architecture history - industrial revolution

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BACHELORinINTERIORarchitecture HISTORY of DESIGN

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TheINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION

HISTORYofART&ARCHITECTURE 06

19th CENTURY ART&ARCHITECTURE

1900

1800

1700

2000

2100

Time line

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TheINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION - 19th CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

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INTRODUCTION

The swift development of architectural technique and form in this century has roots that go as far back as the 18th century.

HISTORYofART&ARCHITECTURE 06TheINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION - 19th CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

The Enlightenment : Enhanced the significance and the social status of

every citizen. Fundamental change in political culture.

19th Century : An era of revolutionary changes affecting every aspects of life.

The Industrial Revolution : spreads from England to Europe and North

America, created a new type of worker : the wage-laborer or proletarian, who

earn hard living in the numerous factories.

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NEWINVENTIONS

The Steam Engine : invented by James Watt in 1785, whose proliferation into newly built machine shop and iron foundries engendered an appropriate type of building.


Amos Beam Engine 1867


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The Railway : A meaningful symbol of the new age which in turn had

consequences for architecture - stations, bridges, tunnels.

NEWINVENTIONS


Locomotive : 1813, Christopher Blackett

The Rocket : 1829, George & Robert Stephenson


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NEWINVENTIONS


The Steam Boat : An important means of transportation which in turn

had consequences for mass migration from across the globe.

Mississippi Steam boat in 1906 inspired by Robert Fulton’s Clermont : 1807


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MASSMIGRATION


The possibility of travel brought about the migration of population from the countryside to big cities and from nation to nation.

Streets of New York City - Mid 1800


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OTHERNEWINVENTIONS


Rover Bicycle: 1888, John Kemp Starley

Daimler motorcycle : 1885, Gottlieb Daimler


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OTHERNEWINVENTIONS


Motorwagen : 1888, Carl Benz

Mercedes Jellinek

Quadricycle : 1896, Henry Ford


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OTHERNEWINVENTIONS


Thomas Alva Edison

Alexander Graham Bell

Bell demonstration of the telephone : 1876


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OTHERNEWINVENTIONS


Spinning Jenny

Steam power cotton weaving machine : 1850’s


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OTHERNEWINVENTIONS


Steam engine power supply : 1876, George Corliss for Machinery Hall - Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition

Wallpaper printing machine

Kodak Pocket Camera : 1895, George Eastman


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OTHERNEWINVENTIONS


First Singer sewing machine :1851

Singer sewing machine :1870

First Remington Typewriter : 1874

Remington Typewriter No 10: 1907


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OTHERNEWINVENTIONS


Toilet Bowl catalog : 1898

Consumer Guide, 1897


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WORLDEXPOSITION


Great exhibitions, since their birth in London’s Hyde Park in 1851, have served repeatedly as testing grounds for new architectural ideas .

Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace soon became the model for other experiment in iron and glass.

The Crystal Palace was designed by Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition of 1851, held in Hyde Park, London. It was afterwards re-erected on Sydenham Hill, where it stood until accidentally destroyed by fire in 1936.


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WORLDEXPOSITION - Crystal Palace


Its iron frame was prefabricated in sections and its glass panels, set into wooden sash-bar, were of standard 4 feet lengths. In 1851, it was the largest building ever constructed, with an area of 770,000 sq.ft.


Opening Ceremony by Queen Victoria

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Facade

Floor Plan


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Main Nave


Transcept

Transcept with fountain

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Centhall


Foreign Exhibit

Closing Ceremony

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Centennial Exhibition 1876, Philadelphia, United States

WORLDEXPOSITION - Centennial Exhibition 1876

HISTORYofART&ARCHITECTURE 06TheINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION - 19th CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

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WORLDEXPOSITION - Paris World Exhibition 1889


Paris World Exhibition 1889


Paris World Exhibition 1889 :Machine Hall,Charles Dutert (architect) & Victor Contamin (engineer).

Eiffel Tower, Paris:Gustave Eiffel

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IRONSTEELGLASS&CONCRETE


New materials were increasingly used. Cast Iron, an essentially brittle material, is approximately four times as resistant to compression as stone.

Wrought Iron, which is forty times as resistant to tension and bending as stone, is only four times heavier. It can be form and molded into any shape.

Structures consisting of metal columns and girders no longer needed walls for their statics. This marked the onset of the most significant technological revolution in architectural history.

Glass can be manufacture in larger sizes and volumes.


Solid structures could be replaced by skeleton structures, making it possible to erect buildings of almost unrestricted height and width very quickly, using prefabricated elements.

Francois Hennebique developed the reinforced concrete construction, particularly in overcoming the weakness which existed in previous reinforced concrete structures.

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In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry.

Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines.

However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel - child labour, dirty living conditions and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution

SOCIAL EFFECTS

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SOCIAL EFFECTS

Women taking a break in between long working hours

City environment and living condition very bad

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SOCIAL EFFECTS

The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people.

The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffer the cost of the lost production.

The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action. Many strikes were painful events for both sides, the unions and the management. In England, the Combination Act forbade workers to form any kind of trade union from 1799 until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still severely restricted. Eventually effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who, after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to support socialist political parties that later merged to became the British Labour Party.

Strike action

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Q&ASESSIONThank you


architecture history - industrial revolution

Design