dpopnjf!joopwbouf!bv!qbzt!eft!rvbusf!gspouj�sft/

MÖBNFOBHFNFOU!EF!MÖFTQBDF!QVCMJDVof!hftujpo!dpmmfdujwf!eft!�rvjqf.nfoutDÖftu!bv!dpvst!eft!boo�ft!2:81!rvÖvo!qmbo!eÖvscbojtnf!h�o�sbm!b!njt!vo!gsfjo!�!mÖfyufotjpo!eft!{poft!eÖibcjubu!ev!Mboe/!Ì!mb!ßo!eft!boo�ft!2:91-!mb!wjmmf!ef!Epsocjso!b!fv!mÖje�f!ef!mbodfs!vo!qspkfu!bmufsobujg!eÖbn�obhfnfou!qbs!mb!ds�bujpo!eÖvo!s�tfbv!ef!cvt/!MÖbvhnfoubujpo!ev!usbßd!bhhsbwbju!mb!dpousbejdujpo!fousf!e�wfmpqqfnfou!fu!evsbcjmju�!ev!ujttv!vscbjo/!Fmvt-!bsdijufduft!fu!eftjhofst!pou!usbwbjmm�!fotfncmf!�!vo!dpodfqu!hmpcbm-!ev!ef.tjho!fu!ef!mÖ�rvjqfnfou!eft!w�ijdvmft!

5:

�!dfmvj!eft!tubujpot!fu!n�nf!ef!upvt!mft!wjtvfmt!eÖjogpsnbujpo/!Qm�cjtdju�t!qbs!mft!vtbhfst-!mf!tztu�nf!b!�u�!wjuf!dpqj�!�!Cmvefo{-!Csfhfo{!fu!Gfmeljsdi/!Vo!s�tfbv!dpnqmfu!ef!È!cvt!s�hjpobvy!É!b!�u�!ds��!qfv!bqs�t-!epou!mft!bss�ut!tpou!usbju�t!fo!ubou!rvf!qspkfut!�!qbsu!fouj�sf-!tfmpo!rvÖjmt!qpoduvfou!mf!qbztbhf!svsbm!pv!rvÖjmt!sfwjubmjtfou!mft!wjmmbhft!fu!mfvst!qmbdft/!

VOF!DVMUVSF!EF!DPPQFSBUJPOSfopvwfmmfnfou!vscbjo!ebot!mft!gsj.dift!joevtusjfmmftMf!Wpsbsmcfsh!tf!dpnqptbju!bvusfgpjt!eÖvo!n�mbohf!�upoobou!ef!qfujuft!fyqmpjubujpot!bhsjdpmft!fu!ef!tjuft!joevtusjfmt/!Fo!2:81-!mf!Mboe!qspevj.tbju!fodpsf!41!&!ev!ufyujmf!bvusjdijfo!nbjt!dfuuf!joevtusjf!oÖb!qbt!dpotusvju!ef!È!dju�t!pvwsj�sft!É/!Mft!fousfqsjtft!gbnjmjbmft!tÖjnqmboubjfou!mjcsfnfou!mf!mpoh!eft!sjwj�sft-!tpvsdft!eÖ�ofs.hjf-!tft!pvwsjfst!ibcjubjfou!ebot!eft!cpvsht!fodpsf!svsbvy/!Mb!wjmmf!ef!Epsocjso!ftu!bjotj!sftu�f!vof!È!wjmmf!kbsejo!É/!Nbjt!m�!bvttj!mb!hmpcbmjtbujpo!b!csvtrvfnfou!diboh�!mf!e�dps/!Mft!vtjoft!ufyujmft!pou!gfsn�/!Mft!dpnnv.oft!fu!mft!fousfqsjtft!tf!tpou!dpo.dfsu�ft!qpvs!usbotgpsnfs!dft!gsjdift!vscbjoft!fo!dpnqmfyft!qptu.joevt.usjfmt/!Ì!Epsocjso-!Ibse-!Gfmeljsdi!pv!Sbolxfjm-!eft!vtjoft!tpou!s�opw�ft!fo!ftqbdft!dvmuvsfmt-!foupvs�ft!nbjouf.obou!eÖibcjubujpot!fu!ef!dpnnfsdft-!ef!nbhbtjot-!ef!mpgut-!ef!sftubvsbout!fu!ef!qbsdt!vscbjot/

FTQBDFT!EF!KFVY-!MJFVY!EÖBQQSFOUJT.TBHFMÖ�dpmf!ebot!mb!dju�-!vof!njttjpo!qv.cmjrvf!qmvsjfmmfBqs�t!mf!qsfnjfs!fttps!eft!�rvjqf.nfout!tdpmbjsft!eft!boo�ft!2:61-!mb!ßo!eft!boo�ft!2:91!b!dpoov!vof!opvwfmmf!wbhvf!ef!dpotusvdujpot-!tfmpo!eft!qspkfut!dipjtjt!qbs!dpodpvst!eÖbsdijufduvsf!mpdbvy!pv!s�hjpobvy/!

Mft!wjmmft!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!pou!bvttj!sfwbmpsjt�!dft!mjfvy!qbs!vof!opvwfmmf!wpdbujpo!qmvsj.gpodujpoofmmf-!rvj!mft!wpju!tÖpvwsjs!bvy!bdujwju�t!tpdjbmft!fu!�!mfvst!bdufvst/!Mft!qfujuft!dpnnvoft!svsbmft!pv!mft!opvwfbvy!rvbsujfst!eft!wjmmft-!fo!qbsujdvmjfs-!pou!epoo�!�!dft!�dpmft!vo!s�mf!ef!dfousf!dvmuvsfm!fu!ef!mjfv!qvcmjd/!Dft!c�ujnfout!qbsujdjqfou!qmvt!�uspjufnfou!ef!df!gbju!�!mÖbn�.obhfnfou!ef!mfvs!wjmmf!bjotj!rvÖ�!tpo!�wpmvujpo!tpdjbmf/!

MÖFYQFSJFODF!EF!MB!OBUVSFMÖbsdijufduvsf!ev!upvsjtnf-!s�w�mbufvs!ev!qbztbhfMft!qbztbhft!fu!tjuft!ijtupsjrvft!ef!mÖBvusjdif!dpotujuvfou!mb!cbtf!ef!tpo!dbqjubm!upvsjtujrvf/!Mft!qvjt.tbouft!fousfqsjtft!ef!df!tfdufvs!tf!tpvdjbjfou!qfv!eÖbsdijufduvsf!fu!ef!hftujpo!evsbcmf!nbjt!mÖfttps!eÖvo!upvsjtnf!bmufsobujg!qmvt!tfotjcmf!�!mÖfowjspoofnfou!pou!ibvtt�!mf!ojwfbv!eÖfyjhfodf!ebot!mf!Csfhfo{fsxbme!fu!mÖBsmcfsh/!Mft!opvwfbvy!i�ufmt!ef!Xbsu!pv!ef!Sfvuif!vujmjtfou!eft!ufdiojrvft!ef!qs�gbcsjdbujpo!e�wfmpqq�ft!qbs!eft!fousfqsjtft!mpdbmft!ef!dpotusvdujpo!fo!cpjt/!Mfvs!bn�obhfnfou-!e�qpvswv!ef!upvu!È!ljutdi!É!pv!ef!È!eftjho!É-!bebquf!mb!gsvhbmju�!bmqjof!eft!qjpo.ojfst!bvy!fyjhfodft!npefsoft/!MÖFDPMPHJF-!VOF!SFTTPVSDF!NPEFSOFVof!bsdijufduvsf!qspevdusjdf!fu!opo!dpotpnnbusjdf!eÖ�ofshjf!Mf!wjmmbhf!ef!Cbutdivot-!tvsqmpncbou!mb!cbjf!fotpmfjmm�f!ef!Sbolxfjm-!tÖftu!fosjdij!efqvjt!2::6!ef!rvfmrvft!c�uj.nfout!jou�sfttbout/!Ì!d�u�!ef!mÖ�hmjtf-!mÖfyufotjpo!ev!djnfuj�sf!fu!vof!qfujuf!dibqfmmf!�ejß�ft!fo!qjt�!tfmpo!eft!ufdiojrvft!npefsoft/!Ì!d�u�!ef!mÖ�dpmf-!vof!opvwfmmf!tbmmf!ef!nvtjrvf!fo!cpjt/!Fo!ibvu!ev!d�ufbv-!vo!fotfncmf!ef!nbjtpot!tpmbjsft!�!cbttf!�ofshjf-!jmmvtusbou!eft!opvwfbvy!npe�mft!eÖibcjubu!jowfou�t!qbs!mft!bsdijufduft!ef!mÖ�dpmf!ev!Wp.

sbsmcfsh!fu!mft!dmjfout!fu!qspnpufvst/!Dpotusvjuft!fo!2::7-!mft!nbjtpot!ef!Cbutdivot!pou!�u�!mb!qsfnj�sf!dju�!ef!È!nbjtpot!qbttjwft!É!fo!Bvusjdif/!Hs�df!�!vof!dpodfqujpo!us�t!kvejdjfv.tf!fu!�!mb!qs�gbcsjdbujpo-!fmmft!pggsfou!vo!ibcjubu!àfyjcmf!fu!npefsof-!�!us�t!gbjcmf!dpotpnnbujpo!eÖ�ofshjf/

SFWJUBMJTFS!MFT!SFTTPVSDFTMf!qbusjnpjof!dpnnf!fokfv!ef!np.efsojtbujpoJm!z!b!usfouf!bot-!mft!wjfvy!c�ujnfout!fo!cpjt!�ubjfou!fodpsf!e�npmjt/!MÖbcboepo!ef!mÖ�mfwbhf!fo!bmujuvef!bwbju!wje�!upvu!vo!qbusjnpjof!svsbm!ef!tb!tvctubodf/!Mft!opvwfbvy!bsdij.ufduft!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!pou!bvttj!wpvmv!s�bhjs!dpousf!dfuuf!�wpmvujpo/!Jmt!pou!dpowbjodv!mft!ibcjubout!ef!tbvwfs!eft!c�ujnfout!fo!cpjt!tpvwfou!dfoufobj.sft-!fo!jouspevjtbou!ebot!mf!e�cbu!qvcmjd!mb!opvwfmmf!qfstqfdujwf!dvm.uvsfmmf!fu!�dpopnjrvf!eÖvof!hftujpo!evsbcmf!eft!sfttpvsdft/!Mb!s�opwbujpo!ef!dfuuf!bsdijufduvsf!bodjfoof!sfqs�.tfouf!bvkpvseÖivj!dpnnf!ijfs!vo!e�ß!ufdiojrvf!fu!ftui�ujrvf-!fu!dpousj.cvf!�!mÖfousfujfo!ef!tbwpjs.gbjsf!us�t!rvbmjß�t!fosjdijt!qbs!mft!ufdiopmphjft!opvwfmmft/!

