arabian baboon (papio hamadryas makkah khalaf, 2015) a new baboon subsp. from makkah, saudi arabia

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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 125 – May 2015

The Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah Khalaf, 2015) : A New Baboon Subspecies from Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

( : وويع 5102قرد الرباح العربي )بابيو هامادرياس مكت خلف ،

المكرمت ، المملكت جديد مه قردة البابون مه جبل الىور في مكت

العربيت السعوديت

By: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa

Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. 08.04.2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/11866019834/

40.80..14.. الافاوي خلف لع قرد الرباح العرب على جبل النور ف مكة المكرمة . تصور : أ. د. نورمان عل بسام

Abstract: A new subspecies of the Hamadryas Baboon from the genus

Papio (Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Cercopithecidae) was found living on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The new subspecies is distinguished from the five Papio hamadryas subspecies-groups: Papio hamadryas hamadryas (Sacred

http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/11866019834/

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Baboon), Papio hamadryas anubis (Olive Baboon), Papio hamadryas cynocephalus (Yellow Baboon), Papio hamadryas papio (Red Baboon) and Papio hamadryas ursinus (Chacma Baboon), by its distinctive fur and face colouration and the moderate size. It is morphologically and geographically a distinct subspecies. The new subspecies was named Papio hamadryas makkah Khalaf, 2015.

Keywords: Mammalia, Primates, Cercopithecidae, Papio hamadryas

makkah, Arabian Baboon, Makkah Baboon, Mecca Baboon, Jabal Al-Noor, Mountain, Hijaz Mountains, Makkah, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Near East, Middle East.

، حث يتزا 2.0انو بحد هللا تؼانى إنى لت جبم انر ، أػهى جبال يكت ػهى إرتفاع صؼدا

زاء ، انذي أشل ػد انح جبزم ػه انسالو أنى آاث انمزآ انكزى ػهى رسنا جد غار حخهك لزأ بإسى ربك انذي خهك.إسهى. بسى هللا انزح انزحى. حد صهى هللا ػهانكزى ي

ك األكزو. انذي ػهى بانمهى. ػهى اإلسا يا نى ؼهى. صدق هللا انؼظىاإلسا ي ػهك. الزأ رب Family Khalaf (Prof. Dr. Norman, wife Ola and daughter Nora) climbed on 08.04.2012 Jabal Al-Noor, the highest mountain in Mecca (Elevation 642 meter) where they visited Ghar Hira' (Cave Hira'), the place where Prophet Mohammad Peace Be Upon Him, received the first revelation from ALLAH through the Messenger Angel Gabriel. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/17054529990/

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I climbed Jabal Al-Noor (642 meter) in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia accompanied with my wife Ola Khalaf and daughter Nora Khalaf on 08.04.2012 during our Umrah visit in April 2012.

Jabal Al-Noor (Mountain Al-Noor) belongs to the Hijaz Mountains. At the top, we visited Ghar Hira' (Cave Hira'), the place where Prophet Mohammad Peace Be Upon Him, received the first revelation from ALLAH through the Messenger Angel Gabriel.

We saw many Arabian Baboons (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah. They were moving along the mountain stairs, and eating bananas given to them by the mountain climbers.

Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) eating a banana on Jabal Al Noor in Makkah Al Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. 08.04.2012.


عل عل بسام )نعمان( أكل الموز على جبل النور ف مكة المكرمة . تصور : أ. د. نورمان قرد الرباح العرب 0.80....1. . الافاوي العزري الفلسطن األلمان خلف طاهر

ا عتوا عن ما نهوا عنه قلنا لهم كونوا قردة خاسئن 611. سورة األعراف ، اآلة فلم

Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas Linnaeus, 1758) and the

Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah Khalaf, 2015)

The Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas Linnaeus, 1758) is a species of baboon from the Old World monkey family. It is the northernmost of all the baboons, being native to the Horn of Africa and the southwestern tip of


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baboon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkey

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa

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the Arabian Peninsula. These regions provide habitats with the advantage for this species of fewer natural predators than central or southern Africa where other baboons reside. The hamadryas baboon was a sacred animal to the ancient Egyptians and appears in various roles in ancient Egyptian religion, hence its alternative name of 'sacred baboon' (Wikipedia; Khalaf, August 2014).

Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. 08.04.2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12065475856/

40.80..14.. العرب على جبل النور ف مكة المكرمة . تصور : أ. د. نورمان عل بسام خلف قرد الرباح

بت فقلنا لهم كونوا قردة خاسئن . سورة البقرة ، اآلة ولقد علمتم الذن اعتدوا منكم ف الس16 .

Physical Description

Apart from the striking size difference between the sexes (males are often twice as large as females), which is common to all baboons, this species also shows sexual dimorphism in coloration. The fur of males is silver-white in color and they have a pronounced cape (mane and mantle) which they develop around the age of ten, while the females are capeless and brown. Their faces range in color from red to tan to a dark brown (Wikipedia; Khalaf, August 2014).

Males may have a body measurement of up to 80 cm (31 in) and weigh 20–30 kg (44–66 lb); females weigh 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) and have a body length of 40–45 cm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism

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(16–18 in). The tail adds a further 40–60 cm (16–24 in) to the length, and ends in a small tuft. Infants are dark in coloration and lighten after about one year. Hamadryas baboons reach sexual maturity at about 51 months for females and between 57 and 81 months for males (Wikipedia; Khalaf, August 2014).

Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. 08.04.2012. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12064579365/

ئكم ه وجعل منهم القردة قل هل أنب وغضب عل من لعنه للا لك مثوبة عند للا بشر من ذبل ئك شر مكانا وأضل عن سواء الس اغوت أول . سورة المائدة ، اآلة والخنازر وعبد الط

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Ecology

The baboon's range extends from the Red Sea in Eritrea to Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. Baboons are also native to and live in southwestern and western Arabia, in both Yemen and Saudi Arabia. The Hamadryas baboon lives in semi-desert areas, savannas and rocky areas, requiring cliffs for sleeping and finding water. The hamadryas baboon is omnivorous and is adapted to its relatively dry habitat. During the wet seasons, the baboon feeds on a variety of foods, including blossoms, seeds, grasses, wild roots, and leaves from acacia trees. During the dry season, the baboons eat leaves of the Dobera glabra and sisal leaves. Hamadryas baboons also eat insects, reptiles and small mammals. One was even observed carrying a dead dik dik (Wikipedia; Khalaf, August 2014).

The baboons’ drinking activities also depend on the season4 During the wet seasons, the baboons do not have to go far to find pools of water. During the dry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivorous

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobera_glabra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dik_dik

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seasons, they frequent up to three permanent waterholes. Baboons will take siestas at the waterholes during midafternoon. Hamadryas baboons will also dig drinking holes only a short distance from natural waterholes (Wikipedia; Khalaf, August 2014).


https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12065483876/

Social Life

Group Organization

The baboon has an unusual four-level social system called a multilevel society. Most social interaction occurs within small groups called one-male units or harems containing one male and up to ten females which the males lead and guard. A harem will typically include a younger "follower" male who may be related to the leader. Two or more harems unite repeatedly to form clans. Within clans, the dominant males of the units are probably close relatives of one another and have an age-related dominance hierarchy. Bands are the next level. Two to four clans form bands of up to 200 individuals which usually travel and sleep as a group. Both males and females rarely leave their bands. The dominant males


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem_(zoology)#In_nature

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will prevent infants and juveniles from interacting with infants and juveniles from other bands. Bands may fight with one another over food, etc., and the adult male leaders of the units are usually the combatants. Bands also contain solitary males that are not harem leaders or followers and move freely within the band. Several bands may come together to form a troop. Several bands in a troop also often share a cliff-face where they sleep (Wikipedia; Khalaf, August 2014).



Group Behaviour

The hamadryas baboon is unusual among baboon and macaque species in that its society is strictly patriarchal. The males limit the movements of the females, herding them with visual threats and grabbing or biting any that wander too far away. Males will sometimes raid harems for females, resulting in aggressive fights. Many males succeed in taking a female from another's harem, called a "takeover". Visual threats are usually accompanied by these aggressive fights. This would include a quick flashing of the eyelids accompanied by a yawn to show off the teeth. As in many species, infant baboons are taken by the males as hostages during fights. However, males within the same clan tend to be related and respect the social bonds of their kin. In addition, females demonstrate definite preferences for certain males, and rival males heed these preferences. The less a female favors her harem males, the more likely she will be successfully taken by a rival. Young males, often "follower" males, may start their own harems by maneuvering immature females into following them. The male may

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy

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also abduct a young female by force. Either way, the male will mate with the female when she matures. Aging males often lose their females to followers and soon lose weight and their hair color changes to brown like a female. While males in most other baboon species are transferred away from their male relatives and into different troops, male hamadryas baboons remain in their natal clans or bands and have associations with their male kin (Wikipedia).

