APUSH Lecture 6A

(covers Ch. 20)

Ms. Kray

• A “New Manifest Destiny” Imperialism

• Foreign Policy Before 1890s– Focused on westward expansion– Protecting U.S. interests abroad (free trade)– Limiting Foreign Influences in the Americas

• Key Foreign Policy Items– Washington’s Farewell Address– Monroe Doctrine– Isolationism

• Industrial Revolution #1 cause– Seeking access to raw materials and new markets

• Turner’s Frontier Thesis

• The Popular Press– Newspaper and magazine editors increased

circulation by printing adventure stories about distant and exotic places

– These stories increased public interest & stimulated demands for a larger U.S. role in world affairs

• Reaction to social unrest of the 1890s

• Influence of European Imperialism

• Nations underwent a constant struggle for existence

• Domination of weak nations by strong ones was a fixed law of nature

• Josiah Strong– Leading proponent of imperialism– “Our Country,” 1885

• Argued that the Anglo-Saxon Christian race was divinely ordained to spread its institutions and values through the world

• Poem by Rudyard Kipling

• Satire or serious?

• The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1890– Argued a strong navy was crucial to a country’s

ambition of securing foreign markets and becoming a world power

– Urged creation of isthmusian canal, acquisition of defensive bases, possession of overseas bases, and program of naval expansion

• Influenced U.S. politicians– Henry Cabot Lodge, Theodore Roosevelt– Republicans in general were more pro-imperialism– By 1900, U.S. had 3rd largest navy in the world

• Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson– Strong expansionist

• The French in Mexico– French Leader Napoleon III had taken

advantage of U.S. involvement in the Civil War by occupying Mexico

– Seward invoked the Monroe Doctrine and threatened military action unless the French withdrew

– Cinco de Mayo

• Purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million• Nicknamed Seward’s Folly or Seward’s Icebox

• U.S. viewed itself as protector of Latin America (Monroe Doctrine)

• The Venezuelan Boundary Dispute, 1895– U.S. supported Venezuela in a boundary

dispute with Great Britain– Claimed Britain was violating the Monroe

Doctrine and Britain must submit to U.S. led arbitration

– The Great Rapprochement Occurs• Turning point in U.S. – British relations

•

• Pacific served as another area subject to the U.S.’s growing global influence

• American missionaries and planters had gradually built up heavy influence over Hawaii beginning in the 1820s– 1887 – U.S. negotiated a treaty which

allowed a naval base at Pearl Harbor

• 1890 – McKinley Tariff– Hawaiian sugar no longer allowed to

enter U.S. duty-free

Sugar Cane Plantation in Hawaii

• 1893 Sugar planters back uprising

• 1894 Sanford B. Dole named president of the Republic of Hawaii

• 1894 Republic petitions the U.S. for annexation– Democratic-controlled Senate refused

to support annexation agreement– Annexation finally occurred in 1898

b/c of the Spanish American War

In the 1890s due to: • Large American investments in Cuban sugar• Spanish misrule• Monroe Doctrine

• 1880s Cuban began fight to overthrow Spanish colonial rule

• 1895 Cubans adopted scorched-earth policy– Strategy of sabotaging & laying waste to

Cuban plantations– Hoped to force Spain’s withdrawal or

involve the United States in their revolution

• Spain responds sent Gen. Valeriano Weyler & over 100,000 troops to suppress the revolt

• Definition: an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy

• Some opponents of jingoism– Presidents Cleveland– President McKinley

• Thought military action abroad was both morally wrong and economically unsound

Joseph Pulitzer

William Randolph

Hearst

“You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war!!!” – Hearst to Frederick Remington

Printed in Hearst’s New York Journal

Highly critical of President McKinley

Many considered it an official Spanish insult against the U.S. national honor

• February 15, 1898 260 Americans killed

• McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain demanding a ceasefire in Cuba

• Spain agreed but McKinley yielded to public pressure in April

1. “Put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and horrible miseries” in Cuba

2. Protect the lives and property of U.S. citizens living in Cuba

3. End the “very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people”

4. End “the constant menace to our peace” arising from disorders in Cuba

U.S. had no intention of taking political control of Cuba

• TR anticipated w/Spain war

• Recognized the strategic value of Spain’s territories in the Pacific

• TR ordered Com. Dewey’s fleet to the Philippines

Theodore Roosevelt, Under-Sec.

of Navy

Commodore Dewey,

Commander of the U.S.

Pacific Fleet

• Leader of the Filipino rebels

• U.S. allied with his forces

• With his help the U.S. captured Manila on August 13, 1898

• An ill-prepared, largely volunteer force landed in Cuba by the end of June

• More than 5,000 Americans died of malaria, typhoid, and dysentery, while less than 500 died in battle.

• Cuba gets independence• U.S. acquired Spanish

islands of Puerto Rico and Guam

• U.S. paid Spain $20 million to acquire the Philippines

• U.S. was recognized as a 1st class power with a strong navy and a new willingness to take an active role in international affairs

• American pride increased

• Healed rift between North and South that had existed since the Civil War

• Imperialism remained a major issue even after ratification of the Treaty of Paris

• Anti-Imperialist League– Founded in 1899– Led by William Jennings

Bryan– Rallied opposition to

further acts of expansion in the Pacific

• U.S. troops occupied Cuba until 1902 helping to build Cuban infrastructure and paving the way for U.S. domination of the Cuban economy– Problem: Teller Amendment, 1898

• 1901 Platt Amendment– Forbade Cuba from making treaties with other nations– Allowed the U.S. to intervene to protect Cuban

independence– Allowed U.S. to maintain naval bases on Cuban territory

• Congress & the Public Opinion divided– Imperialist vs. Anti-Imperialist– Philippines = heavily

populated area whose people were a different race & culture

• 2/3 vote required to ratify Treaty of Paris– Ratified 57 to 27

• Filipinos had wanted independence– Outraged by Treaty of Paris

• Aguinaldo led uprising against U.S. “occupation”

• The Philippine War– Lasted 3 years– Cost thousands of lives

• Are people living in U.S. territories or protectorates entitled to the same rights and protections as U.S. citizens?– Bryan and anti-imperialists say yes– Imperialists say no

• Court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions

• China weakened by political corruption & failure to modernize– Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France &

Germany est. spheres of influence

• 1899 – Open Door Notes– Sec. of State John Hay asked those

nations to allow all nations equal trading privileges in China

• 1900 – Boxer Rebellion

• 1901 – Open Door Policy– Preserve China’s territorial integrity– Safeguard U.S. trade