VOF!VSCBOJUF!QSFTFSWFFMb!s�h�o�sbujpo!eft!dfousft!bodjfotÌ!mb!ßo!eft!boo�ft!2:91-!vo!npvwf.nfou!ef!sfwjubmjtbujpo!eft!dfousft!bodjfot!b!wv!mf!kpvs!ebot!ef!upvuft!qfujuft!mpdbmju�t-!rvj!pou!dpotusvju!eft!tbmmft!ef!dpotfjm-!eft!nbjtpot!ef!mb!dvmuvsf!fu!eft!dfousft!tpdjbvy/!Df!sfo.gpsdfnfou!eft!dfousft!gbju!dpousfqpjet!�!mÖfyufotjpo!sbqjef!eft!cbomjfvft!fu!of!sfm�wf!qbt!ef!mb!nfsdboujmjtbujpo!bddpnqbhobou!mft!{poft!qj�upooft!pv!mf!eftjho!vscbjo/!Ì!mÖjowfstf-!mft!dfo.usft!bodjfot!pou!�u�!fosjdijt!eÖftqbdft!qvcmjdt!�!eftujobujpot!nvmujqmft;!mjfvy!bttpdjbujgt-!cjcmjpui�rvft-!tfswjdft!tpdjbvy-!ds�dift-!dfousft!ef!tpjot///!

61

Td�ophsbqijf!ef!mÖfyqptjujpo

MÖfyqptjujpo!qspqptf!uspjt!ojwfbvy!ef!mfduvsf!bvy!wjtjufvst-!qfsnfuubou!ef!qbttfs!eÖvof!tbjtjf!h�o�sbmf!ev!tvkfu!�!mÖfybnfo!buufoujg!ef!tft!dpoufovt/!MÖfyqptjujpo!oÖftu!qbt!dispopmphjrvf!pv!npophsbqijrvf!nbjt!ui�nbujrvf-!qs�tfoubou!mf!npvwfnfou!eÖbsdij.ufduvsf!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!�!usbwfst!vof!t�sjf!eÖ!È!fous�ft!É!)bsdijufduvsf!fu!�dpmphjf-!nbjtpot-!hftujpo!eft!sft.tpvsdft///*!dpo�vft!qpvs!gbdjmjufs!mb!qs�tfoubujpo!ef!df!gpzfs!ef!ds�bujpo!fvspq�fo!ebot!mf!e�cbu!gsbo�bjt/Vof!qsfnj�sf!e�dpvwfsuf!ev!tvkfu!ftu!pggfsuf!qbs!vof!t�sjf!ef!24!hsboeft!È!dbsuft!qptubmft!É!)411!y!331!dn*-!qs�tfoubou!mft!nfjmmfvsft!bsdijufduv.sft!dpoufnqpsbjoft!opo!qbt!jtpm�ft!dpnnf!eft!pckfut!nbjt!È!jnnfsh�ft!É!ebot!mfvs!dpoufyuf!obuvsfm!pv!vs.cbjo-!fu!ebot!mfvs!tpdj�u�/!Dft!wvft-!dpnnboe�ft!bv!qipuphsbqif!Jhobdjp!Nbsujof{-!tpou!dpmm�ft!tvs!mft!efvy!gb.dft!ef!8!hsboeft!bsnpjsft!fo!cpjt!)411!y!71!y!331!dn*!rvj!gpsnfou!mf!npcjmjfs!qsjodjqbm!ef!mÖfyqptjujpo!fu!s�w�mfspou!qmvt!ubse!mfvst!sfttpvsdft/!Dfuuf!È!dpmmfdujpo!ef!dbsuft!qptubmft!É!qfs.nfuubou!ef!e�dpvwsjs!qfv!�!qfv!rvboe!po!mft!fybnjof!;!vof!s�hjpo!eÖFvspqf-!vo!qbztbhf!npefm�!ef!mpohvf!ebuf!qbs!vof!tpdj�u�-!vof!bsdijufduvsf!fohb.h�f!ebot!mb!npefsojtbujpo!ef!dfuuf!tpdj�u�!fu!ef!tpo!dbesf!ef!wjf/Vof!tfdpoef!mfduvsf!ftu!qspqpt�f!fotvjuf!qbs!vof!t�sjf!ef!epdvnfout!wje�p-!qs�tfoubou!mÖbsdijufduvsf!dpoufnqpsbjof!�!usbwfst!mft!ipnnft!fu!mft!gfnnft!rvj!mb!gb�poofou!fu!mb!qsbujrvfou!;!¦!vof!t�sjf!eÖjoufswjfxt!qs�tfouf!mft!bsdijufduft-!mft!fousfqsfofvst-!mft!difsdifvst!rvj!usbwbjmmfou!ebot!mf!npvwfnfou!eft!Cbvl otumfs!<¦!vof!t�sjf!ef!È!qpsusbjut!ef!c�ujnfout!É!qs�tfouf!dfsubjoft!s�bmjtbujpot!)vof!s�tjefodf!fo!npevmft!bdjfs.cpjt!ebot!

mb!npoubhof-!vof!nbjtpo!qbttjwf!�!Csfhfo{-!vo!bufmjfs!eÖbsujtuft!ebot!mb!wbmm�f!ev!Sijo*-!bttpsujft!ef!u�npj.hobhft!eÖbsdijufduft-!ef!nb�usft!eÖpvwsbhf-!eÖibcjubout-!ef!wpjtjot///¦!vo!sfqpsubhf!hsboe!gpsnbu!tvs!vof!s�hjpo!fu!vof!tpdj�u�!fo!qmfjof!nv.ubujpo!;!diboujfst!ef!nbjtpot-!wjf!eft!fousfqsjtft-!u�npjhobhft!eÖbdufvst-!fu!mb!efotju�!e�qbztbouf!eft!opv.wfbvy!qspkfut!ebot!mf!qbztbhf!bmqjo!fu!vscbjo!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh/Foßo-!mft!wjtjufvst!e�dpvwsjspou!rvf!dibrvf!dbsuf!qptubmf!jmmvtusf!vo!ui�nf-!fyqpt�!qbs!vo!dpvsu!ufyuf!jodsvtu�-!fu!rvf!tpo!qpsubou!ftu!vof!bsnpjsf!�!qmbot-!dpoufobou!vo!epttjfs!dpnqmfu!tvs!df!ui�nf/!Dibrvf!qpsubou!dpoujfou-!ejttjnvm�t!ebot!mb!hsboef!qipup!;!¦!eft!gfo�usft-!pggsbou!wvft!pv!tjuvb.ujpot!dbsbdu�sjtujrvft!ev!ui�nf!<¦!eft!ujspjst!�!qmbot-!ebot!mftrvfmt!tpou!qs�tfou�t!vof!rvbsboubjof!ef!c�ujnfout!jmmvtusbou!mf!ui�nf!;!qmbot-!qipupt-!nbu�sjbvy/Mft!kpvft!mbu�sbmft!eft!qpsubout!tpou!fo!cpjt!ef!obuvsft!fu!ufyuvsft!ejgg�.sfouft-!fo!e�npotusbujpo!eft!tbwpjs.gbjsf!ev!npvwfnfou!fu!ef!tpo!bnpvs!ef!mb!nbuj�sf/Mft!nfvcmft!)ubcmft-!dibjtft-!gbv.ufvjmt*!rvj!bddpnqbhofou!mÖfyqptjujpo!pou!�u�!bvttj!efttjo�t!fu!gbcsjrv�t!qbs!mft!bsdijufduft!fu!eft!fousfqsjtft!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh/!Jmt!tpou!fyusbjut!eÖvof!dpmmfdujpo-!dpotujuv�f!qbs!mf!Mboe!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!�!mb!tvjuf!eÖvof!dpotvmub.ujpo!eÖje�ft!fu!rvj!b!gpsn�!mb!nbuj�sf!eÖvof!fyqptjujpo!tvs!mf!eftjho!dpo.ufnqpsbjo!ebot!mf!Wpsbsmcfsh-!È!N�cfm!g s!bmmf!É-!qspevjuf!qbs!mb!Hbmfsjf!Bsdijufluvs!jn!Sjohuvsn!�!Wjfoof/!

Qvcmjdbujpot

MÖfyqptjujpo!ftu!bddpnqbho�f!eÖvo!dbubmphvf!

Vof!qspwpdbujpo!dpotusvdujwf!Ñ!bs.dijufduvsf!fu!e�wfmpqqfnfou!ebot!mf!Wpsbsmcfsh�ejujpot!Jgb0wbj-!bvufvst!;!Nbsjf.I�.m�of!Dpoubm!fu!Puup!Lbqßohfs/

Ì!mÖpddbtjpo!ef!mÖfyqptjujpo-!mf!Wpsbsm.cfshfs!Bsdijufluvsjotujuvu!b!fousfqsjt!vof!s��ejujpo!ev!Hvjef!eÖbsdijufduvsf!ev!Wpsbmcfsh/Fejujpot!Lvmuvsibvt!Csfhfo{0wbj!opv.wfmmf!�ejujpo!bohmbjt0bmmfnboe/

Foßo-!vo!dbcjofu!ef!mfduvsf!ftu!bn�obh�!bv!njmjfv!ef!mÖfyqptjujpo-!qfsnfuubou!bv!qvcmjd!ef!gfvjmmfufs!mft!pvwsbhft!e�k�!qvcmj�t!tvs!mf!Wpsbsmcfsh!fu!tpo!ijtupjsf!s�dfouf!)mjwsft!eÖijt.upjsf-!npophsbqijft!eÖbsdijufduft-!dbubmphvf!eÖfyqptjujpo!eÖbsdijufduvsf!fu!ef!eftjho-!sfwvft!eÖbsdijufduvsf-!sfwvft!ef!dpotusvdujpo-!pvwsbhft!dsjujrvft*/