Hamadryas baboons have traditionally been thought of having a female transfer society with females being moved away from their relatives of the same sex. However, later studies show female baboons retain close associations with their female kin throughout their lives. Females can spend about as much time with other females as they do with the harem males, and some females will even interact with each other outside of their harems. In addition, it is not uncommon for females of the same natal group to end up in the same harem. Females can still associate and help their extended families despite their interactions being controlled by the harem males (Wikipedia).

Females within a harem do not display any dominance relationships as seen in many other baboon and macaque species. The harem males suppress aggression between the females and prevent any dominance hierarchies from arising. Despite this, some social differences between the females occur. Some females are more socially active and have a stronger social bond with the harem male. These females, known as the "central females", stay in closer proximity to the harem male than the other females. Females that spend most their time farther from the harem male are called "peripheral females" (Wikipedia).

Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) eating a banana on Jabal Al Noor in Makkah Al Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. 08.04.2012. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12064605485/

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Reproduction and Parenting

Like other baboons, the hamadryas baboon breeds aseasonally. The dominant male of a one-male unit does most of the mating, though other males may occasionally sneak in copulations, as well. Females do most of the parenting. They nurse and groom the infant and one female in a unit may groom an infant that is not hers. Like all baboons, hamadryas baboons are intrigued by their infants and give much attention to them. Dominant male baboons prevent other males from coming into close contact with their infants. They also protect the young from predators. The dominant male tolerates the young and will carry and play with them. When a new male takes over a female, she develops sexual swellings which may be an adaptation that functions to prevent the new male from killing the offspring of the previous male. When males reach puberty, they show interest in mothering young infants. They will kidnap the infants by luring them away from their harems and inviting them to ride on their backs. This is more often done by "follower" males. This kidnapping can lead to dehydration or starvation for the infant. The harem leader would retrieve the infants from their kidnappers, which is mostly an act to protect their offspring (Wikipedia).

Arabian Baboons (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. 08.04.2012. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12064612585/

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Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12064616595/

Human Interaction

Cultural Depictions

Hamadryas baboons often appear in ancient Egyptian art, as they were considered sacred to Thoth, a major and powerful deity with many roles that included being the scribe of the gods. Astennu, attendant to Thoth, is represented as a hamadryas in his roles as recorder of the result of the Weighing of the Heart and as one of the four hamadryas baboons guarding the lake of fire in Duat, the ancient Egyptian underworld. A pre-dynastic precursor to Astennu was Babi, or 'Bull of the Baboons', a bloodthirsty god said to eat the entrails of the unrighteous dead. Babi was also said to give the righteous dead continued virility, and to use his penis as the mast of a boat to convey them to the Egyptian paradise (Wikipedia).

Sometimes Thoth himself appears in the form of a hamadryas (often shown carrying the moon on his head), as an alternative to his more common representation as an ibis-headed figure. Hapi, one of the Four Sons of Horus that guarded the organs of the deceased in ancient Egyptian religion, is also represented as hamadryas-headed: Hapi protected the lungs, hence the common

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoth

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astennu&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighing_of_the_Heart

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighing_of_the_Heart

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_(mythology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Sons_of_Horus

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sculpting of a stone or clay hamadryas head as the lid of the canopic jar that held the lungs and/or represented the protection of the lungs. Hamadryas baboons were revered because certain behaviors that they perform were seen as worshiping the sun (Wikipedia).

