APUSH Lecture 2D

(covers chapter 7)

Ms. Kray

Describe the political ideals and philosophy of Thomas Jefferson

Analyze the Jeffersonian-Federalist struggle over the judiciary – its causes, the main points of conflict, and its consequences for the future of the nation.

Analyze Jefferson’s constitutional reservations concerning the Louisiana Purchase and the significance of his decision to accept the bargain.

Analyze the political, social, and economic changes brought by new technologies.

The“VirtuousRepublic”

Classical view of

a model republic

“City on a hill”

[John W

inthrop]Ideal citizen

[Cincinnatus]

1. Govt. gets its authority from the citizens.

2. A selfless, educated citizenry.

3. Elections should be frequent.

4. Govt. should guarantee individual rights & freedoms.

5. Govt.’s power should be limited [checks & balances].

6. The need for a written Constitution.

7. “E Pluribus Unum.” [“Out of many, one”]

8. An important role for women raise good, virtuous citizens.[“Republican Womanhood”].

Enlightenment

Thinking

Education central to Republican vision of America The goal nationwide system of public schools The reality schooling primarily the responsibility of

private institutions. Higher education very limited

Republican Motherhood educated wives & mothers will raise

better citizens Judith Sargent Murray pushed for

women’s rights

The “noble savage” Education would “civilize” and uplift

Indians (assimilation)

Noah Webster Blue-backed spellers – taught

patriotism & spelling Webster’s “American” English

dictionary

American Literature began to develop Washington Irving’s Legend of

Sleepy Hallow and Rip Van Winkle

Parson Mason Weems fictional bio of George Washington

Many supporters of the Enlightenment believed in Deism God exists but not directly

involved with the human race and its sins

Revolution weakened Americans’ commitment to church institutions but most still had strong religious convictions

Religious Revival – reaction against rationalism & skepticism of the Enlightenment Itinerant preachers traveled the country seeking

recruits Appealed to emotion and fear of damnation Peter Cartwright and Cane Ridge Charles G. Finney & the “Burned Over District” in NY

Influenced reform movements of the antebellum period (temperance, abolition, etc.)

Very popular with women

African Americans embraced it Substantial group of black preachers emerged Did egalitarian religious message mean

equality in real life stirred racial unrest Gabriel Prosser’s rebellion planned at revival

meeting

Built a spinning mill for Quaker merchant Moses Brown in Rhode Island

1st modern factory in America

Cotton gin revolutionized life in the

SouthSlaver is here

to stay!Interchangea

ble parts mean tasks

could be divided among several workers

1807 – Robert Fulton sailed first ship powered by steam engine up the Hudson

1792 - construction on Lancaster Road began. Ran 60 miles fr. Lancaster to Philly. Began “turnpike era”

Citizen farmer = ideal citizen Free from corrupting influence of cities,

bankers, financiers, and industrialists

States rights Federal government must not violate the

rights of the states

Freedom of speech and the press were essential rights b/c government must be closely watched

Scope and activities of the federal government should be reduced (Republican simplicity)

Election of 1800 had much bitter partisanship

When Jefferson took office sought to calm Federalists fears Inaugural Address: “We are all

Federalists, we are all Republicans” Kept some federalist ideas

Maintained national debt & continued Hamilton’s debt-repayment plan

Carried on neutrality policies of Jefferson & Adams.

Reduced the size of the military Has been built up due to Quasi-War Forced to increase size later b/c of Barbary Pirates

Eliminated many federal jobs but dismissed few public servants for political reasons

Repealed the excise taxes – including whiskey tax

Whiskey Rebellion was free speech

Lowered the national debt

Supreme Court last branch of government still in Federalist hands

John Marshall Chief Justice 34 yrs. (1801-1835) His decisions strengthened the

national government and protected business

Marbury v. Madison Established the principle of

judicial review for national laws

Jefferson feared so long as a foreign power controlled the Mississippi River, U.S. risked entanglement in European affairs

Jefferson sent diplomats to France Offered $10 million to purchase New Orleans and a small

strip of land between New Orleans and Florida France desperate for cash b/c of Napoleonic Wars -- Offered

the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million

Jefferson worried the purchase was unconstitutional

Doubled size of the USA

Removed foreign presence from our border

Doubled the size of the U.S.

Guaranteed extension of western frontier Jefferson hoped acquisition of millions of acres

of land would keep America an agrarian society

Increased Jefferson’s popularity

Showed the Federalists to be a weak, sectionalist party

Incr. knowledge of the country (sci. & geog.)

Strengthened claims to Oregon

Improved relations w/Indians (Sacagawea)

Developed maps & land routes for trappers & settlers

1805 -- Zebulon Pike Expedition, “Great American Desert”

Jefferson was re-elected by an overwhelming margin in the Election of 1804 but he would face growing problems in his 2nd term.

Republicans decided not to nominate Burr for a 2nd term

Essex Junto Group of extreme Federalists Angered by Louisiana Purchase Wanted New England to secede but

need New York & New Jersey as well Hamilton would not support, so they

turned to Burr Burr ran for NY Governor

Hamilton urged Federalists not to support Burr

Burr lost

vs.

Hamilton was killed and America lost

one of its greatest leaders. Burr

became a political outcast

Burr plotted to take Mexico from Sp. & unite it with Louisiana under his rule.

Jefferson ordered Burr’s arrest & trial for treason Chief Justice John

Marshall presided over trial

Burr was acquitted b/c of Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and lack of witnesses to any “overt acts.”

Jefferson also faced opposition from Old Republicans (“Quids”) who accused him of abandoning his Republican principles

Napoleonic Wars, 1799-1814 Britain & France using naval

blockades and impressment to win the war

British worst offenders Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, 1807

Occurred off Virginia coast British captain of warship Leopard,

ordered American captain of Chesapeake to hand over four American sailors (alleged British deserters)

American captain refused, British open fire

3 killed, 4 impressed; U.S. wants war

British supplying and inciting Indian attacks on our western frontier

Alternative to war U.S. was Britain largest trading partner

Hope this act would stop their aggressive actions

Short term: Hurt U.S. economy New England = center of U.S. trade hit hard

Many merchants & ship owners were Federalists

Political liability for Jefferson Federalists did better in elections

of 1808 Jefferson repealed embargo days

before he left office in 1809.

The only good thing was the embargo forced our infant industries to develop more quickly

Describe the political ideals and philosophy of Thomas Jefferson

Analyze the Jeffersonian-Federalist struggle over the judiciary – its causes, the main points of conflict, and its consequences for the future of the nation.

Analyze Jefferson’s constitutional reservations concerning the Louisiana Purchase and the significance of his decision to accept the bargain.

Analyze the political, social, and economic changes brought by new technologies.