Qbsufobjsft

Bvusjdif;!Gpsvn!dvmuvsfm!bvusjdijfo-!Qbsjt!0!Mboe!ev!Wpsbsmcfsh!0!Wpsbsm.cfshfs!Ipm{cbv.Lvotu!0!Kvmjvt!Cmvn!HncI!Cftdim�hfgbcsjl!0!Lbvgnboo!Ipm{!HncI!.!LÖBOO!0!Ojsefsfs!Gvsojfsf!0!Rvbmju�uthfnfjotdibgu!Wpsbsmcfshfs!Ipm{cbv!0!Xjsutdibgutlbnnfs!Wpsbsm.cfsh!0!Bnu!efs!Wpsbsmcfshfs!Mbo.eftsfhjfsvoh-!Bcufjmvoh!Xjsutdibgu!0!Cvoeftlbo{mfsbnu-!Tflujpo!Lvotu!0

Gsbodf;!Jotujuvu!gsbo�bjt!ef!Wjfoof!0!Jotujuvu!gsbo�bjt!eÖJootcsvdl!0!ESBD!Si�of.Bmqft!0!DBVF!ev!Si�of!0!DBVF!ef!mb!Es�nf!0!DBVF!ef!mÖJt�sf!0!DBVF!ef!mb!Tbwpjf!0!�dpmft!eÖbsdijufduvsf!ef!Obodz!fu!ef!Tusbtcpvsh.DSJU!0!FOTUJC!Fqjobm

62

1RWUH�RUJDQLVPH�D�pWp�FUpp�HQ������SRXU�SURPRXYRLU�OH�ERLV�DX�9RUDUOEHUJ���HQ�PDUV�������OD�©�&RPPLVVLRQ�SRXU�OD�TXDOLWp�GH�OD�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�ERLV�GX�9RUDUOEHUJ�ª�V·HVW�FRQVWLWXpH�HQ�WDQW�TXH�VHF�WHXU�pFRQRPLTXH�UpJLRQDO�HW�VLqJH�j�OD�&KDPEUH�GH�&RPPHUFH�GH�)HOGNLUFK��(QYLURQ�����PDLVRQV�XQLIDPLOLDOHV�VRQW�FRQVWUXLWHV�FKDTXH�DQQpH�SDU�OHV�PHPEUHV�GH�QRWUH�UpVHDX��HW�OH�FKLIIUH�G·DI�IDLUHV�GH�OD�ÀOLqUH�UHSUpVHQWH�����0LR�½�

(Q�WDQW�TXH�S{OH�G·H[FHOOHQFH�GH�OD�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�ERLV�GX�9RUDUO�EHUJ��+RO]EDXB.XQVW��©�O·DUW�GH�OD�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�HQ�ERLV�ª��FRQVWL�WXH�XQH�FKDvQH�UpJLRQDOH�GH�YDOR�ULVDWLRQ�GHV�VDYRLU�IDLUH��GX�IRUHV�WLHU�DX�FRQVWUXFWHXU��/·HQVHPEOH�GH�FH�VHFWHXU�pFRQRPLTXH�FRQQDvW�GHSXLV�FHV�GHUQLqUHV�DQQpHV�XQH�FURLVVDQFH�UHFRUG�GH�������8Q�JURXSH�GH����DUFKLWHFWHV�HW�H[SHUWV�����HQWUHSULVHV�GH�FRQV�WUXFWLRQ�ERLV�����SDUWHQDLUHV�LQGXVWULHOV�HW�FRPPHUFLDX[�����VFLHULHV������SURSULpWDLUHV�GH�ERLV�GX�9RUDUOEHUJ��QRXV�RQW�GpMj�UH�MRLQWV��&H�TXL�UHSUpVHQWH�SOXV�GH������SHUVRQQHV�TXL�FRQWULEXHQW�j�OD�YDORULVDWLRQ�WHFKQRORJLTXH�HW�pFRORJLTXH�GX�PDWpULDX�ERLV��GDQV�XQH�GpPDUFKH�G\QDPLTXH�G·LQQRYDWLRQ�HW�G·H[SpULPHQWD�WLRQ�

1RWUH�REMHFWLI���GDYDQWDJH�GH�FRQVWUXFWLRQV�HQ�ERLV��HW�DX�SOXV�KDXW�QLYHDX��JUkFH�j�XQH�DFWLRQ�FRPPXQH�j�WRXV�OHV�PpWLHUV�GH�O·DUFKLWHFWXUH�HW�GH�OD�FRQVWUXF�WLRQ�HQ�PDWLqUH�GH�PDUNHWLQJ��GH�

IRUPDWLRQ�FRQWLQXH��GH�FRPPXQL�FDWLRQ�HW�GH�OREE\LQJ�+RO]EDXSUHLV7RXV�OHV���DQV��OH�MXU\�GX�+RO]�EDXB.XQVW�DWWULEXH�OH�3UL[�GH�OD�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�HQ�ERLV�GX�9R�UDUOEHUJ�SRXU�UpFRPSHQVHU�OHV�PHLOOHXUHV�UpDOLVDWLRQV�GX�PR�PHQW��&HWWH�GLVWLQFWLRQ�HVW�OH�SUHPLHU�SUL[�G·DUFKLWHFWXUH�SRXU�OD�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�ERLV�RUJDQLVp�HQ�$XWULFKH��HW�VD�QRWRULpWp�GpSDVVH�ODUJHPHQW�OHV�IURQWLqUHV��,O�KR�QRUH�j�OD�IRLV�O·DUFKLWHFWXUH�HW�O·LQJpQLHULH��OHV�FRQVWUXFWHXUV�HW�OHV�PDvWUHV�G·RXYUDJH�

/HV�FULWqUHV�GH�FKRL[�VRQW����OD�TXDOLWp�DUFKLWHFWXUDOH��O·LQQRYDWLRQ�WHFKQRORJLTXH��O·pFRQRPLH�GX�SURMHW��O·pFRORJLH�&H�SUL[�MRXH�XQ�U{OH�IpGpUDWHXU�G·XQH�JUDQGH�LPSRUWDQFH��OHV�IHVWLYLWpV�G·DWWULEXWLRQ�UpXQLVVHQW�WRXV�OHV�SURIHVVLRQQHOV�GX�9RUDUO�EHUJ�DLQVL�TXH�OHXUV�FRPPDQGL�WDLUHV��SOXV�GH�����SHUVRQQHV�

/H�ERLV�HVW�OH�PDWpULDX�GX��qPH�PLOOpQDLUH��/D�KDXWH�TXDOLWp�GHV�SURMHWV�G·DUFKLWHFWXUH�HW�GH�OHXU�H[pFXWLRQ�IDLW�SDUWLH�GH�OD�WUDGL�WLRQ�GH�OD�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�DX�9RUDUO�EHUJ�PDLV�FRQVWLWXH�pJDOHPHQW�OD�FOp�GH�OD�UpXVVLWH�SRXU�O·DYHQLU�/D�IRUrW�HVW�XQH�UHVVRXUFH�UH�QRXYHODEOH��HW�FRQVWUXLUH�HQ�ERLV�SDUWLFLSH�j�OD�SURWHFWLRQ�GH�O·HQ�YLURQQHPHQW�

/D�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�ERLV�HVW�UHPDU�TXDEOH�SDU�VD�UDSLGLWp�G·H[pFXWLRQ�HW�VD�FDSDFLWp�j�V·DGDSWHU�DX[�YDULDQWHV�LQGLYLGXHOOHV�

/D�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�HQ�ERLV�IDYRULVH�XQ�KDELWDW�VDLQ�SRXU�OD�VDQWp�

3UpVLGHQW���+HUEHUW�%UXQQHU'LUHFWHXU���'U��0DWWKLDV�$PPDQQ%XUHDX�HW�IRUPDWLRQ�FRQWLQXH���6LPRQH�.RFKKDIHQ

+RO]EDXB.XQVW:LFKQHUJDVVH����$������)HOG�NLUFKWpO���������������ID[��������������H�PDLO�EXUHDX��6LPRQH�.RFKKD�IHQ���NV#ZNY�DWKWWS���ZZZ�KRO]EDXNXQVW�DW

BOOFYF!4IPM[CBV.LVOTU!;!MFT!NBìUSFT!EF!MB!DPOTUSVDUJPO!FO!CPJT

63

BOOFYF!5QBSDPVST!EÖBSDIJUFDUVSFT!Ì!EPSOCJSO

Rvfmrvft!tvhhftujpot!ef!qspnfobef!eÖbqs�t.e�ofs!rvj!wpvt!fo!gfspou!e�dpvwsjs!cjfo!eÖbvusft!"

64

��&HQWUH�GH�6HFRXUV�PDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���9LOOH�GH�'RUQELUQDUFKLWHFWH���:ROIJDQJ�5LWVFKDGUHVVH��6LHJIULHG�)XVVHQHJJHUVWUDVVH���/��.RÁHUV�WUDVVHUpDOLVDWLRQ�������

��0DLVRQ�,QQDXHUDUFKLWHFWH���2��/��.DXIPDQQPDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���6LHJIULHG�,QQDXHUUpDOLVDWLRQ�������DGUHVVH���/LWWHQJDVVH��D

��$EUL�EXVPDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���9LOOH�GH�'RUQELUQDUFKLWHFWH���:ROIJDQJ�5LWVFKDGUHVVH���5LHGJDVVH���.ORVWHUJDVVHUpDOLVDWLRQ�������

��2IÀFH�'RUQELUQPDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���=,0$�*PEKDUFKLWHFWH���:ROIJDQJ�5LWVFKDGUHVVH���6WDGWVWUDVVH���.ORVWHUJDVVHUpDOLVDWLRQ�������

��%XUHDX[�HW�ORJHPHQWV�DYHF�FDSWHXUV�VRODLUHV�VXU�O·HQVHPEOH�G·XQH�ID�oDGH�PDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���.OLPPHU�:RKQEDXDUFKLWHFWH���+HLP���0�OOHUDGUHVVH���(LVHQJDVVH���7��5KRPEHUJVWUDVVHUpDOLVDWLRQ�������

��/RJHPHQWVPDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���,�5�6FKHUWOHU�*PE+DUFKLWHFWH���&DUOR�%DXPVFKODJHU�HW�'LHWPDU�(EHUOHDGUHVVH���0R]DUWVWUDVVH����UpDOLVDWLRQ����������

��/RJHPHQWV�DUFKLWHFWH���&DUOR�%DXPVFKODJHU�HW�'LHWPDU�(EHUOHDGUHVVH���$P�.HKOHUSDUN����HW���UpDOLVDWLRQ����������

��%kWLPHQW�FRPPHUFLDO�HW�EXUHDX[PDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���9,9,'�*HVFKlIVWKDXVDUFKLWHFWH���+HOPXW�'LHWULFK�HW�0XFK�8QWHUWULIDOOHUDGUHVVH���0DUNHWSDVVDJHUpDOLVDWLRQ�������

��5pVLGHQFH�3RQJDUWJDVVHPDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���SULYpDUFKLWHFWH���&DUOR�%DXPVFKODJHU�HW�'LHWPDU�(EHUOHDGUHVVH���3RQJDUWJDVVH����HW��UpDOLVDWLRQ�������

���5pVLGHQFH�gO]E�QGWPDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���$QWRQ�.DXIPDQQDUFKLWHFWH���+HUPDQQ�.DXIPDQQDGUHVVH���+DPHUOLQJVWUDVVH����UpDOLVDWLRQ�������

���$WULXP�+DXVPDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���,�5�6FKHUWOHU�*PE+���,QJPDU�$OJH���'U��+��.QDSSDUFKLWHFWH���5RODQG�*QDLJHUDGUHVVH���5RVHQVWUDVVH���:LQJDWVWUDVVHUpDOLVDWLRQ�������

���5pVLGHQFH�6HEDVWLDQVWUDVVHPDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���,�5�6FKHUWOHU�*PE+�DUFKLWHFWH���&DUOR�%DXPVFKODJHU�HW�'LHWPDU�(EHUOHDGUHVVH���6HEDVWLDQVWUDVVH���EUpDOLVDWLRQ�������

���,7�'DWD�=XPWREHO�$*PDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���=XPWREHO�$*DUFKLWHFWH���&DUOR�%DXPVFKODJHU�HW�'LHWPDU�(EHUOHDGUHVVH���6FKPDO]K�WWWHVWUDVVH����UpDOLVDWLRQ�������

���%DU�,QQDXHUPDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���6LHJIULHG�,QQDXHUDUFKLWHFWH���-RKDQQHV�.DXIPDQQ��2VNDU�/HR�.DXI�PDQQDGUHVVH���6FKXOJDVVH����UpDOLVDWLRQ�������

���,QDWXUD��0XVpH�GH�OD�1DWXUH��WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�G·XQ�VLWH�LQGXVWULHO�PDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���6WDGW�'RUQELUQDUFKLWHFWHV���+HOPXW�'LHWULFK�HW�0XFK�8QWHUWULIDO�OHU��+HUPDQQ�.DXIPDQQ��&KULVWLDQ�/HQ]DGUHVVH���-DKQJDVVH��UpDOLVDWLRQ�������

���%HUWROLQL�+DXV��UHYLWDOLVDWLRQ�PDvWUH�G·RXYUDJH���3ULVPDDUFKLWHFWH���$LFKHU�$UFKLWHNWXUDGUHVVH���(XURSDSDVVDJH���0DUNWVWUDVVHUpDOLVDWLRQ�������

65

BOOFYF!6CJMBO!DIBVGGBHF!QSPEVJU!QBS!DFOUSBMFT!CJPNBTTF!FU!HB[/!DPNNVOF!EF![XJTDIFOXBTTFS-!3114

���(������$%#�( '�$�%�*"�%� ��� #!�&&���'���)

� !)$ 2�#$�/8- /1'1',+�#$0�.2 +1'180�",+0,**8$0�#$�!,'0�$1�#$�% 6�$+���

�������� ���

��� � ))$�-,)53 )$+1$�#$��2+1)'4

�� �$01 2/ +1��/:#'0"&

���� �",)$�#$��2+1)'4

��� �,%$*$+1�'+01'121$2/��%/ +#�

��� �,%$*$+1�'+01'121$2/��-$1'1�

�� � '/'$ ����*

��� � '0,+�#$0��$2+$0

����019/$0�#$

-) .2$11$0

��� � '0,+��),+$/

��� � '0,+��$)1$

��� � '0,+��7+%)$

�"�%� ��$%#�( '� ������ ����

�*$�%' ' #" ���� ����

��� �-30"$����$*+32��(")$*��0;&(11$30�#$�*A;"-*$

�"-*$�#$��3,2*(6

�� ��)�'

;,$0&($�32(*(1;$�.-30�*$

"' 3%% &$�7�"-+.0(1

.. 02$+$,21�#$�%-,"2(-,

� (1-,��:,&*$

����)�'

� (1-,��$*2$

���)�'

� (1-,��*-,$0

������)�'

� (0($

�����

)�'

� (1-,�#$1

�$3,$1

������)�'

�$12 30 ,2������������������������ **$�.-*74 *$,2$

����� �)�'������������������������ �� ��)�'

����������������?�� 5$0 �@� ��)�

"-.$ 36 �2<0$ �

.* /3$22$1 �2<0$1 ���

;,$0&($�.0-#3(2$ ��' �����

������������ ������������)�

� 8�, 230$* �� � �;,$0&($�.0-#3(2$ ��' �����

�,$0&($�32(*(1;$�.-30�* �"-,1-++ 2(-,�2'$0+(/3$�130�*A$,1$+!*$�#$1�!92(+$,21�

0$*$4;$�130�*$�"-+.2$30�2'$0+(/3$���� ��� ��)�'

�$0%-0+ ,"$1�#$�*A$,1$+!*$�#$1�"' 3#(<0$1��;,$0&($�2-2 *$�.0-#3(2$��(-+ 11$���� 8�� ������)�' ���

.3(11 ,"$�2-2 *$�#$1�"' 3#(<0$1��0$,#$+$,2 ��������' � �

pQHUJLH�¿QDOH��ELRPDVVH���JD]�

pQHUJLH�XWLOH��UHQGHPHQW�GH�SURGXFWLRQ�

66

��� ����������������������������������������������������������

��� ���������������������������������������������������������������

67

Eftdsjqujg!eft!�rvjqfnfout!ef!dibvggbhf!fu!ef!wfoujmbujpo!;

68

BOOFYF!7MF!TUBOEBSE!EF!DPOTUSVDUJPO!ÈNBJTPO!QBTTJWFÉ

Df!tuboebse-!vo!e�wfmpqqfnfou!�!qbsujs!ev!tuboebse!Ènbjtpo!�!cbttf!�ofshjfÉ-!mf!nfobou!qmvt!mpjo-!qfvu!�usf!pcufov!bwfd!eft!npeft!ef!dpotusvdujpo-!nbu�sjbvy!fu!gpsnft!ejgg�sfout/

Jm!tÖbqqmjrvf!�!vof!dpotusvdujpo!.!nbjtpo-!jnnfvcmf!ef!cvsfbvy-!�dpmf!fud/!.!�!mÖjou�sjfvs!ef!mbrvfmmf!po!pcujfou!vo!dmj.nbu!jou�sjfvs!bhs�bcmf-!fo!�u�!dpnnf!fo!ijwfs-!tbot!vo!tztu�nf!ef!dibvggbhf!dpowfoujpoofm/!Jm!sfrvjfsu!rvf!mb!dpotusvd.ujpo!tpju!gbjuf!ef!nboj�sf!�!df!rvf!mft!bqqpsut!uifsnjrvft!sftufou!jog�sjfvst!�!26!lXi0n30bo/

Df!cftpjo!uifsnjrvf!s�tjevfm!qfvu!�usf!pcufov!qbs!vo!qs�dibvggfnfou!ef!mÖbjs!btqjs�!ef!mÖfyu�sjfvs!bv!usbwfst!eÖvof!wfo.ujmbujpo!opsnbmf/!Mft!dpotusvdujpot!tfmpo!mf!tuboebse!Ènbjtpo!qbttjwfÉ!o�dfttjufou!91!&!ef!npjot!eÖ�ofshjf!ef!dibvg.gbhf!rvÖvof!dpotusvdujpo!tfmpo-!qbs!fyfnqmf-!mft!opsnft!bmmfnboeft!ef!mb!qspufdujpo!uifsnjrvf!ef!2::6/

Tpo!opn!wjfou!ev!gbju!rvf!df!uzqf!ef!dpotusvdujpo!gbju!vo!vtbhf!qbttjg!eft!tpvsdft!ef!dibmfvs!fyjtubouft-!ufmmft!rvf!mÖfo.tpmfjmmfnfou!qbs!mft!gfo�usft-!mb!dibmfvs!s�tjevfmmf!eÖbqqbsfjmt!�mfdusp.n�obhfst!fu!ef!mÖ�dmbjsbhf-!mb!dibmfvs!e�hbh�f!qbs!mft!pddvqbout-!qpvs!mÖpcufoujpo!eÖvof!ufnq�sbuvsf!jou�sjfvsf!bhs�bcmf!fo!q�sjpef!ef!dibvggf!ibcjuvfmmf/

Ef!qmvt-!po!buufoe!eÖvof!dpotusvdujpo!tfmpo!df!tuboebse!rvf!tft!bn�obhfnfout!s�evjtfou-!qbs!eft!ufdiojrvft!fgßdjfo.uft-!mft!cftpjot!fo!�ofshjf!�mfdusjrvf-!eft!bqqbsfjmt!�mfdusp.n�obhfst!fu!ef!mÖ�dmbjsbhf!fo!qbsujdvmjfs/!Mf!cvu!ftu!eÖbssjwfs!�!hbsefs!mf!cftpjo!fggfdujg!eÖ�ofshjf!qpvs!mÖfotfncmf!dibvggbhf-!fbv!dibvef!fu!bqqbsfjmt!�mfdusp.n�obhfst!fo.efttpvt!ef!53!lXi0n30bo/!Dfmb!dpssftqpoe!bqqspyjnbujwfnfou!bv!rvbsu!eft!wbmfvst!ef!dpotpnnbujpo!eÖ�ofshjf!ef!dpotusvd.ujpot!ofvwft!fy�dvu�ft!tfmpo!mft!opsnft!fo!wjhvfvs!fo!Fvspqf/