Status and Conservation

Transformation of field and pastureland represents the main threat to the hamadryas baboon; it’s only natural predators are the Striped hyena, Spotted hyena and African leopard who are still living in its area of distribution (Wikipedia). In Arabia, the main enemy of the Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah) is the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr). The IUCN listed this species as "least concern" in 2008. There are no major range-wide threats at present, although locally it may be at risk through loss of habitat due to major agricultural expansion and irrigation projects. The species occurs in the proposed Yangudi Rassa National Park, the Harar Wildlife Sanctuary, and a number of wildlife reserves in the lower Awash valley and in northern Eritrea (Wikipedia). The Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah) is also protected in the Yemeni Bur’ reserve and the Saudi Arabian reserves.



Conclusion:

After studying and examining the Hamadryas Baboon Papio hamadryas from Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, and comparing with the five Papio hamadryas subspecies-groups: Papio hamadryas hamadryas (Sacred Baboon), Papio hamadryas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopic_jar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_hyena

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_hyena

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_leopard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangudi_Rassa_National_Park

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar_Wildlife_Sanctuary

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anubis (Olive Baboon), Papio hamadryas cynocephalus (Yellow Baboon), Papio hamadryas papio (Red Baboon), Papio hamadryas ursinus (Chacma Baboon), and referring to many zoological references, and searching the Internet, I came finally to a conclusion that we are in front of a new Baboon subspecies from Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

I gave it the scientific name Papio hamadryas makkah, new subspecies. The subspecies name “makkah” is for Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia, where the new subspecies was discovered.

Papio hamadryas makkah, new subspecies:

Scientific trinomial name: Papio hamadryas makkah Khalaf, 2015

Authority: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa.

Common Names: Arabian Baboon, Makkah Baboon, Mecca Baboon, Hijaz Mountains Baboon.

Holotype: Phm-1, 40 cm, Dubai Zoo, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Location: Jabal Al-Noor, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Date of Study: 8th April, 2012.

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Photo from page 30 : Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12064635605/


Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12065531986/

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Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/11866246534/



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Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015). Photo by the Author. http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/11866213204/

Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah, Khalaf 2015) on Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/11865755855/



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Family Khalaf (Prof. Dr. Norman, wife Ola and daughter Nora) during their climbing on Jabal Al Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia … The Holy City of Makkah (Mecca) is seen Behind them. 08.04.2012. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/16621913643/

يغ سجت انغانت انافاي انؼشري انفهسط األنا خهف زأ. د. ريا )ؼا( ػه بساو ػه طا

0.80....1.. كزيتيكت ان يدت ىتتجهى ي رائ ؛ ػهى جبم انرإبت انغانت رة أثاء صؼدى ػ ال

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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two.

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Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Drei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-383-35-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 456 (English part 378 pages and Arabic part 78 pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part-1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). The Animals living inside and around the Sacred Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Haram) in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 116, August 2014, Shawal 1435 AH. pp. 1-23. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-of-makkah.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). The Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah Khalaf, 2015) : A New Baboon Subspecies from Jabal Al-Noor in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 125, May 2015, Rajab 1436 AH. pp. 19-37. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-of-makkah.webs.com/arabian-baboon

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali (2015). Taxon Profile Subspecies Papio hamadryas makkah Khalaf, 2015. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/adtaxon/id347918/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Arabian Baboon (Papio hamadryas makkah Khalaf, 2015). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/116554





http://fauna-palaestina-part-1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm

http://animals-of-makkah.webs.com/

http://animals-of-makkah.webs.com/arabian-baboon

http://animals-of-makkah.webs.com/arabian-baboon

http://www.biolib.cz/en/adtaxon/id347918/

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Petraglia, Michael D. and Rose, Jeffrey I. (Eds.) (2009). The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia: Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics. ISBN-13: 978-9048127184. http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789048127184

Wikipedia. Hamadryas Baboon. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon YouTube. Arabian Baboon Monkeys eating Banana on Jabal Al Noor in Mecca. 08.04.2012. By: Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnLyCam4J50 YouTube. Arabian Baboon Monkeys along the roadside Makkah-Madinah Highway, Saudi Arabia. 10.04.2012. By: Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Frjwr8pQfQ8

Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas Linnaeus, 1758) at Dubai Zoo, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 11.03.2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/16596211537/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnLyCam4J50

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Frjwr8pQfQ8

arabian baboon (papio hamadryas makkah khalaf, 2015) a new baboon subsp. from makkah, saudi arabia

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