Ef!nboj�sf!h�o�sbmf-!mft!ufdiopmphjft!ef!dpotusvdujpo!fnqmpz�ft!qpvs!bttvsfs!mb!dpogpsnju�!�!df!tuboebse!ef!Ènbjtpo!qbttjwfÉ!dpnqsfoofou!vof!jtpmbujpo!dpot�rvfouf-!eft!nvst-!upjuvsft!fu!eft!gfo�usft-!vo!fnqmpj!nftvs�!eft!nbu�sjbvy!ef!dpotusvdujpo!qbs!sbqqpsu!�!mfvs!dpnqpsufnfou!uifsnjrvf-!vof!cpoof!�ubodi�ju�!�!mÖbjs-!vof!dpnqbdju�!ef!mb!dpot.usvdujpo!qpvs!njojnjtfs!mÖfggpsu!jtpmbou!o�dfttbjsf!qbs!mb!s�evdujpo!eft!tvsgbdft!fyqpt�ft-!fu!tf!tfswfou!ef!h�puifsnjf!qpvs!mf!qs�.dibvggfnfou!ef!mÖbjs!benjt!fo!ijwfs!fu!mf!sbggsbjdijttfnfou!ef!dfu!bjs!fo!�u�-!tbdibou!rvÖfo.efttpvt!ef!91!dn!ev!ojwfbv!ev!tpm!obuvsfm!mb!ufnq�sbuvsf!ftu!fo!qfsnbofodf!ef!,6¢D/

Df!tuboebse!epju!�usf!bddpnqbho�!eÖvof!qsjtf!ef!dpotdjfodf!ef!mÖvtbhfs-!rvj!dpousjcvf!�!tpo!gpodujpoofnfou!qbs!vof!buujuvef!sbjtpoobcmf!rvbou!�!mÖpvwfsuvsf!eft!qpsuft!fu!gfo�usft-!qbs!fyfnqmf-!nbjt!�hbmfnfou!qbs!mft!qpvwpjst!qvcmjdt!rvj!ipopsfou!fu!tujnvmfou!tpo!bqqmjdbujpo!qbs!eft!qsphsbnnft!eÖjogpsnbujpo!fu!ef!tvcwfoujpo/!Bv!Wpsbsmcfsh!qbs!fyfn.qmf-!vo!nb�usf!eÖpvwsbhf!qfvu!pcufojs!qpvs!mb!dpotusvdujpo!eÖvof!nbjtpo!gbnjmjbmf-!fo!tf!dpogpsnbou!�!df!tuboebse-!vo!qs�u!ef!97/111!fvspt-!epou!mft!ubvy!eÖjou�s�u!tpou!tvcwfoujpoo�t!hbsboujt!�!2&/

Ibsunvu!Ifsjoh!fu!Wpsbsmcfshfs!Fofshjfjotujuvu

69

BOOFYF!8

6:

/H�9RUDUOEHUJ�(QHUJLHLQVWLWXW�GpFULW�VD�YRFDWLRQ��

1RXV�FRQVHLOORQV��IRUPRQV�HW�HQWUHSUHQRQV�GHV�UHFKHUFKHV�SRXU�O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ�UDLVRQQDEOH�GHV�

pQHUJLHV�HW�SRXU�OHXU�UHQRXYHOOHPHQW�

6HV�FLEOHV�VRQW��

OHV�IR\HUV

OHV�FRPPXQHV

OHV�HQWUHSULVHV

6HV�FRPSpWHQFHV��

O¶pFRORJLH�GH�OD�FRQVWUXFWLRQ

O¶pFRQRPLH�GH�OD�FRQVWUXFWLRQ

OD�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�pFRORJLTXH�G¶KDELWDW

O¶pQHUJLH�pOHFWULTXH

OH�VXLYL�GHV�DIIDLUHV�FRPPXQDOHV

O¶DUFKLWHFWXUH�VRODLUH

OH�FRQVHLO�HQ�HQWUHSULVH

OHV�WHFKQRORJLHV�WKHUPLTXHV

/H�9RUDUOEHUJ�(QHUJLHLQVWLWXW�EpQp¿FLH�GX�VRXWLHQ�GLUHFW��

GX�FRQVHLO�GX�ODQG�9RUDUOEHUJ

GHV�FHQWUDOHV�GH�SURGXFWLRQ�G¶pQHUJLH�GX�ODQG��9RUDUOEHUJ�.UDIWZHUNH�DJ�HW�9RUDUOEHUJ�,OOZHUNH�

DJ�

GX�GLVWULEXWHXU�GH�JD]�QDWXUHO�GX�ODQG��9RUDUOEHUJ�(UGJDV�JPEK�

GH�OD�ERXUVH�GX�WUDYDLO�GX�ODQG

GX�JURXSHPHQW�G¶LQWpUrW�GHV�QpJRFLDQWV�GH�FRPEXVWLEOHV�HW�GX�¿RXO

GH�OD�FKDPEUH�G¶DJULFXOWXUH

GHV�VHUYLFHV�WHFKQLTXHV�GH�OD�YLOOH�GH�)HOGNLUFK

GH�OD�UpXQLRQ�GHV�FRPPXQHV�SRXU�O¶HQYLURQQHPHQW

GH�O¶XQLRQ�GHV�LQGXVWULHOV�G¶$XWULFKH��JURXSH�GX�9RUDUOEHUJ

GH�OD�VRFLpWp�SRXU�OD�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�GX�ORJHPHQW�VRFLDO�HW�GHV�DJJORPpUDWLRQV

GH�OD�FKDPEUH�GH�FRPPHUFH�HW�G¶LQGXVWULH�GX�9RUDUOEHUJ

(W�LO�HVW�FKDUJp�SDU�OH�/DQG�9RUDUOEHUJ

GX�GpYHORSSHPHQW�GHV�FULWqUHV��GHV�PHVXUHV�HW�GHV�UHFRPPDQGDWLRQV�OLpHV�j�OD�SURPRWLRQ�GH�

OD�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�pFRORJLTXH�GH�O¶KDELWDW�HW�j�VRQ�VXEYHQWLRQQHPHQW�

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

��#�+�!�#���������� #�#���#������� #�#���#��#����#�����$%�%&%�+'�� !!����$��#�%,#�$���+'��&�%� ����$�!#� #�%+$�$���%��#�$��%+� � ��"&�$����$����� �$%#&�%� ��������%�%��%�'���%�����#+�#�&���%�� �&�������$&#�$�#�� �����+�$��%����%%#��&%� �����! ��%$��� �%�� �%��%� ���$%��+��$�'��! &#�����+�+������ &�� ������$&�'��%� �$�� #%��%+#�$$��%�$�

����%�� �&���(!����%������$&#�$��&("&����$�$ �%��%%#��&+$��&�% %�����! ��%$�1����� �$�$%�������&(�� �&���%$��

. ��� �#%�����%���+� � ������+��#����������� �$%#&�%� ����� !%+�!�#��������� #�#���#��������'��%������'���#� �����% �#�����$�% &%������ ��&��&%+��&# !+�����������'��#�������1�$������#��*����&��+%�����! &#���+���%# �+����#

. �%������$$�! #%�+� � ��"&���%�$���%��#��������� �$%#&�%� �

�$�� �&���%$�!�&'��%�-%#��+%����$�!�#���$���%+#�$$+$��'�������������&#��&(�%�����"&�$�#�� �����+$��$�� ����$��#�%,#�$�!#+��$+���%+� ��+$��%�!&���+$�!�#����� #�#���#��#����#�����$%�%&%�

�������$����������$�� �&���%$���&�&���$&�'��%� ��*����� �$%#&�%� �������%�%����$%��%%#��&+��

�����$$�! #%�+� � ��"&���%�$���%��#��������� �$%#&�%� ��������%�%

����%������� &'#��������#�!#����%����$$��%������$���� #��%� �$��&�����$%#��%��&�!�#��$����� �$%#&�#�� &�����+���#�%� �����%#�'�&(�

���$$���� &'#�����������%�%� ��&���������������% )����� &�� ����%�'��

���$��"&����������� &���&�

+%����%� ��$����#+$����� �� #%��%����� ��%� �����%+��� ��������� ���!%� ��

$ ��#�%� ��� ��&!�%� ���&�%�##���$ ����$ ���������&�����

����+#����� ��$�%���� � ���$�+��#�+%�"&�$��%�%��#��"&�$��$ &#��$���+��#�����+�+#�%� ������&����&�������&���������$%� ����$���&(

+'��&����$���%+#��&(���%+�#��%����� �$%#&�%� ��$�� ����$��#�%,#�$������������$���%��#���+� � ��"&���%�������#+���+� � ���� &���$!���������+��#������&#��&#+�����'���!# ���������&#���$ �������%#�%�������&#�#��)������+'��%&�����%�����$�������+��$$� �$�� ��'�$

0��0

79

7:

�����-�%(!.�����&�,.+�,��,-��#/#,5��'���-"6&�,�)+#'�#)�.0

� 9��(' (+-��-� ('�-#(''�%#-59�,#-���)+(0#&#-5��<5*.#)�&�'-,��-�+�-#(��<(��.)�-#('��.�-�++�#'

� 9���,(#'��'�5'�+!#��)(.+��(' (+-�-"�+&#*.����'�$�"�&��'�9�#&)��-��'/#+(''�&�'-�%��5&#,,#('�������&

��'�

� 9�-��"'(%(!#���&)%(15��)(.+�%���"�. �!�#'-�+�#-,����"�. �!���.��"�+�('��3�%��+5,#,-�'���5%��-+#*.����+8%�.+,�

!�2�(.� #(.%�,�',�-��"'(%(!#���/�'�5� �/(+#,5,���+���(+���"�. �!���#(&�,,��%(��%��)(&)�,�3��"�%�.+��

5�"�'!�.+,�-"�+&#*.�,���"�. �!����'-+�%��(#,���"�. �!����'-+�%!�2�(.� #(.%�3��+8%�.+,����-��"'(%(!#���/�'�5��

9�-��"'(%(!#������# .,#('�����"�. �!���-��<#,(%�-#('���,�#',-�%%�-#(',9���.��"�.���)�+���)-�!��,(%�#+���-�(.�%#5���.��"�. ����'-+�%��'�"#/�+9�/�'-#%�-#('��/���+5�.)5+�-#('����%���"�%�.+����%<�#+�5/��.5

9�-��"'(%(!#�,����!�,-#('���,���.0,.+ ���,�#'-�+�#,�'-�%�� #%-+�-#('��<��.����)%.#����3���&�)�+�.'#-5��<"��#-�5)�'��!�� #%-+�-#('�'�-.+�%%����,���.0����)%.#���-�(.�-(#-.+��/5!5-�%#,5�+5�.)5+�-#('���,���.0����)%.#��)(.+���,(#',��(&�,-#*.�,

9�5%��-+(&5'�!�+�����%�,,���<5�('(&#���<5'�+!#���9�5�%�#+�!��5�('(&���'�5'�+!#��)(.+��0-5+#�.+��-��,)���,��.0#%#�#+�,

� 9�5/�%.�-#('�5�(%(!#*.����,�&�-5+#�.0�����(',-+.�-#('��&)%(15,#'-�+�#-,���#,(%�'-,�5%��(+5,�3�%<�#������!�2�������('�.#-,��<��.�

�%#&�'-�-#('�(.�5/��.�-#('��'�������(#,�-+()#��.0�'('���+-# #5, �/(+#,5,���".#,,�+#�,��&�-5+#�.0��-�����,,(#+�,�,�',����

5%#&#'�-#('���',�%�,�+6!%�,����%<�+-��<#,(%�'-,��0#,-�'-,�3����5-�'�"5#-5�3�%<�#+�(�-�'.��)�+�&�-5+#�.0�,�',�+�)+(�"�-+�#-�&�'-,���,�,.+ ���,��0-5+#�.+,�,�',�,(%/�'-,�'#��#(�#��,�'�.#-,�3�-�'�.+�����(%%�,�#' 5+#�.+��3����+��(.+,��.0��(#,�+5!#('�.0

9�5/�%.�-#('����%<#&)��-��'/#+(''�&�'-�%���,�&�-5+#�.0�;�5�(�#'��05/�%.�-#('����%<5'�+!#��)+#&�#+��'('�+5�.)5+��%��'5��,,�#+��3�

%<5%��(+�-#('���,�&�-5+#�.05/�%.�-#('��.�)(-�'-#�%��<�!!+�/�+�%<� �-����,�++��%(+,����%<5%��(+�-#('�

��,�&�-5+#�.09��.+��#%#-5����%���(',-+.�-#('

����,,#�#%#-5��(&)%6-��(.�)�+-#�%%���.0�"�'�#��)5,�#/#,#�#%#-5����%<.'#-5��<"��#-�-+5,#,-�'����.0�#'-�&)5+#�,���,�".#,,�+#�,��-� �4���,����,,#�#%#-5���,�#',-�%%�-#(',�-��"'#*.�,

� 9�#'-5+#�.+,��0�&)-,��<5&#,,#(',�'(�#/�,+�/7-�&�'-,�,�%('��(���5&#,,#(',�����%�,,��/#-+# #��-�.+,�)(.+�,(%�3�&�0�� ������,(%/�'-,���0�&)-,��<�+(&�-�,)�#'-.+�,�&.+�%�,�)%� ('�,��0�&)-,����,(%/�'-,���#(�#��,��5&(%%#�'-,)�#'-.+�,�)(.+��(#,�(.�&5-�.0�3�&�0���������,(%/�'-,���0�&)-,�

�<�+(&�-�,-��"'(%(!#���<#',-�%%�-#(',�5%��-+(�#(%(!#*.�

�������������� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� �����

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������

������������������������ ���������������������� ! �������������������������#����������������

�������������� ������������������� ������ ����$� ������ ���������$��#����������������� ���$�#��������������$� �������������$���������������$� ������ �����������#�&

�������������� ���# ��������$� ! ��� ������ ��������#������$� ! ���# ������������������������� ������ ����$�������"� ������$������������������$� ������ ��������#�������������������������&

�������������� �������������������������������#�������������������

#��������� �������������������������#�����������������������������������#����������������� ���&

���������������� �������������#�������������������������������

�����������������������# �����#��

�������������� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� �����

88

BOOFYF!9MF!QBTTFQPSU!EÖJNNFVCMF-VO!PVUJM!EF!QSPNPUJPO!EF!MB!DPOTUSVDUJPO!S�TJEFOUJFMMF!�DPMPHJRVF

89

8:

91

BOOFYF!:QSPHSBNNF!F6

/H�SURJUDPPH�©�HQHUJLHHIÀ]LHQWH�*HPHLQGHQ�H��ª��©�FRPPXQHV�HIÀFLHQWHV�HQ�PDWLqUH�G·pQHUJLH�ª��D�pWp�FUpH�HQ������VXU�OH�PRGqOH�GX�ODEHO�VXLVVH�©�&LWp�GH�O·pQHUJLH��ª�SDU�O·,QVWLWXW�G·pQHUJLH�j�O·LQLWLDWLYH�GX�JRXYHUQHPHQW�GX�/DQG�GH�9RUDUOEHUJ��H��HVW�XQ�SURJUDPPH�G·HQFRXUDJHPHQW�GH�PHVXUHV�ORFDOHV�HQ�IDYHXU�GH�OD�SURWHFWLRQ�GX�FOLPDW�HW�GH�OD�SURPRWLRQ�GH�O·HIÀFDFLWp�pQHUJpWLTXH��$FWXHOOHPHQW����FRPPXQHV�\�SUHQQHQW�SDUW�GDQV�WRXWH�O·$XWULFKH��(OOHV�VRQW�FHUWLÀpHV�WRXV�OHV�WURLV�DQV�DX�PRLQV�SDU�XQ�MXU\�H[WHUQH��

2EMHFWLIV�GX�SURJUDPPH�H�

�� SURPRWLRQ�GH�O·XWLOLVDWLRQ�HIÀFDFH�GH�O·pQHUJLH���� SURPRWLRQ�GHV�VRXUFHV�G·pQHUJLH�ORFDOHV�HW�UHQRXYHODEOHV���� pODERUDWLRQ�HW�HQWUHWLHQ�GH�VWUXFWXUHV�HW�GH�SURFHVVXV�DSWHV�j�JDUDQWLU�OD�PLVH�HQ�±XYUH�j�ORQJ�WHUPH�

G·XQH�VWUDWpJLH�pQHUJpWLTXH�YLDEOH��

&DUDFWpULVWLTXHV�GX�SURJUDPPH�H�

�� PLVH�HQ�UpVHDX�LQWUD�FRPPXQDOH��UHVSRQVDEOHV�HW�HPSOR\pV�FRPPXQDX[��DVVRFLDWLRQV�GH�SURWHFWLRQ�GH�O·HQYLURQQHPHQW��JURXSHV�GH�FLWR\HQV�HQJDJpV��HW�LQWHUFRPPXQDOH�

�� FUpDWLRQ�GH�VWUXFWXUHV�DSSURSULpHV�SDU�OD�PLVH�HQ�SODFH�G·pTXLSHV�H���OD�WHQXH�UpJXOLqUH�GH�UpXQLRQV�GH�FRRUGLQDWLRQ�HW�G·pFKDQJHV�G·H[SpULHQFHV��OD�UpDOLVDWLRQ�GH�ELODQV�LQWHUQHV�HW�GH�FRQWU{OHV�H[WHUQHV�GHV�UpVXOWDWV�

�� PHVXUHV�GH�PRWLYDWLRQ�SDU�O·RUJDQLVDWLRQ�GH�VpDQFHV�GH�IRUPDWLRQ��OD�PLVH�j�GLVSRVLWLRQ�GHV�JXLGHV�HW�GRFXPHQWV�WUDLWDQW�GH�WKqPHV�DFWXHOV��O·pWDEOLVVHPHQW�GH�FRQWDFWV�HW�GLYHUVHV�DFWLYLWpV�G·LQIRUPDWLRQ�HQ�UDSSRUW�DYHF�OHV�pYROXWLRQV�DFWXHOOHV�

�� HQFDGUHPHQW�GHV�FRPPXQHV�HW�GH�OHXUV�SURMHWV�SDU�OHV�LQVWLWXWV�GH�UHFKHUFKH�UpJLRQDX[��([HPSOHV�GH�SUHVWDWLRQV�SURSRVpHV�DX[�FRPPXQHV�H����DQLPDWLRQ�GH�VpPLQDLUHV�GH�ODQFHPHQW��DVVLVWDQFH�ORUV�GH�OD�UpDOLVDWLRQ�GH�ELODQV�GpWDLOOpV��FRQVHLOV�VSpFLDOLVpV��PLVH�HQ�UHODWLRQ�DYHF�QRPEUH�G·H[SHUWV�HW�G·RUJDQLVDWLRQV��DVVLVWDQFH�HQ�PDWLqUH�GH�UHODWLRQV�SXEOLTXHV�j�O·pFKHOOH�FRPPXQDOH�

�� pYDOXDWLRQ�GHV�DFWLYLWpV�YLD�OH�FRQWU{OH�LQWHUQH�GHV�UpVXOWDWV�HIIHFWXp�XQH�IRLV�SDU�DQ�HW��j�LQWHUYDOOHV�UpJXOLHUV��O·H[DPHQ�H[WHUQH�GH�OD�TXDOLWp�GHV�DFWLYLWpV�FRPPXQDOHV�HQ�PDWLqUH�GH�SROLWLTXH�pQHUJpWLTXH�SDU�XQH�FRPPLVVVLRQ�G·H[SHUWV�LQGpSHQGDQWH�

�� FRPPXQLFDWLRQ�GHV�UpVXOWDWV�SDU�O·RFWURL�j�OD�FRPPXQH�GH�GLVWLQFWLRQV�KRQRULÀTXHV�DYHF�XQ�PD[LPXP�GH�FLQT�©�H�ª�IDLVDQW�ÀJXUH�©�G·pWRLOHV�pQHUJpWLTXHV�ª��UHODWLRQV�SXEOLTXHV�j�FDUDFWqUH�VSpFLÀTXH�SRXU�OHV�FRPPXQHV�H��GDQV�OH�GRPDLQH�GHV�PpGLDV�LQWHUFRPPXQDX[�

$X�9RUDUOEHUJ����FRPPXQHV�SDUWLFLSHQW�DX�SURJUDPPH�H��HW����FRPPXQHV�RQW�pWp�FHUWLÀpHV��'pVRUPDLV����FRPPXQHV��OHV�FRPPXQHV�GH�/DQJHQHJJ��0lGHU�HW�=ZLVFKHQZDVVHU�FRPSWHQW�OHV�FLQT�©�H�ª�FRUUHVSRQGDQW�DX�QLYHDX�PD[LPDO�HW�VRQW�FDQGLGDWV�SRXU�OH�GpFHUQHPHQW�GX�ODEHO�(XURSHDQ�HQHUJ\�$ZDUG��JROG�

3RXU�DOOHU�SOXV�ORLQ��(QHUJLHLQVWLWXW�9RUDUOEHUJ.DUO�+HLQ]�.DVSDU6WDGWVWU����&&'$7������'RUQELUQ7pO��������������������)D[��������������������H�PDLO���NDVSDU�HQHUJLHLQVWLWXW#FFG�YRO�DW

KWWS���ZZZ�HQHUJLHLQVWLWXW�DW

92

BOOFYF!21FVSPQFBO!FOFSHZ!BXBSE!)FFB*

/D�FHUWLÀFDWLRQ�HXURSpHQQH�HW�OHV�V\VWqPHV�GH�JHVWLRQ�GH�OD�TXDOLWp�SRXU�OHV�YLOOHV

HW�SRXU�OHV�FRPPXQHV�

4X·HVW�FH�TXH�O·(XURSHDQ�(QHUJ\�$ZDUG����HHD�����"

/·(XURSHDQ�(QHUJ\�$ZDUG����HHD�����HVW�XQH�FHUWLÀFDWLRQ�HW�XQ�V\VWqPH�GH�JHVWLRQ�GH�OD�TXDOLWp�GHVWLQpV�DX[�YLOOHV�HW�DX[�FRPPXQHV�HXURSpHQQHV�TXL�FRQWULEXHQW�DFWLYHPHQW�j�DPpOLRUHU�O·HIÀFDFLWp�pQHUJpWLTXH�HW�j�DXJPHQWHU�OD�SDUW�GHV�pQHUJLHV�UHQRXYHODEOHV�/·XWLOLVDWLRQ�LQHIÀFDFH�GH�O·pQHUJLH�JDVSLOOH�O·DUJHQW�HW�OHV�UHVVRXUFHV�QDWXUHOOHV�HQ�SROOXDQWO·HQYLURQQHPHQW��/H�SURJUDPPH�HHD���UDSSHOOH�DX[�FRQVRPPDWHXUV�G·pQHUJLH�TXH�GH�VLPSOHVFKDQJHPHQWV�GDQV�OD�PDQLqUH�G·XWLOLVHU�O·pQHUJLH�HW�OHV�UHVVRXUFHV�QDWXUHOOHV�SHUPHWWHQW�GHUpDOLVHU�GHV�pFRQRPLHV�FRQVLGpUDEOHV�HW�GH�V·HQJDJHU�HQ�IDYHXU�G·XQ�DYHQLU�GXUDEOH�/D�6XLVVH�HW�O·$XWULFKH�RQW�GpMj�PLV�HQ�RHXYUH�GHV�SURJUDPPHV�VLPLODLUHV��/H�FRQFHSW�GH�O·HHD���D�pWp�pWXGLp�HW�GpYHORSSp�HQ�$OOHPDJQH��HQ�3RORJQH��HQ�$XWULFKH�HW�HQ�6XLVVH��$VVRFLDQWH[SHUWLVH�HW�RXWLOV�pODERUpV��O·HHD���HVW�DFWXHOOHPHQW�PLV�HQ�SODFH�HQ�$XWULFKH��HQ�$OOHPDJQH��HQ�,UODQGH��HQ�,WDOLH��HQ�/LWXDQLH��HQ�6ORYDTXLH��HQ�(VSDJQH�HW�HQ�6XLVVH�'DQV�OD�SOXSDUW�GHV�SD\V�HXURSpHQV��OD�OpJLVODWLRQ�VXU�O·pQHUJLH�D�SURJUHVVp�HW�OHV�WHFKQRORJLHVPRLQV�JRXUPDQGHV�HQ�pQHUJLH�VRQW�FRQQXHV��1pDQPRLQV��OHV�PHVXUHV�YLVDQW�j�pFRQRPLVHU�O·pQHUJLH�QH�IRQW�SDV�O·REMHW�G·XQH�PLVH�HQ�RHXYUH�V\VWpPDWLTXH��/·HHD���SHUPHW�GH�VXUPRQWHU�FHW�pFXHLO�j�O·DLGH�G·XQH�SURFpGXUH�GH�FHUWLÀFDWLRQ��G·RXWLOV�GH�JHVWLRQ�HIÀFDFHV��G·DFWLRQV�GHIRUPDWLRQ�HW�GH�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ��/·HHD���HVW�XQ�RXWLO�TXDOLÀp�SRXU�SLORWHU�HW�FRQWU{OHU�OD�SROLWLTXH�pQHUJpWLTXH�FRPPXQDOH�GH�PDQLqUH�j�GUHVVHU�XQH�OLVWH�GH�WRXWHV�OHV�DFWLYLWpV�OLpHV�j�O·pQHUJLH��,O�SHUPHW�DLQVL�DX[�FROOHFWLYLWpV�G·LGHQWLÀHU�OHXUV�SRLQWV�IRUWV��OHXUV�IDLEOHVVHV�DLQVL�TXH�OHXUV�SRWHQWLHOV�G·DPpOLRUDWLRQ�HW��VXUWRXW��GH�SUHQGUH�GHV�PHVXUHV�HIÀFDFHV�VXU�OH�SODQ�pQHUJpWLTXH��/·DERXWLVVHPHQW�GHV�HIIRUWV�GpSOR\pV�SDU�XQH�FRPPXQH�RX�SDU�XQH�YLOOH�HVW�UHQGX�YLVLEOH�SDU�O·REWHQWLRQ�GX�ODEHO��/·DXGLW�VWDQGDUG�SHUPHW�GH�FRPSDUHU�OHV�SHUIRUPDQFHV�GHV�FROOHFWLYLWpV�HHD����EHQFKPDUNLQJ��HW�DX[�SDUWLFLSDQWV�GH�SDUWDJHU�OHXUV�H[SpULHQFHV�HW�OHXU�VDYRLU�IDLUH�

/·�HHD���V·DUWLFXOH�DXWRXU�GH�GHX[�JUDQGV�D[HV�

��XQH�FHUWLÀFDWLRQ�pQHUJpWLTXH�HW�XQ�SURJUDPPH�GH�ODEHOOLVDWLRQ�GHVWLQpV�DX[�YLOOHV�HW�DX[FRPPXQHV�GDQV�OHV�UpJLRQV�HW�OHV�SD\V�HXURSpHQV�SDUWLFLSDQWV����XQH�SURFpGXUH�SRXU�DPpOLRUHU�OHV�VWUXFWXUHV�DGPLQLVWUDWLYHV��OHV�FRQGLWLRQV�FDGUHV�HW�OHVSROLWLTXHV�HQ�PDWLqUH�G·HIÀFDFLWp�pQHUJpWLTXH�HW�G·XWLOLVDWLRQ�GHV�pQHUJLHV�UHQRXYHODEOHV��

3RXUTXRL�SDUWLFLSHU�j�O·HHD���"�/HV�DYDQWDJHV��

/HV�DYDQWDJHV�SRXU�OHV�FROOHFWLYLWpV�TXL�SDUWLFLSHQW�j�O·HHD���VRQW�QRPEUHX[��QRWDPPHQW����XQ�ELODQ�V\VWpPDWLTXH�GH�OHXUV�DFWLYLWpV�pQHUJpWLTXHV���XQH�KDXVVH�UpJXOLqUH�GH�O·HIÀFDFLWp�pQHUJpWLTXH�DYHF�GLPLQXWLRQ�GHV�FR�WV�FRUUHVSRQGDQWV���XQH�pYDOXDWLRQ�FRQWLQXH�GHV�SURJUqV�UpDOLVpV�j�O·DLGH�G·XQ�V\VWqPH�GH�FRQWU{OH�JOREDO���XQ�FRXS�GH�SURMHFWHXU�VXU�OHV�VXFFqV�UHPSRUWpV�SDU�OD�FROOHFWLYLWp�HQ�PDWLqUH�G·pQHUJLH���XQH�FRPSDUDLVRQ�DYHF�G·DXWUHV�YLOOHV�HW�FRPPXQHV�SDUWLFLSDQW�DX�SURJUDPPH�HHD��DX[QLYHDX[�QDWLRQDO�HW�HXURSpHQ���XQ�DFFqV�DX�VDYRLU�IDLUH�HW�j�O·H[SpULHQFH�GH�&LWpV�GH�O·pQHUJLH�TXL�IRQW�RHXYUH�GH�SLRQQLHUGDQV�WRXWH�O·(XURSH���XQH�FRQWULEXWLRQ�LPSRUWDQWH�j�OD�SURWHFWLRQ�GX�FOLPDW�HW�DX[�HIIRUWV�GpSOR\pV�HQ�PDWLqUH�GHGpYHORSSHPHQW�GXUDEOH�HQ�DSSOLTXDQW�XQH�SROLWLTXH�pQHUJpWLTXH�WRXUQpH�YHUV�O·DYHQLU���XQH�GLIIXVLRQ�UpXVVLH�GH�©�PHVXUHV�pQHUJpWLTXHV�ª�SDUPL�OHV�YLOOHV�HW�OHV�FRPPXQHVHXURSpHQQHV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�

93

��O·DPpOLRUDWLRQ�GH�O·DWWUDLW�GH�O·DJJORPpUDWLRQ�HW�GH�O·LPDJH�GH�OD�FROOHFWLYLWp���OD�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ�GH�FLWR\HQV�HQJDJpV�HW�GH�JURXSHV�G·LQWpUrW�GDQV�OD�SODQLÀFDWLRQ�GH�ODSROLWLTXH�pQHUJpWLTXH�HW�GDQV�OHV�SURFHVVXV�GH�SULVHV�GH�GpFLVLRQ�

&RPPHQW"

/·HHD���HVW�XQ�SURJUDPPH�G·DPpOLRUDWLRQ�FRQWLQXH�IRQGp�VXU�GHV�V\VWqPHV�GH�JHVWLRQ�GH�ODTXDOLWp�XWLOLVpV�WUDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQW�GDQV�OHV�HQWUHSULVHV��7RXW�G·DERUG��XQH�DQDO\VH�pQHUJpWLTXHLQLWLDOH�GUHVVH�XQ�pWDW�GHV�OLHX[�HQ�PDWLqUH�G·HIÀFDFLWp�pQHUJpWLTXH�HW�G·XWLOLVDWLRQ�GHV�pQHUJLHVUHQRXYHODEOHV��(QVXLWH��OD�FROOHFWLYLWp�PHW�HQ�SODFH�XQ�SURJUDPPH�GH�WUDYDLO�j�FRXUW��j�PR\HQ�HW�j�ORQJ�WHUPHV�DÀQ�GH�JDUDQWLU�TXH�GHV�PHVXUHV�FRQFUqWHV�G·DPpOLRUDWLRQ�VHURQW�SULVHV��/DFROOHFWLYLWp�DSSOLTXH�HQVXLWH�VRQ�SURJUDPPH��&KDTXH�DQQpH��XQ�DXGLW�pQHUJpWLTXH�UHFHQVDQW�OHV�SURJUqV�UpDOLVpV�HVW�HIIHFWXp��/D�FROOHFWLYLWp�SHXW�GHPDQGHU�OD�FHUWLÀFDWLRQ�ORUVTX·HOOH�D�REWHQX�OHV�SRLQWV�QpFHVVDLUHV�

4XL"

8QH�pTXLSH�pQHUJLH�HVW�FRQVWLWXpH�DX�VHLQ�GH�OD�FROOHFWLYLWp�SRXU�HIIHFWXHU�OHV�GpPDUFKHVUHTXLVHV�SDU�OH�SURJUDPPH�HHD�����&HWWH�pTXLSH�VH�FRPSRVH�GH�UHSUpVHQWDQWV�GH�O·DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�HW�G·KRPPHV�SROLWLTXHV��/HV�FLWR\HQV�VRQW�HQFRXUDJpV�j�\�SDUWLFLSHU��'XUDQW�OD�SURFpGXUH��XQ�FRQVHLOOHU�HHD���DSSRUWH�VRQ�VRXWLHQ�HW�VRQ�H[SHUWLVH�HQ�YXH�GH�PD[LPLVHU�OHV�EpQpÀFHV�

4XHO�HVW�OH�U{OH�GH�O·pTXLSH�pQHUJLH"

/·pTXLSH�pQHUJLH�WUDYDLOOH�DYHF�XQ�FRQVHLOOHU�HHD���DFFUpGLWp�SRXU����'UHVVHU�XQ�ELODQ�pQHUJpWLTXH�j�O·DLGH�GX�FDWDORJXH�G·DXGLW����(WDEOLU�XQ�SURJUDPPH�GH�WUDYDLO�SRXU�OD�SROLWLTXH�pQHUJpWLTXH����(ODERUHU�HW�UpDOLVHU�GHV�SURMHWV�HQ�YXH�G·DXJPHQWHU�O·HIÀFDFLWp�pQHUJpWLTXH����3UpSDUHU�OD�GRFXPHQWDWLRQ�SRXU�OD�SURFpGXUH�GH�FHUWLÀFDWLRQ��

&HUWLÀFDWLRQ

/RUVTX·XQH�FROOHFWLYLWp�D�HIIHFWXp�OHV�GpPDUFKHV�QpFHVVDLUHV�GDQV�OH�FDGUH�GX�SURJUDPPHHHD���HW�TXH�OH�GHJUp�GH�PLVH�HQ�RHXYUH�GHV�PHVXUHV�pQHUJpWLTXHV�FRUUHVSRQG�DX�QLYHDX�UHTXLV��HOOH�SHXW�GHPDQGHU�OD�FHUWLÀFDWLRQ�SDU�XQ�DXGLW�H[WHUQH��/D�FHUWLÀFDWLRQ�HVW�RFWUR\pH�GDQV�GHX[�FDWpJRULHV��

HXURSHDQ�HQHUJ\�DZDUG��

/RUVTX·XQH�FROOHFWLYLWp�REWLHQW�����GX�VFRUH�PD[LPXP��O·(XURSHDQ�(QHUJ\�$ZDUG���HVW�GpFHUQp�SDU�XQ�DGPLQLVWUDWHXU�ORFDO��

HXURSHDQ�HQHUJ\�$ZDUG��*2/'

/RUVTX·XQH�FROOHFWLYLWp�REWLHQW�����GX�VFRUH�PD[LPXP��O·(XURSHDQ�(QHUJ\�$ZDUG���*ROG�HVW�GpFHUQp�SDU�OH�%XUHDX�HXURSpHQ�HHD����

3285�'(�3/86�$03/(6�,1)250$7,216��&RPPXQDO�/DEHOV�*PE+F�R�%UDQGHV�(QHUJLH2HWHQEDFKJDVVH��&+������=XULFK7�������������������)�������������������LQIR#HXURSHDQ�HQHUJ\�DZDUG�RUJ

ZZZ�HXURSHDQ�HQHUJ\�DZDUG�RUJ

94

BOOFYF!22MJTUF!EFT!QBSUJDJQBOUT!BV!WPZBHF

! Boesfb!TQ�DLFS-!bsdijufduf-!hvjef-!joufsqs�uf! Wjodfou!SJHBTTJ-!bsdijufduf-!bsdijufduf!dpotfjmmfs!DBVF!ef!mÖJt�sfBDUJT! Tpojb!DIJMEFSJD-!sftqpotbcmf!ef!mb!nb�usjtf!eÖÐvwsfBDUJT! Kfbo.Gsbo�pjt!MBQJFSF-!ejsfdufvsBHFEFO! Fujfoof!NBTTPO-!ejsfdufvsBMF! Wjpmbjof!EF!HFPGGSPZ-!dibsh�f!ef!njttjpoBMF! Nbsujof!�DIFWJO-!ejsfdusjdfDBVF! Sbdifm!BOUIPJOF-!qbztbhjtufDBVF! Tfshf!HSPT-!ejsfdufvsDD!Tve!Hsfopcmpjt! H�sbse!EBSDVFJM-!wjdf!qs�tjefou!bv!mphfnfou-!bekpjou!nbjsjf!Wbvmobwfzt.mf.CbtDpotfjm!H�o�sbm!ef!mÖJt�sf! Boofuuf!QFMMFHSJO-!dpotfjmm�sf!h�o�sbmf!Dboupo!ef!NfotDpotfjm!H�o�sbm!ef!mÖJt�sf! Hs�hpsz!UFSMJO-!dibsh�!eÖ�uveft!vscbojtnf!fu!bn�obhfnfou!vscbjoDpotfjm!H�o�sbm!Jt�sf! H�sbse!QJDBU-!dibsh�!ef!njttjpo-!ejsfdujpo!jnnpcjmjfs!fu!npzfotDpotfjm!H�o�sbm!Jt�sf! Efojt!QJOPU-!dpotfjmmfs!h�o�sbm-!qs�tjefou!Ufssjupjsft!49FOTBH! I�m�of!DBTBMUB-!dibsh�f!ef!njttjpoFOTBH! Csjhjuuf!DIBNQTBWPJS-!sftqpotbcmf!ev!tfswjdf!dpnnvojdbujpoJUFN!BSDIJUFDUVSF! Pmjwjfs!MF!NPOOJFS-!bsdijufduf-!bsdijufduf!dpotfjmmfs!DBVF!ef!mÖJt�sfN7! Sbqib�m!MJDBOESP-!kpvsobmjtuf!sfqpsufs!eÖjnbhftNbjsjf!ef!mb!Npsuf! Bmbjo!NJTUSBM-!dpotfjmmfs!h�o�sbm-!nbjsf!ef!mb!NpsufNbjsjf!ef!Npsfuuf! Njsfjmmf!QFSSPU.!CFSUPO-!bekpjoufNbjsjf!ef!Npsfuuf! Spcfsu!UIJFSSZ-!dpotfjmmfs!nvojdjqbmNbjsjf!ef!Qpjtbu! Kfbo!Nbsd!VISZ-!nbjsf!Qpjtbu-!wjdf!qs�tjefou!N�uspNbjsjf!ef!Wjg! Kfbo.Dmbvef!CFBVHSBOE-!bekpjou!bvy!ßobodftNbjsjf!ef!Wjg! Boojf!QVCFMMJFS-!dpotfjmm�sf!nvojdjqbmf!e�m�hv�f!bv!mphfnfou!fu!bvy!iboejdbq�tNbjsjf!ef!Wjg! Cfsobse!SJPOEFU-!dpotfjmmfs!nvojdjqbm!e�m�hv�!�!mÖfowjspoofnfouNbjsjf!eÖFdijspmmft! H�sbse!UFSSJFS-!dpotfjmmfs!nvojdjqbmNbjsjf!eÖFdijspmmft! Wbm�sjf!WBDDIJBOJ-!tfswjdf!fowjspoofnfou!fu!e�wfmpqqfnfou!evsbcmfNbjsjf!Opusf!Ebnf!ef!Nftbhf! Zpmboef!BEPCBUJ-!nbjsfNbjsjf!Tbjou!Nbsdfmmjo! Kfbo.Zwft!CBMFTUBT-!dpotfjmmfs!nvojdjqbmNbjsjf!Wfvsfz.Wpspjtf!! Ebojfm![FOBUUJ-!nbjsf-!wjdf!qs�tjefou!N�usp-!qs�tjefou!BMFNFUSP! Mpvjt.Nbsjf!TBHMJP-!sftqpotbcmf!ev!tfswjdf!ÈFTDÉPQBD!49! Bnbep!EPNJOHVFT-!benjojtusbufvsPQBD!49! Hvz!HSBOJFS-!benjojtusbufvsPQBD!49! Kfbo!Gsbo�pjt!HVUJFSSF[-!benjojtusbufvsQMVSBMJT! Ejejfs!NPOOPU-!ejsfdufvs!h�o�sbmQMVSBMJT! Hjmmft!TVJTTF-!sftqpotbcmf!qspkfu!fu!e�wfmpqqfnfouTEDD! Kfbo.Dmbvef!NBUUJP-!difg!fousfqsjtfUfssjupjsft!49! Fxb!SBEXBO-!qsphsbnnjtuf

95

CMPD!OPUFTRvfmrvft!qbhft!cmbodift!�!opjsdjs!ef!tpvwfojstÊ

Bhfodf!mpdbmf!�ofshjfef!mÖbhhmpn�sbujpo!hsfopcmpjtf

5-!svf!Wpmubjsf49111!Hsfopcmf

N�m!;!jogptAbmf.hsfopcmf/pshxxx/bmf.hsfopcmf/psh

DpotfjmeÖbsdijufduvsf

eÖvscbojtnf!fu!efmÖfowjspoofnfou!ef!mÖJt�sf

33-!svf!I�cfsu49111!Hsfopcmf

U�m!;!15!87!11!13!32Gby!;!15!87!26!33!4:

N�m!;!jogpAdbvf.jtfsf/pshxxx/dbvf.jtfsf/psh